Tradenet Presentation Chamber of Kavala 13 3 2012
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PROJECT BLACK SEA TRADENET DOING BUSINESS WITH ROMANIA RODICA BELTEU – CONSTANTA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRY, SHIPPING AND AGRICULTURE WORKSHOP DOBRICH, BULGARIA, 13-14 MARCH 2012 COUNTRY PROFILE Official name: ROMANIA Flag and coat of arms: Legal system: Romania is a parliamentary republic. The Parliament represents the legislative power in the state. It is a bicameral 471-seat Parliament composed of the Senate (137 seats) and the Chamber of Deputies (334 seats). The Government, led by a prime-minister appointed by the president of the country, is the executive power. Geographical location: Romania is located in the geographical center of Europe (southeastern of Central Europe), on the Black Sea coast. It lies on north of the Balkanic peninsula, inside and outside the Carpathian arch, on the lower Danube (1075 km) and by the Black Sea. Frontiers: The length of Romania’s frontiers is of 3150 km, of which 1085.5 km are terrestrial frontiers, and 2064.5 km water frontiers. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south. Area: With a surface area of 238,391 km², Romania is the largest country in southeastern Europe and the twelfth-largest in Europe. 1 COUNTRY PROFILE COUNTRY PROFILE Relief: Romania’s relief is composed of three main levels, namely the high level of the Carpathian Mountains, the middle level of the Sub-Carpathians, hills and plateaus, and the lowlands of plains, meadows and Danube Delta. These major relief forms are disposed in balanced concentric areas: 31% mountains, 36% hills and 33% lowlands. Waters : The running waters are radial, most of them springing in the Carpathian Mountains. Danube is their main collector and it runs the southern part of Romania on a 1075 m length. Danube flows into Black Sea and forms Danube Delta, the second largest and best preserved delta in Europe, and also a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site. The main rivers are Mures - 761 km, Prut – 742 km, Olt - 615 km, and Siret – 559 km. Of great economic importance, Black Sea – Danube Canal is a 64.2 km manmade canal linking Black Sea (Constanta) and Danube (Cernavoda), reducing the navigation way between Constanta Port and Cernavoda with 400 km. Lakes are mainly natural, spread on all major relief forms, from glacial lakes in the upper relief level, to river-maritime lakes. Climate: Due to its position between open sea and in the edge of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is transitional between temperate and continental, with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11 °C in the south and 8 °C in the north. 2 COUNTRY PROFILE Natural resources: Romania enjoys important natural resources ranging from oil and natural gas, coal – mainly coal, brown coal, and lignite, large resources of salt, metal and non-metal minerals, gold, silver and primary aluminium (bauxite), wood and timber, important arable areas. Over 2,000 mineral springs for consumption and health treatment are also considered an important natural resource. Renewable sources for energy are also important, the wind potential of sea coastal territories being considered to be one of the highest in Europe, while the water energy is important on numerous rivers. Oficial language: Romanian is the official language of Romania. Time zone: Eastern European Time (UTC+02), Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+03) Religion: 86.7% of the inhabitants are Orthodox Christian, followed by other Christian churches:Roman Catholic, Protestant, Pentecostal. Muslim church represents 0.3% of the total population. Currency: Romanian currency is „leu” – „lei” in plural, wiht „ban” as subdivision. 1 leu = 100 bani. Measuring system : The standard metric system has been adopted into 1884. COUNTRY PROFILE Administrative organisation : Romania is organised into several types of units that correspond to the European classification systems – Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS). Thus, Romania is organised into 42 counties, including Bucharest, the capital town. They have legal identity and correspond to NUTS3 level. Counties have in average between 300,000 and over 700,000 inhabitants. At local level, the organisation is based on towns and municipalities (municipii) – 320 units, and communes and villages – 2861 communes encompassing 12,956 villages. Towns varies between 5,000 and over 1,000,000 inhabitants, most of them having 20,000 – 50,000 inhabitants, while communes varies between 1,000 and over 10,000 inhabitants, most of them 2,000 – 5,000 inhabitants. For development purpose, Romania has defined 8 development regions encompassing 2 – 8 counties (NUTS2 level) and macroregions encompassing 2 development regions each (NUTS1 level). They do not have legal identity. There are no autonomous regions in Romania. National holiday and other legal holidays: 1st of December – the national holiday of Romania, celebrating the union of Transilvania and Banat historical regions (west of Romania) with the existing Romania, and thus, the unification of all Romanian into one modern state (1918). Six other national holidays are declared by law. 3 COUNTRY PROFILE History and civilisation Romanian civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in Europe, as human fossils of about 42,000 years old were discovered in the country. The oldest written record of people living in the geographical area of the present-day Romania is highlighted in Herodotus's book, where he mentioned about the Getae tribes.The Dacians were a part of Thracians, the inhabitants of the area between Northern Carpathian chain and the Balkan mountains. In the 1st century BC, the Roman Empire expanded its border and the Dacian kingdom became a Roman province. During the 3rd century, the Roman troops and administrative body left Roman Dacia in the face of possible attacks by the Carpian and Goth tribes. In the middle ages, the Romanians mainly inhabited Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania. During the 10th and 11th centuries, Transylvania became an autonomous part of the Hungarian kingdom. Wallachia and Moldavia came under the control of Ottoman Empire. In the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire witnessed a gradual decline and lost its former power and glory. The rise of the Russian and Austrian empires affected the political scenario of Romania, and Transylvania was captured by the Austrians, while later on, Bukovina, a part of Moldavia, and Bassarabia also came under the rule of Austria. The desire of the Romanians to form an independent nation gave birth to many revolutions in the three principalities. On January 24, 1859, Wallachia and Moldavia were united under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza. COUNTRY PROFILE History and civilisation (continuation) Romania during World War I: in 1916, Romania entered World War I as an ally of France, Russia and United Kingdom, on the condition that after the war it would regain its authority over Transylvania. By 1918 the Austrian and Russian empires had collapsed; and hence, Bassarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania united with the Romanian kingdom, that led to the formation of Greater Romania. Romania during World War II: Romania joined the world war as an ally of Germany, and played an important role in the war as a source of oil for Germany. During the war, it lost many regions under the pressure of Germany and the Soviet Union. The country lost southern Dobruja to Bulgaria, northern Transylvania to Hungary, Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union. In 1947, Romania came under the direct control of Soviet Union, and as a result communism was established in Romania. The Russians controlled Romania till 1958. The communist regime changed its policy, and in the 1960s, in the first years of Nicolae Ceausescu’s rule, the country - the Socialist Republic of Romania - was recognised for its pro-western views and good relations, while challenging the authority of the Soviet Union. Between 1977 and 1981, Romania's economic condition started to deteriorate and its foreign debt increased to a large extent. As a result, Romanian revolution took place in 1989, which brought an end to the communist regime. Romanians have succeeded in restoring democracy, stability, peace and order in the country. Now a days Romania is rapidly integrating with Western Europe, becoming a member state of the European Union in 2007. Romania is a pluralistic, multi-party state and a parliamentary republic. 4 COUNTRY PROFILE Socio-economic profile Population and structure of population Romania had 21,431,298 inhabitants by 2010, July the 1st. Like other countries in the region, the population is expected to gradually decline as a result of sub-replacement fertility rates. The average age of the Romanians was of 39.7 years in 2010. Roughly half of the population is living in towns, 11.8 mil. persons, while 51.3% of the population are women, and 48.7% men. Romanians make up 89.5% of the population. The largest ethnic minorities are the Hungarians (6.6% of the population) and Gypsies (2.46% of the population). Economic profile Before the global economic recession, Romania enjoyed almost a decade of steady economic growth, thanks to a strong demand in EU markets. From the 2008 great economic expansion, when a credit-fuelled consumption made Romania the EU’s fastest-growing economy, the country plunged into recession in 2009 when the GDP fell by more than 7%. This prompted the Government to seek multilateral support, including from the IMF, the European Commission and the World Bank Group. Austerity measures were implemented through 2010, yet the GDP contracted by another 1.9% in the same year. Analysts forecast a growth in GDP of 1.5% in 2011, followed by a growth of 4.4% in 2012. COUNTRY PROFILE Socio-economic profile (continuation) Inflation: The inflation rate rose to 8 percent in December 2010, more than double the 3.4 percent forecast.