The Meaning of Making Decision to Surrender to One’S Rival As Seen in Tris Prior, the Main Character of Veronica Roth’S Insurgent

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THE MEANING OF MAKING DECISION TO SURRENDER TO ONE’S RIVAL AS SEEN IN TRIS PRIOR, THE MAIN CHARACTER OF VERONICA ROTH’S INSURGENT

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

Yansen Alvindoris Rumsayor

Student Number: 131214105

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017

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THE MEANING OF MAKING DECISION TO SURRENDER TO ONE’S RIVAL AS SEEN IN TRIS PRIOR, THE MAIN CHARACTER OF VERONICA ROTH’S INSURGENT

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

Yansen Alvindoris Rumsayor

Student Number: 131214105

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017

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“BUT BLESSED IS THE ONE WHO

TRUSTS IN THE LORD, WHOSE

CONFIDENCE IS IN HIM”

JEREMIAH 17:7

“THERE IS SURELY A FUTURE

HOPE FOR YOU AND YOUR HOPE

WILL NOT BE CUT OFF”

PROVERBS 23:18

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ABSTRACT

Rumsayor, Yansen Alvindoris. (2017). The Meaning of Making Decision to Surrender to One’s Rival as Seen in Tris Prior, the Main Character of Veronica Roth’s Insurgent. Yogyakarta: English Language Education, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analyzes a novel written by Veronica Roth entitled Insurgent. The novel tells us about a sixteen-year-old girl named Tris Prior who lives in a society which is divided into five factions based on human’s true personality. To prevent the society from destruction, she creates an alliance to stop Erudite faction. However, it just causes somebody to die. In order to protect people’s life, she decides to surrender and confront Jeannine alone. The aim of the study is to reveal the meanings of one’s crucial decision to surrender to his or her rival as seen in Tris Prior, the main character of the novel. There are two problems to answer. The first one is ―How is Tris Prior described in the novel?‖ and the second one is ―What is the meaning of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender to her rival?‖ The writer uses two sources in this study. The primary source of this study is the novel itself. The secondary sources are taken from related books, dictionaries, and online articles from the Internet. This study uses theories such as the theories of character, characterization, and motivation. To strengthen the analysis, the psychological approach is used. Based on the analysis, there are two main conclusions. First, Tris Prior is described as brave, curious, compassionate and divergent. Second, the meaning of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender is divided into literal meaning and deeper meaning. The literal meaning of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender is about saving other people’s life. The deeper meaning of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender to her rival is about the information that is stolen by Jeanine Matthews. The information contains a message telling that the purpose of creating factions is to restore the morality of human. It is suggested to future researchers to conduct an analysis on how Tris Prior’s personality affects her in solving her conflicts in the novel. For lecturers, this novel can be used as one of the learning materials to teach Drama, Prose, and Reading.

Keywords: decision, surrender, literal meaning, deeper meaning

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ABSTRAK

Rumsayor, Yansen Alvindoris. (2017). The Meaning of Making Decision to Surrender to One’s Rival as Seen in Tris Prior, the Main Character of Veronica Roth’s Insurgent. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini menganalisis sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Veronica Roth berjudul Insurgent. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang seorang gadis berusia enam belas tahun bernama Tris Prior yang tinggal di sebuah masyarakat yang terbagi dalam lima faksi berdasarkan kepribadian sejati manusia. Untuk mencegah masyarakat dari kehancuran, dia menciptakan sebuah aliansi untuk menghentikan faksi Erudite. Namun, hal itu justru menyebabkan banyak orang meninggal. Untuk melindungi kehidupan manusia, dia memutuskan untuk menyerah dan menghadapi Jeannine sendirian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan makna keputusan penting seseorang untuk menyerah pada saingannya seperti yang terlihat pada Tris Prior, karakter utama novel ini. Ada dua masalah yang harus dijawab. Yang pertama adalah "Bagaimana Tris Prior dijelaskan dalam novel?" Dan yang kedua adalah "Apa arti keputusan Tris Prior untuk menyerah pada saingannya?" Penulis menggunakan dua sumber dalam penelitian ini. Sumber utama penelitian ini adalah novel itu sendiri. Sumber sekunder diambil dari buku, kamus, dan artikel dari internet yang terkait. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori-teori seperti teori karakter, karakterisasi, dan motivasi. Untuk memperkuat analisis, pendekatan psikologis digunakan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, ada dua hal yang bisa disimpulkan. Pertama, Tris Prior digambarkan sebagai orang yang berani, penasaran, penyayang dan berbeda. Kedua, makna keputusan Tris Prior untuk menyerah terbagi menjadi makna literal dan makna yang lebih dalam. Arti harfiah dari keputusan Tris Prior untuk menyerah adalah menyelamatkan nyawa orang lain. Arti yang lebih dalam dari keputusan Tris Prior untuk menyerah pada saingannya adalah tentang informasi yang dicuri oleh Jeanine Matthews. Informasi tersebut berisi sebuah pesan yang mengatakan bahwa tujuan dari menciptakan faksi-faksi adalah untuk mengembalikan moral manusia. Disarankan kepada peneliti masa depan untuk melakukan analisis tentang bagaimana kepribadian Tris Prior mempengaruhinya dalam menyelesaikan konfliknya di dalam novel. Bagi dosen, novel ini bisa dijadikan salah satu bahan ajar untuk mengajarkan Drama, Prose dan Bacaan.

Kata Kunci: decision, surrender, literal meaning, deeper meaning

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank those who supported me in doing my thesis. First, I would like to thank Jesus Christ who always blesses and strengthens me every day so that I can finish my thesis.

Then, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., who has guided and assisted me in writing my thesis. I thank him so much for his support, guidance, patience and time to guide me.

I would like to express my gratitude to all of my lecturers who have taught me and given me a lot of knowledge in my learning process in English Language Education Study Program. My gratitude is also for all of ELESP staffs who have given me information and helped me during my study.

Then, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my father Hendrik M. Rumsayor, my mother Octovina S. Likumahuwa, my elder sister Audra Stivani Rumsayor, and my brother Norein Engelbert Rumsayor. I thank them for their supports, prayers, and patience. I can study well and seriously because of them.

My greatest gratitude also goes to my beloved one, Diandra Anyamartja, who always gives me support, love, advice, and time that make me get more spirit in writing and finishing my thesis. I also thank her for being on my side.

Lastly, my appreciation goes to those whose names I cannot mention one by one who supported me in finishing this thesis.

Yansen Alvindoris Rumsayor

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ...... i

APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ...... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... vi

ABSTRACT ...... vii

ABSTRAK ...... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x

LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

A. Background of the Study ...... 1

B. Objective of the Study ...... 3

C. Problem Formulations ...... 3

D. Definition of Terms ...... 3

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 6

A. Review of Related Study ...... 6

B. Review of Related Theories ...... 7

1. Theory of Character ...... 7

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Page

2. Theory of Characterization ...... 8

3. Theory of Motivation ...... 10

4. Psychological Approach...... 13

C. Theoretical Framework ...... 15

D. Context of the Novel ...... 16

E. Setting of the Novel ...... 16

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ...... 18

A. Object of the Study ...... 18

B. Approach of the Study ...... 19

C. Method of the Study ...... 20

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS ...... 21

A. Tris Prior’s Character and Characterization ...... 21

1. Tris Prior’s Character ...... 21

2. Tris Prior’s Characterization ...... 22

a. Brave ...... 22

b. Curious ...... 24

c. Compassionate...... 25

d. Divergent ...... 27

B. The Meaning of Tris Prior’s Decision ...... 28

1. The Literal Meaning of Tris Prior’s Decision ...... 29

2. The Deeper Meaning of Tris Prior’s Decision ...... 31

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Page

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 35

A. Conclusions ...... 35

B. Suggestions ...... 37

REFERENCES ...... 39

APPENDICES ...... 41

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

Appendix 1. Bibliography of Veronica Roth ...... 42

Appendix 2. Summary of Divergent (First Book) ...... 44

Appendix 3. Summary of Insurgent (Second Book) ...... 47

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts. They are background of the study, objective of the study, problem formulation and definition of terms. The first part is background of the study. It tells how the researcher chose this novel. The second part is objective of this study. It will explain the purpose of study. The third part is problem formulation. It consists of problems which are going to be discussed in this study. The last is definition of terms. In the definition of terms, the researcher defines each term that is used in this study.

A. Background of the Study

Literature or literary works is an expression and a description of people, human life, feeling, and thought. Literature can be a real expression in the author’s life. According to Hudson (1963), literature is actually an expression of life through the medium of language. Literature can be regarded as something essential since it presents a description of a real life, people, feeling, thought, and feelings about life (p. 10). Literature can also educate and enrich people’s knowledge.

There are many kinds of literature. One of the most common literary works is novel. Novel is a fictional long prose narrative that describes characters’ life, situation, feelings, history, etc. In this study, the researcher uses a novel as

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2 the primary data. The researcher uses a novel entitled Insurgent by Veronica Roth which was published in 2012.

Insurgent novel is the second book of Divergent trilogy. This novel tells about a 16-year-old girl named Tris Prior who lives in a society which is divided into five factions. The factions are Abnegation (selfless), Amity (peaceful),

Candor (honest), Dauntless (fearless), and Erudite (intelligent). People who live in the society must choose their own faction based on their talent and their true personality. Tris chooses Dauntless as her faction at the choosing ceremony. In

Dauntless, she undergoes an aptitude test to prove she belongs to Dauntless or not.

However, the result shows that she is Divergent.

Divergent is considered as a threat according to Jeanine Mathews, the leader of Erudite. It is because Divergent possesses more than one faction’s personality. After knowing that, Tris runs away from Jeanine and tries to blend herself in with other factions. She also looks for allies to turn against Jeanine.

While Tris is away, Jeanine finds a file which is hidden by Tris’ parents. The file contains information from the founder of their society. Unfortunately, to open the file, Jeanine needs the Divergent that should complete all simulations of five factions. So Jeanine starts to arrest all the divergent, but in that process many people die including Tris’ close friends. Because of that, Tris decides to surrender herself to Jeanine and complete all the simulations. Finally, the file is opened successfully and all the people can see the information from their founder.

There are several reasons why the researcher chooses Insurgent the second book of Divergent trilogy. The first reason is because the second book

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3 shows many conflicts during the story while the first book is just the introduction and development of the characters. The second reason is because the researcher is interested in analyzing one of the characters in the Insurgent novel namely

Beatrice or Tris Prior because she is a Divergent which means she has more than one faction’s personality. The last reason is because the researcher is curious about the decision made by Tris Prior because it can lead her to the death. The researcher wants to analyze the meaning of Tris Prior’s decision by seeing from her motivation.

B. Objective of the Study

The objective of this study is to reveal the meaning of one’s crucial decision to surrender to his or her rival as seen in Tris Prior, the main character of

Veronica Roth’s Insurgent.

C. Problem Formulation

Based on the objective of the study above, the researcher has formulated two problems which are going to be discussed in this study as follow:

1. How is Tris Prior described in the novel?

2. What is the meaning of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender to her rival?

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding of the main words which are used in this study, the researcher provides their definition as follow:

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1. Character

According Richard Gill (1995) ―a character is a person in literary work.

Characters in books have something in common with the people we meet every day, but we can only meet them in books. Characters are what they are like because of the way they have been made. The kind of conversations they have, the things they do, their appearances and so on are the particular ways in which the author has chosen to characterize his or her characters‖ (p. 127). In this study, the character that is going to be analyzed is the main character who is Tris Prior.

2. Decision

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, decision is ―a choice or judgment that you make after thinking and talking about what is the best thing to do: to make a decision‖ (p. 378).In this study, the decision which is going to be discussed is the main character’s decision, Tris Prior.

3. Insurgent

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Insurgent is ―a person fighting against the government or armed forces of their own country‖

(p.780). In this novel, insurgent refers to the main character, Tris Prior, because she cannot be controlled by the Government. She looks for some allies to take

Erudite down.

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4. Meanings

Meanings are divided into two parts which are surface meaning and deeper meaning. The surface meaning can be found clearly in the novel. The author writes in the novel and could be clearly understood by reading the novel.

According to Frederick (1964), deeper meaning is a meaning which has value for every reader (p. 75). The deeper meaning can be found implicitly by the researcher. The researcher has to interpret the meaning by himself.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of four parts namely review of related study, review of related theories, theoretical framework and context of the novel. The first part is review of related study. It presents a previous study which is related with this study. The second part is review of related theories. It presents some theories which are used in this study. The third part is theoretical framework. It describes how the theories are used to answer the problems formulation. The last part is context and setting of the novel.

A. Review of Related Study

This part contains a research from an undergraduate thesis which is related to this study. The research was written by Niyar Andria Risma (2016). The title of her research is “Tris’s Journey to Reveal the Truth of Divergent

Characterization in Veronica Roth’s Insurgent Novel: New Criticism Study”.

The aims of her study were to describe the journey of Tris in the novel and to know the goals of Tris’s journey. She identified the reasons why Tris did the journey and the process that she had been through in order to find truly Divergent characterization.

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There are two formulated problems which have been discussed by Risma.

First, she described the journey of Tris’s Prior and its goals. Second, she identified the reasons why Tris did the journey and the process she had been through.

In analyzing the formulated problems, Risma used library research as the method to collect the data. She also used close reading method which is appropriate to this study based on New Criticism.

The results of her study showed that Divergent can unlock the isolation and unite all citizens. She also revealed the connection between the elements and the journey of the main character in the novel.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part contains some theories which are used to analyze the novel. The theories are theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of motivation and psychological approach.

1. Theory of Character

In order to understand the story deeply, we have to understand the characters that appear in the story first. According to M. H. Abrams (1999), states that character is a living being which represented in a dramatic or narrative works.

They can be interpreted by readers from what they say and do. The results of its interpretation are the character’s morals, intellectuals and emotional equalities

(pp. 32-33).

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M. Forster categorizes character into two, namely flat and round characters. A flat character is built around "a single idea or quality" and is presented without much individualizing detail, and therefore can be fairly adequately described in a single phrase or sentence. A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity; such a character therefore is as difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real persons, is capable of surprising us (as cited in Abrams, 1999, p.

33).

Roger B. Hankle (1977), divides characters into major and minor characters. Major characters are people or characters whom we usually observe most often in the novel, whose appearances are frequent. Whereas the minor characters are being generally less complex, or less intense, and drawn in shallower relief, present what is often only one side of the experience (p. 97).

2. Theory of Characterization

The author’s way to make the character seems real in the novel is characterization. Barnet (1988), states that there are four ways to understand the characteristics of a character. They are; what the character says, does or acts, what other characters say about the character and the last what others do (p. 712).

Similar to Barnet, Murphy (1972), explaines nine ways to make the characters understandable (pp. 161-173):

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9 a. Personal description

The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes, such as: the telling details, the face, skin and eyes. b. Character as seen by another

Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. c. Speech

The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to his character. d. Past life

By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, though the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person. e. Conversation of others

The author can also give us clue to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give as a clue to the character of the person spoken about.

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10 f. Reactions

The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events. g. Direct comment

The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. h. Thoughts

The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel we accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel. i. Mannerisms

The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncraises which may also tell us something about his character.

3. Theory of Motivation

Theory of motivation is used to help the researcher analyzes the meanings of Tris Prior’ decision. This theory helps the researcher to understand deeply about human’s motivations. The researcher uses theories by Huffman (1997) and

Maslow (1970).

Huffman (1997), states that achievement of the motivation is the need for success, for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks (p.375).

Motivation has two forms which are extrinsic and intrinsic. Huffman (1997),

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11 states that two forms of motivation have a good effect on achievement. Intrinsic motivation appears because of the interest. Extrinsic motivation appears because of the rewards and the motivation does not come from your heart itself (p.377).

Maslow (1970), depicted human beings as a ―wanting animal‖ who rarely reaches a state of complete satisfaction. When a person satisfies this one, still another clamors for satisfaction. Maslow (1970), states that there are five stages, such as basic physiological needs; safety needs; belongingness and love needs; self-esteem needs; and self-actualization needs, or the need for personal fulfillment. a) Physiological Needs

The most basic, powerful, and obvius of all human needs is the need for physical survival. Included in this group are the needs for food, drink, oxygen, activity and sleep, sex, protection from extreme temperatures, and sensory stimulation. These physiological drives are directly concerned with the biological maintenance of the organism and must be gratified at some minimal level before the individual is not motivated by higher-order needs. In another way, a person who fails to satisfy this basic level of needs will not be around long enough to attempt to satisfy higher-level needs. b) Safety Needs

Once the physiological needs have been satisfied, an individual becomes concerned with a new set, often called the satisfy needs. The primary motivating force here is to ensure a reasonable degree of certainty, order, structure, and predictability in one’s environment. Maslow suggested that the safety needs are

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12 most readily observed in infants and young children because their relative helplessness and dependence on adults. c) Belongingness and Love Needs

The belongingness and love needs constitute the third hierarchical level.

These needs emerge primarily when the physiological and safety needs had been met. An individual motivated on this level longs for affectionate relationships with others. Accordingly, a person will feel keenly the pangs of loneliness, social ostracism, friendlessness, a rejection, especially when included by the absence of friends, relatives, a spouse, or children. Maslow contends that mature love involves a healthy, loving relationship between two people, which includes mutual respect, admiration, and trust. Maslow also stresses that a person’s needs for love involve both giving and recieving love. Being loved and accepted lead to healthy feelings of worth. Not being loved generates futility, emptiness, and hostility. d) Self-esteem Needs

When one’s needs for being loved and for loving others have been reasonably gratified, their motivating force disminishes, paving the way for self- esteem needs. Maslow divides these into two subsidiary sets: self-respect and esteem for others. The former includes such things as the desire for competence, and freedom.

The esteem from others includes prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, fame, reputation, and appreciation. In this case, people need to be

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13 appreciated for what they can do, i.e. they have to experience feelings of worth because their competences are recognized and valued by significant others. e) Self-actualization Needs

If all the foregoing needs are sufficiently satisfied, the need for self- actualization comes to the fore. Maslow characterizes self-actualization as the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming. The person who has achieved this highest level presses toward the full use and exploitation of his or her talents, capacities, and potentialities. Self-actualization is a person’s desire for self-improvement, his or her drive to make actual what he or she is potential. In short, to self-actualize is to become the kind of person one wants to become – to reach the peak of one’s potential: ―A mucisian must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. He must be true to his own nature‖. (pp. 369-374)

4. Psychological Approach

The psychological approach is used to analyze the deeper meaning of Tris

Prior’s decision. The researcher uses psychoanalysis theory by Sigmund Freud.

Freud defines three major systems, the id, the ego, and the super ego (as cited in

Feist and Feist, 2008, pp. 33-37). a) Id

The id is the primary source of all psychic energy. It function is to fulfill the life principle, which Freud considers to be pleasure principle. Without consciousness or semblance of rational order, the id is characterized by a

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14 tremendous and amorphous vitality. In short, the id is the source of all our aggressions and desires. It is lawless, asocial, and amoral. Its function is to gratify our instincts for pleasure without regard for social conventions, legal ethics, or moral restraint. The id is concerned about desire and pleasure. b) Ego

The first these regulating agencies, which protects and individual, is the ego. This is the rational governing agent of psyche. Though the ego lacks the strong vitality of the id, it regulates the instinctual drives of the id so that they may be released in nondestructive behavioral patterns. A large portion of the ego is unconscious; the ego nevertheless comprises what people ordinarily think of as the conscious mind. Freud points out that in popular language, people may say that the ego stands for reason and circumspection, while the id stands for the untamed passions. Whereas the id is governed solely by the pleasure principle, the ego is governed by the reality principle. Consequently, the ego serves as an intermediary between the world within and the world without. The ego is concerned about conscious, the rational, moral, and self-awareness. c) Superego

The other regulating agent, which primarily functions to protect society, is the superego. Largely unconscious, the superego is the moral censoring agency, the repository of conscience and pride. Freud attributes the development of the superego to the parental influence that manifests itself in term of punishment for what society considers to be bad behavior and reward for what society considers good behavior. The id is dominated by the pleasure principle and the ego by the

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15 reality principle, and the superego is dominated by the morality principle. In short, the id would make us devils, that the superego would have us behave angles

(or, worse, as creatures of absolute social conformity), and that it remains for the ego to keep us healthy human beings by maintaining a balance between these two opposing forces.

C. Theoretical Framework

There are two formulated problems which are discussed in this study. The first is ―How is Tris Prior described in the novel?‖ and the second is ―What are the meanings of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender to her rival?‖ In order to answer those questions, the researcher uses psychological approach. It is because the base of the analysis will be closely related to human psyche, human mind, and behavior. Besides, the researcher also uses some theories to answer those questions.

To answer the first formulated problem, the researcher uses theory of character and theory of characterization. Those theories help the researcher to get a better understanding of the character that wants to be analyzed who is Tris Prior.

To answer the second formulated problem, the researcher uses psychological approach and theory of motivation. Psychological approach is used to determine what the meaning of decision made by Tris Prior. Theory of motivation is used to know the meaning by seeing the motive of the character in the novel.

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D. Context of the Insurgent Novel

Insurgent is a 2012 science fiction young-adult novel by American novelist Veronica Roth and the second book of Divergent trilogy. Insurgent won

Favorite Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction and Author of 2012 in 2012's

Goodreads Choice Awards. It was also nominated at Children's Choice Book

Awards for Teen book of the year and Author of the year.

Insurgent tells a story of Tris Prior, a Divergent, who has to live secretly in a society that is divided into factions. The factions are Abnegation, which values selfless, Candor, which values honesty, Erudite, which values knowledge, Amity, which values peace, and Dauntless, which values bravery. Divergent refers to people whose aptitude test is conclusive. In short, people who are Divergent belong to more than one faction. As a Divergent, Tris cannot be controlled by the government. The way she thinks, acts and makes decisions are always different from the majority. When majority comes up with an idea to stop Erudite by killing

Jeanine Matthews, she thinks differently. She believes that the information that is stolen by Jeanine is more important and it has to be revealed to the whole society.

Her divergence makes her becomes a unique and special character.

E. Setting of the Insurgent Novel

The setting of the novel takes place in Chicago in the far future after nuclear world war. The state of the city is no longer safe for people who are not from the Erudite faction especially for those the Divergent. The Dauntless traitors

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17 roam everywhere to catch them. They do not hesitate to kill anyone who dared to inhibit their duties. Such circumstances make Tris and her friends have to move from one place to another to hide.

Feeling so much pressured and no more places to hide, Tobias Eaton,

Tris’s boyfriend, encourages their friends to fight back. However, it is opposed by

Tris because she thinks it will only trigger a war between factions and moreover there will be more victims fall. Therefore, Tris decides to stop hiding behind her friends. At one night, when her friends have fallen asleep, she goes to the Erudite headquarters to surrender herself and to prevent war. She leaves at night so that no one realizes that she disappeared.

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CHAPTER III

METODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts. The first is the object of the study which explains the novel. It describes the year, the author, and total chapters of the novel. The second part is the approach that is used in this study. In this part, the researcher discusses the approaches that are used in this study. The last is the method of the study.

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is a novel entitled Insurgent written by Veronica

Roth. This novel was published by HarperCollins Children’s Book in 2012. It is the second sequel of the divergent trilogy. This novel consists of 346 pages and is divided into 47 chapters. This story is spoken through the main character’s point of view which is Tris Prior.

Dauntless, she undergoes an aptitude test to prove she belongs to Dauntless or not.

However, the result shows that she is Divergent. 18

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B. Approach of the Study

In this study, the researcher uses psychoanalytic approach to analyze the study which has the relation between motivation and psychology. The researcher uses psychoanalytic approach to reveal Tris Prior’s decision.

The researcher uses psychoanalytic approach by Freud to analyze the meanings of Tris Prior’s decision. The researcher can analyze the deeper meaning and understanding of Tris Prior’s decision by using psychoanalytic approach. This approach also has purpose to answer the formulated problems.

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C. Method of the Study

In order to reach the objective of the study, the study used library research to collect the needed theories. The primary data is Veronica Roth’s novel entitled

Insurgent. The theories are taken from the other source, which are closely related to the study, such as internet, theories book and approach book.

There are some steps which are applied by the researcher in analyzing the novel. The first step is the researcher reads several times to get the deeper understanding of the story line and get those evidences from the novel. After that, the researcher provides it in the analysis.

The second step is the researcher collects the data, the evidences which are suitable with the theories. Thus, the data and evidences can solve the questions of the problem formulation in the chapter one of this study.

The third step is dividing those evidences into two parts in every question in the problem formulation, and then the conclusions can be drawn based on the evidences and the answer of the problem formulation.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part analyzes Tris Prior’s character and characterization. It answers the first formulated problems about how is Tris Prior described in the novel. The second part answers the second formulated problems. It analyzes the meanings of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender to her rival. The meanings will be divided into two namely, surface meaning and deeper meaning.

A. Tris Prior’s Character and Characterization.

1. Tris Prior’s Character

In this part, the researcher analyzes the character of Tris Prior. Analyzing character is a must because it will help us understand the story better. That is why understanding the character means understanding the whole story; from the intrinsic elements to the extrinsic element.

According to Henkel’s (1977) theory about the prominence and function of a character, a major character is a person or character that we observe most often in the novel, whose appearances are frequent. Tris Prior can be assumed as major character in this novel because she plays an important role (p. 87).

Important role means that the story is spoken through her voice.

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Based on Forster’s theory (as cited in Abrams, 1999, p. 33), a round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity; such a character therefore is as difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real persons, is capable of surprising us.

Tris Prior can be assumed as a round character. It is because her way of act, think, and make decision often surprises the readers.

2. Tris Prior’s Characterization

Characterization is important for the readers so that they can understand the character more deeply. In analyzing how Tris Prior is described in the novel, the researcher applies theories of characterization such as Barnet’s theory and

Murphy’s theory. Barnet (1988) has four ways to analyze the character of the novel; what the character says, does or acts, what other characters say about the character and the last what others do (p. 712). Murphy (1972), states that there are nine methods to analyze the character. Those methods are a personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, a conversation between other characters, direct comment, thought and mannerism. a. Brave

Tris Prior is described as a brave person. It clearly shown in the novel that

Tris Prior is one of the Dauntless. Dauntless faction is known as the fearless in the novel. Besides that, people around her also realize that Tris is brave.

―You’re the bravest person I’ve ever met.‖ (p. 274)

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―You are brave,‖ she says. ―You don’t need me to say it, because you already know it. But I want you to know that I know.‖ (p. 114)

According to Murphy (1972), characterization can be seen through others’ opinion. Barnet (1988), also states that characterization can be seen through what other characters say. Tobias, Tris’s boyfriend, says that she is the bravest person he ever met. In addition, Tris’s friend, Lynn, also says that Tris is brave even if she does not tell, Tris already knows it.

In Murphy’s (1972) theory, characterization can be seen through the character’s reaction. Barnet (1988), also states that characterization can be told through what the characters do or act.

I lurch forward, pulling my hand out of my pocket. I close my eyes as I thrust the blade up and toward him. I don’t want to see his blood. I feel the knife go in and then pull it out again. My entire body throbs to the rhythm of my heart. The back of my neck is sticky with sweat. I open my eyes as Eric slumps to the ground, and then—chaos (p. 129)

It can be clearly seen that Tris is brave. Tris kills Eric, the former leader of

Dauntless, at the Candor headquarter. She kills Eric in order to save her friends from being killed by the Dauntless traitors. Although she is a girl, but she is brave enough to kill Eric.

Murphy (1972), also states that characterization can be seen through the character’s speech. When Peter comes to a room where Tris is prisoned and tells her that her execution has been scheduled for tomorrow morning at 8 o’clock, she tells Peter that tonight she will be honest, selfless and brave.

We are both quiet for a while. I don’t know why I told him that. Maybe just because it’s true, and tonight, of all nights, is the time for honesty. Tonight I will be honest, and selfless, and brave. Divergent (p. 245)

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It can also be seen that Tris declares herself as a brave person. As the conclusion, Tris Prior is a brave person as seen through her speech, what she does and what other says about her.

b. Curious

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, ―curious means having a strong desire to know about something (p. 358)‖. Tris Prior is also described as a curious person in this novel. She states that she is naturally a curious person. She says it when Marcus is trying to change the topic of their conversation. She does not want the topic to be changed because she is curious about the information so much. According to Barnet (1988), characterization can be seen through what the character says.

―I heard you, the other day,‖ I blurt out. Marcus whips his head around. ―What are you doing, Beatrice?‖ ―I followed you here.‖ I fold my arms over my chest. ―I heard you talking to Johanna about what motivated Jeanine’s attack on Abnegation.‖ ―Did the Dauntless teach you that it’s all right to invade another person’s privacy, or did you teach yourself?‖ ―I’m a naturally curious person. Don’t change the subject.‖ (p. 35)

The conversation above shows that Tris Prior is a curious person. She hopes that Marcus will tell her the information. In addition, Tris’ curious characteristic can also be seen through her action. In the beginning of the story

Tris silently follows Marcus and Johanna. Tris is curious about what they are doing outside, especially what they are talking about. Moreover, Tris is curious why the information should be protected.

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I see a flicker of movement in my periphery, and look out the window that faces the apple orchard. Johanna Reyes and Marcus Eaton walk side by side, pausing at the herb garden to pluck mint leaves from their stems. I am out of my room before I can evaluate why I want to follow them. (p. 22) Besides that, Tris’ curious characteristic can be seen when Tris begs

Marcus to tell about the information. She wants to know what the information is about so that she can tell it to her faction too.

―My faction depends on me to advise them, and if you know information this crucial, it is important that I know it also so that I can share it with them. I’m sure you can understand that, Marcus.‖ (p. 23) However, Marcus still does not want to tell her about the information. He just tells her that a long time ago, the Abnegation was trusted to protect the information, but they failed. Now Jeanine has the information and she is going to destroy it. We have to stop it before it happens because the information is so sensitive (p. 23).

According to Murphy (1972), characterization can be seen through how the character reacts to various situations and events. Barnet (1988), also states that characterization can be seen through what the characters do or act. Tris’s action above shows that she is a curious person. She just follows them without specific reason. Tris also begs Marcus to tell her about the information.

c. Compassionate

Compassionate is the dominant character possessed by the Abnegation faction. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, ―compassionate

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26 means feeling or showing sympathy for people who are suffering (p. 292)‖. Tris

Prior was born and grown in Abnegation so the compassion has inherent within herself since childhood. Compassion is seen in Tris when she is more concerned about others’ safety than herself.

I will not let Tobias go to Erudite when it happens again, when someone else dies. I will not. (p. 206) But I can’t walk away, or the guilt, the weight of Will’s life, and my parents’ lives, and now Marlene’s life, will break my bones, will make it impossible to breathe. I slowly walk toward the building and push open the doors. This is the only way to keep from suffocating. (p. 209) According to Barnet (1988), characterization can be seen through what the character says. Murphy (1972), also states that characterization can be seen through the character’s speech. Based on the evidence above, Tris does not want

Tobias and her friends go to Erudite because they will probably die there. She also always thinks about the death of her parents, Will and Marlene. That is why she decides to go to Erudite by her own.

The next evidence that shows Tris Prior’s compassion is when she and

Tobias are arrested in Candor because they are accused of crimes against humanity (p. 87). They have to be injected by a serum which is called the truth serum. They will be injected by this serum before they undergo the trial. Tris ignores to be injected by that serum because she does not want anyone knows that she kills Will at the attack simulation. She does not want to tell it because she does not want to hurt other’s feeling, especially Cristina, Will’s girlfriend. Tris knows that Cristina has suffered a lot after losing Will. Therefore, she does not

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27 want to tell her that she is the one who kills Will. She does not want Cristina to suffer more.

―Jeanine tried to have me killed, but my mother saved me. She used to be Dauntless, so she knew how to use a gun.‖ My body feels even heavier now, but no longer cold. I feel something stir in my chest, something worse than sadness, worse than regret. I know what comes next. My mother died and then I killed Will; I shot him; I killed him. ―She distracted the Dauntless soldiers so I could get away, and they killed her,‖ I say. (p. 100)

It can be seen that Tris is compassionate. She does not want to hurt other’s feeling and try to keep it herself. As conclusion, it can be concluded that Tris Prior is a compassionate person as seen through her speech and what she says.

d. Divergent

In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, “divergent means tending to be different or develop in different directions (p. 427)‖. In this novel, the term divergent refers to people who have more than one faction’s personality.

Divergents’s mind are said to move in several different directions and cannot be confined to one way of thinking, meaning they cannot be controlled.

Tris Prior is divergent. She knows the truth that she is divergent from the aptitude that she has been through in Dauntless. The result shows that she has three personalities of three factions namely, Abnegation, Erudite and Dauntless.

―Abnegation, Dauntless,‖ I say, ―and Erudite.‖ ―Three factions?‖ His eyebrows lift. ―Yes. Why?‖ ―It just seems like a lot,‖ he says. ―We each had to choose a research focus in Erudite initiation, and mine was the aptitude test simulation, so I know

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a lot about the way it’s designed. It’s really difficult for a person to get two results—the program actually doesn’t allow it. But to get three … I’m not even sure how that’s possible.‖ (p. 30)

Tris tells Calleb, her brother, about the result of her aptitude test. The result of the test shows that Tris is a Divergent because she possesses more than one faction’s personality. It shocks her brother because usually, to get two results is so difficult, but her sister Tris gets three. Murphy (1972), states that characterization can be seen through the character’s speech whenever he/she is in conversation with another. Based on the conversation above, it can be clearly seen that she is divergent through her conversation with her brother, Caleb.

Tris also says that she is not Dauntless, she is Divergent. According to

Barnet (1988), characterization can be seen through what the character says.

Tobias looks at me. I can’t be popular with the Dauntless, because Tobias is right—I’m not Dauntless; I’m Divergent. I am whatever I choose to be. And I can’t choose to be this. I have to stay separate from them. (p. 175)

Besides, Tobias, Tris’s boyfriend, also says that she loves Tris the divergent. Barnet (1988), states that characterization can also be seen through what other character says. Here, the other character is Tobias.

―I love Tris the Divergent, who makes decisions apart from faction loyalty, who isn’t some faction archetype. But the Tris who’s trying as hard as she can to destroy herself. I can’t love her.‖ (p. 172)

As conclusion, Tris Prior is divergent as seen through her speech in conversation with others, what she says and what other character says about her.

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B. The Meanings of Tris Prior’s Decision.

In this part, the meanings of Tris Prior’s decision are divided into two sections. The first is the literal meanings of Tris Prior’s decision. It means that the decision to surrender can be found clearly in the novel. The author wrote explicitly the meaning of Tris Prior’s decision in the novel. In analyzing the literal meanings of Tris Prior’s decision, the researcher uses the theories by Huffman

(1997), Maslow (1970) and psychoanalytic theory by Freud (1962).

The second is deeper meaning. It means that the researcher could find the meanings of the decision after reading the novel. The researcher could interpret the meaning by himself. The researcher applies the theory of psychoanalytic by

Freud (1962).

1. Literal Meaning of Tris Prior’s Decision

The literal meanings of the decision to surrender can be observed by reading the Insurgent novel. The author, Veronica Roth, wrote in the novel. In order to support the analysis, the researcher uses psychological approach by Freud to find out the literal meaning. Freud (as cited in Feist and Feist, 2008, pp. 33-37), divides three major systems, such as id, ego, and superego. The researcher uses ego system to analyze Tris Prior’s decision.

After realizing that the Dauntless traitors have killed many people, Tris

Prior thinks that she must stop it. She does not want her friends to be killed by the

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Dauntless traitors. She thinks that it is better to sacrifice one life than to lose half of the faction members.

―I’m sorry,‖ I say. ―But you know I’m right. The best way to ensure that half our faction doesn’t die is to sacrifice one life.‖ (p. 202)

Tris also feels guilty about the death of Will, Marlene and her parents. She is sad because she cannot protect them. The guilt leads her to protect her friends no matter what. That is why she decides to go to the Erudite headquarter by her own.

But I can’t walk away, or the guilt, the weight of Will’s life, and my parents’ lives, and now Marlene’s life, will break my bones, will make it impossible to breathe. I slowly walk toward the building and push open the doors. This is the only way to keep from suffocating. (p. 209)

Tris also decides to surrender because she does not want Tobias replaces her. She always thinks about Tobias’ safety first. She does not want anything bad happens to Tobias.

I came here so that no one else would die. I came here to protect as many people as I could. And I care more about Tobias’s safety than anyone else’s. So why am I here, if he’s here? What’s the point? (p. 220)

From some explanations above, it can be clearly seen that Tris’s motivation is about saving other people’s life. According to Huffman (1997), intrinsic motivation appears because of the interest (p. 377). Tris’s interest comes from her compassion. It can be seen that Tris cares about other people’s safety first. Tris thinks that if she surrenders herself, she can prevent other people from death.

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In supporting the analysis of the literal meaning, the researcher applies

Freud’s psychoanalysis (as cited in Feist and Feist, 2008). Based on Freud, there are three major systems, the id, the ego, and the superego. The researcher uses one of the major systems which is the ego. Freud (as cited in Feist and Feist, 2008, p.

33-37) states that the ego is governed by the reality principle. Consequently, the ego serves as an intermediary between the world within and the world without.

The ego is concerned about conscious, the rational, moral, and self-awareness.

Tris Prior’s ego is shown by her self-awareness about the condition of other people in danger.

In summary, Tris Prior has one reason that motivates her to surrender to her rival, Jeanine Matthews. The reason is she wants to save other people’s life.

She wants to keep her closest friends safe and especially her boyfriend, Tobias.

2. Deeper Meaning of Tris Prior’s Decision

In analyzing the deeper meaning of Tris Prior’s motivation, the researcher applies Freud’s psychoanalysis which is the id. Freud (as cited in Feist and Feist,

2008), states that the id is the source of all our aggressions and desires. It is lawless, asocial, and amoral. Its function is to gratify our instincts for pleasure without regard for social conventions, legal ethics, or moral restraint. The id is concerned about desire and pleasure.

At the beginning of the novel, Tris is curious about the information that is being talked by Marcus and Johanna. She wants to know how important that

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32 information till makes Marcus does not want anyone to know about it. Because of that, Tris decides to ask about it directly to Marcus.

Marcus tells Tris that the information he tries to protect is also the cause of her mother’s death. Marcus also tells that the information concerns about the life of five factions. He must get and protect the information before Jeanine destroys it. Then, Tris decides to help him to steal the information back but she wants him to tell her why she must help him.

―If I help you, I betray Tobias. I will lose him.‖ I swallow hard. ―So you have to give me a good reason.‖ ―Aside from the good of everyone in our society?‖ Marcus wrinkles his nose in disgust. ―That isn’t enough for you?‖ ―Our society is in pieces. So no, it’s not.‖ Marcus sighs. (p. 268)

After finding some evidences in the novel, the researcher comes up with two reasons why Tris Prior decides to surrender to her rival, Jeanine Matthews.

First, the researcher finds out that Tris decides to surrender because of the information. Tris Prior is a curious person. She is so curious about the information when Marcus tells her that the information concerns about the life of the five factions. That is why she helps Marcus to steal that information from Jeanine because if the information is destroyed, Jeanine can conquer the whole society.

―A week before the simulation attack, the Abnegation leaders decided it was time to reveal the information in the file to everyone. Everyone, in the

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entire city. The day we intended to reveal it was approximately seven days after the simulation attack. Obviously we were unable to do so.‖ (p. 267)

Second, Marcus also tells Tris that the information is the reason of her mother’s death. Her mother dies because of protecting that information. Tris believes that the information can give her a clear explanation about her mother’s death. That is why she has to get that information no matter what.

―Your parents died for you, it’s true. But the reason your mother was in Abnegation headquarters the night you were almost executed was not to save you. She didn’t know you were there. She was trying to rescue the file from Jeanine. And when she heard that you were about to die, she rushed to save you, and left the file in Jeanine’s hands.‖ (p. 268)

In order to get the information, she has to go to Erudite headquarter. She has to get close to Jeanine so that she can steal the information. She has to fight against Jeanine to steal the information. After the fight, Tris finally gets the information and tell it to the entire city.

The information contains a message from Amanda Ritter, the leader of an organization fighting for justice and peace. She tells that the organization formed the society in a particular way in the hope that you will rediscover the moral sense that most of humans have lost (p.334).

The reason this footage is left for you is so that you will know when it’s time to help us. You will know that it is time when there are many among you whose minds appear to be more flexible than the others. The name you should give those people is Divergent. Once they become abundant among you, your leaders should give the command for Amity to unlock the gate forever, so that you may emerge from your isolation (p. 334).

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After knowing about that, her friends and Tris decide to go beyond the wall so that they can meet with the others outside the wall. The researcher finds out that the deeper meaning of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender to her rival,

Jeanine Matthews is about the information. She wants to find the information and reveal it so all the factions can hear it. She does it because of her id. Freud (as cited in Feist and Feist, 2008), the id is the source of all our aggressions and desires. In this point, desire is a strong wish to have something. The desire of Tris is to get the information. Her desire pushes her to make that decision so that she can help Marcus to get and reveal the information.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of two parts, namely conclusions and suggestions.

The conclusions focus on the analysis of Tris Prior’s character and the meaning of

Tris Prior’s decision to surrender. The suggestions are for the future researchers and English lecturers.

A. Conclusions

According to the analysis on the previous chapter, there are two major points that can be concluded in this study. The first conclusion is about Tris

Prior’s character using Murphy’s and Barnet’s methods of characterization. The second conclusion is about the meaning of Tris Prior’s decision.

Tris Prior is the major character in the novel because she plays the important role. It can be seen in the novel because the story is spoken through her voice. Tris Prior is also a round character because she shows some changes in her attitude and represents characteristics.

There are four characteristics of Tris Prior such as brave, curious, compassionate and divergent. The researcher uses the theory of character and characterization by Murphy (1972) and Barnet (1988). The researcher uses three of four Barnet’s methods in order to reveal Tris Prior’s characteristics; they are

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36 what character does or acts, what other character says about the character, and what the character says. The researcher also uses four of nine Murphy’s methods to reveal Tris Prior’s characteristics such as character seen by others, conversation with others, speech, and reactions.

Tris Prior’s brave characteristic can be seen through what other characters say. Tobias says that Tris is the brave person he ever met. Her friend, Lynn, also says that she is brave and she knows about it. Tris’s brave characteristic can also be seen through her action. She is brave enough to kill Eric, the former leader of

Dauntless, in Candor headquarter.

Tris Prior’s curios characteristic is shown by her actions. She follows

Marcus and Johanna just because she sees them talking about an important information. She also says directly to Marcus that she is a curios person.

The next characteristic of Tris Prior is compassionate. She possesses this characteristic since she was a child. She was born and also grown up in

Abnegation. Abnegation people are known as the selfless in the novel. Tris’s compassionate is seen through her decision to hand herself into Erudite headquarter because she does not want to see her friends die and especially she does not want Tobias dies. She also does not want to hurt Cristina’s feeling so she tries to keep the truth of Will’s death.

The last characteristic of Tris Prior is divergent. This characteristic can be seen through her conversation with others. She tells Caleb, her brother, that she gets three results in the aptitude test. Tobias also says that he loves Tris the divergent. Tris also says to herself that she is divergent.

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The next discussion is the meanings of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender to her rival. The researcher divides the meanings into two which are the literal meaning and the deeper meaning. The first is literal meaning of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender. Tris surrenders herself into Erudite headquarter because she wants to save her friends. She does not want them to be killed by the Dauntless traitors. Besides, the deeper meaning of Tris Prior’s decision to surrender to her rival is about the information. From the beginning of the story, it is clearly shown that Tris is curious about the information that is talked by Marcus. However, the information is stolen by Jeanine. In order to get back the information, she decides to surrender herself so she can get close to Jeanine. Tris also decides to surrender because she believes that the information will give her an explanation about her mother’s death.

B. Suggestions

This part consists of two suggestions, namely suggestions for future researches and suggestions for English teachers or lectures.

1. Suggestions for Further Researchers

This study analyzes only Tris Prior’s character and the meanings of her decision. The researcher felt that it was limited because there are still many aspects that can be analyzed in Insurgent novel. For examples the further researchers can analyze how Tris Prior’s personality affects her in solving her conflicts.

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2. Suggestions for English Lecturers

Novel is one of the literary works. English lecturers can use the Insurgent novel in teaching Drama and Prose. The students can analyze the character or the plot of the novel. It can also be used as the material in Reading class which focuses on reading skills such as identifying ideas, summarizing, scanning, and improving vocabularies.

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REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1999). A Glossary of Literary Terms Seventh Edition. Boston: Earl McPeek.

Barnet, S., & Berman, M. (1963). An Introduction to Literature: Fiction/ Poetry/ Drama (2nd ed). Boston: Little, Brown & Company.

Blumberg, N. (n.d.). Veronica Roth; American Author. Retrieved August, 10, 2017 from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Veronica-Roth

Feist, J., & Feist, G. (2008). Theories of Personality Seventh Edition. New York: Mc-Graw Hill Companies.

Frederick, J. (1964). Adventure in Fiction. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

Gill, R. (1995). Mastering English Literature 2nd Edition. Hongkong: The Macmillan Press.

Goodreads. (2011, December). Interview with Veronica Roth. Retrieved September, 14, 2017 from https://www.goodreads.com/interviews/show/637.Veronica_Roth

GradeSaver: Divergent Summary. (n.d.). Retrieved August, 10, 2017 from http://www.gradesaver.com/divergent/study-guide/summary

GradeSaver: Insurgent Summary. (n.d.). Retrieved August, 10, 2017 from http://www.gradesaver.com/insurgent/study-guide/summary

Henkle, R. B. (1977). Reading the Novel: An Introduction to the Techniques of Interpreting Fiction. New York: Harper and Row Publisher.

Hudson, W. H. (1963). An Introduction to The Study of Literature. London: George G, Harrap.

Huffman, K., Vernoy, M., & Vernoy, J. (1997). Psychology in Action (4th ed). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Inc.

Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. Philadelphia: Harper and Row, Publisher, Inc.

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Murphy, M. J. (1972). Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd.

Oxford, U. (2010). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary; International Student's Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Roth, V. (2012). Insurgent. New York: HarperCollins Publisher.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX 1

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF VERONICA ROTH

Veronica Roth, (born August 19, 1988, New York, New York, U.S.), American writer known for her Divergent trilogy of science-fiction novels for young adults, which unfolds as a coming-of-age story set in a post-apocalyptic Chicago.

Roth, who grew up in Barrington, Illinois, began writing at an early age and was an avid reader. She was a fan of the works of writer Lois Lowry, especially of Lowry’s The Giver (1993), often cited as the original young-adult dystopian novel. When Roth reached high school, she became a practicing Christian. Her path to religion was a theme that she often referenced in her novels. Prior to graduating (2010) from Northwestern University, where she studied creative writing, Roth penned Divergent, the first installment in the trilogy, over winter break during her senior year.

Roth took her manuscript to a writer conference in March 2010 and secured an agent. The book was sold the following month to HarperCollins. It debuted in 2011 at number six on the New York Times best-seller list. Insurgent, released in 2012, captured the number one spot on that list. Roth had clearly hit her stride at the right moment—the niche market for dystopian novels was blossoming, and her offerings came on the heels of the popular Twilight and Hunger Games young-adult series. Roth’s fan base grew quickly, and when Allegiant came out in 2013, it became the most-preordered book ever issued by HarperCollins. The trilogy was a huge commercial success, with more than 30 million copies sold by 2015.

The Divergent series features 16-year-old heroine Beatrice (―Tris‖) Prior, who does not fit easily into a single faction designated for citizens when they reach the age of 16. The factions are not separated by class or race but by values or virtues: Dauntless (fearless), Abnegation (selflessness), Amity (peacefulness), Candor (honesty), and Erudite (intellectuality). Tris, who is living secretly as a ―divergent‖ (someone who fits into more than one group), decides to leave the faction in which she was reared (Abnegation) for Dauntless. The series follows Tris’s exploration of her identity and her relationship with the character Tobias (―Four‖) Eaton, the leader of her new faction. In 2014 Roth

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43 published Four: A Divergent Collection, a companion volume that tells the story of the trilogy, as well as events preceding the main narrative, from the perspective of Four.

A film adaptation of the first book, also titled Divergent, was released in 2014. A box-office success, it led to the sequels Insurgent (2015) and The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016).

In 2017 Roth published her first book outside the Divergent series, Carve the Mark. The novel, the first in a projected two-part young-adult sci-fi series, tells the saga of Akos and Cyra, characters who come from different fictional planets with opposing cultures.

Retrieved August, 10, 2017 from: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Veronica-Roth

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APPENDIX 2

THE SUMMARY OF DIVERGENT NOVEL

(FIRST BOOK)

In a futuristic, dystopian Chicago, society is organized into five factions. Each faction places value solely on a specific virtue, which its members work to cultivate throughout their lives. There is Abnegation, which values selflessness, Amity, which values peace, Erudite, which values knowledge, Candor, which values honesty, and Dauntless, which values bravery. Children are raised in their parents' faction, and once they turn sixteen, they have the option to choose for themselves which faction will be theirs for the rest of their lives, whether it's the one they grew up in or not.

Beatrice Prior is a sixteen-year-old member of Abnegation. She and her brother Caleb, who is not quite a year her elder, take the aptitude test that will tell them which faction they are most suitable for. The test consists of a simulation of a confrontation with a vicious dog. Beatrice shows aptitude for three different factions, Abnegation, Erudite, and Dauntless, and this means she is something called Divergent. She is warned to never tell anyone of her results - it is dangerous to be Divergent. After much contemplation over whether to stay in Abnegation or switch factions, Beatrice chooses to switch to Dauntless, and Caleb moves to Erudite.

In Dauntless, Beatrice changes her name to Tris because she feels it will allow her to start over and become someone else entirely. She makes quick friends with two Candor transfers named Christina and Al, and an Erudite transfer named Will, while three other Candor transfers, Peter, Drew, and Molly, become her enemies. Initiation into this courageous faction involves three stages, and they will be ranked after each one. Only the top ten initiates will become Dauntless members; the rest will fail out and become factionless, forced to live on the streets of the city in poverty. The first stage of initiation involves learning how to fight from their mysterious initiation instructor, Four, and one of the cruel Dauntless leaders, Eric. Because Tris is small, she isn't a particularly adept fighter, but she manages to get by.

Tris earns the respect of many during the initiation tradition of capture the flag, in which she has the idea to climb to the top of a ferris wheel in order to see the other team's location. Four comes with her, and for the first time she realizes

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45 the feeling she gets when she's around him. She also earns Eric's respect when she volunteers to take a punishment meant for Al - standing in front of a target while Four throws knives around her.

Visiting Day arrives, and Tris's mother comes to visit her in her new faction. She knows a suspicious amount about the Dauntless compound, which leads Tris to believe that her mother may have originally been Dauntless. She tells Tris to go visit Caleb in Erudite and tell him to research a simulation serum. Tris learns that Abnegation members are now prohibited from entering Erudite. Later that day, Al admits that he likes Tris as more than a friend, but she cannot return the sentiment. When they receive rankings for stage one, Tris is ranked sixth, and is not cut. Peter, however, is unsatisfied with his second place finish, and that night he stabs the first place initiate, Edward, in the eye, forcing him to leave initiation.

As stages two and three of initiation commence, Tris begins to come into her own in Dauntless at last. She goes zip lining down from the Hancock building with the Dauntless-born initiates, shows extreme proficiency in fear simulations, and becomes closer to Four, who slowly starts to open up to her. But tension is brewing between two of the factions, Erudite and Abnegation, and Erudite continuously makes attacks on the Abnegation administration. Initiation is still the most pressing thing to worry about, though, and at the end of stage two she receives a shock; she's ranked number one. Considering her a threat, Peter and Drew attack her with the help of Al, who used to be her friend. Four rescues her before they kill her. Al is devastated with what he's done, and kills himself as a result.

Four at last reveals to Tris his true identity: he is Tobias Eaton, son of abusive Abnegation council representative Marcus. At this point, they officially begin a secret relationship. After a bad day in training, Tris leaves the Dauntless compound without telling anyone. She goes to Erudite to pass on her mother's instructions to Caleb. There, she has a confrontation with Erudite leader Jeanine Matthews, who Tris suspects of colluding with Dauntless to kill the Divergent. When she returns to Dauntless, Tobias warns Tris that Erudite is planning a war against Abnegation and will use Dauntless to fight it.

Initiation day comes, and Tris goes through her final assessment, a simulation containing each one of her fears that she must conquer, one after another. She's extremely successful and ranks first, becoming an official member of Dauntless. However, she later realizes that in the excitement of the day, the Dauntless leaders injected everyone with a simulation serum that day, calling it a

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46 tracking device. She knows they must be lying, and that Erudite will use this serum as a simulation to get Dauntless to fight Abnegation for them.

That night, everyone in Dauntless wakes up in a sleepwalking trance except Tris; she can resist the simulation because she's Divergent. Tobias can do the same, and they find each other in the crowd while pretending to be sleepwalking just like the others. But when Eric tries to "accidentally" kill Tobias, the two fight back and are taken to Erudite headquarters, where Jeanine takes Tobias in for simulation testing and sends Tris, who was shot in the shoulder and therefore of no use to her, to be executed. The next morning, Tris is taken to a large tank, similar to the one that appears in her fear simulations, and is to be drowned. However, Tris's mother Natalie rescues her just in time, and takes her to her father and brother. On the way to their hiding place, Mrs. Prior is forced to sacrifice herself in order to ensure that Tris escapes.

Tris realizes the only way to stop the killing is to stop the simulation entirely, so she, her father, her brother, and Marcus Eaton head to the Dauntless control room to shut it down. On the way they come across Peter, who bargains with Tris, saying that if she takes him with her, he'll tell her how to get to the control room. Tris's dad is shot and dies along the way. Tris is devastated, but she keeps going, and eventually makes it to the control room where none other than a serum-controlled Tobias is controlling the simulation. After hearing her voice, he is able to fight off the simulation he's under, and the two turn off the computer and take the data so that the Dauntless will not be able to restart it. Tris, Tobias, Caleb, Marcus and Peter head out of the city, hoping to find safety in the peaceful Amity compound.

Retrieved August, 10, 2017 from: http://www.gradesaver.com/divergent/study- guide/summary

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APPENDIX 3

THE SUMMARY OF INSURGENT NOVEL

(SECOND BOOK)

Tris, Tobias, Caleb, Peter, and Marcus heading out of the city to Amity headquarters where some members of the broken-up Abnegation have gone for protection. Tris is taunted by nightmares of shooting Will, the friend that she killed while he was under the simulation. The Amity, led by Representative Johanna Reyes, agrees to shelter the refugees as long as they remain peaceful. Soon, however, Erudite and Dauntless traitors arrive at Amity to seek the refugees, and after a heated fight the refugees have no choice but to leave and escape back into the city. Marcus reveals to Tris that the reason Jeanine attacked in the first place was to steal some essential information that Abnegation had been trusted with to keep them from revealing it to the city. Tobias does not believe this, but Tris does.

On the train Tris and her friends encounter a group of factionless and head with them to the factionless headquarters in an old warehouse. Tris is astonished to find out that Evelyn, Tobias's mother, is leading the factionless, but Tobias has known she is alive for a while now. Evelyn and the factionless plan to usurp Erudite and create a society without factions, and Evelyn wants Tobias's help rallying the Dauntless to their cause. Tris and Tobias soon head to Candor headquarters, where the rest of the loyal Dauntless have taken shelter, but they are immediately arrested upon arrival.

The leader of Candor, Jack Kang, saw footage of Tris and Tobias in the Dauntless control room, supposed they were the ones running the simulation, and accused them of crimes against humanity. They face a trial immediately, and have to relay the details of what happened under the influence of Candor's famous truth serum. They are cleared of charges, but Tris reveals that she killed Will. This is the first time Tobias and Christina (Will's love interest) have heard of this, and Christina feels that Tris has betrayed her.

Traitor Dauntless invade Candor headquarters seeking people who are Divergent, led by Eric, a former Dauntless leader. They shoot needles into everyone's arms that inject them with a simulation transmitter so that they will be susceptible to simulations at all times. The traitor Dauntless capture Tris, but she

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48 takes a gun out of her back pocket and stabs Eric, severely injuring him. Loyal Dauntless stream into the room and drive the traitors off.

Tobias has been repeatedly called a coward because of the information he revealed under the truth serum, so one night at dinner he beats up his father, Marcus, to prove that he is not. Tris goes to Marcus afterward and reminds him that he could use her help in trying to get back the information that Erudite stole. Meanwhile, Jack Kang believes that having the Divergent in Candor puts them all in danger, and arranges a meeting with one of Jeanine's representatives to try and negotiate a deal to protect Candor.

Tris and a few of her friends go to eavesdrop this meeting, and realize that Jeanine is speaking through the Dauntless traitor she has sent to represent her using an earpiece. Tris knows Jeanine must be nearby; however, before she can figure out where she is, one of her friends, Lynn, shoots Max. A fight ensues, and Tris tries to go after Jeanine, but one of their friends is injured and they have to take her back to Candor. Tobias is angry at Tris for continuously risking her life so senselessly, and threatens to end their relationship.

They know that Jack will agree to Jeanine's demands to turn over all the Divergent, so they decide the best thing to do is return to Dauntless headquarters, where they will all be safer. They hold a Dauntless meeting and choose new leaders, ending up with Tori, a man named Harrison, and Tobias as leaders. They then execute Eric officially for crimes against Dauntless. Finally, they head back to the Dauntless compound, cover all the surveillance cameras with paint, and try to achieve some semblance of normalcy. Christina at last forgives Tris for killing Will.

Tobias takes Tris to meet Evelyn on a train, and they form an alliance between Dauntless and the factionless. Tris is not pleased with this, because she thinks Evelyn is using Tobias. Erudite soon strikes again with another simulation, making Dauntless members commit suicide every other night until one Divergent turns him or herself over for experimentation. Tris knows she has to stop this, so she lies to Tobias and Christina and turns herself in at Erudite headquarters, where Jeanine runs experiments on her to try and create a simulation that actually affects a Divergent mind. Tobias shows up there too, presumably to sacrifice himself and die along with Tris.

Jeanine reveals the secret weapon that has allowed her to manipulate Tris so effectively: Caleb, her brother. He betrayed Tris and their family in order to remain loyal to his faction, Erudite, and help Jeanine. The experiments continue, and Tobias finally reveals to Tris that he did not come here on a suicide mission,

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49 he came here to scope out headquarters and find Erudite's central control room so that when the factionless and Dauntless invade they will know where to target. He tells Tris to hold out for two more weeks, even though she now wants to die.

Tris continues to resist the simulations, and tells Jeanine that she will never be able to control her. Jeanine, angry, tells Tris that she will resume testing on Tobias instead, and schedules Tris's execution for the following morning. Peter, Tris's old enemy, leads her to her execution and appears to injects her with a death serum. However, this is not actually a death serum; Peter replaced it with one that merely causes paralysis, and sneaks her body out of the room so she can escape with Tobias. Peter did this because he could not stand to be in her debt.

They break out of Erudite and make it to Abnegation headquarters, where the factionless have camped out. They are about to begin their plan to bring down Erudite and abolish the factions, but Tris decides that it is more important that she help Marcus get this vital information from out of Erudite's hands before the factionless destroy everything. She enlists Christina's help, and they go to Johanna to try to get Amity on their side. When Amity refuses to get involved, Johanna breaks away from her faction because she knows stopping the violence in the city is the right thing to do.

Back in the city, Tris and the others head to Erudite headquarters to find the computer containing the stolen Abnegation information. The factionless have already begun their invasion. Tris and Marcus make it to Jeanine's private lab, where Tris fights a simulation in order to get past security. Once past, she finds Tori with a gun pointed at Jeanine, about to kill her. Tris knows she needs Jeanine to find the information on her computer and tries to stop Tori from shooting, but it is too late; she shoots, and Jeanine dies. Tori thinks Tris is a traitor, and sends her down to be tried with all the other traitors.

Tobias, however, finally believes that what Tris says is true, and forces Caleb to help disarm the security system on the computer so they can get the information. Just as Evelyn is talking about how there will no longer be any factions, Tobias comes down and plays the video that he has retrieved. It is a woman speaking about how the factions were created as an experiment in order to get rid of the flaws in human nature and create Divergent people with flexible, virtuous minds. Lastly, she reveals that she will be joining the society, too, voluntarily forgetting everything and taking the name Edith Prior.

Retrieved August, 10, 2017 from: http://www.gradesaver.com/insurgent/study- guide/summary