RUSSIAN SOCIALIST FEDERATIVE SOVIET REPUBLIC Quadrumvirate: Anatolian Wars, 1919 Chaired by Amy Guo

Session XXII

Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic Quadrumvirate: Anatolian Wars, 1919

Topic A: S ecuring National Stability and Combating Anti­Communist Sentiment

Topic B: R eforming the Russian State as a Dominant Global Power

Committee Overview The security of the country and the Communist party will be determined by It is the year 1919, and the Russian your successes or failures as a committee. Empire is in great disorder following the aftermath of World War I. While other Allied powers are thriving both politically Parliamentary Procedure and economically, the monarchy entered Standard MUN parliamentary the war at a time when it was unprepared procedure will be adhered to in this and unstable, ultimately leading to the committee, but may be altered at the downfall of Soviet Russia. Under the discretion of the chair. Delegates in this leadership of Vladimir Lenin and his committee have certain abilities and powers Bolshevik revolutionaries, the Russian that can greatly affect debate, and Empire has now disintegrated to become subsequently, the course of events. This the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet committee will be following procedures Republic. However, opposing forces pose similar to that of the General Assemblies, significant threats to the first socialist which includes maintaining a speaker’s list republic. and having moderated and unmoderated This committee, composed of caucuses. However, there will be a variety twenty­one of Lenin’s trusted officials and of crises that will require the use of comrades, must work diligently and directives, communiqués, press releases, strategically to retain the power in the and portfolio requests. The committee may hands of the Bolsheviks against the use the four tools listed in order to uprising White Army. In the wake of the promptly implement solutions. It is Russian Civil War, international conflict extremely important to remember that each additionally stirs within the escalating and every delegate represents a character, Anatolian Wars between Greece and or historical individual, rather than a Turkey. The assembly is tasked with the specific country. Every directive, duty of uniting with allying countries to communiqué, press release, and portfolio reverse the outcome of Russia into request must accurately reflect the becoming a formidable state once more. viewpoints of the character.

– 1 –

Delegate Biographies

Joseph Stalin Alexei Rykov Commissar for Workers’ and Peasants’ Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Inspection Economy Joseph Stalin was a Soviet revolutionary who In 1903, Alexei Rykov supported the Bolsheviks worked on the first Central Committee of the after their split with the Mensheviks, becoming Bolshevik Party.1 In 1918, he was sent to a Bolshevik revolutionary.6 He, along with Tsaritsyn to ensure the provision of food in several other revolutionaries, argued against southern Russia,2 and it was here that he began Lenin and Trotsky’s plans for insurrections. commandeering military operations in the Ultimately, Lenin and Trotsky led their region. insurrection in October of 1917, and despite having opposed Lenin on this matter, he was Alexander Shliapnikov still named the Commissar of the Interior in 1917.7 From 1919 to August 1921, he was a Chair of the All­Russian Metalworkers’ Union representative for the Council of Labor and Alexander Shliapnikov helped to organize the Defense for food for the Red Army and Navy.8 Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies during the February Revolution, later assisting in the organization of the All­Russian Metalworkers’ Christian Rakovsky Union.3 During the Russian Civil War, he First Chairman of the Council of People’s served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR Military Council of the Caspian­Caucasian Christian Rakovsky was a socialist Front.4 revolutionary who became the head of the revolutionary movement in Bulgaria. He joined 9 Alexandra Kollontai the Bolsheviks in 1917 and tried to garner Writer support from Lenin for a Bolshevik­led government in Romania.1011 In 1919, he became Alexandra Kollontai joined the Bolshevik party the head of the Ukrainian Soviet government in 1915 and took part in the overthrow of the and was tasked with defending the area against czarist government.5 In 1919, she founded the the White Army.12 Women’s Department in the Soviet government.

1 Ronald Francis Hingley, J oseph Stalin, ( Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc, 2018). 2 Robert Conquest, S talin: Breaker of Nations, ( New York and London: Penguin, 1991). 3 John Simkin, Alexander Shylapnikov, ( Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd, 1997). 4 Aleksander Solxhenitsyn, W ords of Warning to the Western World, ( Washington: ,1975). 5 John Simkin, A lexandra Kollontai, ( Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd, 1997). 6 John Simkin, A lexei Rykov, ( Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd, 1997). 7 Editors of Encylopaedia Britannica, A leksey Ivanovich Rykov. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc, 2018). 8 Archontology.com Writers, A leksey Ivanovich Rykov, ( archontology.org). 9 Gus Fagan, B iographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky C hristian Rakovsky (Part 2) (Marxist.org, 2011) 10 Gus Fagan, Rokovsky, A n Autobiography ( Marxist.org, 2017) 11 Gus Fagan, Tanase, C ristian Racovski ( Marxist.org, 2017) 12 John Simkin, C hrstian Rakovsky, ( Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd., 1997).

– 2 –

Mikhail Kalinin Felix Dzerzhinsky Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Director of the Cheka of the All­Russian Congress of the Soviets Felix Dzerzhinsky was a Bolshevik Mikhail Kalinin became a member of the revolutionary who was appointed by Lenin as Bolsheviks’ Central Committee in 1912, after the Commissar for Internal Affairs and Head of having been a part of the Russian the Cheka (the All­Russia Extraordinary Social­Democratic Workers’ Party in 1898. He Commission to Combat Counter­Revolution served as mayor of Petrograd in 1917 and then and Sabotage).16 During the Civil War, later assumed his role as the head of the Soviet Dzerzhinsky enforced the Cheka’s authority, state in 1919.13 and the commission eventually became known for its use of mass executions of Grigory Zinoviev counter­revolutionaries and those who sought to harm the government.1718 Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern Grigory Zinoviev was a Russian revolutionary Lev Kamenev who collaborated with Vladimir Lenin in the Chairman of the Moscow Council February Revolution. He and Kamenev, Lev Kamenev joined the Bolshevik faction of however, opposed Lenin’s Bolshevik revolution the Russian Social­Democratic Workers’ Party and leaked information to the press. Following in 1903, working closely with Vladimir Lenin.19 the October Revolution, he dissented and During the Russian Civil War, he was a special resigned from the Bolshevik Central representative of the Defense Council. Committee.14 Nonetheless, Zinoviev later again became a prominent Bolshevik leader. He was Leon Trotsky put in charge of the city of Petrograd with its Head of the Red Army regional government and defenses in 1919 Leon Trotsky was a Russian Revolutionary against the White Forces. who initially supported the Menshevik faction within the Russian Social Democratic Labor Alexander Andreyevich Svechin Party and later became the Commissar for Professor at the Academy of General Staff of the Foreign Affairs.20 He later essentially created a Workers’ and Peasants’ Party new Red Army, where he worked to oppose Alexander Andreyevich Svechin was a leader of the White Army during the Russian Civil War. the Red Army who was known for redefining When in command, he was widely opposed, modern war. He was an expert military thinker with many attacks to his leadership despite his 21 and went on to publish his views in his book, success in his position. Strategy. 15

13 Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, M ikhail Ivanovich Kalinin, ( Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc, 2018). 14 Encyclopaedia Britannica Staff, G rigory Yevseyevich Zinovyev, ( Encylopaedia Britannica, inc, 2018). 15Svechin, Alexander Andreyevich. (Encyclopedia of Russian History, 2018) 16 John Simkin, F elix Dzerzhinsky, ( Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd, 1997). 17 Robert Gellately, L enin, Stalin, Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe, ( Knopf, 2007), Pgs. 46­48. 18 George Legget, T he Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police, ( Oxford Unitersity Press, 1987),Pgs. 197­201. 19 Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia, L ev Kamenev, ( Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc, 2018). 20 Robert V. Daniels, L eon Trotsky, ( Encylopaedia Britannica, inc, 2018). 21 Biography.com Editors, Leon Trotsky Biography, ( A&E Television Networks, 2017).

– 3 –

Jukums Vacietis Mikhail Tukhachevsky Commander in Chief of the Red Army Commander of the 5th Army Jukums Vacietis began his military career in Mikhail Tukhachevsky joined the Bolsheviks Imperial Russia, leading the 5th Latvian after the October Revolution. He became an Zemgale Rifle Regiment, which eventually officer in the Red Army and was tasked with supported Lenin during the October Revolution the defense of Moscow in 1918.26 and the Civil War. Despite being the first Commander­in­Chief of the Red Army, Mikhail Vladimirsky however, Vacietis was arrested in 1919 due to Chairman of the Central Executive Committee accusations of being part of a of the All­Russian Congress of Soviets counter­revolutionary movement. Eventually, Mikhail Vladimirsky was appointed Chairman these claims were proven to be false.22 of the Central Executive Committee March 16, 1919, and assumed this role for only 14 days. Nestor Makhno Later, he took on the role of Chairman of the Military Leader of the Free Territory Central Auditing Commission of the Nestor Makhno was a Ukrainian anarchist. He Communist Party. He stood with Stalin against was liberated from prison in 1917 after the opposers such as Leon Trotsky and Nikolai October Revolution and subsequently created a Bukharin.2728 peasants’ union.23 From 1918 to 1919, Makhno used the Black Army to secure power in Sergey Kamenev Ukraine. He was the commander of the Commander­in­Chief of the Armed Forces of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, also known as Makhnovschina. In Republic 1920, the Bolsheviks launched a campaign Sergey Kamenev was a military leader in the Soviet Union who later became a member of against him, leading him to escape through 29 Romania and eventually settle in Paris. the Bolshevik Party.

Nikolai Krylenko Vladimir Antonov­Ovseyenko Chairman of the Revolutionary Tribunal of the Commissar of Military Affairs All­Russian Central Executive Committee Vladimir Antonov­Ovseyenko joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Nikolai Krylenko was a member of the Social­Democratic Labor Party in 1917. He Bolshevik party who helped to organize helped to secure food in Samara province, and demonstrations during the revolution of 1905 commanded a campaign in Ukraine.30 and later worked for their newspaper.24 In 1919, he played a key role in removing the Cheka’s right to execute people without a trial.25

22 Writers of Nekropole.info, J ukums Vacietis, ( timenote.info ,2013). 23 Edward R. Kantowicz, T he Rage of Nations, ( Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing) pg. 173. 24 John Simkin, N ikolai Krylenko, ( Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd, 1997). 25 Arthur Ransome, I n 1919, (K essinger Publishing, 2004), Pg. 46. 26John Simkin, M ikhail Tukhachevsky, ( Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd, 1997). 27 Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, T he Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture, ( Cornell University Press, 1997), pg. 260 28 Monroe News Writers, P ioneer Bolshevik Dies in Russia, ( The Monroe News, 1951). 29 Authors of Literary Merit, S ergey Kamenev, ( Literary Merit) 30 John Simkin, V ladimir Antonov­Ovseenko, ( Spartacus Educational Publishers, Ltd, 1997).

– 4 –

Nikolai Stogov Yakov Blumkin Assistant Manager in the 1st Moscow Branch Director of Counter­Espionage of the Red Army of the 3rd Section of the Central Archive Yakov Blumkin assumed his role as head of the Nikolai Stogav was a Russian general who Cheka’s counter­espionage department in 1917. joined the Red Army in 1918. In 1919, he also 32 Blumkin was not a member of the Bolshevik became the Commander­in­Chief of the party but was a Left Socialist­Revolutionary. In Volunteer Army of the Moscow District and 1918, he assassinated Wilhelm Mirbach, the was arrested by the Cheka for the second time.31 German ambassador to Russia, in an attempt to spark a war with Germany and subsequently Pavel Dybenko escaped in Russia. After surrendering to the Bolsheviks in 1919, he was pardoned by Commander of 1st Trans­Dniepr Division Dzerhinsky and became the Director of Pavel Dybenko joined the Bolshevik Party in Counter­Espionage for the Red Army.33 1912. In 1917, he became the leader of the Tsentrobalt, a committee that coordinated sailor committees of the Russian Baltic Fleet. During the Civil War, he commanded Red forces invading Ukraine, and all non­Bolshevik political forces in Ukraine were defeated. However, later in 1919, he invaded Crimea instead of entering Eastern Ukraine, allowing the White army to take over the area instead.

31 Andrei Ganin, T he Last Commandant of Sevastopol, ( FGBU Editorial Board of The Russian Newspaper, 2015). 32 Isaiah Berlin, T he Soviet Mind: Russian Culture Under Communism”, (Brookings Institutions Press, 2004). 33 Wikipedia, Y akov Blumkin, ( Wikimedia Foundation, 2018).

– 5 –

Topic A : Securing National Stability and Combating Anti­Communist Sentiment

Introduction revolution, soon after, Russia entered the Great War in 1914 to assist its allies in With the Great War leaving the state combating the Central Powers. of Russia in political and economic distress, Russia experienced some significant Vladimir Lenin’s socialist republic has victories in the international playing field, steadily taken the place of the fallen but the end results were ultimately monarchy. The cabinet’s primary goal, with catastrophic. The home front endured assistance from the Red Army, is to now strains in the form of food shortages, maintain and preserve the Communist resource depletion, and other economic regime while warding off the resistance crises due to overly militarized industries.36 from the anti­Bolshevik White Army. Eventually becoming intolerable to sustain, Utilizing great military strategy, the the nation needed immediate and Bolsheviks must quickly bring the Russian fundamental governmental reform in order Civil War to a close in order to re­establish to survive. national stability and prosperity. In 1915, Nicholas left the capital of Petrograd amidst the unrest and against advisement to lead the Russian Army in the Historical Background war efforts, leaving his wife Alexandra and Aftermath of the Great War her advisor Grigory Rasputin with gradually increasing influence over the Following its involvement in World 37 War I, the Russian economy suffered country. By 1916, the majority of the greatly, having barely been prepared to Russian population was protesting for the enter the war from the start. A few years removal of the czar from power and the prior, the first revolution of 1905 had dissolution of the Romanov Dynasty. initiated protests against the czarist regime, destabilizing the empire and government.34 The Russian Revolution In response to the unrest, Czar Nicholas II The February Revolution and the formed the Duma, an elected representative Formation of the Russian Republic committee with the purpose of controlling Following the brutal winter of 1916 potential future oppositions against the to 1917, along with the deterioration of the government. Although the assembly had economy and industry, mutinies the impression of giving power to the throughout Petrograd began the initial people, the czar still retained autocratic rule workings of the Russian Revolution of 1917. over the Duma’s actions.35 Despite the 38 Because many men had to leave their incomplete status of reform following the

36 Jonathan Smele, W ar and Revolution in Russia 1914­1921, (BBC, 34 History.com Staff, F irst Russian Revolution begins, (A+E 2011). Networks, 2010). 37 History.com staff, Russian Revolution, (A+E Networks, 2009). 35 Robert Wilde, T he Duma in Russian History 1906­1917, 38 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, F ebruary Revolution, (ThoughtCo., 2018). (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2014).

– 6 –

homes to fight in World War I, women Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, or simply participated more in the workforce, the Petrograd Soviet. The Petrograd Soviet especially in urban centers. However, the was established after the February hundreds of thousands of working women Revolution and was composed of various were still paid significantly less than their elected workers and soldiers with the male counterparts and worked in extremely primary goal of ending the war.42 An poor conditions. To further aggravate the Executive Committee was formed as part of situation, a bread shortage in Petrograd the Soviet and comprised primarily of caused panic and disorder throughout the Menshevik and other Socialist capital and the rest of the nation.39 Revolutionary Parties.43 The Provisional On March 8, 1917, during the Government struggled to evoke legitimacy celebration of International Women’s Day, and impose an entirely new liberal thousands of both male and female workers government after years of autocracy. The joined in protest and strike for the czar to Provisional Government additionally finally take action concerning the food continued to send Russian troops to fight in shortages and the nation’s overall the Great War, furthering negative deplorable state. Police forces attempted to sentiment towards the assembly.44 This quell the industrial workers, but the phenomenon of Dual Power between the protesters refused to yield. Czar Nicholas Provisional Government and the Petrograd and Czarina Alexandra continued to Soviet caused great tension amongst the trivialize the power of the dissenting forces governance of the Russian Empire, with the while civilians and police forces battled in Soviet providing the Provisional the bloody streets of the capital.40 Government with conditional support so The Duma continued its attempts at long as it complied to specific conditions of maintaining order and urged Nicholas to theirs, including freedom of speech.45 take restorative actions with no success. On October 24, 1917, the Bolshevik Eventually, the Russian military, which had Russian radical group began to take control faithfully supported the czar during all of various government infrastructure previous revolutions, and the Duma joined leading to Petrograd, including telegraph together to force Nicholas to abdicate in centers and railways.46 The Bolshevik party 1917.41 The Romanovs and the tsarist was first formed by Vladimir Lenin in 1903 tyranny had finally dissolved. when members of the Russian Social­Democratic Workers’ Party split into The October Revolution and the Rise of the Bolsheviks, which held the majority, the Soviet State and the Mensheviks, the minority. Lenin With the enactment of the wished to restrict his followers to more Provisional Government led by liberal professional and disciplined leaders of the Duma, several reforms were revolutionaries. Since the origin of the made to hastily rectify the faults of the Duma, the Bolsheviks were against the czarism. However, true power instead laid 42 in the hands of the Petrograd Soviet of Vladimir Lenin, M eeting of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, (Moscow: Izvestia, 1917). Pgs 239­241. 43 Siobhan Peeling, D ual Power, (Berlin: International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2014). 39 Carolyn Harris, R ussia’s February Revolution Was Led by Women 44 Mark Soderstrom, R ussia’s February Revolution and the Precarious on the March, (Smithsonian, 2017). Politics of Nostalgia, (Columbus: The Goldberg Center, 2017). 40 Carolyn Harris, R ussia’s February Revolution Was Led by Women 45 Siobhan Peeling, D ual Power, (Berlin: International Encyclopedia of on the March, (Smithsonian, 2017). the First World War, 2014). 41 Mark Soderstrom, R ussia’s February Revolution and the Precarious 46 David Hoffman, T he October Revolution in Russia, (Columbus: Politics of Nostalgia, (Columbus: The Goldberg Center, 2017). The Goldberg Center, 2017).

– 7 –

parliament. Then in 1912, Lenin officially The Russian Civil War separated the Bolsheviks from the rest of the Social­Democratic Workers’ Party.47 Opposed Factions During the War: The revolutionaries quickly overtook The Red and White Armies the Duma’s Provisional Government, which Although the Treaty of Brest­Litovsk had little to no supporters left to defend formally declared a cease­fire between their rule. During the historical “storming Russia and the Central Powers, it was soon of the Winter Palace”, Bolshevik forces realized that their demands for territory arrested the Provisional Government were quite unreasonable. German armies ministers, beginning a new era for Russian continued to advance, and Russia was soon governance as the first communist state. forced to surrender Estonia, Finland, Lenin and the Bolsheviks ruled Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and under the slogan of “Peace, Bread, and Ukraine to the Central Powers, including Land” to evoke their animosity towards the Germany and Turkey.51 This comprised of failed system Russians had suffered under nearly one­third of the nation’s population for years. Unlike the more moderate and a large portion of its industry and Mensheviks, the radical Bolsheviks worked natural resources.52 Subsequently, the to establish a socialist regime through force. already anti­Bolshevik forces joined with 48 To address the first part of the slogan, the Allied forces to attempt to rebuild the Lenin formalized the end of Russia’s Eastern Front after Lenin’s mistakes. involvement in World War I through the Thus, in 1917, the Russian Civil War signing of various treaties, including the broke out between the Bolshevik Red Treaty of Brest­Litovsk with Germany.49 Army, led by Lenin, and the anti­Bolshevik Lenin’s primary reason for forming White Army. The White Army comprised socialist Russia was due to his contempt for of revolutionaries who did not share a czarism and its failings in supporting the consistent ideology or military objective, nation. Although Communism in Russia unlike the Red Army members who all originally intended to rid society of all class wished to maintain the communist regime distinctions, the leading revolutionaries of Russia.53 Various capitalists, monarchists, soon became adamant in keeping their and other individuals against socialism power and used violent measures to do so. joined together in an attempt to rid the 50 In order to preserve his newly founded nation of the Bolsheviks, and most of the communist regime, however, the army’s commanders were former czarist Bolsheviks would have to undergo generals. Although the White Army’s forces additional resistance from opposing forces. are seemingly less cohesive than those of

the Red Army, their Allied support nonetheless poses significant threats to the conservation of socialist Russia.

47 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, B olshevik, (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2018). 48 Linda Delaine & Evgenia Sokolskaya, P eace, Land, Bread, (Russian Life: 2014). 51 Jonathan Smele, W ar and Revolution in Russia 1914­1921, (BBC, 49 History.com Staff, T reaties of Brest­Litovsk, (A+E Networks, 2011). 2009). 52 History.com Staff, T reaties of Brest­Litovsk, (A+E Networks, 50 New World Encyclopedia Writers, V ladimir Lenin, (New World 2009). Encyclopedia, 2018). 53 T he White Armies, (Alpha History).

– 8 –

Communist Sentiment Among the Red more Allies are convinced of the need for Army intervention. Following the Russian Revolution of Near the start of the Civil War in 1917, the Russian army and navy under the 1918, the Czechoslovak Legion, composed power of the czar crumbled, and in its place of around 40,000 individuals, was formed the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red previously fighting for independence from Army, as founded by Leon Trotsky in 1918. Germany. Russian forces ordered the While participation in the army was disarmament of the Legion, but they initially voluntary, conscription later resisted and subsequently gained control of became mandatory for all unemployed the Trans­Siberian Railway and other workers and peasants.54 crucial facilities. Thus, a large portion of Because members of the army Russian land was overtaken by the Legion, originally consisted of workers and and they aligned themselves with the White 57 peasants, the competency of the troops movement. became an issue. Political propaganda thus Though Britain and the United States spread amongst the troops by the hands of were initially reluctant to immediately the army’s appointed commissars, and support the White Army and its struggle Communist Red Army members gradually against the Bolsheviks in 1919, France and increased in number.55 With the overall goal Italy were strong proponents of the Whites. 58 of defeating the anti­socialist White Army In the earlier months of 1919, the two and its allies, the Red Army retained more countries supplied White Army forces with uniform and secure principles from the various materials and resources, including start of the Civil War. ammunition. However, they did not provide any soldiers. Later, other Allied forces gave direct military support, but it Allied Support for the amounted only to a total of around 200,000 Anti­Bolsheviks men.59 Japan also intervened to provide Despite the clearly distinct military some military assistance to the White propositions and strategies amongst the movement, though its effects were minimal. White Army, the influx of support from the 60 Now, in the midst of the Russian Civil Allied forces presented a potential risk for War, outside support for both the Red and the Bolsheviks. Russian opponents to the White Armies is valuable but not enough to socialist regime believe that the Allies entirely decide the outcome of the war. It ought to support their claim to regain can only be determined by the efforts of the power, since the Russian government prior two parties battling within Russian borders. to the Civil War supported them during the Great War and beyond.56 Additionally, with Current State of Affairs the ever growing threat of the rise of Organized around the capital, the Communism spreading across the globe, in Red Army, with a total of around sixty Russia and subsequently the rest of Europe, million people, was in control of the

57 Robert Wilde, T he Russian Civil War, (ThoughtCo., 2018). 54 John Simkin, T he Red Army, (Spartacus Educational Publishers 58 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, R ussian Civil War, Ltd., 2016). (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2017). 55 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, R ed Army, 59 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, R ussian Civil War, (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2017). (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2017). 56 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, R ussian Civil War, 60 New World Encyclopedia Writers, V ladimir Lenin, (New World (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2017). Encyclopedia, 2018).

– 9 –

majority of the nation’s networks and the regime. Bordering territories like supply resources. Against many socialist Lithuania and Latvia remain in strict supporters’ sentiments, Lenin utilized stalemates due to the Reds prioritizing former czarist troops to further his military other areas to control.64 Nonetheless, Lenin expeditions.61 and his supporters must be wary of By June of 1918, the Russian Civil attempts from White forces to overtake War was in full motion. The anti­Bolsheviks them. Various smaller battles are scattered created their own republic called Komuch, amongst the entire country with occasional which was equipped with its own army. victories for both parties. By taking Along with other revolutionary forces like advantage of the White Army’s lack of the Siberian Provisional Government, they unity, the Bolsheviks can ultimately come attempted to unify together, but they were out victorious and expel the rebelling overtaken by Admiral Alexander Kolchak parties from the country. and his forces.62 Kolchak was soon deemed to be the Supreme Leader and Commander­in­Chief of All Russian Land and Sea Forces by other White Army officials. He proceeded to dismiss any anti­Bolsheviks who he distrusted and altered the military into his own autocracy. Later in 1918, White forces initiated the Battle of Tsaritsyn in an attempt for control over the city’s major ports on the Volga River. Although the White Army initially pushed back against the defending Red Army, the Bolsheviks were ultimately victorious due to the leadership of Joseph Stalin and other officials.63 Anton Deniken and the Cossack, additional anti­Bolshevik forces, were more successful in their battles at the regions of Caucasus and Kuban against more substantial but weaker Red forces. Deniken went on to further overtake Kharkov, Tsaritsyn, and other city areas. As his troops gradually make their way to Moscow, the Bolsheviks and the Red Army must prepare for one of the greatest anti­Bolshevik threats in the Civil War thus far. Now, at the start of 1919, the Red Army is commencing attacks on Ukraine, where many anti­Bolshevik revolutionaries and other nationalists are rebelling against

61 Robert Wilde, T he Russian Civil War, (ThoughtCo., 2018). 62 John Simkin, A lexander Kolchak, (Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd., 2016). 63 Robert Wilde, T he Russian Civil War, (ThoughtCo., 2018). 64 Robert Wilde, T he Russian Civil War, (ThoughtCo., 2018).

– 10 –

Questions to Consider

1. How will the committee effectively and 2. With the current national economy quickly work towards suppressing the White destabilized following the Great War, how can Army forces to bring an end to the Civil War? the Assembly implement new strategies to The White Army has strong generals and return it back to its secure state? ample foreign support on their side. The Great War, even for the short time that However, the Red Army is far more united in the Russians were involved was incredibly terms of ideology and more popular support, expensive. Instability abroad certainly did not especially from the large Russian peasant help. Ideologically, many delegates in this class. It is vital that the Red Army exploit the committee clearly support socialist measures weaknesses of the White Army where they do to bring balance in economic strength among exist so they can focus on other pressing the classes. How to introduce these policies nation­building issues. must be decided thoughtfully, with the current structure of the Russian economy in mind.

3. Which allying nations should the Assembly 4. What will the committee do to address the focus on establishing collaborative relations increasing Allied support for the with in the event of international conflict? anti­Bolshevik White Army? The RSFSR is currently alone in many Perhaps the White Army’s greatest advantage respects. Backing out of the Great War to is its foreign support. This is especially focus on its own civil war, as well as its important now that the Allies have more revolutionary ideology have made some military resources to spare with the end of the other countries nervous about allying with Great War, and the White Army’s strength the Russians. However, Russia’s size alone will only continue to grow. Beyond using the carries power, and if it’s attentive of its Red Army’s own strengths to its benefit, methods, it may be able to amass RSFSR could perhaps weaken the White international power. Beyond these larger Army more efficiently be weakening its interests, protecting itself requires having foreign support. Perhaps it could even lure allies willing to help should Russia or its away some of this support for itself by interests be attacked. positioning itself as a potential ally for these nations.

5. How will the Bolshevik regime 6. How can the Bolsheviks remain a united force simultaneously further the Communist capable of destroying the White Army and ideology while maintaining the support of the holding power for years to come? Russian people? Ideologic similarities bind the Bolsheviks The Bolshevik’s power is in its popular much closer together than the White Army. support. While the ultimate goals of the However, the committee as a whole must be Communists are in the interests of many of careful not to let personal interests and greed the poorest people of Russia, some of the for power tear itself apart. Creating a short­term methods to transition into a coherent and united idea of the future Marxist society, such as a strong central political structure of the Russian state is vital government (perhaps even in the form of for maintaining power. Only together in dictatorship), may be unpopular. Balancing solidarity may the Bolsheviks be able to carry these is vital for maintaining the Bolshevik Russia into its destined socialist future. regime.

– 11 –

Concluding Remarks

While the Bolsheviks have secured control over the first socialist republic of Soviet Russia, the anti­Bolshevik White Army forces pose significant threats to the stability of the Communist state. This committee must exert immense strategy and military prowess to overcome these opposing forces, along with their Allied supporters, to eventually spread the sentiments of the Communist party and return the nation to its previously formidable state. Above all else, the security of our own nation is of greatest importance, especially in the midst of the ever approaching Anatolian Wars, which could threaten to prompt the potential demise of Soviet Russia. ■

– 12 –

Topic B : Reforming the Russian State as a Dominant Global Power

Introduction territories to halt conflict from spreading beyond Greece and the Ottoman Empire Amidst the civil war plaguing the into the Balkan Peninsula. Greek forces stability of the Russian state, the were sent to attack the Turkish troops in transnational conflict of the Anatolian Wars Thessaly preventing access to Crete, but the is invoking strife between the Kingdom of Turkish quickly overcame the less Greece and the Turkish National organized Greek military. Movement. While the security of Russia Due to their swift defeat, Greece ought to take precedence over other matters signed a peace treaty forcing them to pay at this time, the domain of the war is compensation to Turkey for the war, accept gradually expanding to reach other a commission controlling all finances, and countries as well. Between balancing the turn over a portion of Thessaly’s territory to issues of combating anti­Communist Turkey. With the economy and general sentiment within the nation as well as sentiment of the Greek people in chaos, the determining Russia’s role in the reputation of the nation and its military Greco­Turkish War, the ultimate goal of the suffered greatly.66 It was not until 1913 that committee is to reestablish Russian Crete was finally relinquished to Greece presence and spread Communist principles through the Treaty of London. The initial in the global playing field. strife between Greece and Turkey continued to linger and eventually resurfaced in the second Greco­Turkish The Thirty Days’ War War. In 1897, conflict sparked between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire into the first Greco­Turkish War, or Involvement in the the Thirty Days’ War. The territory of Crete was disputed over, since while it was under Greco­Turkish War Turkish rule, the majority of its citizens Kingdom of Greece were Greek and wish to be under Greek During World War I, the Ottoman rule instead. Turks persecuted and killed numerous Prior to the start of the war, the Greek populations inhabiting western secret Greek organization of Ethniki Anatolia and other territories. Greek Etaireia initiated rebellions in Crete, and individuals were evacuated from their resources were sent from Greece to Crete to homes, forced into labor encampments, and prepare for insurrection.65 While Crete was sent to their deaths in an attempt to cleanse soon officially unified with Greece, a the areas of all Greek blood.67 This blockade was formed between the two inhumane treatment significantly

65 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, G reco­Turkish Wars, 66 Michael Birlin, T he Greco­Turkish War of 1897, (2017). (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2016). 67 Peter Tsouras, G reco­Turkish War, 1919­21, (HistoryNet, 2017).

– 13 –

exacerbated the Greeks’ persistence in the army was subsequently disbanded.69 defeating the Turks in war even prior to the The entirety of the Ottoman Empire was beginnings of the Anatolian Wars. divided amongst the Allies. Through the The intention of the Greeks for many terms of the treaty, the Ottoman Empire, years has been to reclaim all once a powerful and intimidating force, Greek­inhabited lands from Turkey, was left weak and and demobilized.70 including the Aegean Islands, northern and Seeing the damages caused by the western Anatolia, Constantinople, and Allies and their treaty conditions to the more. At the start of the Great War, empire’s integrity, Turkish revolutionaries Eleftherios Venizelos, the Prime Minister of protested against what they saw as a global Greece, viewed Greece’s involvement in the scheme against the Ottoman Empire. war as an opportunity to recover the Greek Gradually, the Turkish National Movement territories from the Turks. By joining the was created to represent the various Allied countries, the state of Greece was revolutionary powers fighting against the promised assistance from the United partitionings and various other unjust Kingdom and other Allies in its actions.68 treatments of the Turks.71 Under the Despite Venizelos’s success during leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a the Balkan Wars and other Greek fellow revolutionary and military leader movements, King Constantine I was during the protests, the Turkish National adamantly against his conquests. However, Movement included various differentiated by 1917, the Allied forces renounced revolutionary groups that were united Constantine and replaced him with his son under a common goal.72 Alexander, who returned Venizelos to In order to spread the values of the power. Greece was soon divided into movement, however, Mustafa Kemal royalists and Venizelists, which only Atatürk needs support from throughout the hindered the overall goal of obtaining nation, but many individuals remain Greek­inhabited Turkish land. opposed to his beliefs. Thus, he may instead turn to prospective allies outside of Turkish National Movement Turkish borders for assistance.73 With the At the end of the Great War in 1918, movement’s potential openness to the Ottoman Empire and the United socialism, Soviet Russia may soon find itself Kingdom signed the Armistice of Mudros, in close international relations with the formalizing the Ottoman Empire’s defeat. nation in order to exchange assistance in Due to their loss, the Turks were forced to the war efforts for support of Communist surrender all of their remaining troops, to principles. give the Allies access to various tactical areas including tunnels and straits, and to allow Allied powers to occupy the six Armenian provinces of Anatolia in the event of a threat to any of the Allied forces. All sites of transportation or 69 communication, including ports and The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, A rmistice of Mudros, (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2017). railways, were controlled by the Allies, and 70 History.com Staff, O ttoman Empire Signs Treaty with Allies, (A+E Networks, 2009). 71 T urkey ­ National Movement, (Country Data). 72 History.com Staff, K emal Ataturk, (A+E Networks, 2009). 73 Burak Sansal, T urkish War of Independence, (All About Turkey, 68 Peter Tsouras, G reco­Turkish War, 1919­21, (HistoryNet, 2017). 2017).

– 14 –

United Kingdom Lenin himself. By spreading socialism to After Greek introduction into World underdeveloped nations in the Western War I on the Allied side, the United world, one would be able to avoid the Kingdom and other nations supported promotion of capitalism, which in contrast governs nations through class distinctions Greece’s ventures to gaining 75 Greek­inhabited land back from the dominated by the elites. Ottoman Empire. Following the abdication Lenin and his supporters provided of King Constantine I, in 1919, Britain Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish National supported Greece at the Versailles Peace Movement revolutionaries with numerous Conference in their claims over the Aegean supplies of weaponry, monetary aid, and Islands and western Anatolia. One territory other resources in the hopes of eventually converting Turkey into a fellow Communist that was heavily disputed amongst the two 76 sides was Smyrna, which was a historically country. As the war continues, Russian Greek city but was under Ottoman control. forces continuously send more resources to 74 the Movement to ensure the increased Throughout the remainder of the likelihood of success for the Turks. In the Anatolian Wars, the Kingdom of Greece event of Turkey’s victory in the will most likely be able to expect the full Greco­Turkish War and the overarching support of the United Kingdom and other Anatolian Wars, Russia would have many Allied nations. Thus, the Turkish National more opportunities in ultimately restoring Movement ought to seek outside assistance the nation to greatness and extending the from other territories if they wish to have socialist principles throughout the rest of an increased chance of winning the war. the world.

Military Assistance and Expansion Consolidation of Power in Besides the persistence to further socialist principles outside of Russian the International Milieu borders, there were other reasons for Soviet The Spread of Socialism Russia to support the Turkish National Though not initially involved in the Movement against the Allied forces. Many efforts of the Greco­Turkish War, Russia of the Allies, including the United soon joined with the overall objective of Kingdom, had previously fought against furthering the spread of socialism Lenin and his Bolshevik regime during throughout the world. One Communist recent the Russian Civil War. Thus, Lenin ideal is to spread their principles to other favors the Turks in their revolutionary areas and nations. Lenin believed that the actions against the Allied powers. eventual international promotion of Especially after the dissolution of the Communism would be attained through Turkish army under the Armistice of the workings of the oppressed social classes Mudros, the Ottoman Empire was in much like peasants and workers rather than those need of a reestablished military force with of social elites. These working class adequate weaponry and soldiers.77 This was individuals, however, needed to be led by essential especially if they wished to defeat the efforts of a group of intellectual 75 New World Encyclopedia Writers, V ladimir Lenin, (New World revolutionaries, which is in turn led by Encyclopedia, 2018). 76 Peter Tsouras, G reco­Turkish War, 1919­21, (HistoryNet, 2017). 77 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, A rmistice of Mudros, 74 Peter Tsouras, G reco­Turkish War, 1919­21, (HistoryNet, 2017). (Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2017).

– 15 –

the Kingdom of Greece in their battles for Conclusion territory. Therefore, Russian assistance in terms of gold and arms would significantly As the Anatolian Wars gradually increase the chances of future support from increase in significance throughout the the Turks for Russia’s socialist regime and world, the Russian Socialist Federative principles. Soviet Republic must strategically utilize However, having recently been this opportunity to further its own objective involved in the damaging World War I as of spreading Communism and returning well as their own Russian Civil War, the the great nation back to its original Russian delegates must be cautious in their prominence and esteem. Although the disbursements of aid to other parties. The country’s support lies in the Turkish nation is currently still recovering from revolutionaries, this committee should numerous political and economic damages, ultimately do everything possible to and contributing too much material maintain the solidarity of our own country. assistance to the Turkish National The delegates of this committee may Movement may be detrimental to Soviet oftentimes find themselves in disagreement Russia itself. Therefore, the assembly must with each other, but by remaining unified effectively determine a balance between under the same overall goal, we may remaining frugal in Russia’s provision of effectively determine the outcome of the resources as well as giving an adequate state of Russia, victorious or defeated once amount of aid to effectively make a more. difference in the outcome of the war. As Russian military aid to Turkish troops gradually increases over time, it will be a critical determinant of the numerous battles to come and ultimately the entirety of the Anatolian Wars. So long as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Turkish National Movement are victorious at the end of these long war efforts, Russia will inevitably and swiftly return to its once dominant role in the world as a powerful newly Communist nation.

– 16 –

Questions to Consider

1. How will the committee strategically provide 2. How will supporting other nations in the support to the Turkish National Movement Greco­Turkish War either strengthen Russia’s while ensuring the preservation of Russia? position in the global playing field or render Although domestic issues are of utmost us vulnerable to attack? concern for Russia, the Turkish National Delegates of the committee should also Movement may be particularly open to the consider that getting too heavily involved in ideals of socialism. The burgeoning the country may result in backlash by the movement would benefit from any amount of U.K. and other countries with Anatolian aid provided to them, given their current size. interests. On the other hand, it may It will likely benefit Russia to not only sufficiently distract them abroad and pull consider the size and kind of aid given to the their interests away from supporting the Turks, but also how to give the aid discreetly, White Army. Additionally, building a strong so as to not upset potential allies. new ally in the region will surely build Russia’s international strength and prove it to be a power to be reckoned with.

3. What steps can the Assembly take to 4. Which countries pose the greatest threat to continuously fortify the nation’s own Russia’s principles of socialism, and how will economy and overall state at the home front? they be combatted? Even when considering interests abroad, The U.K. and other Western European RSFSR can only pursue those interests if it powers are fearful of the Leninist ideology of continues to deal with its domestic issues. the Bolsheviks. Those that are most fearful are Balancing these concerns is of utmost concern generally the most powerful, perhaps because for the committee. their power resides in capitalist exploitation. This strength also makes them difficult to defeat using traditional means. The delegates of the committee must be creative above all else in choosing how to battle these powers.

5. How can RSFSR best export socialism to 6. How can RSFSR become a world power? other countries? After backing out of the Great War, Russia is Central to Marxist ideology is spreading it. not seen as a world power. It is seen as far too Beyond these ideological interests, socialist focused on domestic concerns. It is vital countries are more likely to be willing to ally though, if it is to spread its ideology and with the Russians, because of their similar better fulfill its interests, to gain power on the interests. It is therefore important to make world stage. The means to bring it to this socialism seem attractive to other countries position will require much cunning and and revolutionaries, such as the Turkish inventiveness on the part of the delegates in Nationalist Movement. the committee.

– 17 –

Concluding Remarks

During the Russian Civil War, the anti­Bolshevik White Army poses a significant threat to the security of Soviet Russia. The delegates of this committee must utilize their skills in strategy, negotiation, and debate to work together in order to dispel these rebelling forces and the Allied powers from the nation. In the wakings of the transcontinental conflict of the Anatolian Wars, Russia must also use the opportunity to inevitably return Russia into a prominent international power once more. Through careful balances of comradery and maintenance of Russia’s own solidarity, this assembly will determine the fate of the nation. Delegates should work together to set aside any inter­committee disagreements to vanquish the anti­Bolsheviks and end the Civil War. Only then can we formulate comprehensive and flexible plans to definitively continue the spread of Communism throughout the rest of the world. ■

– 18 –

Bibliography

Archontology.com Writers. “Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov.” archontology.com. Accessed September 3, 2018.

Biography.com Editors. “Leon Trotsky Biography.” A&E Television Networks, 2017. Accessed September 3, 2018.

Birlin, Michael. “The Greco­Turkish War of 1897.” Palaiologinos, 2017. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://palaiologinos.wordpress.com/2017/04/29/the­greco­turkish­war­of­1897/

Conquest, Robert. “Stalin: Breaker of Nations.” New York and London: Penguin, 1991. Accessed September 5, 2018.

Daniels, Robert. “Leon Trotsky.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2018. Accessed September 9, 2018.

Delaine, Linda & Sokolskaya, Evgenia. “Peace, Land, Bread.” Russian Life, 2014. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://russianlife.com/stories/online­archive/peace­land­bread/

Fagan, “Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky Christian Rakovsky (Part 2)” Marxist.org, 2011

Fagan. “Regroupment of the Socialist Movement.” Accessed September 3, 2018.

Fagan, Rokovsky, “An Autobiography” Marxist.org, 2017

Fagan, Tanase, “Cristian Racovski” Marxist.org, 2017

Gellately, Robert. “Lenin, Stalin, Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.” Knopf, 2007. Pages 46­48.

Harris, Carolyn. “Russia’s February Revolution Was Led by Women on the March.” Smithsonian Institution, 2017. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/russias­february­revolution­was­led­wom en­march­180962218/

Heywood, Anthony. “Post­war Economies (Russian Empire).” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2014. Accessed September 9, 2018.

– 19 –

https://encyclopedia.1914­1918­online.net/article/post­war_economies_russian_empir e

Hingley, Ronald. “Joseph Stalin.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 2018. Accessed September 5, 2018.

History.com Staff. “First Russian Revolution Begins.” A&E Television Networks, LLC., 2010. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.history.com/this­day­in­history/first­russian­revolution­begins

History.com Staff. “Kemal Ataturk.” A&E Television Networks, LLC., 2009. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.history.com/topics/kemal­ataturk

History.com Staff. “Ottoman Empire signs treaty with Allies.” A&E Television Networks, LLC., 2009. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.history.com/this­day­in­history/ottoman­empire­signs­treaty­with­allies

History.com Staff. “Russian Revolution.” A&E Television Networks, LLC., 2009. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.history.com/topics/russian­revolution

History.com Staff. “Treaties of Brest­Litovsk.” A&E Television Networks, LLC., 2009. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.history.com/topics/world­war­i/treaties­of­brest­litovsk

Hoffmann, David. “The October Revolution in Russia.” The Ohio State University: Origins, 2017. Accessed September 9, 2018. http://origins.osu.edu/milestones/november­2017­october­revolution­russia

Kantowicz, Edward. “The Rage of Nations.” Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Page 173. Accessed September 8, 2018.

Legget, George. “The Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police.” Oxford University Press, 1987. Pages 197­201.

Monroe News Writers. “Pioneer Bolshevik Dies in Russia.” The Monroe News, 1951. Accessed September 8, 2018.

Peeling, Siobhan. “Dual Power.” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2014. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://encyclopedia.1914­1918­online.net/article/dual_power

Ransome, Arthur. “In 1919.” Kessinger Publishing, 2004. Page 36.

Rokovsky. “An Autobiography.” Accessed September 3, 2018.

– 20 –

Rosenthal, Bernice Glatzer. “The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture.” Cornell University Press, 1997. Page 260.

Sansal, Burak. “Turkish War of Independence.” All About Turkey, 2017. Accessed September 9, 2018. http://www.allaboutturkey.com/kurtulus.htm

Simkin, John. “Alexander Kolchak.” Spartacus Educational, 2014. Accessed September 9, 2018. http://spartacus­educational.com/RUSkolchak.htm

Simkin, John. “Alexander Shylapnikov.” Spartacus Educational, 1997. Accessed September 2, 2018.

Simkin, John. “Alexandra Kollontai.” Spartacus Educational, 1997. Accessed September 3, 2018.

Simkin, John. “Alexei Rykov.” Spartacus Educational, 1997. Accessed September 2, 2018.

Simkin, John. “Christian Rakovsky.” Spartacus Educational, 1997. Accessed September 3, 2018.

Simkin, John. “Felix Dzerzhinsky.” Spartacus Educational, 1997. Accessed September 4, 2018.

Simkin, John. “Mikhail Tukhachevsky.” Spartacus Educational, 1997. Accessed September 2, 2018.

Simkin, John. “Nikolai Krylenko.” Spartacus Educational, 1997, Accessed September 8, 2018.

Simkin, John. “The Red Army.” Spartacus Educational, 2014. Accessed September 9, 2018. http://spartacus­educational.com/RUSred.htm

Smele, Jonathan. “War and Revolution in Russia 1914­1921.” BBC, 2011. Accessed September 9, 2018. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/eastern_front_01.shtml

Soderstrom, Mark. “Russia’s February Revolution and the Precarious Politics of Nostalgia.” The Ohio State University: Origins, 2017. Accessed September 9, 2018. http://origins.osu.edu/milestones/february­2017­russia­s­february­revolution­and­pre carious­politics­nostalgia

Solxhenitsyn, Aleksander. “Words of Warning to the Western World.” Washington, 1975. Accessed September 2, 2018.

“Svechin, Alexander Andreyevich.” Encyclopedia of Russian History, 2004. Accessed September 2, 2018.

Tanase. “Cristian Racovski.” Accessed September 4, 2018.

– 21 –

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Alekey Ivanovich Rykov.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2018. Accessed September 2, 2018.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Armistice of Mudros.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2017. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/event/Armistice­of­Mudros

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Bolshevik.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2018. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bolshevik

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “February Revolution.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2014. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/topic/February­Revolution

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Greco­Turkish wars.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2016. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/event/Greco­Turkish­wars

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Grigory Yevseyevich Zinovyev.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2018. Accessed September 5, 2018.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Lev Kamenev.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2018. Accessed September 5, 2018.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2018. Accessed September 5, 2018.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Red Army.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2017. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red­Army

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Russian Civil War.” Encyclopaedia Britannica inc., 2017. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian­Civil­War

“The White Armies.” Alpha History. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/white­armies/

Tsouras, Peter. “Greco­Turkish War, 1919­22.” HistoryNet, 2017. Accessed September 9, 2018. http://www.historynet.com/greco­turkish­war­1919­22.htm

“Turkey ­ Nationalist Movement.” Country Data. Accessed September 9, 2018. http://www.country­data.com/cgi­bin/query/r­13917.html

“Vladimir Lenin.” New World Encyclopedia, 2018. Accessed September 9, 2018. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Vladimir_Lenin

– 22 –

Wilde, Robert. “The Duma in Russian History 1906­1917.” ThoughtCo., 2018. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.thoughtco.com/duma­in­russian­history­1221805

Wilde, Robert. “The Russian Civil War.” ThoughtCo., 2018. Accessed September 9, 2018. https://www.thoughtco.com/the­russian­civil­war­1221809

Writers of Nekropolo.info. “Jukums Vacietis.” timenote.info, 2013. Accessed September 5, 2018.

– 23 –