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A Survey of Luther's Understanding of the Proper Use of Ratio in Theology As Found in the Lectures on Galatians

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A Survey of Luther's Understanding of the Proper Use of Ratio in Theology As Found in the Lectures on Galatians Concordia Seminary - Saint Louis Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary Master of Sacred Theology Thesis Concordia Seminary Scholarship 2-1-1987 A Survey of Luther's Understanding of the Proper Use of Ratio in Theology as Found in the Lectures on Galatians (1519),On the Bondage of the Will, and The Disputation Concerning Man Kerry Reese Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.csl.edu/stm Part of the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Reese, Kerry, "A Survey of Luther's Understanding of the Proper Use of Ratio in Theology as Found in the Lectures on Galatians (1519),On the Bondage of the Will, and The Disputation Concerning Man" (1987). Master of Sacred Theology Thesis. 48. https://scholar.csl.edu/stm/48 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Concordia Seminary Scholarship at Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Sacred Theology Thesis by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter I. PRELUDE TO LUTHER'S THOUGHT 8 Augustine of Hippo 11 From Philosophy to Christianity 11 Anthropology and Reason 14 Predominance of Revelation 15 Knowledge Leads to God 16 Thomas Aquinas 17 Assimilation of Aristotle 17 Limitations of Ratio 19 Faith and Reason 21 Philosophy and Theology 22 William of Ockham 23 Toward a Proper Use of Aristotle 23 Idealism Versus Realism 25 Restrictions on Reason in Theology 26 Reasoning That Involves Language 27 'Right Reason' and Ethics 28 Gabriel Biel 29 The Age of Eclecticism 29 De Potentia Absoluta and Ordinata 31 Agreement With Ockham 32 Reassessment of Philosophy and Theology . 33 Three Levels of Apologetics 34 II. LUTHER'S YEARNING FOR TRUTH 37 Educational Development 37 Early Education 37 University of Erfurt 39 The Order of Augustinian Hermits 42 Teacher of Theology 45 Selected Writings in the Context of Luther's Career 46 Luther's Early Lectures and the Galatians Commentary of 1519 46 Luther and Erasmus: On the Bondage of the Will 52 The Later Disputations of Luther 58 Epilogue to Chapter II 60 ii III. RATIO BEFORE AND SINCE THE FALL: LUTHER'S VIEW OF MAN BEFORE GOD 62 Definitions 62 Ratio Before the Fall 65 Man's Highest Attribute 66 Limitations 67 Ratio Since the Fall 70 The Totality of Sin's Effect on Man . ▪ 70 Ratio Impaired--Not Destroyed--by Sin . • 73 Ratio in Relation to Man's Will 76 Flesh and spirit 76 Simul justus et peccator; the paradox of regenerate man 79 Man in two kingdoms 80 Ratio Coram Deo 81 The magisterium and ministerium of man's use of reason 81 Theologia crucis 82 Deus absconditus and revelatus 83 Revelation at God's initiative 85 Three lights of illumination 86 Enemy of the gospel; friend to the law. 87 Reason as judge over God 90 Invincible ignorance 91 Ratio Coram Humanitate 92 Reason's majestey 92 Influence of the devil 93 Right reason 95 IV. LUTHER'S UNDERSTANDING OF RATIO AS APPLIED TO SCRIPTURE 98 Scripture as Word of God 98 "Word of God" Defined 99 Scripture as Revelation of God's Word . • 101 Vehicle of the Spirit 101 Means of grace 103 Sola Scriptura 104 The Content of Scripture 106 The Competence of Ratio in Understanding Scripture 109 The Nature of Scripture's Language 109 Scripture is no dark book 109 Problems of language 112 Difficult articles 115 The Letter and the Spirit of Scripture. ▪ 115 Ratio and Method in Biblical Interpetation. • 118 Distinction of Law and Gospel 119 The Analogy of Faith 121 Scripture Interprets Scripture 123 Logical Reasoning 127 iii Conclusion Concerning Luther's Method of Interpretation 132 V. LUTHER'S POSITION CONCERNING THE USE OF RATIO IN APPLIED THEOLOGY 134 Luther's Critique of Philosophy Versus Theology 134 The Proper Realm of Philosophy 135 Philosophy's area of competency 135 Improper anthropology 138 The Proper Sphere of Theology 141 Epistemology 141 A critical distinction: Law and Gospel. ▪ 144 Against Joining Philosophy with Theology. ▪ 146 The Employment of Ratio in Theological Discussion 149 Defense by Reason 149 Speculation 152 Devices of Logic 154 Philosophical Language 156 Limitations 158 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 161 Some Remaining Questions 165 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 168 iv INTRODUCTION The five hundredth anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther was celebrated around the world with great fanfare in A.D. 1983, and well it should have been. Luther was a theological giant of a thinker, contributing volumes of writings that are the center of doctrinal studies even to our present day. But he was no mere philosopher of the church, who idled away his time in the contemplation of dogmatic trivia. Not only was Luther a theologian of few peers, but also was he a devout Christian man, who dedicated his work of prolific writing to the greater goal of enabling the people of God to rediscover the comforting Word of the Gospel--and this, that once terrified consciences might be stilled by the voice of the Triune God who offers a new beginning through His Son, to our world's races of people traveling on a collision course with their own self- destruction. And so it is well that the world should have celebrated the birth of a man who fought towering obstacles in his time, so that God's promise of peace to men on whom God's favor rests could be heard as a herald of good news amidst the troubling realities of daily life. 1 2 Luther broke into print with his writings only reluctantly.1 He did so, however, in order that the people of his day would be led to and into Scriptures.2 It is not without warrant that E. G. Schwiebert notes: Although Luther's Postils and Catechisms played an important role during the formative years of the emerging Lutheran Church, they pale into insignificance when compared with his translation of the Bible into German. It is impossible to evaluate its role in the furthering of the Reformation, for its assistance in spreading the Gospel to the common man was immeasurable.3 Luther would not have wanted to add to the volumes of theo- logical writings, the reading of which served to keep men and women from the task of fervently studying the Scriptures.4 Rather, he sought, above all else, to bring the sacred writings into the hearts and minds of all people within his reach. As will be seen in the survey of Luther's under- standing of ratio presented in the following pages, his keen interest in turning the human mind away from its intro- spective mode of thought, and toward an openness to God's revelation of Himself in Scripture, stemmed directly from the most crucial foundation of Luther's theology: a proper view of man in relation to God. 'Martin Luther, D. Martin Luther's Werke (Weimar: H. Boehlau, 1883-), 6:480. Hereafter cited as WA. 2WA 10 III, p. 176. 3Ernest G. Schwiebert, Luther and His Times: The Reformation from a New Perspective (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1950), p. 643. 4„ The number of books on theology must be reduced and only the best ones published. It is not many books that 3 Seeing ourselves in a proper relation to God is not an easy task. The inherent pride that we possess causes us not always to see facts as they are, but as we would like them to be; and for us, who live in these days of the Post- Enlightenment, this problem has only become more compounded. Our human reason has stolen the day from the fear of God that is the beginning of wisdom. The ratio of man, which God meant to be a special gift to mankind (distinguishing man from the lower animal kingdom), has become instead a curse for us. In our inner search for the peace which only God can give, our reason stubbornly resists yielding its place of highest honor to any superior source of truth. Modern theological scholarship bears testimony of our desire to render more credit to reason's capacity for knowing the truth about God and our relation to Him than is due it. Many biblical scholars no longer are willing to define Scriptures as being the word of God; rather, the sacred writings are sifted through the sieve of human reason as an a priori guide to determining truth, with the hope that some grain of truth will pass through the test to lead make men learned, nor even reading. But it is a good book frequently read, no matter how small it is, that makes a man learned in the Scriptures and godly. Indeed, the writings of all the holy fathers should be read only for a time so that through them we may be led into the Scriptures. As it is, however, we only read them these days to avoid going any further and getting into the Bible. ." Martin Luther, Luther's Works, 55 vols., gen. eds. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House and Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1955-), 44:205. Hereafter cited as LW. 4 us into a deeper relationship with God and one another. Especially those events recorded in Scripture that do not meet the rigors of empirical substantiation, are cast off by reason as being mythological cloakings for an underlying truth which can be determined only through further specula- tion and evaluation (for some scholars, as was the case for Karl Barth, God reveals His truth through the written word of God, as the latter "gives occasion" for the Word of God to take place).5 In seeking a fitting place for ratio in the realm of Christian proclamation, the expected extremes present them- selves.
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