Rates of Morphological Evolution in Captorhinidae: an Adaptive Radiation of Permian Herbivores
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Reptile Family Tree
Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2015 Distribution of Scales, Scutes, Hair and Feathers Fish scales 100 Ichthyostega Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 Pederpes 91 Eldeceeon holotype Gephyrostegus watsoni Eryops 67 Solenodonsaurus 87 Proterogyrinus 85 100 Chroniosaurus Eoherpeton 94 72 Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 98 Seymouria Chroniosuchus Kotlassia 58 94 Westlothiana Casineria Utegenia 84 Brouffia 95 78 Amphibamus 71 93 77 Coelostegus Cacops Paleothyris Adelospondylus 91 78 82 99 Hylonomus 100 Brachydectes Protorothyris MCZ1532 Eocaecilia 95 91 Protorothyris CM 8617 77 95 Doleserpeton 98 Gerobatrachus Protorothyris MCZ 2149 Rana 86 52 Microbrachis 92 Elliotsmithia Pantylus 93 Apsisaurus 83 92 Anthracodromeus 84 85 Aerosaurus 95 85 Utaherpeton 82 Varanodon 95 Tuditanus 91 98 61 90 Eoserpeton Varanops Diplocaulus Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 88 100 Sauropleura Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 78 Ptyonius 98 89 Archaeothyris Scincosaurus 77 84 Ophiacodon 95 Micraroter 79 98 Batropetes Rhynchonkos Cutleria 59 Nikkasaurus 95 54 Biarmosuchus Silvanerpeton 72 Titanophoneus Gephyrostegeus bohemicus 96 Procynosuchus 68 100 Megazostrodon Mammal 88 Homo sapiens 100 66 Stenocybus hair 91 94 IVPP V18117 69 Galechirus 69 97 62 Suminia Niaftasuchus 65 Microurania 98 Urumqia 91 Bruktererpeton 65 IVPP V 18120 85 Venjukovia 98 100 Thuringothyris MNG 7729 Thuringothyris MNG 10183 100 Eodicynodon Dicynodon 91 Cephalerpeton 54 Reiszorhinus Haptodus 62 Concordia KUVP 8702a 95 59 Ianthasaurus 87 87 Concordia KUVP 96/95 85 Edaphosaurus Romeria primus 87 Glaucosaurus Romeria texana Secodontosaurus -
HOVASAURUS BOULEI, an AQUATIC EOSUCHIAN from the UPPER PERMIAN of MADAGASCAR by P.J
99 Palaeont. afr., 24 (1981) HOVASAURUS BOULEI, AN AQUATIC EOSUCHIAN FROM THE UPPER PERMIAN OF MADAGASCAR by P.J. Currie Provincial Museum ofAlberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T5N OM6, Canada ABSTRACT HovasauTUs is the most specialized of four known genera of tangasaurid eosuchians, and is the most common vertebrate recovered from the Lower Sakamena Formation (Upper Per mian, Dzulfia n Standard Stage) of Madagascar. The tail is more than double the snout-vent length, and would have been used as a powerful swimming appendage. Ribs are pachyostotic in large animals. The pectoral girdle is low, but massively developed ventrally. The front limb would have been used for swimming and for direction control when swimming. Copious amounts of pebbles were swallowed for ballast. The hind limbs would have been efficient for terrestrial locomotion at maturity. The presence of long growth series for Ho vasaurus and the more terrestrial tan~saurid ThadeosauTUs presents a unique opportunity to study differences in growth strategies in two closely related Permian genera. At birth, the limbs were relatively much shorter in Ho vasaurus, but because of differences in growth rates, the limbs of Thadeosau rus are relatively shorter at maturity. It is suggested that immature specimens of Ho vasauTUs spent most of their time in the water, whereas adults spent more time on land for mating, lay ing eggs and/or range dispersal. Specilizations in the vertebrae and carpus indicate close re lationship between Youngina and the tangasaurids, but eliminate tangasaurids from consider ation as ancestors of other aquatic eosuchians, archosaurs or sauropterygians. CONTENTS Page ABREVIATIONS . ..... ... ......... .......... ... ......... ..... ... ..... .. .... 101 INTRODUCTION . -
Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J. -
Tiago Rodrigues Simões
Diapsid Phylogeny and the Origin and Early Evolution of Squamates by Tiago Rodrigues Simões A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta © Tiago Rodrigues Simões, 2018 ABSTRACT Squamate reptiles comprise over 10,000 living species and hundreds of fossil species of lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians, with their origins dating back at least as far back as the Middle Jurassic. Despite this enormous diversity and a long evolutionary history, numerous fundamental questions remain to be answered regarding the early evolution and origin of this major clade of tetrapods. Such long-standing issues include identifying the oldest fossil squamate, when exactly did squamates originate, and why morphological and molecular analyses of squamate evolution have strong disagreements on fundamental aspects of the squamate tree of life. Additionally, despite much debate, there is no existing consensus over the composition of the Lepidosauromorpha (the clade that includes squamates and their sister taxon, the Rhynchocephalia), making the squamate origin problem part of a broader and more complex reptile phylogeny issue. In this thesis, I provide a series of taxonomic, phylogenetic, biogeographic and morpho-functional contributions to shed light on these problems. I describe a new taxon that overwhelms previous hypothesis of iguanian biogeography and evolution in Gondwana (Gueragama sulamericana). I re-describe and assess the functional morphology of some of the oldest known articulated lizards in the world (Eichstaettisaurus schroederi and Ardeosaurus digitatellus), providing clues to the ancestry of geckoes, and the early evolution of their scansorial behaviour. -
Physical and Environmental Drivers of Paleozoic Tetrapod Dispersal Across Pangaea
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07623-x OPEN Physical and environmental drivers of Paleozoic tetrapod dispersal across Pangaea Neil Brocklehurst1,2, Emma M. Dunne3, Daniel D. Cashmore3 &Jӧrg Frӧbisch2,4 The Carboniferous and Permian were crucial intervals in the establishment of terrestrial ecosystems, which occurred alongside substantial environmental and climate changes throughout the globe, as well as the final assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea. The fl 1234567890():,; in uence of these changes on tetrapod biogeography is highly contentious, with some authors suggesting a cosmopolitan fauna resulting from a lack of barriers, and some iden- tifying provincialism. Here we carry out a detailed historical biogeographic analysis of late Paleozoic tetrapods to study the patterns of dispersal and vicariance. A likelihood-based approach to infer ancestral areas is combined with stochastic mapping to assess rates of vicariance and dispersal. Both the late Carboniferous and the end-Guadalupian are char- acterised by a decrease in dispersal and a vicariance peak in amniotes and amphibians. The first of these shifts is attributed to orogenic activity, the second to increasing climate heterogeneity. 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK. 2 Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. 3 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. 4 Institut -
622-2014Lectureweek5
BIOLOGY 622 – FALL 2014 BASAL AMNIOTA - STRUCTURE AND PHYLOGENY WEEK – 5 EUREPTILIA – “PROTOROTHYRIDIDAE AND ARAEOSCELIDIA S. S. SUMIDA INTRODUCTION Now that we have determined the distinction of Eureptilia and Parareptilia, and used Captorhinidae as the model of the basalmost family of eureptilians, we may now address the remaining primitive members of Eureptilia. Of course Eureptilia is a huge group, including numerous extinct groups, and all sorts of extant taxa including extant diapsids – lizards and snakes, turtles (which are probably highly derived diapsids) the remaining extant archosauromorphs – the crocodilians and the birds (derived from saurischian therapod dinosaurs). The group that was “displaced” by the Captorhinidae as the most primitive of reptilians has a somewhat complicated history. Recall that Carroll (1969) designated the family Romeriidae as the group from which all other amniotes arose. The group was named for genus Romeria, originally named by Lewellyn Price with two species – Romeria texana and R. pricei (both from the Lower Permian of Texas). In the 1970s, Heaton (1979) removed Romeria from Romeriidae, suggesting they were better placed in the Captorhinidae. This left Romeriidae without its namesake, so the name reverted to Protorothyrididae. (Carroll persisted in calling this group the “Protorothyridae”.) Nonetheless, the monophyly of the Protorothyrididae was assumed. This was in part because most workers that “included” the Protorothyrididae in any phylogenetic analyses, usually did so only by using a single representative genus to represent the entire family – usually Protorthyris or Paleothyris. For example, in the illustration following, Heaton and Reisz (1986) used only Captorhinus to represent Captorhinidae, Protorothyris to represent Protorothyrididae, and Petrolacosaurus to represent basal Diapsida. -
Tetrapod Phylogeny
© J989 Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. (Biomédical Division) The Hierarchy of Life B. Fernholm, K. Bremer and H. Jörnvall, editors 337 CHAPTER 25 Tetrapod phylogeny JACQUES GAUTHIER', DAVID CANNATELLA^, KEVIN DE QUEIROZ^, ARNOLD G. KLUGE* and TIMOTHY ROWE^ ' Deparlmenl qf Herpelology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, U.S.A., ^Museum of Natural Sciences and Department of Biology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A., ^Department of ^oology and Museum of Vertebrate ^oology. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A., 'Museum of ^oology and Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. and ^Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, U.S.A. Introduction Early sarcopterygians were aquatic, but from the latter part of the Carboniferous on- ward that group has been dominated by terrestrial forms commonly known as the tet- rapods. Fig. 1 illustrates relationships among extant Tetrápoda [1-4J. As the clado- grams in Figs. 2•20 demonstrate, however, extant groups represent only a small part of the taxonomic and morphologic diversity of Tetrápoda. We hope to convey some appreciation for the broad outlines of tetrapod evolution during its 300+ million year history from late Mississippian to Recent times. In doing so, we summarize trees de- rived from the distribution of over 972 characters among 83 terminal taxa of Tetrápo- da. More than 90% of the terminal taxa we discuss are extinct, but all of the subter- minal taxa are represented in the extant biota. This enables us to emphasize the origins of living tetrapod groups while giving due consideration to the diversity and antiquity of the clades of which they are a part. -
A Reassessment of the Taxonomic Position of Mesosaurs, and a Surprising Phylogeny of Early Amniotes
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 02 November 2017 doi: 10.3389/feart.2017.00088 A Reassessment of the Taxonomic Position of Mesosaurs, and a Surprising Phylogeny of Early Amniotes Michel Laurin 1* and Graciela H. Piñeiro 2 1 CR2P (UMR 7207) Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/MNHN/UPMC, Sorbonne Universités), Paris, France, 2 Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay We reassess the phylogenetic position of mesosaurs by using a data matrix that is updated and slightly expanded from a matrix that the first author published in 1995 with his former thesis advisor. The revised matrix, which incorporates anatomical information published in the last 20 years and observations on several mesosaur specimens (mostly from Uruguay) includes 17 terminal taxa and 129 characters (four more taxa and five more characters than the original matrix from 1995). The new matrix also differs by incorporating more ordered characters (all morphoclines were ordered). Parsimony Edited by: analyses in PAUP 4 using the branch and bound algorithm show that the new matrix Holly Woodward, Oklahoma State University, supports a position of mesosaurs at the very base of Sauropsida, as suggested by the United States first author in 1995. The exclusion of mesosaurs from a less inclusive clade of sauropsids Reviewed by: is supported by a Bremer (Decay) index of 4 and a bootstrap frequency of 66%, both of Michael S. Lee, which suggest that this result is moderately robust. The most parsimonious trees include South Australian Museum, Australia Juliana Sterli, some unexpected results, such as placing the anapsid reptile Paleothyris near the base of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones diapsids, and all of parareptiles as the sister-group of younginiforms (the most crownward Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina diapsids included in the analyses). -
Callibrachion and Datheosaurus, Two Historical and Previously Mistaken Basal Caseasaurian Synapsids from Europe
Callibrachion and Datheosaurus, two historical and previously mistaken basal caseasaurian synapsids from Europe FREDERIK SPINDLER, JOCELYN FALCONNET, and JÖRG FRÖBISCH Spindler, F., Falconnet, J., and Fröbisch, J. 2016. Callibrachion and Datheosaurus, two historical and previously mis- taken basal caseasaurian synapsids from Europe. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (3): 597–616. This study represents a re-investigation of two historical fossil discoveries, Callibrachion gaudryi (Artinskian of France) and Datheosaurus macrourus (Gzhelian of Poland), that were originally classified as haptodontine-grade sphenaco- dontians and have been lately treated as nomina dubia. Both taxa are here identified as basal caseasaurs based on their overall proportions as well as dental and osteological characteristics that differentiate them from any other major syn- apsid subclade. As a result of poor preservation, no distinct autapomorphies can be recognized. However, our detailed investigations of the virtually complete skeletons in the light of recent progress in basal synapsid research allow a novel interpretation of their phylogenetic positions. Datheosaurus might represent an eothyridid or basal caseid. Callibrachion shares some similarities with the more derived North American genus Casea. These new observations on Datheosaurus and Callibrachion provide new insights into the early diversification of caseasaurs, reflecting an evolutionary stage that lacks spatulate teeth and broadened phalanges that are typical for other caseid species. Along with Eocasea, the former ghost lineage to the Late Pennsylvanian origin of Caseasauria is further closed. For the first time, the presence of basal caseasaurs in Europe is documented. Key words: Synapsida, Caseasauria, Carboniferous, Permian, Autun Basin, France, Intra-Sudetic Basin, Poland. Frederik Spindler [[email protected]], Dinosaurier-Park Altmühltal, Dinopark 1, 85095 Denkendorf, Germany. -
At the Joggins Fossil Centre OVERVIEW Project to Develop An
Request for Proposals - Technology Production Augmented Reality (AR) at the Joggins Fossil Centre OVERVIEW Project to develop an augmented reality experience for Joggins visitors to access with their own mobile devices, to experience the Carboniferous forest over 300 million years ago at the UNESCO Joggins Fossil Centre. 1. Background: The Joggins Fossil Cliffs (NS) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with the finest example in the world of the terrestrial tropical environment and ecosystems of the Late Carboniferous time period, over 300 million years ago. The fossilized remains of lycopods, tree-sized club mosses, preserved standing in the cliffs as if they were still growing. The fossil stumps up to 2 meters high are an iconic symbol of the Joggins Fossil Cliffs represent the ancient trees that were over 30 meters tall. (image from: https://arthuride.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/sigillaria-tree1.jpg) The fossil trees also include the fossilized remains of the earliest-known reptile in the fossil record, also known as Hylonomus lyelli, Nova Scotia's Provincial Fossil. A probable hypothesis is that these creatures were denning inside the trees and became trapped during flooding events and were then subsequently fossilized. Today, scientists are still finding new trees with tetrapod remains and are using technology, like CT-scanning, to non-invasively reveal bones. Hylonomus reconstruction Hylonomus fossil 2. Purpose: To enhance the visitor experience with augmented reality at a UNESCO site. This project will test the use of augmented reality functions, benefits and challenges in a museum setting. As far as we are aware, this is the first project of its kind in the Atlantic Provinces. -
Reptilia: Captorhinidae) and the Community Histology of the Early Permian Fissure-Fill Fauna Dolese Quarry, Richards Spur, Oklahoma
The Ontogenetic Osteohistology of the Eureptile Captorhinus aguti (Reptilia: Captorhinidae) and the Community Histology of the Early Permian Fissure-Fill Fauna Dolese Quarry, Richards Spur, Oklahoma by Eilidh Jaine Richards A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto © Copyright by Eilidh Jaine Richards 2016 The Ontogenetic Osteohistology of the Eureptile Captorhinus aguti (Reptilia: Captorhinidae) and the Community Histology of the Early Permian Fissure-Fill Fauna Dolese Quarry, Richards Spur, Oklahoma Eilidh Jaine Richards Master of Science Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 2016 Abstract Palaeohistological research has greatly enhanced our ability to draw conclusions about the physiology and growth of extinct vertebrates. A comprehensive histological growth study has never been undertaken in an Early Permian taxon at the initial stages of terrestrial vertebrate evolution. Captorhinus aguti, a common Early Permian eureptile from the fissure-fill locality near Richards Spur, Oklahoma, is the ideal taxon for a study of this type. C. aguti femora from all growth stages were measured and sectioned to compare bone structure through ontogeny. Representatives of other major taxa from the Richards Spur locality were also sectioned to compare histology across the palaeocommunity. Long bones of all sectioned Richards Spur taxa, including all growth stages of C. aguti, display slow growing parallel-fibered lamellar bone with poor vascularization. Captorhinids were the only taxon from this locality that lacked growth lines, implying that they were employing a different growth strategy from the other taxa that were preserved at this locality. -
Eureptilia, Captorhinidae, Moradisaurinae) from the Lower Permian of North-Central Texas
UC Berkeley PaleoBios Title A juvenile of the multiple-tooth-rowed reptile Labidosaurikos (Eureptilia, Captorhinidae, Moradisaurinae) from the Lower Permian of north-central Texas Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zz8w026 Journal PaleoBios, 34(0) ISSN 0031-0298 Authors Jung, Jason P. Sumida, Stuart S. Publication Date 2017-07-20 DOI 10.5070/P9341035708 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California PaleoBios 34:1–5, July 20, 2017 PaleoBios OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY Jason P. Jung and Stuart S. Sumida 2017. A juvenile of the multiple-tooth- rowed reptile Labidosaurikos (Eureptilia, Captorhinidae, Moradisaurinae) from the Lower Permian of north-central Texas. Cover photo: Views of a juvenile partial maxillary toothplate of the basal reptilian Labidosaurikos. Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology specimen MCZ 1352, scale bar=1 cm. Citation: Jung, J.P. and S.S. Sumida 2017. A juvenile of the multiple-tooth-rowed reptile Labidosaurikos (Eureptilia, Captorhinidae, Moradisauri- nae) from the Lower Permian of north-central Texas. PaleoBios, 34. ucmp_paleobios_35708. A juvenile of the multiple-tooth-rowed reptile Labidosaurikos (Eureptilia, Captorhinidae, Moradisaurinae) from the Lower Permian of north-central Texas JASON P. JUNG* and STUART S. SUMIDA Department of Biology California State University, San Bernardino 5500 University Parkway San Bernardino, California, USA 92407 [email protected] [email protected] Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) 1352 is a partial maxillary toothplate of a basal rep- tilian from the Lower Permian of Baylor County, north-central Texas. The specimen displays the straight rows of teeth characteristic of the subfamily Moradisaurinae (family: Captorhinidae) and is nearly identical in shape to the maxilla of Labidosaurikos meachami.