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Reptile Family Tree
Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2015 Distribution of Scales, Scutes, Hair and Feathers Fish scales 100 Ichthyostega Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 Pederpes 91 Eldeceeon holotype Gephyrostegus watsoni Eryops 67 Solenodonsaurus 87 Proterogyrinus 85 100 Chroniosaurus Eoherpeton 94 72 Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 98 Seymouria Chroniosuchus Kotlassia 58 94 Westlothiana Casineria Utegenia 84 Brouffia 95 78 Amphibamus 71 93 77 Coelostegus Cacops Paleothyris Adelospondylus 91 78 82 99 Hylonomus 100 Brachydectes Protorothyris MCZ1532 Eocaecilia 95 91 Protorothyris CM 8617 77 95 Doleserpeton 98 Gerobatrachus Protorothyris MCZ 2149 Rana 86 52 Microbrachis 92 Elliotsmithia Pantylus 93 Apsisaurus 83 92 Anthracodromeus 84 85 Aerosaurus 95 85 Utaherpeton 82 Varanodon 95 Tuditanus 91 98 61 90 Eoserpeton Varanops Diplocaulus Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 88 100 Sauropleura Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 78 Ptyonius 98 89 Archaeothyris Scincosaurus 77 84 Ophiacodon 95 Micraroter 79 98 Batropetes Rhynchonkos Cutleria 59 Nikkasaurus 95 54 Biarmosuchus Silvanerpeton 72 Titanophoneus Gephyrostegeus bohemicus 96 Procynosuchus 68 100 Megazostrodon Mammal 88 Homo sapiens 100 66 Stenocybus hair 91 94 IVPP V18117 69 Galechirus 69 97 62 Suminia Niaftasuchus 65 Microurania 98 Urumqia 91 Bruktererpeton 65 IVPP V 18120 85 Venjukovia 98 100 Thuringothyris MNG 7729 Thuringothyris MNG 10183 100 Eodicynodon Dicynodon 91 Cephalerpeton 54 Reiszorhinus Haptodus 62 Concordia KUVP 8702a 95 59 Ianthasaurus 87 87 Concordia KUVP 96/95 85 Edaphosaurus Romeria primus 87 Glaucosaurus Romeria texana Secodontosaurus -
HOVASAURUS BOULEI, an AQUATIC EOSUCHIAN from the UPPER PERMIAN of MADAGASCAR by P.J
99 Palaeont. afr., 24 (1981) HOVASAURUS BOULEI, AN AQUATIC EOSUCHIAN FROM THE UPPER PERMIAN OF MADAGASCAR by P.J. Currie Provincial Museum ofAlberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T5N OM6, Canada ABSTRACT HovasauTUs is the most specialized of four known genera of tangasaurid eosuchians, and is the most common vertebrate recovered from the Lower Sakamena Formation (Upper Per mian, Dzulfia n Standard Stage) of Madagascar. The tail is more than double the snout-vent length, and would have been used as a powerful swimming appendage. Ribs are pachyostotic in large animals. The pectoral girdle is low, but massively developed ventrally. The front limb would have been used for swimming and for direction control when swimming. Copious amounts of pebbles were swallowed for ballast. The hind limbs would have been efficient for terrestrial locomotion at maturity. The presence of long growth series for Ho vasaurus and the more terrestrial tan~saurid ThadeosauTUs presents a unique opportunity to study differences in growth strategies in two closely related Permian genera. At birth, the limbs were relatively much shorter in Ho vasaurus, but because of differences in growth rates, the limbs of Thadeosau rus are relatively shorter at maturity. It is suggested that immature specimens of Ho vasauTUs spent most of their time in the water, whereas adults spent more time on land for mating, lay ing eggs and/or range dispersal. Specilizations in the vertebrae and carpus indicate close re lationship between Youngina and the tangasaurids, but eliminate tangasaurids from consider ation as ancestors of other aquatic eosuchians, archosaurs or sauropterygians. CONTENTS Page ABREVIATIONS . ..... ... ......... .......... ... ......... ..... ... ..... .. .... 101 INTRODUCTION . -
Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J. -
Tiago Rodrigues Simões
Diapsid Phylogeny and the Origin and Early Evolution of Squamates by Tiago Rodrigues Simões A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta © Tiago Rodrigues Simões, 2018 ABSTRACT Squamate reptiles comprise over 10,000 living species and hundreds of fossil species of lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians, with their origins dating back at least as far back as the Middle Jurassic. Despite this enormous diversity and a long evolutionary history, numerous fundamental questions remain to be answered regarding the early evolution and origin of this major clade of tetrapods. Such long-standing issues include identifying the oldest fossil squamate, when exactly did squamates originate, and why morphological and molecular analyses of squamate evolution have strong disagreements on fundamental aspects of the squamate tree of life. Additionally, despite much debate, there is no existing consensus over the composition of the Lepidosauromorpha (the clade that includes squamates and their sister taxon, the Rhynchocephalia), making the squamate origin problem part of a broader and more complex reptile phylogeny issue. In this thesis, I provide a series of taxonomic, phylogenetic, biogeographic and morpho-functional contributions to shed light on these problems. I describe a new taxon that overwhelms previous hypothesis of iguanian biogeography and evolution in Gondwana (Gueragama sulamericana). I re-describe and assess the functional morphology of some of the oldest known articulated lizards in the world (Eichstaettisaurus schroederi and Ardeosaurus digitatellus), providing clues to the ancestry of geckoes, and the early evolution of their scansorial behaviour. -
Rates of Morphological Evolution in Captorhinidae: an Adaptive Radiation of Permian Herbivores
Rates of morphological evolution in Captorhinidae: an adaptive radiation of Permian herbivores Neil Brocklehurst Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany ABSTRACT The evolution of herbivory in early tetrapods was crucial in the establishment of terrestrial ecosystems, although it is so far unclear what effect this innovation had on the macro-evolutionary patterns observed within this clade. The clades that entered this under-filled region of ecospace might be expected to have experienced an ``adaptive radiation'': an increase in rates of morphological evolution and speciation driven by the evolution of a key innovation. However such inferences are often circumstantial, being based on the coincidence of a rate shift with the origin of an evolutionary novelty. The conclusion of an adaptive radiation may be made more robust by examining the pattern of the evolutionary shift; if the evolutionary innovation coincides not only with a shift in rates of morphological evolution, but specifically in the morphological characteristics relevant to the ecological shift of interest, then one may more plausibly infer a causal relationship between the two. Here I examine the impact of diet evolution on rates of morphological change in one of the earliest tetrapod clades to evolve high-fibre herbivory: Captorhinidae. Using a method of calculating heterogeneity in rates of discrete character change across a phylogeny, it is shown that a significant increase in rates of evolution coincides with the transition to herbivory in captorhinids. The herbivorous captorhinids also exhibit greater morphological disparity than their faunivorous relatives, indicating more rapid exploration of new regions of morphospace. As well as an increase in rates of evolution, there is a shift in the regions of the skeleton undergoing the most change; the character Submitted 4 January 2017 changes in the herbivorous lineages are concentrated in the mandible and dentition. -
A Systematic and Ecomorphological Investigation of the Early Amniotes from Mazon Creek, Francis Creek Shale, Illinois, USA
A systematic and ecomorphological investigation of the early amniotes from Mazon Creek, Francis Creek Shale, Illinois, USA. by Arjan Mann A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Sciences Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2020, Arjan Mann Abstract The late Carboniferous-aged (309-307 Ma) Mazon Creek lagerstätte produces some of the earliest tetrapod fossils, including those of major Paleozoic lineages such as the second oldest reptile. Despite this, the Mazon Creek lagerstätte has remained a difficult and unproductive vertebrate locality for researchers to utilize in tetrapod diversity studies due to the scarcity of fossils of this kind. Over the past decades, several new terrestrial tetrapod fossils collected from Mazon Creek have come to light. These include several new virtually-complete fossils of the earliest fossorially adapted recumbirostrans. Here I provide a revised systematic study of the Mazon Creek pan- amniote fauna, in an attempt to reassess the terrestrial ecosystem diversity present at the late Carboniferous lagerstätte. The results accumulate to systematic descriptions of four new and unique recumbirostran taxa (Diabloroter bolti, Infernovenator steenae, FMNH 1309, and MPM VP359229.2) and a re-description of the basal eureptile Cephalerpeton ventriarmatum leading to the anointment of the oldest parareptile Carbonodraco lundi (formerly Cephalerpeton aff. C. ventriarmatum from Linton, Ohio). Descriptions are aided by modern imaging techniques and updated phylogenetic analyses using Maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods where applicable. Across the newly described terrestrial fauna there is an unexpected ecomorphological diversity of bauplans present. These range from the short-bodied Diabloroter to the serpentine, long-bodied, and limb-reduced MPM VP359229.2. -
Reptile Family Tree Peters 2021 1909 Taxa, 235 Characters
Turinia Enoplus Chondrichtyes Jagorina Gemuendina Manta Chordata Loganellia Ginglymostoma Rhincodon Branchiostoma Tristychius Pikaia Tetronarce = Torpedo Palaeospondylus Craniata Aquilolamna Tamiobatis Myxine Sphyrna Metaspriggina Squalus Arandaspis Pristis Poraspis Rhinobatos Drepanaspis Cladoselache Pteromyzon adult Promissum Chlamydoselachus Pteromyzon hatchling Aetobatus Jamoytius Squatina Birkenia Heterodontus Euphanerops Iniopteryx Drepanolepis Helodus Callorhinchus Haikouichthys Scaporhynchus Belantsea Squaloraja Hemicyclaspis Chimaera Dunyu CMNH 9280 Mitsukurina Rhinochimaera Tanyrhinichthys Isurus Debeerius Thelodus GLAHM–V8304 Polyodon hatchling Cetorhinus Acipenser Yanosteus Oxynotus Bandringa PF8442 Pseudoscaphirhynchus Isistius Polyodon adult Daliatus Bandringa PF5686 Gnathostomata Megachasma Xenacanthus Dracopristis Akmonistion Ferromirum Strongylosteus Ozarcus Falcatus Reptile Family Tree Chondrosteus Hybodus fraasi Hybodus basanus Pucapampella Osteichthyes Orodus Peters 2021 1943 taxa, 235 characters Gregorius Harpagofututor Leptolepis Edestus Prohalecites Gymnothorax funebris Doliodus Gymnothorax afer Malacosteus Eurypharynx Amblyopsis Lepidogalaxias Typhlichthys Anableps Kryptoglanis Phractolaemus Homalacanthus Acanthodes Electrophorus Cromeria Triazeugacanthus Gymnotus Gorgasia Pholidophorus Calamopleurus Chauliodus Bonnerichthys Dactylopterus Chiasmodon Osteoglossum Sauropsis Synodus Ohmdenia Amia Trachinocephalus BRSLI M1332 Watsonulus Anoplogaster Pachycormus Parasemionotus Aenigmachanna Protosphyraena Channa Aspidorhynchus -
Palaeontology
Palaeontology Lecture 9 Animal Kigdom: Chordates, Tetrapods, Amniotes (Hickman et al., 2008) Proterogyrinus shceelei Anthracosauria, the clade towards Amniota Eryops megacephalus Temnospondyli the clade that led to Lisamphibians Cacops aspidephorus Field Museum, Small amphibian of the Late Permian. Lystrosaurus Large amphibian of Late Permian and Triassic Lisamphibians • Order Anura (Late Triassic– Recent) frogs and toads, the ilia project anteriorly and the posterior vertebrae are fused into a rod called urostyle, forming a strong pelvic basket • Order Urodela (Late Jurassic – Recent) Newts and salamanders • Order Gymnophiona (Early Jurassic – Recent) Caecilians, strange, little, legless, earthworm-like amphibians Vertebrates • Non-amniotic vertebrates - Egg without cover that is fertilized externally. It must be either in liquid or in water for reproduction. – Fish – Amphibia • Amniotes. Internal fertilization and amniotic egg. No water needed for reproduction. – Reptiles – Birds – Mammals Amniotic egg It’s importance • It allowed the possibility to live away from the water. • It allowed vertebrates to live in different types of terrestrial environments. • The amniotic egg evolved during the Carboniferous. The first fossilized eggs at L. Permian. • Amphibians such as Seymouria (Permian), present mixed characters of amphibians and reptiles. A primitive amphibian that looked like Seymouria was probably the ancestor of the reptiles. Reptiles • The first entirely terrestrial tetrapods Age: Late Carboniferous - today. The oldest fossils in the genera Hylonomus and Paleothyris (310 my) in Canada in fossilized hollow trees full of sediment. Length 24 cm and looked like lizards. Hylonomus Vertebrate skulls Διακρίνονται από την θέση και τον αριθμό των ανοιγμάτων πίσω από τις οφθαλμικές κόγχες. – Anapsid (with no temporal fenestrae) - amphibians, first reptiles, and turtles. -
Reisz Et Al Euconcordia.Indd
Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 3:1-6 1 ISSN 2292-1389 Euconcordia nom. nov., a replacement name for the captorhinid eureptile Concordia Müller and Reisz, 2005 (non Kingsley, 1880), with new data on its dentition Robert R. Reisz*,1, Yara Haridy1, and Johannes Müller2 1Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. N., Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada, [email protected], [email protected] 2Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Abstract: The oldest known captorhinid reptile, and the only Carboniferous representative of this important clade of early eureptiles was named Concordia cunninghami. This was done on the basis of the cranial material from two specimens, but the name is preoccupied by an extant hippolytid crustacean. We therefore coined the new name, Euconcordia, as a replacement name for this taxon, and the new combination is Euconcordia cunninghami. In addition, the recent significant increases in our understanding of dental anatomy in early amniotes in general, and captorhinid reptiles in particular, has allowed us to reinter- pret the anatomy of the marginal and palatal teeth of this taxon. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E31E05A9-C673-426E-A024-F5335BDBC6CB Key Words: Carboniferous; Kansas; Pennsylvanian INTRODUCTION of Latreutes parvulus (Stimpson, 1871) (Ledoyer 1986). Although Concordia Kingsley, 1880 is not currently Müller and Reisz (2005) described a new taxon of capto- considered a valid genus, the name nevertheless remains rhinid reptile (Concordia cunninghami) from the Hamilton unavailable, necessitating the establishment of a replace- Quarry, a Pennsylvanian Lagerstätte in Greenwood County, ment name for the captorhinid C. -
Pelycosaurian Reptiles Froh the Hiddle Pennsylvanian
PELYCOSAURIAN REPTILES FROH THE HIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN OF NORTH AHERICA ABSTRACT New pelycosaurs from the Hiddle Pennsylvanian of Florence, Nova Scotia are described. n~o of these pelycosaurs are the oldest representatives of the order whose taxonomie position can be exactly determined. Archeothyris florensis is found to be a well ossified primitive ophiacodont, closely related to the genus Ophiacodon. Echinerpeton intermedium, represented by a small immature specimen, was found to have sorne ophiacodont and some sphenacodont characteristics. The taxonomie position of the Lower Pennsylvanian pelycosaur Protoclepsydrops haplous is reconsidered in the light of new finds. The origiœand the interrelationships of the Pelycosauria are discussed along with the reconsideration of the tax000mic position of the genus Varanosaurus. Robert Reisz Degree of Master of Science Department of Biology !'!cGill L'niversity PELYCOSAURS FRON THE NIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN OF N. Al-ŒRICA TO nlE READER This thesis has been written and organized according to the style and format of the Journal of Paleontology. Huch of the explanatory information usually included in a thesis has been omitted in order to have the entire manuscript acceptable for publication. The figures are reproduced here at the scale at which they would be published. PELYCOSAURIAN REPTILES FRON THE HIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN OF NORTH AHERICA by ROBERT REISZ A thcsis prcscnted to thc Faculty of Graduatc Studics and Rcsearch of ~cGill Cnivcrsity in partial fulfillmcnt of thc rcquircments for the degrcc of ~astcr of Scicncc. c i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION • • • • Page 1 Acknow1edgements 7 SYSTE~~TIC DESCRIPTIONS 8 Archeothyris f1orensis, n. sp. et gen. 8 Echinerpeton intermedium, n. sp. et gen. -
A Reevaluation of Early Amniote Phylogeny
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1995), 113: 165–223. With 9 figures A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny MICHEL LAURIN AND ROBERT R. REISZ* Department of Zoology, Erindale Campus, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6 Received February 1994, accepted for publication July 1994 A new phylogenetic analysis of early amniotes based on 124 characters and 13 taxa (including three outgroups) indicates that synapsids are the sister-group of all other known amniotes. The sister-group of Synapsida is Sauropsida, including Mesosauridae and Reptilia as its two main subdivisions. Reptilia is divided into Parareptilia and Eureptilia. Parareptilia includes Testudines and its fossil relatives (Procolophonidae, Pareiasauria and Millerettidae), while Eureptilia includes Diapsida and its fossil relatives (Paleothyris and Captorhinidae). Parts of the phylogeny are robust, such as the sister-group relationship between procolophonids and testudines, and between pareiasaurs and the testudinomorphs (the clade including procolophonids and testudines). Other parts of the new tree are not so firmly established, such as the position of mesosaurs as the sister-group of reptiles. The new phylogeny indicates that three major clades of amniotes extend from the present to the Palaeozoic. These three clades are the Synapsida (including Mammalia), Parareptilia (including Testudines), and Eureptilia (including Sauria). In addition, the Procolophonidae, a group of Triassic parareptiles, are the sister-group of Testudines. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:—Amniota – Sauropsida – Mesosauridae – Reptilia – Parareptilia – Eureptilia – Testudines – phylogenetics – evolution – Palaeozoic. CONTENTS Introduction . 166 Methods . 169 Results . 171 Amniote taxonomy . 172 Cotylosauria Cope 1880 . 173 Diadectomorpha Watson 1917 . 173 Amniota Haeckel 1866 . 177 Synapsida Osborn 1903 . 179 Sauropsida Huxley 1864 . -
The Braincase of Youngina Capensis (Reptilia, Diapsida): New Insights from High-Resolution Ct Scanning of the Holotype
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Biological Sciences Faculty Research Biological Sciences 11-2010 The rB aincase of Youngina Capensis (Reptilia, Diapsida): New Insights from High-Resolution CT Scanning of the Holotype Nicholas M. Gardner Marshall University Casey M. Holliday F. Robin O’Keefe Marshall University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/bio_sciences_faculty Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Gardner, Nicholas M., Holliday, Casey M. , and O’Keefe, F. Robin, 2010. The rB aincase of Youngina capensis (Reptilia, Dipsida): New Insights from High-Resolution CT Scanning of the Holotype Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 13, Issue 3; 19A:16p; http://palaeo- electronica.org/2010_3/217/index.html This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Palaeontologia Electronica http://palaeo-electronica.org THE BRAINCASE OF YOUNGINA CAPENSIS (REPTILIA, DIAPSIDA): NEW INSIGHTS FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION CT SCANNING OF THE HOLOTYPE Nicholas M. Gardner, Casey M. Holliday, and F. Robin O’Keefe Nicholas M. Gardner. Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia. [email protected] Casey M. Holliday. Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. [email protected] F. Robin O’Keefe. Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia. [email protected] ABSTRACT Detailed descriptions of braincase anatomy in early diapsid reptiles have been historically rare given the difficulty of accessing this deep portion of the skull, because of poor preservation of the fossils or the inability to remove the surrounding skull roof.