9772150409002 06 Vol.2, No.6, 527-666 (2010) Natural Science TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 2, Number 6, June 2010 LIFE SCIENCE Differentiation of wild boar and domestic pig populations based on the frequency of chromosomes carrying endogenous retroviruses Sergey V. Nikitin, Nikolay S. Yudin, Sergey P. Knyazev, Ruslan B. Aitnazarov, Vitaliy A. Bekenev, Valentina S. Deeva, Galina M. Goncharenko, Victor F. Kobzev, Margarita A. Savina, Viktor I. Ermolaev…………………………………………527 Phylogeny of γ-proteobacteria inferred from comparisons of 3’ end 16S rRNA gene and 5’ end 16S-23S ITS nucleotide sequences Sabarimatou Yakoubou, Jean-Charles Côté……………………………………………………………………………………535 The characteristics of the chosen mycotoxins and their toxic influence on the human and animal metabolism Katarzyna Łazicka, Sławomir Orzechowski………………………………………………………………………………………544 Effect of prolonged intake of iron enriched diet on testicular functions of experimental rats Mohamed M. El-Seweidy, Mervat E. Asker, Sousou I. Ali, Hebatallah H. Atteia………………………………………………………551 Poly (ethylene terephthalate) synthesis with catalysts derived from chrysotile asbestos Shigeki Habaue, Yusuke Takahashi, Yu Hosogoe, Hiroshi Yamashita, Meisetsu Kajiwara………………………………………557 Binding of naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acids to bovine serum albumin Lucie Trnková, Iva Boušová, Vladimír Kubíček, Jaroslav Dršata………………………………………………………………563 Evolution of Homo sapiens in Asia: an alternative implication of the “Out-of-Africa” model based on mitochondrial DNA data Hiroto Naora………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………571 Building reliable genetic maps: different mapping strategies may result in different maps Yefim Ronin, David Mester, Dina Minkov, Abraham Korol………………………………………………………………………576 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) ecosystem macronutrients budget on reclaimed mine sites—stand trees supply and stability Marcin Pietrzykowski……………………………………………………………………………………………………………590 Evolution of technogenic landscapes by the example of apatite-nepheline ore concentration wastes Vladimir N. Pereverzev, Galina A. Evdokimova, Irina V. Zenkova, Maria V. Korneykova, Vera V. Redkina…………………600 PHYSICS Application of variational iteration method and electron transfer mediator/catalyst composites in modified electrodes Alagu Eswari, Lakshmanan Rajendran……………………………………………………………………………………………612 Thermophysical properties of dunite rocks as a function of temperature along with the prediction of effective thermal conductivity Aurang Zeb, Tayyaba Firdous, Asghari Maqsood…………………………………………………………………………………626 Optical properties for N,N’-bis (lnaphyhly)-N,N’-diphenyl-1,1’-biphenyl-4,4’-diamine and tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum in organic light emitting devices Mei Yee Lim, Wan Mahmood Mat Yunus, Zainal Abidin Talib, Anuar Kassim…………………………………………………631 The dynamic field in turbulent round jet discharging into a co-flowing stream Mohamed Hichem Gazzah, Nejmiddin Boughattas, Hafedh Belmabrouk, Rachid Said…………………………………………635 OTHERS A simple 2-D interpolation model for analysis of nonlinear data Mehdi Zamani……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………641 Role of the mental foramens in dolphin hearing Vyacheslav Ryabov………………………………………………………………………………………………………………646 Finite element modelling of the pull-apart formation: implication for tectonics of Bengo Co pull-apart basin, southern Tibet Ganesh Raj Joshi, Daigoro Hayashi………………………………………………………………………………………………654 Natural Science Journal Information SUBSCRIPTIONS The Natural Science (Online at Scientific Research Publishing, www.SciRP.org) is published monthly by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., USA. 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PRODUCTION INFORMATION For manuscripts that have been accepted for publication, please contact: E-mail: [email protected] Vol.2, No.6, 527-534 (2010) Natural Science doi:10.4236/ns.2010.26066 Differentiation of wild boar and domestic pig populations based on the frequency of chromosomes carrying endogenous retroviruses Sergey V. Nikitin1, Nikolay S. Yudin1, Sergey P. Knyazev2*, Ruslan B. Aitnazarov1, Vitaliy A. Bekenev3, Valentina S. Deeva3, Galina M. Goncharenko3, Victor F. Kobzev1, Margarita A. Savina1, Viktor I. Ermolaev1 1Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 3Siberian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Krasnoobsk, Russia Received 25 March 2010; revised 30 April 2010; accepted 13 May 2010. ABSTRACT Sus genus. This is confirmed by their presence in bush- pigs (Potamochoerus larvatus and P. porcus) and wart- Analysis of the frequencies of chromosomes hogs (Phacochoerus africanus) [1]. Three PERV classes carrying various classes of porcine endogenous are known: A, B, and C. Different classes are highly retroviruses (PERVs) and combinations of these similar in the nucleotide sequences of the gag (group- classes was performed in the swine species Sus specific antigens) and pol (polymerase) genes but differ scrofa L. by using maps constructed in two in the nucleotide sequence of the receptor-binding do- principal component coordinates. Four popula- main of the env (envelope) gene, which encodes the en- tion clusters can be recognized in the maps. velope protein of the virus [2-4]. This difference is re- Cluster 1 is formed by wild boars,cluster 2 by sponsible for the host range in various virus classes. domestic meat breeds, cluster 3 by meat-and- Porcine endogenous retrovirus copies carried by dif- lard (universal) breeds, and cluster 4 by minia- ferent pig varieties are distinct in nucleotide composition, ture pigs. The maps indicate that modern do- expression, and ability to produce infectious virions. It is mesticated swine meat breeds are the closest to believed that the pig genome can carry 6-10 replication- the wild type. Meat-and-lard domestic swine br- eeds are more distant from wild boars, and competent proviruses, 30-50 full-size PERV copies, and miniature pigs are diverged the most. The maps 100-200 loci carrying truncated virus sequences [1]. showed that microevolution processes associ- Comprehensive studies of pigs belonging to the Large ated with PERV carriership frequency had two White breed were undertaken to evaluate the number of basic dimensions, or vectors: the vector of fat genomic sequences coding for full-length replication- deposition variation and the “minus” selection competent proviruses [5-7]. As a result, significant va- vector (determination of commercial traits). riations in the distribution and number of proviruses Thus, PERVs may cause variation in pig physi- were found in this breed. Viral genomes were also ana- ology. lyzed in the following breeds: Westran [8,9], Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire, Berkshire, and their hybrids Keywords: Sus scrofa; Endogenous Retroviruses; [10,11]; Chinese breeds Banna miniature pig, Wu-Zhi- Pig Genetics; Microevolution; Genetic Distance Shan, Nei Jiang [12], and Meishan [11]; and west Euro- Determination pean wild boars [9]. In these breeds, as in Large White pigs, PERV sequences are dispersed throughout the ge- nome. The breeds differ in the PERV copy number, 1. INTRODUCTION chromosomal distribution, and presence of full-length sequences. These traits also varied within the breeds. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) became an Previously, differences in the prevalence of individu- integral part of swine genomes, including Sus scrofa L. als with chromosomes carrying PERVs of various clas- 1758 (Suidae, Mammalia), before the formation of the ses and their combinations between domestic pig breeds, Copyright © 2010 SciRes. Openly accessible at http://www.scirp.org/journal/NS/ 528 S. V. Nikitin et al. / Natural Science 2 (2010) 527-534 between wild and domestic pigs, and between wild pigs study unit. The