, _ E~~~~~~S"/?91 / 2 3

Ene f Seient P Public Disclosure Authorized

Flia @]~~~- 1 ,1 0 Public Disclosure Authorized

Elements of Household E RnergyStrategy Report Nio. 123/90 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 4' )

ENERGYSECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

PURPOSE

TheWorid Bank/UNDP/Bilateral Aid EnergySector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) was launched in 1983 to complemnentthe EnergyAssessment Program which had beenestablished three years earlier. The Assessment Programwas designedto Identifythe most seriousenergy problems facing some 70 developingcountries and to propose remedialaction. ESMAPwas conceived,In part, as a preinvestnientfacility to help implement recommendationsmade during the courseof assessment.Today ESMAPis carryingout preinvestmentand prefeasibilityactivities in about60 countriesand is providinga wiis rangeof institutionaland policyadvice. The programplays a significantrole in the overallintemational effort to providetechnical assistance to the energysector of developingcountries. It attemptsto strengthenthe impactof bilateraland muilateralresources and private sector investmentThe findings and recommendations emerging from ESMAP country activities provide governments, donors, andpotential investors with the informationneeded to identifyeconomically and environmentally sound energy projects andto acceleratetheir preparationand implementation.ESMAP's policy and research work analyzing cross-country trendsand issuesIn specificenergy subsectors make an imporantcontribution in highlightingcritical problems and suggestingsolutions.

ESMAP'soperational activities are managedby threeunits within the EnergyStrategy Management and Assessment Divisionof the Industryand EnergyDepartment at the WorldBank.

- The EneravEfficienc and S beavUnt engagesin energyassessments addressing institutional, financial,and policy issues, design of sectorstrategies, the strengthening of energysector enterprises and sector management,the definingof Investmentprograms, efficiency improvements in energy supply,and energyuse, training and research.

- The Householdand Renwable n Un addressestechnical, economic, financial, institutional andpolicy issues in the areasof energyuse by urbanand rural households and small industries, and includestradMitonal and modem fuel supplies,prefeasibility studies, pilot activities,technology assessments,seminars and workshops, and polcy and researchwork.

- The NaturalGas DeveROt Unitaddresses gas issuesand promotesthe developmentand use of naturalgas in developingcountriesthrough preinvestmentwork, formulating natural gas development andrelated environmental strategies, and research.

EUNDING

The ESMAPProgram is a majorinternational effort supported by the WorddBank, the UnitedNations DevelopmentProgramme, and Bilateral Aid from a numberof countriesinciuding Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands,New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, the UnitedKingdom, and the Unied States.

FURTHERINFORMATION

Forfurther information or copiesof the completed ESMAP reports listed at the end of this document, contact:

EnergyStrategy Management OR Divisionfor Globaland Interregional andAssessmernt Diision Programmes Industry&d EnergyDepartment UnitedNations Development Programme TheWorld Bank OneUnited Nations Plaza 1818H StreetN.W. NewYork, NY 10017 Washington,D.C. USA 20433 USA KAURITANIA

ELEMENTSOF A IOUSEBOLDSElGC STRATICY

JULY 1990

HouseholdEnergy Unit Industryand EnergyDepartment The World Bank Washington,D.C., U.S.A.

This documenthas a restricteddistribution. Its contentsmay not be disclosedwithout authorization from the Government,the World BSank,or the UNDP. FOREWORD

This report summarizesthe results and conclusionsof the Household Energy Strategy Study carried out within the World Bank/UNDP/BilateralAid programin the IslamicRepublic of Mauritania.I/

Participationof personnelof the EnergyDirectorate (Ministry of Hydraulics and Energy; and the Protection of Nature Directorate (Ministryof Rural Development)was particularlyimportant during data collectionand analysisas well as energydemand forecast.

1/ Membersof the team were: Robertvan der Plas (ProjectCoordinator); G6rard Radon (Survey Specialist);Piet Visser (Stove Specialist); Eric Ferguson(Knergy Specialist); Pedro Pinhero(Petroleum Products Specialist);Michel Matly (Energy Economist);Cheikh Sead-Bouh Kamara (Sociologist). ABBREVTONS

BTFA Base TechniqueFoyers Am6lior6s DE Directionde l'Energie DPI Directionde la Protectionde la Nature ESNAP Joint WorldBank/UNDP/Bilateral Aid EnergySector Management Assistance Program Rebb Habitatespontan&; bidonville MDR Minist6redu DeveloppementRural MEPP SocieteMauritanienne d'Entreposage des ProduitsPetroliers MF Minist4rede Finances MiE Minist&rede l'Hydrauliqueet de lI'Energie PIP Programmed'Investissement Prioritaire P1EV Programmede RedressementEconomique et Financier UNDP UnitedNations Development programme UNIFEM UnitedNations Women's Organization UNSO UnitedNations Sudano-Sahelian Office SNCPP Societ6Mauritanienne de Commercialisationdes Produits P6troliers SON&GAZ Soci6t&Mauritanienne de Gaz, S0O1IR SocieteMauritanienne de l'Industriede Raffinage SONELEC SocieteNationale d'Eau et d'Electricite STPN Societedes TransportsPubliques Nationaux

GJ 1000 MJ kgOE kg of Oil Equivalent(il/1000 TOE) xJ I millionJ; I kWh - 3.6NJ MT Metrictonne; equivalent to 1000 kg TOE Tonne of Oil Equivalent(42 GJ)

CURRENCYRATE

US $1 - UM 74 (August1988) TABLEOF CONTENTS

Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I.* INTRODUCTrION...... 0ee*...... 1 Mauritania: Economic and DemographicBackground...... 1 The Household Energy Sector...... 4 Special Role of Nouakchott...... 9 The Nature of the Problem: Urban Demand, Rural Supply, and Large Distances...... 9 Existing Institutionsand Policies...... 10 Institutions...... ** ...... * ...... * 10 Policies, Programs and Results...... 11 Objectives of the HouseholdEnergy Strategy...... 12

II. URBAN HOUSEHOLD FUELSAND ISSUES...... 13 Introductionooo,*.,oo***.,**...... Xoo 13 Overall Structureof HouseholdFuel Use...... 14 Fuel Mxs...... 14 Fuel QuantitiesUsed For Cooking...... 16 Household Expendituresand Cooking Fuels...... 17 Evaluationof HouseholdEnergy Sources...... 20 Wood ...... 20 :-barcoal...... 24 LPG****¢**+*s¢**X**@@*v*e**s...... ,.....30 Kaoee...... *...... 33 Electricity...... 35 Other Biomass Sources ...... 35

III. PROPOSEDURBAN HOUSEHOLD ENERGY STRATEGY ...... 37 The ...... 37 Quantificationof Objectives...... 40 Elements of the Strategy...... 40 LPG...... 40 Kerosene...... ,...... 42 Improved Charcoal Stoves ...... 42 Charcoaland FirewoodCycle Study ...... 43 Other Components...... 44 ExpectedResults, Costs and Benefits...... 45

1.1 Use of HouseholdCooking Fuels and Population Per Region, 1988...... 6 1.2 1988 HouseholdFuel Consumption...... 7 1.3 1988 Primary Energy Balance...... 7 2.1 AverageDaily Quantitiesof Fuel Consumedfor Selected Domestic ffid-Uses ...... 14 2.2 Mix of Primary and SecondaryFue! Use...... 15 2.3 Expendituresfor the DifferentCooking Options...... 19 2.4 Economic Cost of Wood Production for Clear-Cutting One Hectare...... 23 2.5 Economic Costs of Charcoal Production...... 28 2.6 LPG: Ex-BottlingPlant Costs and Retail Price Structure...... 31 2.7 Kerosene:Ex-Depot Costs and Retail Price Structure...... 34 3.1 1998 Populationand Fuel ConsumptionProjections - baseline...... 37 3.2 1998 Population and Fuel ConsumptionProjections - interactivescenaro...... 38 3.3 Relative Woodfuel Savings and AdditionnalLPG Consumption.... 38 3.4 Total Project Costs in Constant '88 US$...... 46 3.5 Cost and Benefit Streams of the Project...... 47

2. EnergyConsumption Projections Nouakchott...... 71 3. Improved ...... 000...... 76 4* ...... 870000000087 5. Charcoal and Fuelwood Cycle...... *...... 94 6. Keroseneas Domestic Fuel0...0...... 98

DIIAGRAMS 1. l188 Household Energy Use in Urban and Rural Areas a.....s.. 6 2a. 1988 Household Energy Consumption,in MT...... 8 2b. 1988 Household Energy Consumption,in '000 TOE...... 8 2.1 Daily per Person Charcoal Consumption.u0*.....ion...*...... 17 2.2 BreakdownCharcoal Price 28 2.3 LPG Penetration 32 3.1 Net Present Value of Project as Function of Penetration Rate 48

FIGURES 1. 1988 Household Energy Use in Urban and Rural Areas* as**.... 6 2a. 1988 Household Energy Consumption,in MT... 8 2b. 1988 Household Energy Consumption,in '000 TOE o...... e.....8 2.1 Daily Per Person Charcoal Consumption...... o...... o... 17 2.2 BreakdownCharcoal Prcc. 28 2.3 LPG Penetration,Northern/Southern Regionsgions...... 32 3.1 Net Present Value of Proect...... 48

MAP IBRD 21489: Mauritania EX2CUTIV SaUMMARY

The HouseholdEnergy Strategyin urban areas,proposed in this documentwas elaboratedon the basis of a householdenergy surveyof the sectorwhich took place from May to August 1988. This survey showeda charcoalconsumption of 73,000MT/p.a. which is high in relationto known forestry resources. The impact of this consumptionon the resources remainsunknown due to a lack of reliabledata; however,it is clear that woodfuelscannot be producedon a sustainablebasis.

The results of the survey indicate that a household using charcoal for cooking consumes more energy (0.33 kg/pers/perday, the equivalent of IOMJ/pers/perday) than a household using LPG (0.064 kg/pers/perday, the equivalentof 3MJ/pers/perday). The retail price of charcoalis still relativelylow comparedto the economiccosts of charcoalproduction. Consequently,there is no adequateprice signal which would motivatehouseholds to economisecharcoal or to start using substitutionfuels. This is clearlyindicated by the fact that, although LPG is much more economical, it was little used in 1988. It is strongly recommendedto carry out the proposed strategyas soon as possibleas forestryresources are decreasingrapidly.

This strategyfocusses on three main ideas:(a) to maintainthe accelerationof the introductionand use of LPC, not only in the main urban centerssuch as Nouakchottand Nouadhibou,but also in rural areas as substitutionto charcoal (paras. 2.43-2.50;paras. 3.9-3.12). The followingrates are the objectivesior 1998-2000:50 to 70% dependingon the city - first fuel - in urban areas; 75 to 85% for Nouakchott and Nouadhibou;10 to 30X in rural areas depending on the zones; (b) realizingdemand management measures through the use of improvedcharcoal stovesand a fuel pricingpolicy which reflectseconomic costs (2.25 - 2.26; 2.35 - 2.42; 3.17 - 3.18); and (c) collecting data on wood resourcesand the fuelwoodand charcoalcycles (2.26; 2.40; 3.19 - 3.21).

People in Uouakchottnot only consumemore energy per person than in any other part of the country, in absolute terms they also consume most of the energy: more than 501 of all charcoal,LPC and electricityare consumed in Nouakchott. The strategywill therefore initiallyfocus on Nouakchott.

Total fuel savingsas result of the householdenergy strategy could, in 1998, save 30.5 thousandMT of charcoal per year while LPG consumptionwill almost have been tripled and reached a level of approximately13 thousandMT per year.

The proposed project,which costs US$8.2 million over a ten year period of time, shows a net present value (NPV) of US$8.3 million which is equivalentto an internaltate of return (IRR)of 491. I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 This study is the result of the work done by the joint UNDP/World Bank/BilateralAid "Energy Sector Management Assistance Program" (ESMAP) executed under the Improved Stoves Project (UMSO/MAU/XO52)financed by UNSOUVNIFEX.ESMAP and its consultantsworked with two main counterparts,the Energy Directorate(DE, Directionde l'Energie)of the Ministerede l'lydrauliqueet de 1'Energie(MHz) and the ForestryDirectorate (DPN, Directionde la Protectionde la Nature) of the Ministeve de Developpementrural (NDR) and other Mauritanian institutionsto producethis document. Its goal is to developan energy strategyfor meeting the fuel demand of the urban sectorwhile at the same time protectingthe rural woodfuelresources. In order to achieve this goal, the study includedthe followingintermediate outputs:

(a) an energy consumptionand substitutionattitude survey of 640 householdsin Noaukchott;

(b) a similarsurvey of 310 householdsin four other cities;

(c) executionof energy efficiencytests and marketingtests for improvedcharcoal, kerosene and LPG stoves;

(d) a preliminarystudy of the charcoalcycle and the effectiveness of Governmentmeasures to controlit;

(e) a solar water heatingpre-feasibility study

The following introductorysection gives background informationon Mauritania,its residentialenergy sector, related policies and programs, and the objectivesof the urban householdenergy strategy.

Mauritania:Economic and DemographicBackground

1.2 Mauritaniais a West African country of 1.805 million square kilometers (more than twice the size of France) with approximately2 million inhabitants. The country is divided into four economiczones: the capital,Nouakchott; the mining zone (iron ore, fish) which mainly consists of: Nouadhibou, F'D6rick, Zouerate; the river valley (agricultural zone)S Rosso, Bo&h6, Ka6di, Kiffa; and other zones: Atar, Aleg, Nema.

1.3 The health and hygiene situationhas improvedover the last years resultingin a high populationgrowth of about 2.7X per year. The countryfaces a situationin which nomads,who in 1965 were the largest populationgroup, increasinglyabandon their traditionalway of life and becomepart of the more sedentary(urban) sector of the economy. 1.4 Nouakchottexpanded at a fact pace: in 1962 it was just a small town of approximately7,500 inhabitants,after that it grew quickly, sometimesat a rate of more than 20% per year. In 1988 it is a rapidly growing urban agglomeration(10% to 13% per year) with about 550,000 inhabitants).1/ Estimatedgrowth r,-te of the other citiesis between4% - 6% per year over the last ten years. The total urban populationwhich was estimatedat 8.6% in 1970 and at 42.8% in 1985, is now around 48% accordingto SONELEC.2/

1.5 Mauritania faces a number of serious economic problems resulting from a persistingdrought and limited natural resources.3/ These problems were exacerbatedby the Government'sown weak economic managementand poorlyconceived investment policy throughout much of the 1970. and early 1980s.Investment efforts increased in the mid-1970swith heavy inflows of foreignassistance to finance ambitiousprojects. A combinationof external and internal factors was responsiblefor the transitionfrom the period of economicgrowth in the 1960s, when CDP expandedat an averageannual rate of 8%, to a periodof stagnationand financialinstability in the 1980s. As a resultof these trendsand the high populationgrowth, per capita incomeof about $410 in 1986 was, in real terms,no higherthan a decadebefore.

1.6 Since December 1984, a new Governmenthas undertaken,with marked success, a series of policy adjustmentsaimed at regaining stabilityand reducingfinancial disequilibrium. However, the country faces deep-rootedconstraints to sustainablegrowth, and effortsto raise living standardsamong the mass of the Mauritanianpopulation -- severely affectedby prolongeddrought periods -- continueto be restrictedby the limitednumber of trainedmanagers, progressive desertificationt and the lack of exportdiversification prospects.

1.7 Because of its geopolitical situation, Mauritania has benefittedfrom an unusuallyhigh externalassistance of about US$180per

1/ A wide variety of figureshas been observedin the literature:(a) 387,800is the unpublished1988 census figure,Bureau of Statistics; (b) 375,000 is the 1985 USAID figure (which translateinto 500,000 for 1988 at a 10% growth rate, or 540,000 at 13%). (c) Schema National d'Amenagementdu Territoireuses 410,000 inhabitantsin 1985 (at 10% annual growth 545,000;at 13%: 591,000). A figureof 550,000 is used in this document reflectingdiscussions with a numberof specialistshaving worked at length in the urban sector.

2/ SONELEC: Ville de Nouakchott:Etude de FactabilitAet du Plan Directeur d'AssainissementPhase 1: Analyse de la Situation Actuelle.August 1987

3/ Source: ReportP-4550-MAU: Structural Adjustment Program, May 1987. - 3 -

capita p.a over the 1982-84 period. This assistancefinanced large, inadequatelyappraised, and poorly-managedpublic investments. Moreover, it has allowed the country to live above its means and postponefacing the inevitablestructural reform of the economy. The deteriorating performanceof the economy,however, startedto alarm even Mauritania's most lenientdonors and creditors. When confrontedwith its inabilityto service its debt and settle its arrears, the country had to face the inescapableneed for comprehensivestructural reforms. The experienceof the previousstabilization programs and the aborted1981-85 Development Plan clearly showed that, without such reforms,the country could not expectany lastingimprovement in its growthprospects. In this context, the new Government team started preparing and implementing a comprehensiveEconomic and FinancialRecovery Program (PREF: le Programme de RedressementEconomique et Financier)for the 1985-88period which was fully endorsedby the donors at the first meeting of the Consultative Group (CG) for Mauritaniain November1985.

1.8 The Recovery Program (PREF) focused on implementingthe followingausterity and restructuringmeasures: a flexibleexchange rate policy; a restrictivemonetary and credit policy favoringthe private sector; continuedausterity in public finances;decontrol of prices so that they reflectreal costs; continuedrehabilitation of the parapublic sector;an investmentprogram giving priorityto the productivesectors (fisheriesand agriculture)and rehabilitationprojects (in mining, infrastructureand public services);development of trainingfacilities tailoredto the needs of the economy;and the settingup of an incentive framework to promote private investment,job creAtion,and community participationin the satisfactionof basic needs.

1.9 Real growth in 1985 was negligible mainly because of the drought and problemsin the mining sector. The productionof cereals reachedonly 7X of the needs which necessitatedconsiderable volumes of foreignfood-aid. A reducton in imports,together with higheryields of exportscaused by the substantialdevaluation of the Ouguiya,facilitated a reductionin the externaldebt servicefrom 200 million in 1984 to 100 million in 1985 and 1986. The total externaldebt in 1985 amountedto 2001 of the GDP.

1.10 The economy showed a real growth of 5% in 1986, thanks to a high cereal production(95,000 tonnes, or almost five times the 1985 production)and a gradually increasing livestock production. The agriculturalsector produced about one-thirdof the total needs which permittedthe Governmentto reducefree food distributionand focus more and more on a food for work policy. -4-

The HouseholdEnergy Sector

1.11 Mauritaniafaces three serious energy problems,both closely linkedto the householdenergy demand of Nouakchott:

(a) the high urban demand for charcoal,which causes environmental problems,is suppliedfrom scarcewood resourcesfar away from the urban areas;

(b) the energy efficiencies of both charcoal production and charcoalconsumption are low; and

(c) Mauritania's options to deal with fuel substitutionare constrainedby its total dependenceon petroleumimports to cover the nationaldemand for crude oil.

The first problem,the lack of wood resources,is seriousbecause the majority of the population(85X) uses woodfuel as a primary cooking fuel. As a result,the limitedaccessible wood resourcesare being cut at an alarmingrate. This, combinedwith persistingdrought, tree cutting practices for fodder, and rapid urbanization,makes the woodfuel situationa very serious problem. Unless significantaction is taken immediatelytfurther degradation of scarceforestry resources will occur.

1.12 The second problem can be dealt with in an cost-effective way: the use of improvedcharcoal stoves could save substantialamounts of charcoalat relativelylittle costs. A programto promote improved charcoal stoves is already under way but needs certain changes in the scope of work to be undertaxen. ChapterII will more elaboratemore on this subject. Similarly,charcoal production methods can be improvedto raise efficienciesof the conversionprocess. The issue is that the charcoal cycle is unknown at the moment; this cycle has to be fully understoodbefore any efficiencyimprovement programs can be proposed.

1.13 The third problem is dependenceon petroleumimports. Demand for petroleumproducts has been increasingsteadily and totalled266,100 TOE in 1987, or 133 kgOE per capita. Of this total, the residettial sectoraccounts for only about 3X with kerosene,for lightingand LPG, mainly for cooKing. AlthoughMauritania has no provenoil resources,it has a refinerywhich runs at 60% of its nominal capacityof 1 million tonnes per year, and two LPG bottlingplants. 4/ However,most of its LPG is importedand does not come from the refinery. The amountof LPG requiredto satisfyall of Mauritania'scooking needs for the near future could, in 1988, easilybe suppliedby the refinery,but currentlymost of

4/ One plant had been operatedby BP in Nouadhibousince 1965 and was taken over by 8OMAGAZin 1989; the other plant has been operatedby SOMAGAZin Nouakchottsince the end of 1987. the producedLPG is exportedand domesticallyconsumed LPG is imported; the refinery could produce annually about 24,000 MT. LPG use is increasingrapidly and totalled 5,700 tonnes in 1987. Most of this growth is in the Nouakchottarea where a total of about 27% of the populationresponded that they use it as their primary cooking fuel. Becrauseof its rapid growth and the users' preference,responded use of LPC is earmarkedas one of the most importantand promisingsolutions to the wood resourcesproblem.

1.14 Will increasedLPG importationbe an unsurmountableburden for the economy? Not even if everybodyin the whole countrystarts using LPG effectivetoday, total LPG importswill be about 40 thousandMT. This seven-foldincrease over today's consumptionwill increase the total petroleumproducts import by only 13%. The total commercialenergy importsas a percentageof merchandiseexports is about 23% in 1985, 5/ thereforesuch an increasein commercialenergy importswill not greatly influencethe balanceof payments.

1.15 Table 1 showsa breakdownof primaryhousehold fuel use 6/ in a number of areas. The classificationchosen -- Nouakchott,Nouadhibou, other urban areas, and rural areas -- is quite representativefor a descriptionof the problemsin the householdenergy sector. Nouakchott is the most rapidlygrowing city with a relativelygood infrastructure. Nouadhibouand the mining zone can be consideredas 'an island'as there is no directroad link with Nouakchottand this regionhad access to LPC for the last 20 years. Other urban centers,mainly in the SenegalRiver valley,are growing less rapidlythan Nouakchott,and the infrastructure is less developed. The characteristicsof each of these four regions will be discussedin the followingparagraphs.

1.16 Table 1.1 shows that 85% of the total populationuse woodfuel as a primarycooking fuel; it also shows that thereare clear differences in fuel use patterns between Nouakchott,other urban areas, and rural areas: charcoaland LPG usage decreaseswhile wood usage increaseswhen going furtheraway from urban centers(see diagram1). Nouadhibouis an exceptionin this pattern:the percentageof LPG users is as high as 73% and wood use is negligible. The reasons for this rather exceptional behavior are the existence of an LPG bottling plant since 1964 and availabilityproblems of charcoal. The highest percentageof charcoal users is in Nouakchott:69% of its populationuses charcoal as its primarycooking fuel. Wood as a primaryfuel is mainlyused in the rural areas.

5/ WorldDevelopment Report 1987, The World Bank.

6/ Source: UNSO/ESMAPhousehold energy survey (Enqu8tesConsommateur et Substitution). -6-

Table 1.1: USEOF HOUSEHOLDCOOKING FUELS AND POPULATION PERREGION, 1988 a/

Region Charcoal Wood LPG Population Nouakchott 69% 3% 27% 550,000 NouadhIbou/Zouerat24% 0% 73% 110,000 otherurban 43% 43% 13% 181,800 rural 15% 81% 4% 998,200

total 33% 52% 15% 1,820,000

a/ TotaIsdo not add up to 100%due to usageof other sourcesof energy:electricity, kerosene. Source:SONELEC; Mission estimates.

Diagram 1: 1988 Household Energy use in urban and rural areas

HOUSEHOLDENERGY USE perreglon weofIn

tbn ~ W"

Nh_tt 0111 t.rwn ,wga regIon

Om" -- Wood LPG

1.17 Total fuel consumption(in MT) is given in Table 1.2. In term of quantities,Nouakchott is the singlelargest consumer of most domestic fuels:it consumes581 of all charcoalconsumed in Mauritania,as well as 531 of all LPC, 271 of all kerosene,and 68Z of all domesticelectricity use. Any program aiming to reduce woodfuel consumption should necessarilyaddress the Nouakchottconsumption: the wood required to satisfyall of Nouakchott'scharcoal needs amountsto a total of 301 of the whole country'swood consumption. -7-

Table 1.2: 1988 HOUSEHOLDFUEL CONSUMPTION (METRIC TK NES (MT)) a/

Charcoal Wood LPG Electricity b/ Kerosene

Nouakchott 42,827 58% 8,285 2% 3,254 54% 32 61% 457 27% Ndb/zouerat 4,338 6% 0 0% 1,499 25% 17 33% 57 3% other urban 9,853 13% 31,235 7% 499 8% 3 6% 189 11% rural 16,553 22% 369,257 91% 810 13% 0 0% 971 58%

total 73,571 c/ 408,777 6,063 53 1,675

a/ Percentagesshow the aggregatewithin a type of fuel.

- tGWh,1986 data. c/ Equivalentto 635,000MT of wood.

1.18 In terms of primaryenergy use 7/, 95Z of the domesticenergy balance is made up of wood fuels: of this, some 55% is consumedin the form of charcoal, and 40% in the form of wood (see: Table 1.3). The two largest components of woodfuel use in the primary energy balance are: charcoal consumption in Nouakchott and wood use in the rural areas, accountingfor 31% and 37% of the total energybalance respectively.

Table 1.3: 1988PRIMARY ENERGY BALANCE ('000 TOE) a/

Wood for Charcoalb/ Wood LPG ElectricitycS Kerosene TOTAL

Nouakchott 136.0 33% 3.2 1% 3.5 0.9% 8.0 2,0% 0.4 0.1% 151 37% Nouadhibou/zouerat13.8 3% 0.0 0% 1.6 0.4% 4.2 1.0% 0.0 0.0% 20 5% Other urban 31.3 8% 11.9 3% 0.5 0.1% 0.8 0.2% 0.2 0.0% 45 11% Rural 52.5 13% 140.7 34% 0.9 0.2% 0.0 0.0% 0.8 0.2% 195 47%

Total 233.6 155.7 6.6 13.1 1.4 410 57% 38% 2% 3% 0% 100% a/ All percentagesrelative to totalenergy consumption in Mauritania. b/ Charcoalproduction efficiency: 12%. d/ Electricityproduction/transmission efficiency: 34%. Source: Survey.

7/ End-use energy is converted into primary energy based on a carbonization efficiency rate of 12% (weight basis) and based on an overall electricityproduction and transmissionefficiency rate of 34%: - 1 kg of charcoal equals 8.3 kg of wood (= 133 MJ 3.2 kgOE); - 1 kWh of electricity equals 2.9 kWh primair (=0.25 kgOE). - 8 -

Diagram2a: 1988Household Energy Consumption, in MT

CONSOMMATIOND'ENERGIE DOMESTIQUE quantites (TM)

Gaz Butane charbonde bolscharbonde bois 6072 >73571 6130 92

Gaz Butanet - Bois7877 8072 aBoi 408777 408777 forme finale forme primaire.

basesreaqu to"(i)

Diagram2b: 1588 HouseholdEnergy Consumption, in '000TOE

CONSOMMATIOND'ENERGIE DOMESTIQUE bilan 1988

bbOis 1ae

bois 6540ogazButane 276 8az butanee.8

charbonde bole 2080 charbonae bols 234 energieorimaire ('000 GJ) energie finale ('000 TEP)

bars renaue. 1988) - 9 -

1.19 Per capita domestic energy use in Mauritania,221 kgOE per year, is relativelyhigh compared to other countries: 168 kgOE for Senegal and 100 kgOE for Cape Verde. Possible reasons for this difference are the high percentageof charcoal use in Mauritania in combinationwith the relativelypoor methods of charcoalproduction, the inefficiencydue to cooking outdoors,and the higher percentageof LPG use in the other countries. However,when Mauritanianand Senegalese cities are compared,the differenceis not so large: Nouakchott (275 kgOE); Nouadhibou (179 kgOE), other urban areas (246 kgOE); the five major cities in Senegal (265 kgOE); average other urban areas (233 kgOE).8/

SpecialRole of Nouakchott

1.20 As mentionedabove, Nouakchottis the single largestconsumer of charcoal,LPG and elctricity. LPG and keroseneare transportedfrom either Nouadhibouor from a foreign country; charcoal comes from the Corgol Region (more than 500 km from Nouakchott)or from Rosso (200 km distance,however, it is likely that most of the charcoalfrom this region is producedin Senegal).There are no statisticswhich show the origin of firewood. Possiblesources include: trees in the immediate surroundingsof Nouakchott,the port (scrapwood from packingmaterials), etc.

1.21 In terms of annual per capitaenergy consumption, Nouakchott is the largest consumeralso: 275 kgOE as comparedto 246 kgOE for other urban areas and 195 kgOE for rural areas. Nouadhibouis an exception with 179 kgOE due to the wide-spreaduse of LPG. 9/ Nouakchottnot only uses more energy per capita than any other region,most of it has to be transportedover long distancesin order to come to Nouakchott-- which increases the amount of energy used per capita although this is not reflectedin the energybalances presented earlier.

The Natureof the Problem:Urban Demand,Rural Supply, and Large Distances

1.22 Consumptionof woodfuelsis concentratedin two areas:44X (on a primary energy basis) is consumedas charcoalin urban areas, 331 is consumedas firewoodin the rural areas. Charcoalhas to be transported over large distancesfrom the productionzones in the rural areas to the (urban)consumption centers. Wood as a fuel is consumedin the areas of

8/ SenegalUrban HouseholdEnergy Strategy; January 1989; ESMAP.

9/ LPG stoves are much more energy efficientthan charcoalor wood stoves;in addition,people who use LPG, also use less usefulenergy due to a differentstructure of food consumption. - 10 -

origin; it is normallynot transportedover large distancesbut consumed locally.

1.23 The supplyof wood to the rural areas is less destructivethan the supply of charcoal to the urban areas: consumptionof firewoodis dispersed over a large area and so is the production of wood. Consumptionof charcoalis concentratedin a few urban centers,and as of 1988, productionwas officiallylimited to one productionzone only, the forestof N'Gouye(Departement of Maghama),in the Gorgol.

1.24 To summarize,there are three major problemswith the household energysector:

(a) the high urban demand for charcoal,which causesenvironmental problems,is suppliedfrom scarcewood resourcesfar away from the urban areas;

(b) the energy efficiencies of both charcoal production and charcoalconsumption are low; and

(c) Mauritania's options to deal with fuel substitutionare constraintedby its total dependenceon petroleumimports to cover the nationaldemand for crude oil.

ExistingInstitutions and Policies

Institutions

1.25 The MHE through the DE and the CNEA (CellulleNationale des Energies Alternatives) is responsible for planning, review, and coordinationof electricity,petroleum, (including supervision of state energy enterprises)and alternativeenergy relatedmatters, as well as for implementingprograms in these areas. The MDR through the DPN is responsiblefor implementingprograms and supervisingforest ese. The Ministry of Finance (MF, Ministere de Finances)administers petroleum fuel taxationbut decisionson energypricing, taxation, etc. are made by the Council of Ministers,acting on recommendationof the MHE and the energyenterprises.

1.26 In order to executeits work programme,four departments(each responsiblefor variousmissions) have been createdwithin the Direction de l'Energie:(a) traditionalenergy department; (b) study and planning department; (c) institutional departments; (d) renewable energy department. The Director of Energy is also responsible for the alternativeenergy nationalmodule within which a technicalcomponent of improvedstoves has been incorporated;its main activitiesar.2t research and development programme on improved stoves (charcoal and other substitutionfuels such as LPG, kerosene, peat, etc.); testing of improvedstoves; training of artisansand follow-up;technical monitoring - 11 -

of stove disseminationpilot operations. State enterprisesmonitored by the DE are: SONELEC (SocieteNationale d'Eau et Electricite),the water and electricityutility company which is responsiblefor generation, transmissionand distributionof water and electricityin the major urban centers;SOMIR (Societe Mauritanienne de l'Industriede Raffinage)which has been leased to the algerianNAWTAL for five years and is responsible for operatingthe refinery;SOMAGAZ (SocieteMauritanienne du Gas, 34X SMCPP, 33 NAPTAL, 331 private)which is responsiblefor bottling and distributionof LPG; SMCPP (Societ6Mauritanienne de Commercialisation des produits Petroliers)which is responsiblefor distributionof petroleumproducts except LPG; MEPP (SocieteMauritanienne d'Entreposage des Produits Petroliers)which is in charge of storage of petroleum products,except LPG, in Nouakchottand Nouadhibou.

1.27 The Protection of Nature Directorate is composed of two departments,reforestation and fauna departmentand soil and vegetation protectiondepartment, both managed by a director. The head of the reforestationand fauna departmentis simultaneouslyDirector of improved stovesdissemination and responsiblefor the 'Cellulede Coordinationdes Actions Bois de Feu (CCABF). The improved stoves dissemination programme,a projectmainly financedby UNSO and UNIFEM, is carriedout jointly by the Protectionof Nature Directorateand the Direction de t'Energie. The basic structures(BTFA and CCABF) are alreadyoperating and have undertaken various activities. The project's financing is secureduntil 1990, after which it will be evaluatedand, dependingon the achievements,a follow-upproject could be identified.

Policies,Programs and Results

1.28 Since the opening of the LPG bottlingplant in Nouakchottin 1987 the Governmenthas promotedLPG as a householdfuel. Most of the subsidies on LPG have been removed at present, but the 1988 price structureof LPG can be improvedfurther. Petroleumproducts prices are based on CIF prices: production and delivery costs in Nouakchott/Nouadhibou,plus road transportationcosts (for other cities in the country). Currently,75X of the LPG is distributedin 12.5 kg bottles which favors the higher income groups. No effortshave been undertakento promoteLPG in the 3 and 6 kg bottleswhich are likely to be used by the medium incomegroups.

1.29 A numberof projectsexist in the petroleumsector focussing on the search for oil, the use of the refinery and the NouakchottLPG bottling plant. Pricing issues are included. Two projectsare being proposed,an "Energy Technical Assistance"project of the World Bank which has three components:petroleum exploration promotion; support to the DE and SONELEC;and a householdenergy component; the secondproject proposedby the Ponds Europ6ende Developpement(FED) for the promotion of LPG is part of a largerregional project.

1.30 In April 1988, the Government tightenedthe control on the transportationof charcoalwhich resultedin much higher charcoaltrade - 12 -

and tax compliancefigures than in the years before. Charcoalis, in principle,taxed on the local level and stumpagefees are also levied. However, these revenues are not used to improve the wood supply situation,but rather to make up a substantialpart of the local Government'sbudget. The price of charcoalis officiallycontrolled by the Government, but in practice a market price exists which is substantiallyhigher tt.anthe officialprice. A system to control or enforcethe officialcharcoal price is not currentlyin place.

1.31 Projectsin the forestrysector focus mainly on environmental protectionand reforestation. Projects like "Lutte contre la D6serti- fication","Fixation des Dunes","Poles Vertes", Ceinture Verte" have all investigatedthe possibilitiesand options of plantingtrees under the variousenvironmental conditions. The UNSO/NIFEM and the Governmentof MauritaniLstarted operating an improvedcharcoal stove project in 1987 and will shortlystart disseminating charcoal saving stoves.

Objectivesof the HouseholdEnergy Strategy

1.32 The objectivesof a householdenergy strategy should be to providea policyframework for optimizingthe use of scarceresources and alleviatingenvironmental damage throughselecting and prioritizingkey projectsand programs,taking into account the country'smacro-economic and finacialsituation. Short term tasks for preparingsuch a strategy are:

(a) establishingand analyzinga reliablehousehold energy database for policyand projectdevelopment and evaluationpurposes; the projecthas organizeda largenumber of surveyswhich form the foundationfor this database;more surveyswill be conductedby the permananentteam of enumeratorsof the improved stoves projectand the resultswill be added to the existingdatabase;

(b) identifyingeffective policy and project options, including energypricing and fuel substitution;this has been done based upon the results of the surveys, other informationfrom consultant'svisits and in-houseanalysis by ESMAP staff;and

(c) preparing a detailed, costed, least-costplan of action to protect the rural environmentwhile maintaining the urban consumerwelfare. This has mostlybeen done in Washingtonafter analysingthe optionsresulting from the field work. - 13 -

II. URBAN HOUSEHOLDFUELS AND ISSUES

Introduction

2.1 This chapter reviews data on demand and supply of household energyfuels: wood, charcoal,LPG, keroseneand electricity.Most of the data presented in this chapter were generatedby the householdenergy survey conductedin Nouakchott(641 households),Nouadhibou (80), Atar (69), Ka6di (80) and Kiffa (90) in June-July1988. 10/ Annex 1 presents the surveyand its methodologyin more detail.

2.2 Urban households often select a set of different fuels to satisfytheir energyneeds accordingto a specificend-use, their habits, income level, occupation,etc. The energy consumptionof cookingis by far the largestof all householdenergy end-uses,as is shown in table 2.1 below. The influenceof seasonalityis rathersmall: heating of the house and or water heating takes mainly place in the coastalareas and the mining zone during the short cold season. Energy consumptionfor lighting is less than 2% of the energy used for cookingwith charcoal; energy used for ironingis 4Z of the energyused for cooking. Therefore, a marginalerror is made when only cookingfuels are taken into account while other householdenergy uses are ignored.

2.3 In addition,under Mauritaniancircumstances, there is not much cottageindustrial use of wood energy. Beer brewingis not practicedand there are very few soap factories;restaurants mainly use LPG; for bread baking, electricityis used in Nouakchott,Nouadhibou, F'D6rick, Rosso, and Zou&rat; wood is used in the bush and the southern part of the country.

10/ These five towns representabout 80% of the total urban population. The results of the survey were extrapolatedto the countryas a whole resultingin a comprehensiveurban energyconsumption picture for Mauritania.The rural areas, which were not surveyed, are characterizedby the surveyresults of the most remote sectionsof the towns in the interior of the country in combinationwith a number of assumptions(see Annex 2); this has proven to be a reasonableapproach which is backedup by the experiencein a number of other countries. - 14 -

Table 2.1: AVERAGEDAILY QUANTITIES OF FUEL CONSUMED FORSELECTED DOMESTIC END-USES

End-use Charcoal Electricity Kerosene LPG

Cooking - quantityof fuel 2.7 kg - 1.1liter 0.6 - primaryenergy MJ/day 360 1) 39 37 Lighting - quantity - 60W lamp (4x) wick lamp butanelamp (4hrs/day) 1 kWh 0.2 liter 0.12 kg - primaryenergy MJ/day - 3.6 7 5.5 Ironing - quantity (30 minutes) 0.11 kg 0.6 kWh - primaryenergy NJ/day 15 2.3

a/ ConversIonfactor charcoal production: 12%. Source: Missionestimates, see also table2.3.

Overall Structure of Household Fuel Use

Fuel Mixes

2.4 Table 2.2 presents an overview of the frequency of cooking fuel use in Mauritania:

(a) about 80X of the rural population use wood as its only cooking fuel, the remainder use a mix of fuels; (b) roughly50% of the urban populationuse one fuel for cooking: - in Nouakchott: 39% of the population exclusively use charcoalfor cooking,and 13% use LPG; - in Nouadhibou:37% use LPG; 20% charcoal - in other urban areas:22X use charcoal;17% wood; 7$ LPG; (c) the other 50% of the urban populationuses a mix of fuels:in the 'modern'cities of Nouakchott,Nouadhibou and Zouerat,it is a mix of LPG and charcoal,in the other cities it is more a mix of charcoaland wood: - in Nouakchott:charcoal and LPC (21%) and LPC and charcoal (13X) - in Nouadhibou: LPC and charcoal (37Z) - in other urban areas: charcoal and wood (161); wood and charcoal(251); LPG and wood (51);and - in rural areas:wood and charcoal(62). - 15 -

2.5 A number of trendscan be distinguished:(a) 271, respectively 731 of the populationof Nouakchottand Nouadhibouuse LPC as primary fuel. The Ministry of Energy'spolicy on LPC supplygreatly improved supply conditions and implicated a growing use of LPG within the households. The results went beyond any forecast.In spite of high equipment costs (bottles, burner,stove)and psychologicalconstraints (danger associatedwith the use of gas), a considerableincrease in quantitiesconsumed was observed:800 tons in 1981 comparedto 5000 tons in 1987 (an increae of around 600X); (b) wood consumptionin the two "modern cities" is negligible,however, in the other urban areas people use wood but more peopleuse a mix of wood and charcoalthan wood alone; (c) approximately13% of the popi4lationof Nouakchottuse LPG as their only cookingfuel; a greaterpart (34%)use a mix of LPG and charcoal(or charcoaland LPG).

Table2.2: MIX OF PRIMARYAND SECONDMARY FUEL USE (Inpercentages)

Nouakchott Nouadhlbou OtherUrban Rural

TotalFuel Use one fuel 53% 57% 47% 90% mix of fuels 46% 41% 53% 10%

Charcoalas 1stFuel exclusively 39% 20% 22% 8s + wood 7% 16% 6% + LPG 21% 4% 4% 2% + other 3% 0% total 69% 24% 42% 15%

Woodas IstFuel exclusively 2% 17% 80% + charcoal 1% 25% 0% + LPG 0% 2% 0% + other total 3% 44% 81%

LPGas 1stFuel exclusively 13% 37% 7% 2% +wood 0% 1% 0% + charcoal 13% 37% 5% 1% + other 1% total 27% 73% 13% 4%

Totalsdo not add to 100% due to use of other fuels (electricity,etc) and rounding. Source:Survey Data, 1988. - 16 -

Fuel QuantitiesUsed For Cooking

2.6 The survey in Nouakchottrevealed a daily charcoalconsumption of 330 gr. per person,with economiesof scale for large families(see diagram 2.1). The follow-upsurvey which was specificallydesigned to verify daily charcoal consumption,showed figures which are a little higher but fall within the statisticalmargin of error: an averageof 340 gr. per person. If broken down by family size, the consumption figuresare: 500 gr. per personfor familiessmaller than or equal to 5 persons;265 gr. for familieslarger than or equal to 10 persons,and 315 gr. for familiesof intermediatesize. These figuresare comparableto the figures observed in the 1987 ESMAP household energy surveys in Senegal.

2.7 Interpretationof these figureshas to be done with caution: people were visitedduring the follow-upsurvey once a day at the same hour during a whole week; they were asked how many kg they boughtthat particularday, and how many kg they bought the previousday after the surveyorleft the house. Althoughthe surveyorswere studentswith some previousexperience in conductingsurveys and had been furthertrained by the mission,they were not professionals.The responsesto the questions of the main-surveywere, firstly, answers given by the housewives concerninghow many kg of charcoalthey purchasedbetween two visitsof the surveyor 11/ and secondly,measurements to verify the weight of charcoalavailable in the householdbefore and after the survey. A level of inaccuracyof 1OZ to 25% for such an exerciseis not uncommon.

2.8 The daily charcoal consumption figure assumed for the projectionsis on the low side: 300 gr. per person. The reasonsthere for are: (a) 58% of all charcoalis consumedin Nouakchott. The family size in Nouakchottis rather large and per capita consumptiondecreases with the familysize; and (b) the inaccuraciesrelated to data collection described earlier. As a result, the total charcoal consumptionin Mauritaniawill not be smallerthan the figurepresented; it represents the lower limit.

2.9 LPG and wood consumptionfigures assumed for the projections could only be based on the survey since a specificfollow-up survey has not been conducted. Consequently,the figuresare less reliablethan the charcoalfigures. However,the figuresare comparableto those found in the householdenergy surveysconducted in Senegal:estimates used in the projectionsare a per capita LPG consumptionof 22 kg per year (0.064 kg/day)and a per capitawood consumptionof roughly1 kg per day.

11/ The current habit in Mauritaniais that people buy their charcoal per kg. once or twice a day; charcoalis weighedat the time of the purchase. - 17 -

Diagram2.1s Dailyper personcharcoal consumption

CHARCOALCONSUMPTION by familysize

oOf

0.6~

0.2 = 0.11

0 6 10 1S 20 25 a0 35 famnilysize

- Sutvey Control survey

641 bouseholdfs Noualchott 50 households - control survey

HouseholdExpenditures and CookingPuels

2.10 The portionof householdexpenditures in Nouakchottspent on charcoal ranges -- under normal price conditions -- from 26% in the poorestsections of town to 14% in the richersections. Householdsusing LPG spendrelatively less on fuels thanhouseholds using charcoal.

2.11 The survey showed an averagehousehold spending pattern of about UM300 in the Kebes (bidonvilles)and the relocatedsections of town (newlybuilt housingschemes which were constructedafter destruction of certainsections of town containingbidonvilles); UM400 to UM600 in the median sections(centre ville (middleof town); loti recent (private constructionof middleclass villas);and UM700 to UM800 in the richer sectionsof town (Medina(traditionally, the old residentialsector); new residentialsection).

2.12 Charcoal is a fuel that is practicallyalways available everywhereand, because it is bought in small quantities(94% of the responses),its real accruedcost is not perceivedby its consumers. Some 38% of the householdsbuy theircharcoal twice a day, and 511 once a day. In 431 of the householdsthe wife buys charcoal(in 352, the children),most of the time in a small shop close to home (83% of the responses).It appearsnot to be the husband'stask sincehe buys it in - 18 -

only 3% of the cases. Buying charcoal by the bag is considered disadvantageousbecause the bag usually contains both charcoal and stones,as well as sand and charcoaldust. The averagedaily charcoal purchase is 3 kg 12/ in the Kebe's and the relocatedsections of town, 3.3 kg in the median sections,and 4.5 kg in the richer sectionsof town. In Nouadhibou,charcoal is pricedat UM40/kg (normalseason) and households spend relatively more for their energy needs than in Nouakchott.

2.13 LPG is availablein bottles of 38, 12.5, 6 and 3 kg. The average use of a 12.5 kg LPG bottle,which is the type of bottle most frequentlyused, is 20 to 25 days; the LPG re-chargeis pricedat UM650, which is equivalentto about UM30/dayper household. The expenditures for LPG are lower than for charcoal,even when taking into account additionalcosts for use of the bottle,expensive stoves, etc. Of the householdsthat do not u':eLPG. 73X say that it is too expensivefor them. General perceptionsof the positiveand negativeaspects of LPG are: cooking with LPG is quick, clean and simple;and the risk of explosion is the single most negative aspect. Despite the fact that throw-awayLPG cartridgesare much more expensivethan re-usablebottles, these are widelyused as a secondaryfuel, e.g. to make tea.

2.14 Using the resultsobtained from the survey,the costs and the amount of energyconsumed for cookinghave been calculatedand are shown in Table 2.3. It is assumed that peopleuse the same amount of useful energy (heat going into their pans) to cook their meals, irrespectiveof the type of stove used. This a reasonableassumption for a comparison between the availabledifferent cooking options on the family level. Table 2.3 shows clearlythat i) keroseneat the officialprice and wood are the cheapestcooking options; LPG and keroseneat the market price are the next less expensive options; and ii) charcoal is the most expensiveoption. However,the costs for using improvedcharcoal stoves are 30% less than those for traditionalstoves, and are comparableto those for LPG stoves. A strategy for improvingdomestic energy use should thereforeinclude both options,a switchtowards petroleum fuels and disseminationof improvedcharcoal stoves.

2.15 One questionthat comes to mind is: why does a large part of the populationcontinue to use charcoal when it is clearly the most expensiveoption. As shown in table 2.1, 692 of Nouakchott'spopulation uses charcoalas primary fuel, and an additional14X use charcoalas a secondary fuel. In Nouadhibouwhere the charcoal (retail) price is almost doublewhen comparedto Nouakchottand where the LPG price is the

12/ The averagecharcoal price duringthe periodof May to July 1988 was UN20/kg. At the beginningof the "rainy season"in August, prices went up to UN25/kg. Accordingto DPN, the charcoalprice at the end of the rain- seasoncan be as high as UMIOO/kg. An averageprice of charcoal,weighted over a whole year would be aroundUM24/kg. - 19 -

same, a much higher percentageof the populationuses LPG as primary fuel: as much as 73Z. Nevertheless,20X of Nouadhibou'spopulation continuesto use charcoalas primaryfuel.

Table2.3: EXPENDITURESFOR THE DIFFERENTCOOKIN6 OPTIONS - for a family of 9 persons*

------LPG…- -- kerosene --- charcoal ---- wood 3kg 6kg 12,5kg a/ b/ malgache metal Sakkanal stove

Equipmentcost stove (UM) c/ 1050 1200 3000 1500 1500 350 550 250 Depositof bottle(UM) 1000 1000 2050 Stove efficlency 45% 45% 45% 40% 40% 20% 28% 12% Stovelife time (y) 4 4 5 3 3 1,0 1.5 1.0 Price fuel(UM/kg) 59 52 52 24 24 3 ,, (UN/I) 20 35 Energy value(MJ/kg) 45.5 45.5 45.5 29 29 16 ,, (MJ/I) 34.8 34.8 Fuelutilized S/ am/day) 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.1 2.7 1.9 8.2 ,, (/fam/y) 279 279 279 411 411 986 704 2977 (/pers/day) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.30 0.21 0.91 Usefulenergy (MJ/y) 5716 5716 5716 5716 5716 5716 5716 5716

Annuity stove 368 420 895 657 657 403 436 288 ,, bottle 150 150 308 Fuselcosts 16454 14502 14502 8218 14381 24638 17598 8931 Total d/ 16972 15072 15705 8875 15038 25040 18034 9219

Cost/day 46 41 43 24 41 69 49 25 Savings - withref. to Naigachee/ 8068 9968 9335 16165 10002 7006 15821 - ,, kerosene (avg) -5016 -3116 -3748 -13083 -6078 -2738

a/ Official retail price. b/ Actual price In town, cf A majority of householdsuse only one stove. i/ Costs for maintenanceof kerosenestoves are not taken Into account; these may Increase the annual costs by 5%- 10%;similarly, costs for lighting a charcoal fire with kerosenehave been omitted also. e/ SeeAnnex Ill for descriptlon of stoves. * -The survey found an averageof 8.8 persons In Nouakchott.

2.16 The question"why" is even more relevantif the assumptionis taken away that everyoneuses equal amountsof usefulenergy. The survey suggeststhat the per capita LPC consumption(for those who identified themselvesas users of LPG as their primaryfuel) is roughly22 kg per year, or 301 less than shown in Table 2.3. A number of potentialreasons exist to explainthis difference:cooking with charcoaloften takes place in the open air, with much wind blowing,whereas people who use LPG cook - 20 -

indoors; and people who currently use LPG, have a different diet requiringless cookingheat.

2.17 Possible answers to the question asked above include (a) charcoalis picturedas a fuel withoutproblems: one can alwaysobtain it everywhereand it is quite adapted to currentspending patterns. It is also traditionallya fuel of modernization,as shown in diagram1.1; (b) LPG is perceived as a dangerous fuel. Also, it is perceived as expensive,beyond the means of most people. One has to change spending patternswhen switchingto LPG, and finance a relativelylarge sum of money before being able to switch; (c) there have been LPG supply shortages;etc. Prom theseanswers it is clear that the strategyshould contain a large componentof supplyinginformation: demonstrating that LPG is not more dangerousthan charcoalif one only knows how to use an LPG stove properly;and showingthat LPG is cheaperto use in both the short and the long run.

Evaluationof HouseholdEnergy Sources

Wood

2.18 Wood is mainly used in the rural areas where it is collected free of cost charges. Aroundmany urbanareas wood collectionis commer- cializedand is likely to be as destructiveof nature as the production of charcoal. Smallmerchants cut wood in the surroundingsof theseurban areas and transportit per headload,donkey, camel, or small cart to the city. According to the DPN, no reliable estimate for the forestry resourcesexists and an inventorybased upon remotesensing is calledfor with the highest priorityand, as a matter of fact, is includedin the PREP. Some figuresand quotationsfrequently observed in variousproject documentsare the following:

(a) the consumptionof wood fuels is eight to ten timeshigher than the annualestimated sustained production;

(b) 3.5% of the country's total surface consists of forests of which 17% is accessiblewith a growth rate of 0.16 m3 per hectare per year; this results in 595,000 ha with a total annual sustainablegrowth of 95,000m3 (62,000MT) and a total standing stock between 2.4 and 4.8 million m3 (1.6 to 3.1 millionMT);

(c) some 6% of the total forestedsurface is locatedin the river valleyand couldproduce wood fuelsor. a continuing(sustained) basis in case the resourcesare managedcorrectly;

(d) a large amount of dead wood is availablein the river valleyt and charcoalproduction is allowedfrom this sourceonly; and - 21 -

(e) the total reforestationamounted to 1000 ha per year duringthe PREP period; the total deforestationis estimated to be 40 times higher.

2.19 From these quotations it is clear that a potentiallyvery seriousproblem exists. Observationsin the field also show that the forest resourcesin certain areas will be depleted in the near future, but reliabledata to prove this are lacking. The immediatecollection of such data is an absoluterequirement and has thereforebeen included in the next priority investmentplan (PIP) for 1989 - 90. This is emphasixedwhen these productiondata are compared to the estimated consumptiondata (Table2): even a high estimateof the standingstock of approximately4.8 million m3 is very low compared to the annual consumptionof about 1.5 millionm3. Even in case that 50Z of the charcoal is imported,the annual Mauritanianwoodfuel supply of about 1 millionm3 is far largerthan the annualgrowth.

2.20 The project 'Fixation et Stabilisationdes Dunes' (PFSD) experiencedan encouragingsuccess in terms of reforestation.A total of roughly 1000 ha were planted in order to protect the road Nouakchott- Nema from being coveredby moving sand dunes. Environmentalprotection was the primaryobjective of this project,the resultingbiomass resource was of secondary importance. The average biomass yield of Prosopis julifloraplanted on the dunes is around 20 m3 per hectare,after 25 months of age and without applyingany irrigation. The qualityof wood is such that it gives excellentfirewood or charcoal,but it cannot be used as pole wood or for other high valued uses. The results of PFSD seem quite high comparedto resultsof reforestationprojects in other Sahelian countries,and it is not known to what extent this is an exceptionrather than the rule.

2.21 This option of reforestationhas been included in the PIP through the projected establishment of 60,000 ha of industrial plantationsto provide fuel wood to a number of villages startingin 1989, to be expanded to 190,000 ha of such plantationsby the year 2000. These plantationswill not be planted to protect the roads or villagesfrom moving dunes, but to yield wood. Averagerainfall in the areas where these trees are projectedranges from 150 to 300 mm annually which is too low to supportagricultural activities. Even if the results of the PFSD can be reproducedon such a large scale,then it would only make economicsense that the actualcosts ef wood be chargedto the user so that a self-sustainingproduction system can be established. The total amount of wood obtainedfrom 60,000ha will be on the order of 60Z of one-year'stotal fuelwooddemand. So far there is no evidencethat the plantationscan be managedin a sustainableway (clearcuttingwithout - 22 -

regeneration13/, which means that the option shouldbe evaluatedin more depth beforea decisionon its feasibilitycan be made.

2.22 Economic costs for the productionof wood are estimated in table 2.4 below. There are many uncertaintiesin these calculations: longer term prospects of wood plantationsare unknown; the current harvesting methods are not fully known. Two types of wood are considered: plantationwood, and 'natural'wood. Plantationwood uses the results obtained in practice by the project 'Fixation et Stabilisationdes Dunes. Wood from the natural forestsis dividedinto three groups:

(a) trees in the Senegal river valley not too far away from the river (riverine);

(b) trees within a region having a reasonableprevailing rainfall patternof 300 to 500 mm per year; and

(c) trees similar to (ii) but harvested in a sustainedmanner: wuadiandaare managedand an amount equal to the annual growth is cut.

Two types of plantationsare distinguished:one with one rotationonly (of about two to three years) and one with two rotations. The outcome gives indicativefigures for the economiccosts for the productionof wood of approximately:UM840 ($11) per MT for wood from the natural forests and UM3350 ($45) per MT for plantationwood. In case of plantationswith two rotations,the cost of wood comes down to about: UM2250 ($30) per MT. In the case of naturalforest management, economic costs of wood amountto approximatelyUM4250 (Us$57)per MT.

2.23 Currently, the costs of wood productionreflect mainly the costs of labourused in the processof wood cutting. The economiccosts of wood productioninclude the costs of replantingtrees, and these costs are about four times higherthan the costs of cutting. The averagecosts of wood from the natural forest, includingreplenishing the resources utilized,are UM3040O($40.5) per MT. Averagecosts of naturalwood under a forestrymanagement scheme would amountto UM4245 ($56.6)per MT while plantationwood would costs approximatelyUN3338 ($44.5)per MT for one rotation,or UM2258 ($30.1)per MT for two rotations.

2.24 One of the lessonslearnt from this table is that, contraryto the experience in other Sahelian countries and due to the special circumstancesof wood plantationsin Mauritania,management of natural wood resourcesis an optionwhich need more investigationbefore its

13/ This is the current practice;no informationis availableat this time on the rate of success (or failure)of regenerationof these trees,however, research is ongoing. - 23 -

Table2.4: ECONOMICCOST OF WOOD PRODUCTION FORCLEAR-CUTTING ONE HECTARE*

Classification Natural Plantation of forest 1/ 2/ 2a/ 3a/ 3b/ 4a/ 4b/ forestcover (m3/ha) 30 10 10 '0 40 20 40 (MT/ha),1st cut 19.5 6,5 - 13 13 13 13 ,, 2nd cut - - - - 13 - 13 annualsustainabl 1e growth (m /ha/yr) - - 0.45 - - - - of Os (MT/ha/yr) - - 0.315 - - - - degreeof utilization5/ 75% 60% 80% 80% 80% 80% effectiveoutput (MT/ha) 14.6 3.9 0.325 10.4 20.8 10.4 20.8 cost of production - S/ha 428 114 14.4 500 500 200 200 A - S/NT 29.3 29.3 45.7 48.1 24.0 19.2 9.6 cuttingcosts (S) 6/ 154 41 3.3 109 269 109 269 8 transportation7/ to roadsideCS) 5.1 4.1 0.1 3.6 6.9 3.6 6.9 c totalcosts (S/ha) A + i + C 587 159 49.1 613 776 313 476 ,, (S/MT) 40.2 40.8 56.6 56.6 37.3 30.1 22.9 Pt (Ui/MT) 3015 3060 4245 4418 2798 2258 1718

1/ Riverine,age of tree at time of cutting: more than 15 years, 1/ Non-riverine,age of treeat time of cutting: more than15y ears. 2a/ Naturalforest land well managed;sustainable growth 0.45 m per year. Woodcosts for a similaroperation in Niger show a wood cost of FCFA 16/kga USS45.7/hT(discounted over a lIfe of 22 years. This Includesall costs for management,protection, etc. (FCFA154,000) and revenuesforegone (4,000) due to the non-alloweduse of the forest by herders and their livestockdurlng the first four years while small trees regenerate.A similarproject In the Sudan shows higherproduction cost figuresthan In Niger. 3a/ and 3b/lighcost of establishingthe plantation,age of tree at time of cutting:2 - 3 years;3a/ one rotation;3b/ two rotations.Production figures are resultsfrom Magda LahJarplantation as providedby the forestryadvisor. 4a/ and 4b/Lowcost ,, ,, , age of tree at timeof cutting: 2 - 3 years;4a/ one rotation;4b) two rotations. 5/ The more organizedand densethe fore3t,the higherthe utilizationrate. 6/ Cost per m3 standingwood per ha; 1 m per laborerper day, at a rate of UM 300 a 54 7/ Plantationand riverineforest, where trees are quite close to each other,transport to roadsideIs: $0.21/MT;In the non-riverineforest, where trees are quite distant fromeach other, transport Is SO.61J4T.

* ClearcuttingIs the currentpractice In the naturalforests; coppicing has not been practicedwith the currentProsopis Juliflora plantations and It is too early to say whetherthis can be done or not. However,under normalconditlons this tree species coppices quite well. In the current analysis, one, and two rotationsare considered.All costs are discountedat 12% per year; It Is assumedthat In year zero the plantationsare established. ** Columns 1/ and 2/ Illustratethe situationIn practice. However,the cost of wood productionshould be taken Into accountto reflectthe renewablenature of of the productioncosts shown In columns2a/ till 4b/ Is taken:UM2200 (USS29.3) per iMT. - 24 -

economicviability can be established. Based on the currentdata, it is impossibleto define detailedrecommandations for the forestry sector; additionalbaseline data collectionis absolutelyrequired before such recommandationscan be made. It is thereforerecommended to look into these issues in more detail during the execution of the project. Questionsthat shouldbe answeredare the following:

(a) how much natural wood resourcesare there, what are average annualgrowth figures;

(b) what is a reliablenumber of rotationsthat could be obtained with Prosopisplantations; and

(c) what are actualcost figuresfor (re)plantingof trees,both in plantationsand in the naturalforest.

2.25 Wood stoves used are three-stoneopen fires, a fixed model "improvedstove" made of banco (a mixture of clay and cement) and metal stoves. Metal stovesare for sale on the market and a small varietyof models exist. These stovesare producedby artisansfrom scrap metal. Banco stoveshave been promotedby the DPN and by a numberof NGO's for about three years and generallyare known by households. The survey demonstratesthat the majorityof peoplewho specifiedhaving heard about or seen improvedstoves, were in fact referringto not only these banco stovesbut to improvedmetallic stoves.

Charcoal

2.26 Charcoal is produced mainly in the Senegal river valley; startingin the '60s in the regionof Trarza (Rosso)in the south-west, the productionzones subsequentlymoved furthereast and are currently located in the Gorgol at more than 200 km from Rosso and 500 to 600 km from Nouakchott. Charcoalis not perceivedas a specialproblem by the Government:the officialstatistics of the DPN for 1982 to 1987 show that the total consumptionis small,on the order of 12 to 16 thousandMT per year; moreover,most of the charcoalproduced in the countryis said to be made from dead wood which causesno harm to the environment.

2.27 By Governmentdecree, charcoal is currently(first half of '88) produced only from wood in one particularclassified forest: N'Gouye (1825 ha with mainly Acacia nilotica)in Maghama,Corgol region;in all remainingforests it is prohibitedto producecharcoal. It is clear that the N'Gouye forest cannot supply all the charcoal required: it is estimated that this forest can provide between 4000 and 8000 MT of charcoalwhich is approximately41 to 81 of the total annual demand for charcoal or less than 201 of the annual Nouakchott consumption. Moreover,controlling of the other forests is very difficultmainly due to the enormoussize of the country and the limitednumber of forestry officials. In other areas than N'Couye, trees are cut and charcoalis produced. The traditionalway of tree cuttingis still practiced:about 75 cm from the ground thereby leaving the best part of the tree (for - 25 -

charcoal making) standing in the ground. The tree will be unable to coppiceand dies later on. Particularlyin the river valleyan enormous amountof dead tree stumps/trunkscan he found.

2.28 The amount of charcoaloriginating in neighboringcountries is unknown. It is claimed however,that in the late '70s and early '80s Mauritaniawas a net exporterof charcoalto Senegal. Nowadays,it is believed that Senegal exports it to Mauritaniaalthough no reliable estimatesexist. The potentialfor large-scaleimportation of charcoal is there, as observed in Rosso: during three weeks a total of 750 MT accumulatedin one spot near the river,on the embankmentof Rosso. If one assumes that there are three more of these spots in the three other principletowns along the river and if the accumulationis similar as observed in Rosso during four months per year, Senegal could easily provide25Z of the charcoalconsumed in Mauritania.It must be mentioned however, that these imports do not appear in the balance of trade, basically because the exports are illegal and there is no official documentation.

2.29 The current charcoal productionprocess is characterizedby earthenkilns or moundsof varyingsize; outputranges anywhere from less than a bag to 300 bags of charcoal per kiln. Two major types of charcoalercan be distinguished:professional charcoalers (often people from Guinea - Bissau), and occasional charcoalers (frequently Mauritaniansin need of some cash income). Since the productionof charcoaloften is an illegalaction, more emphasisis given on speed of the process rather than on obtaining the highest output possible. Accordingto the DPN, occasionalcharcoalers frequently use the open fire to produce charcoal;they just burn the wood to obtain some charcoalin return. Professional charcoalers tend to produce charcoal more efficiently,but the climatic and soil situationare not optimal for charcoalproduction: due to the absenceof fresh leaves,small twigs,and thick moist soils,it is difficuttto construct,if at all, an air-tight layer as is commonfor earthenkilns; and wood has sometimesan extremely low moisture content. To overcome these problems,a very meticulous supervision and maintenance is required to produce charcoal efficiently. As a result, the efficiencyof charcoal production in Mauritania is estimated to be somewhat lower than in neighboring countries;in this reportit is taken at 12% on a weightbasis. It would be desirableto conducta number of actual field tests to confirmthis figure,or to establisha field practicederived figure.

2.30 The governmentrecently tightened the control of transportof charcoalwhich led to the beliefthat more charcoalwas transportedthan before. Duringthe whole of 1987, some 5100 MT were registeredas coming from the Gorgol region. After commissioningthe control in March '88, during the six followingweeks, 4000 MT of charcoalwere transported,or almost 80% of the quantity that was registeredduring the previous year. An accurateexplanation is lacking,but a number of suggestions can be made: productionhas increased;control became more effectiveand less illegalcharcoal got through;because production and transportation - 26 -

were prohibitedfor a two-monthperiod, charcoal stored in the forests was transportedafter the ban was lifted; supply for the coming rainy season,etc.

2.31 Currently,three types of governmentalcharges are levied on charcoal: a cutting charge, a regional tax, and a transportation charge. The cutting permit is UM160 per quintal 14/ of charcoal (- 3 bags of charcoal),or UM53 per bag and is valid for one operatorwith assistanceof up to ten laborers for a limited period of time. The regionaltax is UM60 per quintal (UM20/bag). The retailprice of a bag of charcoalin the closesttown (50 - 100 km) in the productionregion is UM200 which means that total taxes (exceptfor transport;this will be discussedin the followingparagraph) amount to about 36% of the retail value in the productionarea. Unfortunately,these taxes are not used to strengthen the DPN or to alleviate deforestation/desertification problems, but are used to cover a substantialpart of the local government'sbudget. 15/ Despite the level of taxes, which is higher than e.g. in Senegal,it has no visibleeffect on reforestationor on alleviatingdeforestation. The implicationis that any level of taxation will have a limitedeffect on reforestation,therefore, forestry policies should be revised so that taxation will have a positive effect on plantingof trees.

2.32 Transportationof charcoaltakes place with 20 - 30 MT trucks which transportgoods from Nouakchottinto the countryand return loaded with charcoal. Once a transporterobtained his transportpermit in Nouakchott,he has to completehis travel within a two-weekperiod of time. At that time, he has to be able to show two permitsat all of the frequentcontrol/check points along the road: a cuttingpermit showing the originof the wood, and a transportpermit showingthe itineraryof the transporter.When the transporttax of about 7 UN/bag is added, the total value of taxes (UM 80) amount to about 12% of the retailvalue in Nouakchott. All profit margins combined form the single largest componentof the charcoalprice structureand are estimatedat 39%, most of which is believedto stay with the owner of the truck. Diagram2.2 shows the charcoalprice structurefor a bag of 33 kg in Nouakchott,and in Ka6di.

2.33 The economic cost of charcoal production is estimated in Table 2.5 and is based on figures for the cost of wood cutting (Table 2.4). Not much data is known about the charcoaltrade. The following

14/ 1 quintal= 100 kg.

15/ Some 73,000MT of charcoalare consumedannually; if all of this is taxed,a total of US$2.3 millionwill be collectedevery year. For reasonsof comparison,from '83 to '86, an averageof $2.27 million was spend annuallyon Forestryand "Luttecontre 1'Ensablement". - 27 -

analysisestimated the cost of producingcharcoal which can be used as a rough estimate.

2.34 The cost of charcoal produced from wood from the natural forests is approximatelyUM15 per kg, or 25% below its actual market price. This does not includethe replacementcost of wood; when that is included,the cost will go up substantiallyas is seen in the case of plantationwood. The economiccost of charcoalproduced from reforested wood is about UM35 per kg, or 100% more than the actualmarket price of UM 24/kg.

2.35 The DPN officiallydetermines and adjustsonce every while the retail price of charcoal:currently it is UM12/kgfor Nouakchott,but it is impossibleto find charcoalpriced at that rate. Charcoalis mostly sold by the kg, and its weight is measuredat the time of purchasing. Few people buy charcoalby the bag because of the presenceof stones, dust, and piecesof wood not fully carbonized. i 2.36 At the currentprice level -- the officialor the market price -- charcoalis priced too low. If ecologicaland environmentaldamage are to be avoided,replenishing of the resourcesshould be taken into accounttand charcoalshould go up in price by 100% or more as calculated in Table 2.5.

2.37 A study done in Senegal 16/ showed that the average import price of charcoalfrom Brazil,Spain, or CMte d'Ivoir,delivered in the city of Dakar (taxes and retail margin are not included), is approximatelyFCPA 120 (US$350)per MT. This is of the same order of magnitudeas charcoalprotuced from plantationsin Mauritania. There are advantages and disadvantages with both imports of charcoal and establishing wood plantations to make charcoal: foreign currency implications,environmental benefits, etc. Since the analysisis based upon the resultsof the economiccosts of wood productionand becausethe existinginformation about charcoalingis limited,the subjecthas to be investigatedinto more detail. It is evident however, charcoalwhen pricedat its economicvalue, is a very expensivefuel: LPG and kerosene are economicallymuch more attractive.

2.38 To summarize,the charcoalsector is an importantsector in the Mauritanianeconomy: as calculatedbefore, some 12% of the Nouakchott charcoalretail price is made up by taxes and governmentalcharges; the total charcoaltrade figure of Nouakchottof US$13 million per year is quite high. But the charcoal trade is highly destructive to the

16/ Note sur l'importation de Charbonde Bois ou de Briquettesde Bois au S6n6gal;G. Madon/N.Matly; 1987. - 28 -

Table 2.5: ECONOMICCOSTS OF CHARCOALPROOUCTION

Type of Wood NaturalForest Plantationc/ Mininga/ Replantingb/

Cost of wood (UK4MT) 842 3,042 2,799

Value of wood neededto producel MTof charcoal (w8.3 MT wood) (at weight efficiencycpnversion rate of 12%) 7,013 25,348 23,327 A Carbonization/labor 5,000 5,000 5,000 B Transportation 5,500 5,500 5,500 C 550 km 10 UNAIT*km handling 100 100 100 D Total * A + B + C + D 17,613 35,948 32,927 , UN/g 17.6 35.9 32.9 ,, S/kg 0.23 0.48 0.44 taxes (UM/g) 2.4 2.4 2.4 profits(UMNg) 4.0 marketprice (retail 24 - - q/ Average costs as calculated In Table 2.7: without costs of replanting b/ Averagecosts as calculatedIn Table2.7: with costsof replanting cl Average costs as calculatedIn Table 2.7: averageof plantations with one and two rotations d/ Officlal transportprices (whichreasonably reflect the economic costs of transport): on dirt road In poor shape:9.61 - 10.20UN/fT*km on dirt road In good shape: 8.29 - 8.69 UM/MT*km on paved road : 5.79- 5.90 UM/NT*km Source: DPN, missionestimates.

Diagram 2.2S

BREAKDOWNCHARCOAL PRICE (Ougiya per bag of 33 kg) area of production: Gorgol

300- so 700-. * 600 - Goo-. - j 500-j i j ; 400- 300- 200 200-

KaWdi Nouakchott iabour t:ax C matoral mrttwa"Gott G7maugs

Gotgol - Kaidk 60 -100 km Kaedi- douakchott:550 kim - 29 -

environment;at the same time, although charcoal tax revenues form a substantialpart of the district Government'sbudget, none of these revenuesare used to invest in the sector,or to replantwood used for the production of charcoal, or to regulate the trade. During the execution of the household energy study, one should first study the charcoalcycle and define all the actors and the interactionsthat take place. Based upon that, an effectivecontrol system shouldbe realized to ensurethat no overcuttingtakes place and that the originof the wood is known for most of the producedcharcoal. Charcoalshould be pricedat its true economic costs: this will give incentives for fuel substitution,saving on the use of charcoal,and plantingof wood. Such a system could, without major problems, be self-sustainingif the revenuesfrom these taxes and chargeswere used for its control: even at currentprices and the currenttaxation level of 12% and only takinginto accountthe flow of charcoalfor Nouakchott,the result would be US$1.4 million of revenue per year. This is an amount with which one could effectivelysupervise a major part of the charcoaltrade.

2.39 Charcoalstoves made of metal are producedby artisansand are for sale on the market. The basic model is the "Malgache,"square or round, and is availablein a wide range of sizes. Prices range from UM150 for the smallestmodels to UM600 for the largest. The "Sakkanal", the improved stove marketed in Senegal,is availableupon requestfrom the artisans. The BTFA produceda number of stove models based upon the Sakkanal#of which the MultimarmiteV3 is the most promising;this model is similar to the Sakkanalbut is designedto take pots of 1 to 4 kg. effectively. The BTFA startedrecently a trainingprogram for artisans to producethese stoves. The effit.encyof the MultimarmiteV3 as tested by the ESMAP mission in conjunctionwith the BTPA is su-h that some 20X to 251 of the charcoalcan be saved as comparedto the Malgachestove.

2.40 Diffusion of charcoal stoves in Nouakchott should start immediatelyand there is no need to do furthertests. In the future,it is recommendedto identifylong-term quality control measures and execute furthertechnical research on other,more economiccharcoal saving stoves (and LPC and kerosenestoves as well), but for the moment all attention should be given to disseminationof stoves. There are two major indicationsthat the stovescould well be acceptedby the population:

(a) the marketingtest operation17/, during which housewiveswere exposedto the differentcookstoves, showed that the households

17/ A cookingdemonstration and surveywhere a team of housewivesfrom a sectionof town cooked a meal on differentstoves: the traditional charcoal stove, the SakkanalM4ultimarmite V3; the Nopal6 and Blip Banekh LPG stoves;and the PET, ThomasCup 20, and Zeppelinkerosene stoves. This meal was then tastedby the women who participatedin the survey. Three demonstrationswere hold in Nouakchott (90 participantssurveyed) and 2 demonstrationsin Ka6di (40). - 30 -

like the improvedcharcoal stove so much, that they rated it's po.rceivedperformance better than the 3 kg LPG stove: on the qii.astionwhich stove they would buy, they responded: 471 ptefered the Nopale (6 kg LPG stove); 351 the Sakkanal MultimarmiteV3; 101 the Blip B&aekh (3 kg LPG stove),and the remaining9X prefered the kerosene stoves; the average price they were willing to pay for the SakkanalMultimarmite V3 was UH475, which is not far below the projectedretail price of UM500 to UM550.

(b) the laboratorytests by the BTFA in conjunctionwith the ESMAP missionhave shown that the improvedcharcoal stove could save a substantialamount of charcoal. It is now requiredto start testing the performanceunder field conditionsso that actual savingscan be measured.

LPG

2.41 LPG was introducedby BP some 15 years ago in the mining region (Nouadhibou,Zouerat, F'Drick) and currently,according to the survey,an estimated70Z of the populationuses LPG as primarycooking fuel (see diagram2.3). The principalcomplaints about LPG pertainedto occurringsupply shortagesand safetyconcerns. In addition,a serious scarcityof bottles existed in this part of the country. Many people preserve their charcoalstove which they use in case of shortages(in 1987 2 - 3 months; in 1988 (until August) approximately1.5 month). SOMIR is willingto provideLPG to the BP bottlingplant, but only at the price ex-refinery(CIF) accordingto the officialprice structure(see Annex 4). Currently,BP buys LPG from its own refineryin Dakar (FOB) insteadwhich is more profitablefor them than buyingit from SOMIR,both in Dakar and in Nouadhibou. Discussionsare continuingbut an agreement has not been reached to date. The refineryconstructed a facilityfor trucks to transportLPG, but BP never constructeda similarfacility to receivethese trucks. SOMAGAZtook over the BP bottlingplant and became the sole producerand distributorin the whole country. The BP bottling plant lacks maintenance18/ since its inaugurationand is more a museum piece than a functioningplant; the constructionof a new factoryis in the process. LPG in the northernregion grows at some 8.51 per year and is estimatedto amountto approximately1700 MT in 1988.

2.42 SOMAGAZ startedoperating the bottlingplant in Nouakchottin 1987 and a steadyincrease in LPG consumptionwas the result. The survey indicatedthat some 27X of the householdsin Nouakchottalready use LPG

18/ The bare minimumof maintenancerequired is done only; the plant is consideredfully depreciated,and as long as the profitsare high, BP wiil continue to operate it. BP does not appear to be consideringnew investmentsto upgradethe plant, possiblyalso in relationto the expectedtakeover. - 31 -

as primarycooking fuel which is relativelyhigh comparedto neighboring countries. The productioncapacity of the bottlingplant could reach a level in excess of 9000 MT per annum without major difficulties. The productionlevel in 1988 was estimatedat 5000 MT with 75 suppliedin 12.5 kg bottles,and 7500 MT in 1989. The main problemswith LPG for the southernregion are the lack of an adequateand efficientmarketing and distributionsystem, and the lack of enforcementof a number of safety regulations,both in the bottlingplant and in the distributionsystem. Consumptionin 1989 increasedconsiderably and there have been great improvementsin the distribution;the constructionof a petroleumport, a stockagesphere and a pipelineis foreseenin the future. Storageof LPG existsin Nouakchottsufficient for about 2 to 3 months.

2.43 LPG is purchasedFOB on the world market and transportedby boat from Nouakchott. LPG is transportedfrom Nouakchottto the other urb-anareas by truck,entirely as a privatesector activity; SOMAGAZ has no intentionsto start distributingLPG further than the door of the bottlingplant, althoughofficially, it's their responsibility.The ex- depot costs of LPG per kg and the officialretail prices in a selected numberof citiesis shown in Table 2.6.

Table2.6: LPG:EX-BOiTTLING PLANT COSTS AND RETAILPRICE STRUCTURE

city 38 kg 12.5kg 6 kg 3 kg

Ex-depotprices

Nouakchott(UN/kg) 59.1 59.1 59.2 65.5 ' (UN/bottle) 2246 739 355 180

NouadhIbou (UM/kg) 56.9 56.9 56.8 56.7 *' (UN/bottle) 2162 711 341 156

Retailprices Inselectod cities (UN/bottle)

Noouakchott 2333 650 312 164 Nouadhibou 2253 650 312 164 Atar 2703 771 370 195 Ka6dI 2631 747 359 185 Nema 3070 891 428 217

Source:DE (May'87). - 32 -

2.44 The retail price of LPG is based on the Nouakchottex-depot price plus transportationcosts plus retail margin, an approachwhich seems certainly reasonable 19/. Before the botting plant started operating,the LPG bottlingplant price structurewas based upon import of LPG bottles from Senegal. This continuedfor some time until after the bottlingplant was inaugurated.Nowadays, a new bottlingplant price structurehas been proposed(see Annex 4), but it is not known whetherit is effective. It is believedthat a large part of the price structurein 1988 is reserved for depreciationof the bottling plant. Provisions exists for maintenanceof the bottles and the bottlingplant, and for distribution,but in practice there is hardly any maintenance,and SOMAGAZ does not distributebeyond the bottlingplant. In 1989, there were considerableimprovements in maintenance;however, it is difficult to know to what extent. Ideas exist about a mobile fillingstation to distributeLPG in the interiorof the country,but this is for the moment not viable: the market is very small in the interior;the lossesand the danger of such a system are great; and it is difficult to provide maintenanceto the bottles.

2.45 Therefore,it is recommendedthat during the executionof the householdenergy strategy,an appropriateLPG price structureshould be established,as well as a systemto revisethis structureregularly. In addition,the options for a cost-effectiveand safe distributionsystem of LPG shouldbe investigated.

Diagram2.3

LPG PENETRATION Northern/Southern Regions

% of households usIng LPG

800%

60%-

40%-

20%

78 79 60 81 82 8N 84 85 86 87 88 b9 yeaw

- North @ South

19/ The transportcost factorused is, roughly,16 - 17 UN/MT*ks. - 33 -

2.46 Basic problemswith supplyof LPG in bulk to Nouakchottare (a) purchase abroad vs. at the Nouadhibou refinery; (b) transport to Nouakchottby boat; and (c) storagein Nouakchott. The purchaseabroad, even when offsetby the sales of LPG from the refinery,does not seem to make much sense:much foreignexchange is lost in this way. One of the reasons could be the lack of a suitable vessel to transportLPG to Nouakchott. During some two or three months every year LPG carriers cannotsafely approach the wharf due to rough seas and the storagesystem is just sufficientto bridge this gap in supply. With an increased demand for LPG this will certainlybecome a problemin the not so distant future;a petroleumport is foreseenin order to solve this problem. A new port which was recently inauguratedcan work year-round,but petroleum products are not handled at this port. If this could take p1'ace, most of the problems with distributionand storage could be solved. Therefore, during the execution of the household energy strategy,the most economicway to ensurethe continuityof supplyshould be definedand be realized.

2.47 Inexpensive,energy-efficient LPG stoves/pansupports exist on the market in sufficientquantities. The private sector copied stove models from the ones currentlybeiug marketedin Senegal. In addition, Camping Gaz has its whole range of stove and lamp auxiliariesavailable in quite a number of shops in Nouakchott(including low-cost screw top burners (UM 750));artisans produce pan supportsthat fit directlyonto the 3 kg or the 6 kg bottles (withouta rubber tube connectingthe burner/stoveand the bottle) and form a complete stove in combination with the bottle and a burner (these stovesare successfullymarketed in Senegal under the names Blip Banekh; Nopale; Carena (UM 350 - UM 3000)). These stoves were tested by the ESMAP mission in conjunction with the BTPA and stove efficiencieswere in excess of 40X. Thus artisansshould be invitedto increasetheir productionin order to match the projecteddemand for LPG and LPG stoves.

2.48 People who use charcoal for cooking buy their fuel once or twice a day. When they start using LPG, they will have to changetheir currenthabits: they can no longer buy their fuel once a day. In order to minimizetheir financialproblems, it is recommendedthat they use the 3kg or the 6kg bottle. The survey showed a preferencefor the 6kg bottle over the 3kg bottle,but this has to be evaluatedin more detail in practice.

Kerosene

2.49 Keroseneconsumption increased by some 35X per year over the last four years and currentconsumption level is around2100 MT. Before this period,kerosene consumption was 4 times higher,mainly due to the consumption for the constructionof the Nouakchott - Mema road. Currently,kerosene is foremostlyused for lightingand for startinga fire in charcoalstoves. In the past, kerosenewas also used in rural areas for refrigeratorsand today, this is being replacedmore and more by LPC, Keroseneis produced in the Nouadhibourefinery as by-product - 34 -

for jet fuel and is available in sufficientquantities, even if the demand increasestwo or threefold.

2.50 Kerosene is not subsidizedand the retail price is fixed by Governmentdecree (for sale in gas stations),and equals the ex-depot price plus transportationcosts and margins. Normally,wholesalers buy kerosenefrom the gas stationsand transportit to other sectionsof town for retailing. The retail price in the small shops where people buy keroseneby the "walat" (0.25 liter)or the "glass" (0.5 walat) is much higher than the officail price: UM35 per liter is no exception. While such retail pricesseem somewhathigh, the experiencein other countries shows that this is normal practice. In the interiorof the countrythe situationis worse where the price of kerosenecharged at an official SMCPP station had not much to do with the officialprice (in Kaedi, a price of UM700was asked for fillingup a containerof 10 liters). This indicatesthat the price structuredoes not grant a sufficientprovision for transportationand retail in areas away from the capital. A system shouldbe set up under the householdenergy strategyto providea better kerosene price structureas well as establish a better distribution system which makes availablekerosene at a lower price throughoutthe country.

Table2.7: KEROSENE:EX-DEPOT COSTS AND RETAIL PRICESTRUCTURE

City Price(UM/liter)

Ex-depotprices Nouakchott 19.4

Nouadhibou 20.6

RetailprIces In selectedcities

Nouakchott 20.5 Nouadhibou 21.7 Atar 25.6 KaMdM 24.8 Nema 30.7

Source: DE (September'87).

2.51 Kerosene stoves were introduced some ten years ago into Mauritania. Today, one or two types of kerosenestoves can be found in the shops. The model that was most readilyavailable was a cheap Chinese model, of which a few exploded during operation. Most of the older - 35 -

peoplewho were interviewedremembered this and told the enumeratorsthat kerosenewas dangerous. Nowadays,one or two models of kerosenestoves are available in shops. Kerosene stoves tested so far by the ESMAP missionand the BTFA did not prove to be good enoughto be consideredfor wide-scaledissemination: there were problemswith the constructionof the stoves,problems related to the dusty environment,the power output was not high enough,etc. The housewiveswho were exposedto the stoves, however,were quite interestedin the stove models shown. Of the 13 householdswho were asked to use a kerosenestove for one week (and did not need to worry with maintenancethat has to take place every month or so), only one was not satisfiedwith the performanceof the stove. It seems that a stove model suitablefor conditionsin Mauritaniadoes not yet exist As it is now, kerosene seems to be an attractiveoption economically,however, a satisfactorystove model is lacking and a research and developmentprogram is required before pursuingit as an option.

2.52 A comparisonbetween LPG and keroseneshows that kerosene is economicallymore attractivethan LPG from the supply, transport,and retail points of view (for LPG one requires special (and expensive) transportand storageequipment while for kerosenethe regularpetrol and gasoil equipmentcan be used). From the user'spoint of view it is not clear which one is the best option: one must know how to operate a kerosene stove to avoid problemswith smoke, taste, etc. A kerosene stove is less expensivein its use than an LPG stove,giving it a strong argumentwhy housewivesmight like it a lot: this was suggestedby the outcomeof both the surveysand the cookingtests.

Electricity

2.53 Electricityis suppliedin only a few cities:Noaukchott, Atar, Akjoujt,Rosso, Bogh6,Ka6di, Kiffa and the mining zone. Electricityfor householduse is mainly for lighting,radio and TV, airconditioningand refrigeration,and some kitchen appliances. The total electricity consumption for 1988 is estimated at 122.6 thousand GWh (total production:145.2 thousandGWh). It is divided into 39% in Nouakchott and 56Z in Nouadhibou. The householdsector consumes approximately 43% of the total and this is broken down into 611 for Nouakchott,32% for Nouadhibou,and 6.4% for the rest.

2.54 Despitethe relativelow electricityconsumption, possibiiities exist to economizeon its use: enhanceduse of fluorescentlights, energy efficientairconditioners, and waterheaterscould reducethe electricity consumptionwhile keepingthe user'sbenefits the same.

Other BiomassSources

2.55 A biogas unit was set up in Kaedi in 1986 for experimentaluse in ENFVEAanimal wastes. There are not many residuesexcept in the river valley during the harvestingseason. In t!a energy balance therefore, residuesare disregarded. - 36 -

2.56 Althoughpeat resourceshave been observedin the coastalareas on the right bank of the river Senegal,the existenceof a peat layer, with similargeological aspects to Niayes',Senegal, has been proven;it is very probablethat, for geologicalreasons, this could be the case for all the paleo lacs in the south and possiblyin the north. In spite of the existenceof these resources,no comprehensivestudy has ever been conductedto identifyits quantityand quality. Unless the resultsof such a study are known, it is ditficultto justifyany developmentof these potential energy resources. In Senegal,where the quantityand quality of the resources are known, and where a certain technical experienceexists in producingand marketingpeat or carbonizedpeat as a fuel, results are not very encouraging.Peat could become a fuel economicallyviable if other fuels are priced at their economiccosts, which is not the case at the moment, and even then it is not clear whether householdsare willing to accept it as a fuel because of its burningproperties. Therefore,it is recommendedto give a low priority to developingpeat resourcesunless a large-scale,commercial user could be identifiedwilling to executethe requiredpre-feasibility study. - 37 -

III. PMOPOSEDURBAN HOUSEHOLD ENERCY STRATEGY

The Approach

3.1 The household energy strategy presented in this chapter is principallyan urban strategy. The strategywill initiallyfocus on Nouakchottwhile other cities will be taken into account at a later stage. This choice is justifiedwhile reviewing and relating the projected energy consumptionfigures for the differentareas: savings will have most impact on Nouakchott'ssituation. Fuel consumption projectionsare presentedunder two scenarios:a trend based,status quo scenario,and an interactive,policy based scenario.Total populationand fuel consumptionprojection figures for 1988 and 1998 under the trend based scenario are presonted in table 3.1 and for the interactive scenario in table 3.2. If no action is taken (statusquo structure, extrapolationof '83 - '88 trends based scenario),charcoal consumption will have grown in ten years by more than 26% to 93 thousandMT per year, LPG consumptionwill have more than doubled to 13.3 thousandXT per year. Wood consumptionwill be reducedsomewhat to 386 thousandMT per year, reflecting the fast rate of urbanizationand the related modernization.

Table3.1: 1998POPUiLATION ('000) AND FUEL CONSUMPTION ('000 MT) PROJECTIONS - Trend basedScenario

Scenario 1 - Population- - Charcoal - ---- LfG ------Wood-- 1988 1998 1988 1998 1988 1998 1988 1998

Nouakchott 550 976 42.8 62.7 3.3 9.5 8.3 8.3 Nouedbibou 110 155 4.3 5.5 1.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 Otherurban 182 256 9.9 11.4 0.5 0.8 31.2 44.1 Rural 998 991 16.6 13.5 0.8 0.8 369.3 333.9

Total 1,840 2,378 73.6 93.1 6.1 13.3 408.8 386.3

Source: SONELEC,mission estimates:

Annualgrowth rate for Nouakchott- Nouadhibou- other urbancenters - ruralcenters: Population:6%; 3.5%;3.5% - 1%;total population growth rate: 2.6% Charcoalconsumption: -2%; -1%; -2%; -1% JPGconsumption: 5%; 0.5%; 1%; -1% Woodconsumption: 0%; 0%; 0%; -1% - 38 -

3.2 The aim, among others, of the household energy strategy outlinedin this chapter is to reduce charcoalconsumption. Table 3.2 shows projected cosumptionfigures for 1998, taking into account the followingassumptions: by 1998, charcoalimproved stoves will be used by 80% of the charcoalconsumers in Nouakchott,75% in Nouadhibouand 45% in other cities;the level of LPG consumptionin Nouakchottin 1998 will be equal to present day consumptionlevel in Nouadhibou:75% of the total populationuse LPG as primarycooking fuel.

3.3 The total fuel savings resulting from the householdenergy strategyare shown in Table 3.3. Charcoalsavings would rise to 30,500 MT per year in 1998 of which 92% in Nouakchott;wood savingsfrom the baselinewill be negligible. LPG consumptionwill rise more rapidlyand triplethe presentday consumptionlevel.

Table 3.2: 1998POFPLATION ('000) AND FUEL CONSUiPTION ('000NT) PROJECTIONS - InteractiveScenario

Sc6nario2 Population Charbonde Bois Gaz butane Bois 1988 1998 1988 1998 1988 1998 1988 1998

Nouakchott 550 976 42.8 34.5 3.3 14.0 8.3 8.3 Nouadhibou :10 155 4.3 4.6 1.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 Other urban 182 256 9.9 10.4 0.5 0.9 31.2 44.1 Ruralcenters 998 991 16.6 13.0 0.8 0.9 369.3 333.9

Total 1840 2378 73.6 62.6 6.1 17.9 408.8 386.3

Source: Missionestimates.

Table3.3: REiLATIVEWOODFUEL SAVINGS AND ADDITIONAL LPG CONSUMPTION ('000MT per year In 1998)

Difference --- Charcoal --- -- LPP -- -- Wood

Nouakchotl -28.2 92% +4.5 97% 0.0 Os Nouadhibou -0.9 3% 40.0 0% 0.0 0% Otherurban -0.9 3% .0.1 2% 0.0 0% Rural -0.5 2% 40.1 2% 0.0 0%

Total -30.5 100% +4.7 100% 0.0 OS

Source: Missionestimates. - 39 -

3.4 Four strategicoptions evolve from the precedingchapters to relieve pressure on precarious forestry resources while meeting the energyneeds of the urban consumers,focussing primarily on Nouakchott:

(a) acceleratedinter-fuel substitution;

(b) demandmanagement;

(c) improving biomass supply system, including an inventory; production,distribution and management;stumpage and taxation policycollection and remittanceto forestrydepartment; and

(d) economichousehold fuel pricing.

The supposedstatus of biomassresources is such that short term actions are stronglyrecommended over longer term actions. On the demand side, one of the highestpriorities is to acceleratethe introductionand use of LPG in the urban areas,mainly in Nouakchott,to replacecharcoal as a cookingfuel. Demandmanagement measures as improvedcharcoal stoves will be a complementaryaction to reduce charcoal fuel consumptioneven further. Both actions together will eventuallyreduce the charcoal consumptionand stabilizeit at below the 1988 level. On the resource side, it is imperativeto know the statusof both the existingresources, heirrrate of clearing,and a precise determinationof all the actors involvedbefore any recommendationscan be made. It is clear though, that a larger degree of controland managementof resourcesis required for its optimal utilization. Pricing policy should be geared more towards economic fuel prices which will not only enhance the use of substitutefuels and improvedstoves, it can also generatea sourceof incometo developforest activities to protectthe environment.

3.5 The strategy outlined in this chapter thus concentrateson short term action and to a lesser extent on longer term activities: energy problemsare acute at this time, requiringimmediate attention: peoplewill have to continueto cook their meals. Governmentinvolvement should only be incurred througha least-costsolution, i.e. a minimum increasein the numberof civil servants,stimulating competitiveness of the household fuel productionand distributionsystem by the private sector,requiring stove and energy prices to be aa close as possibleat their economiccosts. Peopleshould be allowedto use the stove and fuel of their choiceas long as these are pricedat their true economiccosts.

3.6 Which householdfuel shouldbe importedif importsare to take place The differencein primaryenergy consumption for hovseholdsusing LPG or charcoalis significant.As shown earlier,the averageper capita energy consumptionin Nouakchott(where the majorityuse charcoal)is 50% higher than in Nouadhibou (where the majority of the householdsuse LPG). In other words, if large-scalecharcoal imports take place, 50% more energy is imported (and paid for) compared to when LPG is imported. - 40 -

3.7 The economiccosts of usefulenergy for LPG are much lower than for charcoal: approximatelyUM2.6/MJef; for LPG versus UM4.9 to UM69/MIJeff for charcoal(for use with the improtedand the traditional charcoal stove respectively). Thus, when fuels have to be imported, importsof LPG are economicallymore attractivethan importsof charcoal: a smallerquantity of LPC has to be importedthan charcoalto satisfythe energyneeds and in addition,the CIF costs for LPG are lower than t'ose for charcoal.

Quantificationof Objectives

3.8 The strategy recommendedis based on the following targets which have been developed by the ESMAP mission in conjunctionwith governmentcounterparts:

(a) by 1998, the populationof Nouakchottwhich uses LPG as primary householdfuel increasesfrom 27X to 75Z of all households, which is equivalentto the currentrate in Nouadhibou;

(b) the number of householdsin Nouakchottusing improvedcharcoal stoves increasesfrom 01 in 1988 to a saturationrate of 831 of the charcoalconsuming households in 1998; similarly,it will rise from 01 in 1990 to 75X in 1998 in Nouadhibou;and from 01 to 452 in the other urban areas;

(c) the number of householdsusing LPC in the other urban areas will doublefrom about 14X in 1990 to 301 in 1998;

(d) wood use will not increasesubstantially in eitherof the urban areas;

(e) a more effectivecharcoal production, transport and marketing controlsystem will be in place beforethe year 1991;

(f) economiccosts will be chargedfor all householdfuels before 1991; and

(g) securityof supply,and a well developeddistribution system of LPG, in particularlyof the 3 kg and the 6 kg bottles,will be guaranteed.

Elementsof the Strategy

LPG

3.9 The householdstrategy described here reliesfor a large extent of the increaseduse of LPG as a partial solutionin the short term as - 41 -

well as the long term future. LPG is alreadyused by a relativelylarge number of households as primary cooking fuel in Nouadhibou and Nouakchott. In addition,a large number of peopleuse LPG as secondary fuel, e.g. for preparing tea, etc, using expensive non-reusableLPG cartridges. LPG is perceivedas a clean, modern cooking fuel that it rapid,flexible and easy to use, however,also dangerous. Peoplewho use LPG state that it is economic;people who don't use it claim that it's too expensive. Nevertheless,at current prices LPG is cheaper to use than charcoal;at pricesreflecting economic costs, LPG will be even more cheap than it is today. Thus, promotingthe use of LPG as part of the householdenergy strategyinvolves to a large extent supportingexisting ideas and trends, providingadditional information through a publicity campaignboth on actual costs of cookingwith LPG and charcoal,and on proper usage of LPG stoves. Furthermore,it shouldmake sure that the productionsystem and distributionnetwork are safe and reliable. The likelihoodfor accidents should be minimizedand the supply should be uninterruptedduring 365 days per year.

3.10 Without any extensivepromotion program in Nouadhibouand the other mining cities,LPG use increasedto, and stabilizedat about 75Z of the population(see diagram 2.3). It is anticipatedthat Nouakchottas result of the strategywill follow a similar,but faster pattern than Nouadhibou. This means that 75% of Nouakchott's population use LPG as a primary cooking fuel by 1998, (78 thousandhouseholds) compared to 272 presently(15.8 thousandhouseholds), and an estimated44X (45 thousand households)in case no specificprograms are followed to promote LPC. The surveyrevealed that 502 of the pecplewho use LPG also use charcoal, which means that LPG does not reduce the charcoalconsumption to the extent possible. Therefore,the promotionalactivities should focus on the switchto LPG as primaryand exclusivecooking fuel.

3.11 The proposed activity consists of 4 distinct tasks 20/: (a) technicalassistance to help settingup an increasedproduction capacity which is safe and reliable; (b) studies to organize: a desirable distributionsystem, an appropriateprice structure, and design a detailed marketing strategy; (c) investmentsin: the bottling plant, bottles,and the distributionsystem; and (d) executionof activitiess organizea publicitycampaign and marketingsessions.

3.12 The budget of the componentamount to US$ 1.6 million over a three to four-yearperiod of time. The proposedstrategy will support this activity through two other measures:improved stoves and pricing policies. Improvedstove models for LPC will be promotedfor production by the privatesector; charcoal prices shouldreflect true costs in the near future thereby raising retail prices but simultaneouslyimproving the acceptabilityfor LPG. Furtherinvestments of about US$1.35million

20/ This proposalhas been worked out in more detailsand is presented in Annex4. - 42 -

are requiredduring the followingsix to seven-yearperiod to attain the determinedobjectives.

Kerosene

3.13 Kerosene is easier and more economicthan LPG from almost all pointsof view. However,a high performance,reliable kerosene stove has not yet been identifiedat the moment,and the distributionsystem seems to be somewhat distorted. Presently,there are a few kerosenestoves available,the quantity of which is relativelysmall comparedto LPG. Would such a stove exist, kerosene is an option which could provide cooking energy at much lower cost than LPG (see table 2.3). Since the consumerswill ultimatelydecide which option to chose, they should be given the possibilityto make that choice. To make this choice more easy,an effortshould be made to enforcethe existingprice structureof kerosenein all parts of the country by, e.g. publicizingthe correct price structureand placeswhere one can buy keroseneat these prices.

3.14 The use of kerosene for cooking could further reduce the charcoalconsumption in Mauritania. Where LPG transportationand use is relativelyexpensive and difficult,this is easier and cheaper for kerosene. Therefore,if keroseneis going to be used on a large scale, it will mainlybe in the urban areas away from Nouakchottand Nouadhibou, and in the rural areas. However,the option is somewhattheoretical at the momentbecause of the lack of a suitablestove.

3.15 It should be determined,as part of the household energy strategy,whether (a) a suitable kerosene stove exists on the world market; (b) such a stove can be developed;and (c) such a stove is acceptable by Mauritanian households. A more detailed project descriptionis outlinedin Annex 6. In the long run, the developmentof such a stove model would be beneficialfor other countriesin the same region.

3.16 The cost for such an activityare estimatedat US$350,000. It would be executedin two phases:the first phase (selection/development) will be done outside Mauritania,the second phase (extensivefield testing) will be done exclusivelyin Mauritania. Depending on the project, suitable kerosene may or may not be available for dissemination. The financialanalysis presentedat then end of this chapter does not take into account results of kerosene use. However, benefitscan be large and will be mainly locatedin the secondarytowns and rural areas:a penetrationrate of 201 in these areas could resultin additionalcharcoal savings of up to 5,000 MT.

ImprovedCharcoal Stoves

3.17 The householdenergy strategyshould focus on the promotionof charcoalsaving stoves as a medium term interactionto reduce charcoal consumption. The UNSO/UNIFEMproject on improvedcharcoal stoves has been designedspecifically to do this by promotingcharcoal stoves in the - 43 -

urban areas, startingin Nouakchott. Therefore,no further activities are plannedto be undertakenin this area since the projectwill be able to satisfyall requirementsto effectivelyinduce charcoal savings.

3.18 The saturationrate of improvedcharcoal stoves is estimatedat 831 of the charcoalusers, or 20 thousandhouseholds in 1998. The total number of householdsusing charcoalis much less than today becausea large numberwill switchto LPG as resultof the promotionalcampaign to be launched. For Nouadhibou,the saturationrate is estimatedto be somewhatlower: 75X, for one thing, people who presentlyuse charcoal are strongly attached to their cooking habits, despite the relatively large savingspotential for changingto LPG, and also, less effortswill be undertakento promote improved stoves in that area. In the other urban areas there will be no saturationbut a slowlyincreasing number of households using improved stoves. Production and distributionof improved stoves will be more difficult compared to Nouakchott and Nouadhiboubecause people are much wider dispersedover the country. A rate of 401 of the charcoal using householdsare estimated to use improvedcharcoal stoves by the year 1998.

Charcoaland FirewoodCycle Study

3.19 It is criticalto know more preciselyhow the charcoalcycle and firewood cycle work before improvements can be recommended. Improvementsare essentialbecause much wood is unnecessarilywasted in the process of meeting household energy demands and most of it is exploited without taking into account renewing the resources. Additionally,exploitation of resourcesseems to be rather inefficient: trees are cut high above the ground leavinga good part of the tree to waste while with a little effort, much more resources could be made available. At current,not much is known about the actual charcoalor firewoodproduction and marketingpractices. What is known however,is that quite some profitsare made and that none of these profitsare used to investin the sector'simprovement.

3.20 The objective of the wood fuel supply component of the household energy strategy is to better manage existing forestry resources. Beforethis can be done, the resourcesituation must be known more precisely and an inventory is called for with the highest priority. Since this is already includedin the PIP, it is not taken up here. In order to make any recommendationwhat should be dndertakenin the forestry sector, two urgent interactions are required: (a) investigatingand analyzingthe whole supply and distributioncycle of charcoaland firewood:who are the actors,how are they organized,which are the resourcesetc.; and (b) identifyinga systemto improveresource management,control and pricing of forestry products, to contribute towardsreaching a more efficientuse of the resourceswhile at the same time replenishingthese resources. Enforcing such a strategy could likelybe selfsustaining,paid out of a fund, e.g. the nationalforestry fund, to be financed from revenues of a better wood and charcoal managementand controlsystem. - 44 -

3.21 Expected costs for the preparatorywork of the activityare US$350,000,a large part of which would be for surveysand field work. The work would be executedjointly with the DPN, accordingto the terms of reference attached in Annex 5. Improved management of the wood resources,or the outcomeof the preparatorywork, are expectedto cost US$2.12million over the remainingeight years.

Other Components

3.22 A solar water heatingstudy 21/ has been conductedby the ESMAP missionand the resultsare as follows:because of electricitysavings, returns on investment are high for commercial use. Under normal Mauritanianhousehold conditions (warm water is used only duringthe cool season,3 to 4 months per year), the switch from electricwater heaters to solar water heaters for domesticuse cannot be justified. However, for year-roundwarm water users, (who form only a very small minority group in Nouakchottand Nouadhibou)payrback times are of the order of one to two years.

3.23 One of the factors that will greatly influencethe financial performance22/ of solar water heaters will be the enforcementof the existinglaw on tax-exemptionof solar energyequipment. It is therefore recommendedto issue the decree to make the law on detaxationof solar equipmentapplicable.

3.24 As part of the householdenergy strategy, it is recommendedto: first,make operativethe law on de-taxation;second, provide technical assistanceand advice (CNEA)to new projectson infrastructure,housing, tourisme, medical sector, mainly to demonstrate the existing possibilities with solar energy; and third, assist (potential) wholesalersand importersof solar water heaterswith procuringthe most suitableequipment for Mauritania.

3.25 A similar conclusion can be drawn to reduce domestic electricityconsumption by introducingmore efficientair conditioners (AC). New types of ACs, which are more bulky and somewhatmore expensive than the older models, can save 30% to 50% of the electricityused to deliver a certaincooling job. Introductionof newer models to replace existingACs can not be justified;changing the tax law to de-taxenergy efficientACs, and providingassistance to wholesalersand importersof

21/ Les Chauffe-EauSolaires en Mauritanie;Internal Report; August 1988.

22/ Solar equipmentcan be taxed accordingto the law, at 101. Electric water heaters are taxed at the moment at 51%. Electric water heaters cost approximately(CIF) UM17 to Um2O thousandand solar types cost betweenUN 80 to UN100 thousand. - 45 -

AC. can be a feasible,in-expensive method to ensure that ACs to be purchasedare of a more energyefficient type.

3.26 Another way to substantiallyreduce the domestic electricity consumptionfor relatively small costs, is to improve the lighting situation.Replacement of incandescentlamps with fluorescentlamps can result in payback periodsof a few months. This could be achievedby providingassistance and advice to SONELECand potentialusers on costs and benefitsof differentenergy efficient lamp types.

ExpectedResults, Costs and Benefits

3.27 Table 3.4 gives the budget of the householdenergy strategy over a ten year period of time. It include all costs for equipment, personnel,studies, etc. The budgetover a ten year periodamounts to a total of US$8.03million, of which initialinvestments (for equipmentand to conduct a number of required studies) are approximately$2.3 million.

3.28 A simplifiedfinancial analysis comparing cost flows (project costs in constant1988 dollars,additional LPG importcosts) and benefit streams(the value of charcoalsavings) is presentedin table 3.5. The project shows, using a 12% discountrate, a projectnet presentvalue (NPV) of US$8.3million and an internalrate of return(IRR) of 49%. The project's component on charcoal tax/control system will generate sufficientrevenues which allowsit to becomeautofinancing.

3.29 The introductionrate of LPG is the most importantfactor for successof the projectin economicterms, as shownin diagram3.1: if the introductionrate of LPG using householdsdrops from the projected75% (of all householdsin Nouakchottat the end of ten years)to 64% instead, the IRR drops to 21%. The rate of success of the project is quite sensitive to the degree of penetrationof LPG, and it is therefore importantthat the acceleratedintroduction of LPG will be successful, and e.g., not be hampered by supply, distribution,safety or other problems.

3.30 The second factorof importancefor the successof the project is the introductionof improvedcharcoal stoves: the IRR drops to 34% if the saturationrate (of the charcoalusing householdswho use an improved charcoalstove) drops from 83% to 58%; for a penetrationrate of 21% the IRR equals 15%. The successof the project is less sensitiveto the penetrationrate of improvedcharcoal stoves than of LPG stoves,but even small penetrationrates of improved charcoal stoves make the project worthwhile.

3.31 The charcoal tax and control system has no influenceon the projectIRR: it is just a transferof money,additional revenues for the Governmentwhich will be paid by the users of charcoal. This does not mean that the tax/controlsystem is not worth the whiles it enables setting up a separateforestry management and controldepartment that - 46 -

will be entirelyfinanced out of benefitsfrom controllingthe charcoal and wood fuel sector.

Table3,4: TOTALPROJECT COSTS IN OON5TANT '88 USS

Component 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Totel

LPG TechnicalAssistance 70 50 30 40 40 40 270 Studies 170 170 Investments 80 20 400 200 700 Bottles 33 60 87 120 230 282 203 166 151 132 1464 Publicity 35 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 155 Miscellaneous 56 55 30 20 50 10 10 40 10 10 10 301

TOTAL 0 448 195 202 565 480 292 253 176 201 142 2954

IMWOVEDSTOVES Personnel 27 61 65 35 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 268 TechnicalAssistance 25 27 12 25 25 114 Publicity 15 25 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 135 stoves 25 25 Miscellaneous 56 55 30 20 50 10 10 40 10 10 10 301

TOTAL 148 168 122 65 105 30 30 8S 30 30 30 843

WOOFiUELCYCLE Studies 350 350 TechnicalAssistance 80 80 40 40 240 Control 50 80 100 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 1280 Training 120 200 150 470 Miscellaneous 40 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 40 480

TOTAL 0 440 340 360 440 210 230 190 190 230 190 2820

KEROSENESTOVES DOevelopent 300 300 Technicalassistance 80 50 130 Testing 50 50 Personnel 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 180 Promotion 10 40 20 10 10 40 10 10 10 160

TOTAL 0 350 160 80 100 40 40 70 40 40 40 960

12%misc 18 169 98 85 145 91 71 72 52 60 48 909

TOTALPROJECT 166 1575 915 792 1355 851 663 670 489 56' 450 8487 - 47 -

3.32 Two other scenarioswhich reflect possiblevariations of the policybased, interactive scenario, have also been analyzed:

(a) charcoalsupplies run out faster than anticipatedand the use of charcoalas a primaryfuel is phased out to only 1OX of the projectedfigure (in the policybased, interactive scenario) in respectivelyfour and six years. People who switch from charcoalstart using LPG as a primaryhousehold fuel; however, the use of charcoalas a secondaryfuel is as before. In this case, the NPV of the project is US$37.6 million and US$29.5 million respectively.This means that the soonerpeople switch to LPG, the betterit is from the economicpoint of view.

(b) the use of charcoalas a secondaryfuel is reducedby 50%, and the consumption of LPG as a primary fuel is increased accordinglyto reflect a constant level of useful energy consumptlon. The NPV in this case is US$16.0million, or two times higher than the NPV in the policy based, interactive scenario. It is therefore necessary to concentrate on substitution of charcoal, but to emphasize the 100% substitutionoption (people abandoning their charcoalstoves).

3.33 The estimatesused in the cost/benefitanalysis are on the conservativeside: wood is valued at replacementcosts and is either producedin the naturalforests or Prosopisplantations; charcoal is made from these resources,or is imported,but it will be availableduring the time of the project. LPG supplyis consideredto be withoutconstraint; peoplewill continueto use a secondaryfuel for the time to come. To summarize,the project shows good prospectsfor success,even under the conservativeestimates that were used.

Table 3.5: COST AND BENEFITSTREAMS OF THE PROJECT

Component 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Total

TOTALPROJECT -166 -1575 -915 -792 -1355 -851 -663 -670 -489 -561 -450 -6487 LPGcosts 0 -26 -96 -215 -393 -790 -1282 -1597 -1818 -1989 -2100 -10305 CharcoalSavings 0 140 505 1085 1857 3500 5515 6749 7582 8224 8644 43800

TOTALPROJECT COST -166 -1461 -505 78 109 1859 3570 4482 5276 5673 6093 25008 a/ LPGcosts: averageCIF costs: $30OMT. b/ Charcoal is priced at Its estimated economiccost; if charcoal locally producedruns out, charcoal will be Importedor producedfrom plantation wood(the costs of these optlons are roughly the same. - 48 -

Diagram 3.1

NET PRESENTVALUE OF PROJECT AS FUNCT'ONOF PENETRATIONRATE

Thousands 26

20 -

16-

10 6-- I.I Xcharcoalo

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% penetrationrate CHARCOAL:OF ALL CHARCOALU$ING HH LPG:Of ALL HOUSEHOLDS - 49 - ANNEX 1 Page 1 of 21

SURVEY

The text of the surveyheld in Nouakchottis presentedhere; surveysin the secondarytowns were marginallydifferent from the one in Nouakchott. The methodologyof the surveywas as follows:the city was classified into a number of urban classes,each characterizedby its typical building type. Every class was sub-dividedinto smaller sub- classesthat could be found in the city in the differentparts of town, e.g. bidonvilleswere found in more than ten sectionsof town. The classificationused is presented in table A1.1 below. In general, bidonvillesor K6bes and Loti Recasementare the poorest sections of town, Centre Ville and Loti Recent are the middle income sections,and Medinaand the sectorResidentiel are the most well to do sections. The number of householdsthat were visited within a certainclass or sub- class reflectsthe relativepopulation density for that particularurban class. Surveyorswere pre-selectedby the missionbut the final choice was made by the nationalsociologist. For Nouakchott,two teams of seven surveyorswere selected(special attention was paid to hiringwomen) and two supervisors. The surveyorswere guided to certain sectionsof town and were instructedto take a particularroad and visit every other house on the right-hand side; for the Kebes a different instructionwas given. The supervisorsprepared maps of the locationof the houses so that these could be visitedat a later stage, which actuallytook place duringa followup survey. 50so- AM=E 1 Pa5ge2 of 21

TableA1.1: CLASSIFICATIONAND SAMPLEOF THE NOUAKCHOTTSURVEY

UrbanClassification Numberof households Section Arrondissement - Sample- Total per In section of town Urban (%) number sectlon

Centreville 3% 2949 Ksar Ksar 60% 13 22 TevraghZeine TevraghZeine 40% 9

Medina 21% 17692 Abattoir Ksar 20% 27 133 NedinaG TevraghZelne 0 MedinaR Ksar 20% 27 Medina3 Ksar 20% 27 N4archede poissons TevraghZeine 0 Marchede charbon TevraghZeine 20% 27 Zone artisanale TevreghZeine 0 Ksar Ksar 20% 27

Lott recont 28% 23590 Sebkha Sebkha 30% 53 177 El Mina El Mina 40% 71 Teyarett Teyarett 10% 16 Toujounine Toujounine 10% 18 Socogim-Centrale Ksar 10% 18 Socogim-Pomplers Ksor 0

Lott recasementi 7% 5897 Bouhdida Toujounine 40% 18 44 Ten Sousilim Toujounine 40% 18 Ghazra Toujounine 0 Arafat Toujounine 20% 9

R6sidentiel 1% 737 Tevragh Zeine Tevragh Zeine 60% 3 6 llot K Tevragh Zelne 40% 2 liot C Ksar 0 flotN TevraghZelne 0

Spontan6 - "kebbe" 40% 33910 Kebbe du "5" Sebkha 20% 51 254 Kebbe du "6" El Mina 30% 76 Terminus Sebikha+ El Mina 0 Warf El MIna 0 Ktbbe Snadra Ksar 10% 25 Kebbe Arafat Toujounine 0 Carrefour b/ Toujounine 15% 38 Kebbedu "1" Teyarett 20% 51 Kebbe Elevage Ksar 5% 13 Merbett-Ksar Ksar 0

a/ Provislonaryfigures provided by "Directionde la Statistique",reoensement 1986. bi Includedare: Nbteg Jimb,KeJ El H4akemand Bel Wajhar, ANNEX1 - 51 - Page3 'of21

POJT It W 8O/IA I M IALE ST S TUTIO

DM 2*... Juin l986

QIARTIIR s...... 000*0 ADRESS ...... 2....s

NGE No. 2...... ** * .g....e.....

A. LE LOGIMENT Al. Type d'habitats

Immeuble 1 Baraque 5 Villa 2 Khalma 6 Habitatplanifi6 3 Hangar 7 Bati(briques, t6les) 4

A2. Statutd'occupation: Propriftaire 1 Locataire 2 H6berg6 3

A3. Combien vivent dans ce logement: De familles:.... De c6libataires:.

B. LE MENACE h B1. Quelleeast votre situation de famille: Mari1e 1 CGlibataire 4 Divorc6e 2 Veuve 5 S&par&e 3

82. Combiende personnesftes-vous ici dansla famille3..... Ipouses:.... Infants(< 18 ans):.... Mari:... Autresadultes:.... (vivantavec la famille) AmuR 1 - 52 - Page 4 of 21

B3. Quelleeat votre originesociale:

Arabe 1 Autresorigines 5 Pular 2 Etrangersafricains 6 Soninke 3 (Sud du Sahara) Wolof 4 Autres6trangers 7

Pour les autresetrangers precisez la nationalite:......

B4. Quel wageavez vous:..... ans Et votre mari:s....ans

B5. Travaillesvous: oui 1 non 2

-3i oui. que faites-vous:oooos ...... *oooo

B6. Quel est votre niveaudl4tudes:

hnalphab6te 1 Secondaire 3 Sait lire 2 Superieur 4

B7. Of etes-vousnees

Rural (village) 1 Ville 2 Nouakchott 3

B8. Depuiscombien de temps etes-vousa Nouakchott:

Noins de 10 ans 1 Entre 10 et 20 ans 2 Plus de 20 ans 3

B9. Votre mari est-ilpolygame:

Oui 1 Non 2

B10. Quel est son niveaud'6tudes

Analphab&te 1 Secondaire 3 Bait lire 2 Superieur 4

Bll. 0f eat-iln6e...... e......

Rural (village) 1 Ville 2 Nouakchott 3 - 54 - Page 5 of 21

812. Depuiscombien de temps est-ila Nouakchott:

Koins de 10 ans 1 Entre 10 et 20 ans 2 Plus de 20 ans 3

C. L'EQUIPEMENT h Cl. Avez-vousdans la maison:

L'eau courante 1 L'electricite * 2

C2. 8I'L N'Y A PAS L'ELECTRICITB,POSEZ LA QUESTION:

Aves-vousune t6levisionsur batterie:

Owi 1 Non 2

C3. S'IL Y A L'ELECTRICITE,POSEZ LES QUESTIONS:

Aves-vousdans la maison:

R&frig6rateur 1 Chauffeeau 5 Cong6lateur 2 Ventilateur 6 T6elvision 3 Per a repasser6lectri. 7 Vidho 4

Combiende climatiseurs:...... Autresappareils Alectriques...... (precises)

C4. Votre logementcomporte combien de pi4ces:......

C5. Quelleest selonvous la piece la plus importante:

Salon 1 Cuisine 3 Chambrea coucher 2 Autrei;;;j...... 4 (priAcises)

Pourquoi2 ...... *...******

.. *..*.*...... ge.....e...e....e....e.ge..g...... 55 Page6 of 21

C6. Ou cuisinez-vousle plus souvent:

A l'interieur 1 A lext6rieur 2

C7. Commentvous deplacezvous en g6n6raldans Nouakchott:

A pied 1 Taxi 4 Bus 2 Voiture 5 Charette 3

C8. Aves-vous(ou votre mari) une voiture:

Oui 1 Non 2

D. LES DEPENSES

Dl. Qui participea la d6pense:

Vous 1 Votre mari 2

Autre(pr6ciaez): ......

D2. SI LE MMAU (OU UNE AUTRE PERSOUN) PARTICIPEA LA DEPENSE,P08EZ LA QUESTION:

Eat-ceque votre mari (ou une autre personne)vous donne de l'argentpour la d6pense:

Tous lea jours 1 Tous lea mois 3 Toutesles semaines 2 Irregulier 4

D3. Quelleeat votre d6penseen moyenne:

Par jourS...... UM Par moisS*...... ***UM

Autre (precisez):...... UK par - 56 - 56 - ~~~~~~ANNEIXPage 7I of 21

D4. Qui participedirectement a la depensepour:

Loyer: vous 1 votremari 2 autre:...... (A NE POSERQUE SI LE MENAGEEST LOCATAIRE:question A2)

Charbon: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:...... Eaus vous 1 votremari 2 autre:......

Electricite: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:...... (A NE POSER QUE SI LE MENAGEA L'ELECTRICITE:question CO)

Gaz: vous 1 votre mari 2 autr tr...... s.."..

VYtements: vous 1 votremari 2 autre tre:......

M6dicaments: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:tre:6"0......

Sijoux: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre tr*.oo.oo..oes..

Frais scolaires:vous 1 votre mari 2 autre t.00...... :...

Huile: vous 1 votremari 2 autre:tre:o...oooo...

Tomateconcentre: vous 1 votremari 2 autre:tre:...... o,..

Poisson,viande: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:tre:..o.o....o

Riz, couscous: vous 1 votremari 2 autre:tro*ooo*eo:....

Th63 vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:oootre:*ooo...o

Sucre: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:ootre:o.o......

D5. Avez-vousune idee de votre factured'&lectricit6:...... UM (A NE POSER QUE SI LE MENACEA L'ELECTRICITE:question CO)

D6. Partagez-vouscette factureavec me autre famille:

Oul 1 Non 2

D7. Connaissea-vousquelques moyens de diminuercette facture:

*[email protected]*[email protected]*.e0*0.0*e **[email protected].....*.*.*.*.....

**-*-* e * * *-**0¢* * ***0000400000*0000000000oeoo-** * sooo-* * o-*X*¢¢Xv- AN= I 57 - Pa-e8 of 21

E. L'ECLAIRAGE

El. Combiende lampesutilises-vous (INSCRIVEZ LE NOMBREPOUR CUACUN DES TYPES DE LAMPESUTILISES):

Bougie: Au p6trole Lampe A petrole: ... Lampe a pressiont ...

Au gaz CampinggazS ... Moyenne bleuet ...

A l'6lectricit6 Ampoule: Lampe-neons ...

Autres(peie)......

E2. Si vous avez plusieurstypes de lampes,lequel utilisez-vous le plus souvent:

Bougie 1 Gaz moyennebleue 5 LampeA petrole 2 Ampoule 6 LampeA pression 3 Lampe-neon 7 Campinggaz 4 Autre 8

E3. Combiend'heures par jour utilisez-vousvos lampes:...... h

E4. Combienavez-vous achete la lampeque vous utilisezle plus

souvent:...... UM

E5. POUR LES MENAGESQUI S'ECLAIPENTA LA BOUGIE (voir questionEl) POSEZLA QUESTION:

Combiendure une bougieen moyennes......

E6. POUR LES MENACESQUI UTILISENTDES LAMPESA PETROLE(voir question El), POSEZ LA QUESTION:

Combiende 'oursse passentavant de racheterdu petroles...... (SI TOUS LES JOURS,INSCRIVEZ: 1) - 58 - ANNEX 1 Page 9 of 21

QuellequantitA I peu pres en achetezvous chaque fois:

Litre:...... Verre:s..... Walats

Est-cepour l'eclairageseulement:

Oui 1 Non 2

17. POUR LES MENAGESQUI UTILISENTDES LAMPESA GAZ (voirquestion El, POSIZ LA QUESTION:

Combiende jours se passentavant de racheterdu gas:

Campinggass...... Moyennebleues00400,*

Est-cepour l'eclairageseulements

Oui 1 Non 2

88. POUR LES MIEAGESQUI UTILISENTL'ELECTRICITE (voir questionEl, POSEZ LA QUESTION:

Devez-vousremplacer souvent, parce qu'elles ne marchentplus: (VERIFIERLE TYPE D'ECLAIRACEUTILISE: question El):

Les ampoules: Oui 1 Non 2

Les lampes-n6on:Oui 3 Non 4

Si oui, tous les combiena peu pr6s:

Ampoule: .... Lampe-n6onl ..

POUR TOUS LBS MENACES:

39. Quel type de lampe pr6f6rea-vous(SEULEMENT UNE POSSIBILITE):

Bougie 1 Gaz moyennebleue 5 LampeI petrole 2 Ampoule 6 Lampe& pression 3 Lampe-neon 7 Campinggas 4 Autre 8

Pourquouis.o......

*00@O.. O ...... @*OOO*OO6OOO*OOOOOOOOO*@OO*OOO ANNEX 1 ~59 F iPage10 of 21

310. Aimez-vousle type de lampeque vous utilisee:

Oui 1 Non 2

PourquoiS ...... **0...... 0

***************0000*0000000000* 0 0000000000000000**00*0*0 000**00*0*

P. L'ERCIE

Pi. A quelleperiode de l'anneeutilises-vous l'eau chaude pour la toilette:

Toute l'annee 1 En saisonfroide 2 Jamais 3

F2. Si le mbnagechauffe l'eau pour la toilette,posex la question:

Et commentchauffes-vous 1'eau:

Au bois 1 Au gaz 3 Au charbon de bols 2 Chauffe eau 4 (hlectrique) Autre (prciser)er...)

P3. Chauffes-vousvotre logementpendant la saisonfroide:

Oui 1 Non 2 Si oui, avec quel combustible:

Bois 3 Charbonde bois 4

Autre (pr6cises):......

C. LA CUISINE

GI. Qui cuisinechex vous en gen6ral:

Vous mbme 1 La bonne ou le boy 2 Quelqu'unde votre famille(prhcises):......

¢2. Combien de personnesmangent en gdn6ralchez vous:

Le matins...... Le midi:s...... Le soirS . , ANE 1 -60 - ~Page 11 of 21

G3. Qu'est-ceque Vous prenexen generalpour le petit-d&jeuner:

Ths 1 Lait chaud 5 Quinquilibe 2 Restesr6chauffes 6 Nescafe 3 Autre 7 Bouillie 4

04. Qu'est-ceque vous mange:en g6n6ralpour le repas de midi:

Rix a la viande 1 Couscous 3 Tieboudiene 2 Riz-sauce 4

Autre repas chaud 5 pr6cisezs......

Ou un repas froid 6 precisez:......

05. Qu'est-ceque vous mangezen g6n6ralpour le repas du soirS

Couscous 1 Ragout (banafa) 3 Rix 2

Autre repas chaud 4 pr6ci8ezt......

Ou un repas froid 5 precisezS......

G6. En g6n6ral,combien de temps consacrea-vousa la cuissondes aliments (dWbut) (fin) Le matinpour le petit-dsjeunertde ,.... h a ***co h

Pour le rapas de midi: de h I ..... h

Pour le rapas du soirt: 4e h a ... h

G7. Cela vous paraitS

Normal 1 Beaucoup 2 Vraimenttrop 3

H. LES COMBUSTIBLES

HI. Quel combustibleutilises-vous le plus pour la cuisine:

Bois 1 Gas 3 Charbonde bois 2 P6trole 4

Autre S prce5iss# -61 - - 61 ~~AlFPage 12 I of 21

82. Utilisea-vousun (ou plusieurs)autre combustibleen plust

Oui 1 Non 2

Si oui, loquel(s):

Bois 1 Gaz 3 Charbonde bois 2 Petrole 4 Autre 5 pr ez iso* s

H3. Vous utilisezce deuxiemecombustible plut6t pour:

Le petit dejeuner 1 Une cuisinerapide 2 Le the 3 Rechaufferles plats 4 R4chaufferde l'eau 5 Chaufferle logement 6 Qusnd vous etes en retard 7

Autre (pr6cisez)t...... * ... 0.... 4 *...... *..*...... *

84. Quel foyer aves-vous(PRECTSEZ LE NOMBRESI PLUSIEURS):

(Nb.) (Nb.) A bois: troispierres 1 .. 2 atautre prAcisez:...... * .*

A charbonde bois: fourneau 3 ... foyeram&lior4 4

autre 5 pr6cisess......

A gas: gaziniere 6 gas moyen bleu 7 ... Campinggazas autre 9 pr..isez:...*.*****....

A p6trole 10 c..isez ise* s

H5. Avez-vousentendu parler de foyersam6lioress

Oui 1 Non 2

Si oui, od en avez-vousentendu parler:

Radio 1 Chaab 3 Par des voisinsou amis 2 A l'etranger 4 A13 1 - 62 - Page13 of 21

H6. Aves-vousdeja vu des foyersam6lior6s2

Oui 1 Non 2

Si oui, oiuen avez-vousdeja vu:

T6elvision 3 Chez des voisins 4 En photo ou dessin 5 ou des amis En quellemati&re sont-ils falts:

Banco 6 Ciment 7 NWtal 8

Quel est leur principalavantage:...... (PRECIsEZSI NE SAIT PAS)

17. POUR LES MENAGESQUI UTILISENTLE CHARBONDE BOIS (voirquestions HI et B2 et D4) POSEZ LES QUESTIONS:

0 achetez-vousle charbonde bois:

Au marche 1 Chez un marchand 2 pr6s de chez vous

Autre 3 pr6cisez:... *..**0006*6*

H8. L'achetez-voustoujours au m6me endroit:

Oui 1 Non 2

H9. En g6n6ral,vous I'achetespar quellequantiteS

Kilo 1 Sac 2 Pot 3

Si par kilo, preciserle nombre: e..... kg

St a quel prist

Kilo .... UK Sac ..... UK ANNE 1 - 63 - Page 14 of 21

R10. Tous les combiena peu pres:

Deux fois par jour 1 Une fois par semaine 4 Une fois par jour 2 Chaque2 ou 3 semaines 5 Tous les 2 ou 3 jours 3 Une fois par mois 6

Hli. Qui va acheterle charbonde bois en gen6ral:

Vous 1 Votre mari 4 La bonne ou le boy 2 Autre 5 Vos enfants 3 pr6cisez:......

HI2. POUR LES MENACESQUI UTILISENTLE CAZ (voirquestions HI et H2, et D4), POSEZ LES QUESTIONS:

O0tachetez-vous le gas:

Au marche 1 Dane une station-service3 Ches un marchand 2 Autre 4 pr6cisez:......

H13. L'achetex-voustoujours au mtrut endroit:

OI 1 Non 2

H14. Quelle(s)bouteille(s) achetez-.oust (VERIFIER QUE LE TYPE DE BOUTEILLECORRESPOND BIEN AU FOYER EFFECTIVEMENTUTILISE: questions El et HA)

12,5 kg 1 tous lee combienenviron:s...... toyennebleue 2 tous lea combienenviron:S...... Campinggas 3 tous les combienenviron:......

Combiende bouteillesde rechangeposs6dez-vous:

12,5 kg *.... Noyennebleue *F**

HIS. Qui va acheterle gas en general:

Vous 1 Votre mari 4 La bonneou le boy 2 Autre 5 Vos enfants 3 prkcises:S...... AVNHXI - 64 - Page15 of 21

Avec quel moyen de transport:

A pied 6 Taxi 9 Charette 7 Voiture personnelle 10 Bus 8 H16. POUR LES MENACES QUI UTILISENT LE BOIS (voir questions HI et U2 P088Z LBS QUESTIONS:

O& achetex voUn le bois:

Au marche 1 A un marchand qui passe 3 A un marchand 2 Autre 4 pres de ches vous precisess

L'achetez-voustoujours au m&me endroit:

Oui 5 Non 6

17. Precisez par quelle quantit6 vous l'achetez a chaque fois:

Et tous lee combien a peu pres:......

H18. Qui va l'acheter en g6neral:

Yous 1 Votre mari 4 La bonne ou le boy 2 Autre 5 Vos enfants 3 pr6ci9ez:......

I. LE BOIS

POUR TOUTES LBS FEMMES, QU'ELLBS UTILISENT OU NON LE BOIS:

Parlons un peu du bois.

II. Quel est selon vous le type de famille qui cuisine au bois:

12. Quels inconv6nientstrouves-vous au bois:

...... 0

.. 000000000000000000000000000000 .000000000 00000000000000.00000000 00 .0 - 65 - PageANNE 16 1 of 21

I3. Quelo avantagestrouvez-vous au boiss

...... *..*...... *...... s...... 00.*....

LE CHARBONDE BOIS

POUR TOUTESLES FENES, QU'ELLESUTILISENT OU NON LE CUARBONDE 808s:

Parlonsmaintenant du charbonde bois.

J1. Quel est selon vous le type de famillequi cuisineau charbonde bois:

...... 000...... 0...... *...... 0...... *0400...... 000

32. Quelt inconvenientstrouvez-vous au charbonde bois:

...... 0..0.... 00...... 0.....0......

M3. Quels sont selon vous les 3 principauxinconvenients (HIERARCHISEZ LES RIPONSESEN LES CLASSANTDE 1 A 3):

La fatigue *... Risquesde penurie La salete . 0.. San danger 000 Son prix ....

Autre inconvenient 0000 prAcisez::......

Pas d'inconvenient .000

J4. Qu'east-cequi vous paraitle-plus phnible dans son utilisation (RIERARCHISEZLES REPONSES):

La corveed'allumage .... Le nettoyage 0.00 L'obligationde toujourasurveiller ....

J5. En mati&rede salete,qu'eat-ce qui vous gnme le plus (HIRA RCUISEZLES REPONSES):

La poussiare 0000 La fum&e .... La cendreo. .. ANE 1 Page 17 of 21

J6. Quels avantagestrouvez-vous au charbonde boiss

*-OO ******v***¢****OOGOOOO*@@O@O*O*0000G0O@@*.*4@400@**O*OOOO@O

*OO**** O@*6O6* **OO4@O 6* *e********-*b*O9 *0*00**-**e* 00O~* e0 ** 000

J7. Quels sont pour vous lee 3 principauxavantages (HIERARCHISEZ LES REPONSESEN LES CLASSANTDE 1 A 3):

D'etretraditionnel .... De trouver facilement a en acheter .*00 D'etreeconomique .... De permettrede mijoter .... De donner bon goat a la nourriture .... D'entretenirune chaleurdouce et forte agr6able pendant la p6riode froide .... Autre avantage (prcises): ...... *.00 Aucun avantage **06

J8. Pensez-vousque le charbonde bois soit adaptea la vie moderneen ville:

Oui 1 Non 2

Pourquoi:***...... *...... *...... e......

*****rr--*¢*-.-*..-*...**.....****.*.*....****. 060*0000t*00 660

K. LE GAZ

SI LA PAMILLEN'UTILISE PAS LE GAZ, PASSEZDIRECTEMENT A LA QUESTIONK7.

SI LA FAMILLEUTILISE LE GAZ (voirquestions Hl et l2, et D4), P08EZ LES QUESTIONSSUIVANTES:

Kl. Depuiscombien de tempsutilisez vous le gas:

Koins de 5 ans 1 Entre 5 et 10 ans 2 Plus de 10 ans 3

K2. Qui dans la famillea dtcid6de passerau gazS:

Vous 1 Votre mari 2 Autre 3 pr6cises...... e...... - 67 - Page IS8of 21

K3. Pour quellerasn......

SI LA FAMILLEUTILISE LE GAZ SEULEMENTCOMME DEUXTEME COMBUSTIBLE (voir question H2), POSEZ LES QUESTIONSSUIVANTES:

K4. Avez-vousdejs utilise la gaz pour cuisiner, avant:

Oui 1 Non 2

K5. Si oui, depuisquand a peu pr&s avez-vousarrete de faire la

cuisineau gaz:.....

K6. Et orui......

SI LA FAMILLEN'UTILISE PAS LE GAZ (voirquestions Hl et H2), POSEZ LES QUESTIONSSUIVANTES:

K7. Pourquoin'utilisez-vous pas le gass......

,...... 0...... 0.....0*...... O...... @

K8. Connaisses-vousdes femmesqui cuisinentau gas:

Oui 1 Non 2

K9. Penses-vousque ces femmessoient plus avantageesque vous:

Oui 1 Non 2

...... q...... *****.*.. ANNEX1 - 68 - Page-19of 21

POUR TOUTESLES EMES, QU'ELLES UTILISENTOU NON LE CMZ:

K10. Quel est selon vous le type de famillequi cuisinentau gas:

00000000000*@OOOee-OOOOaOOOO* 0000 O@**--000000000000-*****000 *@0000

KRl. Quieleat a votre avis le principalavantage du gaz:

K12. Quels sont selon vous lee 3 avantagesles plus importantsdu gSa (5IuARCHIsEZLES REPONSESEN LBS CLASSANTDE 1 A 3)s

La simplicit6 .... La rapidit .00.0. La proprete .0.0 L'6conomie .000 Autre avantage .. prcisez8***.o.o...... o.. Aucun avantage

K13. Quel eat a votre avis le principalinconv6nient du gas:

K14. Quels sont selon vous lee 3 inconv6nientsdu gas lea plus importants (HIERARCHISHZLES REPON8ESEN LES CLASSANTDE 1 A 3):

Odeur doplaisante .00 . Risque d'asphyxie 0000 Risque d'explosion ... 0 Panne imprevue 0000 Manque d'equilibre Cofitdu foyer 0000 du fourneau 00.0 Absence de ve:deur Coftt du gas . 0.z proche *000 Rupture d'approvisionnement0000 -69- ~~~AJNEX1 -69 - Page 20 of 21

L. LE PETROLE

LI. Utilises-vousdu petrole(VERIFIEZ LA COHERENCEAVEC LES QUESTIONS El ET H2)

Oui 1 Von 2

Si oui, pour quel usage:

L'6clairage 1 La cuissondes aliments 3 L'allumagedu feu 2 Chauffer1'eau 4 Autre 5 pr ecisess

L2. Si vous utilisezle p6trole,vous l'achetezt

Au march6 1 Chez un marchand En station-service 2 pres de ches vous 3 Autre 4 prce isoo :

L3. L'achetez-voustoujours au m&imeendroit:

oui 1 Non 2

Qui va l'acheteren general:

Vous 3 Votre mari 6 La bonne ou le boy 4 Autre 7 Vos enfants 5 pr6cisee:*.....sez:..ooo.

POURTOUTES LBS FEWIMES,QU'ELLES UTILISENT OU NONLE PETROLE:

L4. Aves-vous utilise un r6chaud a petrole pour cuisiner, avant:

Oui 1 Non 2

Si oui, depuisquand A peu pres aves-vousarr&t6 de l'utiliser2.....

L5. Si non, connaisses-vousdes familles qui cuisinentavec un r6chaud a ptrole:

oui 1 Non 2 - 70_ ANPage 211 of 21

L6. Si oui, qu'en pensezvous:

...... *...... G.@...... 000* eeeeee@ o.e...... *...... o...... 0......

QuestionsA remplirpar lenqueteur I la fin 4e l'enqu&te,apres avoir quitt6la m4nage

MI. Iupressiong6n6rale du niveaude vie:

Riche 1 Noyenne 2 Pauvre 3

42.Comzentaires et observationparticuliers:......

.*00000. 00006*00000000 000 eeee...,...... 4......

...... 0.... *...... 000...

...... 00.....*......

0*0000000000000.00000000...00006*oOO*4oe*OO00*00000.**004006*006**0000*000

(pour la femme;question B5) ESTIMEZLE IIVEAU DE REVENUSD'APRESi LE TRAVAILEFFECTUE:

Bas 3 Noyen 4 Elev6 5 - 71 - AN X 2 Page 1 of 5

ENERGCONSJPTION PROJECTIONS NOAICTT

INTERACTIVESCENARIO 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Numberof Householdsa/: 58511 63660 69262 73348 77676 82258 87112 92251 97694 103458109562

1* Numberof consumers:

1.1. LPG as primary fuel:

penetration rate b/: 27S 29% 32% 36% 41S 50S 60S 66% 70% 730 75% households using LPG 15798 18461 22164 26405 31847 41129 52267 60886 68386 75524 82172 12.5 kg: 11374 12373 13464 14259 15100 15991 16935 17934 18992 20112 21299 6 kg: 2654 3652 5220 7288 10048 150 21200 25771 29636 33247 36524 2.7 kg: 1769 2434 3480 4859 6699 10055 14133 171b1 19758 22165 24349

1.2. Wod or Charcoal as primary fuel:

households using wood c/ : 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 households using charcool : 41013 43498 45398 45243 44129 39429 33145 29665 27608 26234 25691 penetration rate of Impr.stoves d/: 3S 10% 20% 33% WS0 66S 73% 77% 80$ 82% 83% households using lmpr.stoves : 1230 4350 9080 14930 22064 26023 24196 22842 22087 21512 21323 householdsusing traditional stoves: 39782 39148 36318 30313 22064 13406 8949 6823 5522 4722 4367

1.3. LPG as secondary fuel:

households using LPG !: 12714 13484 14073 14025 13680 12223 10275 9196 8559 8132 7964 12.5 kg : 1271 1348 1407 1403 1368 1222 1027 920 856 813 796 6 kg: 1271 1348 1407 1403 1368 1222 1027 920 856 813 796 2.7 kg : 10171 10788 11259 11220 10944 9778 8220 7357 6847 6506 6371

1.4.Charcoal as secondary fuel: :

households using charcoal f/ : 6319 7385 8865 10562 12739 16452 20907 24354 27354 30210 32869

2. Developmentof LPG::

2.1. Consumptionof LPG 2/ : (1000 T)

primary fuel : 2.7 3.1 3.8 4.5 5.4 7.0 8.9 10.4 11.6 12.8 14.0 secondaryfuel : 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 Total : 3.3 3.8 4.5 5.2 6.1 7.6 9.4 10.8 12.1 13.2 14.4

2.2. Total numberof LPGstoves used:

stoves 12.5 kg : 12646 13724 14872 15661 16468 17213 17962 18853 19848 20925 22095 stoves 6 kg : 3925 50N0 6627 8690 11416 16305 22227 26691 30492 34061 37320 stoves 2.7 kg : 11941 13222 14738 16079 17643 19834 22353 24538 26604 28671 30720 - 72-AM= 2 Page 2 of 5

1968 1989 1990 j991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

2.3 LPG stovesto manufactureor Importyearly 8/

stoves12.5 kg : 3607 3893 3764 3939 4039 4191 4464 4765 5047 5355 stoves6 kg : 2409 3327 4317 S680 8771 11466 12021 12876 13936 14840 stoves2.7 kg : 5341 6012 6351 7031 8190 9263 9785 10409 11112 11798

2.4. Requirednumber of LPGbottles :

Bottlesof 12.5kg : 30343 32961 35772 37751 39802 41811 43878 46214 48763 51500 54442 Bottlesof 6 kg : 10505 13651 18473 24669 32880 47693 65653 79153 90621 101368111164 Bottlesof 2.7 kg : 25650 28878 32956 37016 41984 49723 58839 66257 72967 79506 85790

2.5. Annuallyrequired number of newbottles 9/ :

Bottlesof 12.5kg : 2618 2811 1979 2051 2009 2066 2336 2550 2737 2941 Bottlesof 6 kg : 3147 4822 6195 8212 14813 17960 13500 11468 10747 9795 Bottlesof 2.7 kg : 322 4078 4060 4968 7739 9116 7418 6710 6540 6283

3. Developmentof charcoal:

3.1. Consumptionof charcoal10/ (1000T)

primaryfuel : 38.7 40.2 40.9 39.2 36.4 31.0 25.4 22.5 20.7 19.5 19.1 secondaryfuel : 3.0 3.5 4.2 5.0 6.0 7.7 9.8 11.4 12.9 14.2 15.4 Total : 41.6 43.7 45.0 44.2 42.4 38.7 35.3 33.9 33.6 33.7 34.5

3.2. Annuallyrequired number of Improvedstoves to produce:

Improvedstoves : 3944 7644 11934 17137 18742 15608 14858 14549 14223 14224

1/ Estlmatedpopulation; growth rate of 8.8%between 1988 and 1990and thereafter5.9 S (SourceEtude SONELEC). 2/ Actualfigure acording to survey. ObJective75 S of the households1999. 3/ Assumption:no growthIn wood consumption. 4/ Assumption:2 out of 3 householdsuse charcoalIn 1993. 5/ Assumption31 % of the charcoalusers (based on the survey). £/ Assumption50 5 of the LPGusers (basedon the survey). !/ 170 kg (1stfuel) et 40 kg (2ndfuel) per householdand peryear. i/ Stove lifetime : S years (12,5kg)# 3 years (3 et 6 kg). ;/ Actual numberof existing bottles 40.000of 12.5kg, 12,000of 6kget 30,000of 3 kg. TO/ 950 kg (Istfuel) and 470 kg (2ndfuel) perhousehold and peryear. - 73 - AN 2 Page 3 of 5

TREND8ASED SCENARIO

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Numberof Householdsa/: 58511 63660 69262 73348 77676 82258 87112 92251 97694 103458 109562

1. Numberof consumers

I.1. LIP as primaryfuel :

penetrationrate b/: 27S 28S 30% 31I 33% 34% 36$ 380 40% 42% 44% householdsusing LPG: 15798 18047 20617 22926 25492 28346 31519 35048 38971 43334 48186 12.5 kg: 11374 12994 1484M 16506 18354 20409 22694 25234 28059 31201 34694 6 kg: 2654 3032 3464 3851 4283 4762 5295 5888 6547 7280 8095 2.7 kg 1769 2021 2309 2668 2855 3175 3530 3925 4365 4853 5397

1.2. Woodor Charcoalas primaryfuel

householdsusing wood c/ 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 householdsusIng charcoal 41013 43912 46944 48722 50483 52213 53892 55503 57023 58424 59677 penetration rate of Improvedstoves d/ 3S 10$ 20% 33% 50% 66% 73% 77S 80$ 82% 83% householdsusing lmpr. stoves 1230 4391 9389 16078 25242 34460 39341 42738 45618 47907 49532 householdsusing traditional stoves 39782 39521 37555 32644 25242 17752 14551 12766 11405 10516 10145

1.3. LPGas secondaryfuel

householdsusing LPG.e : 12714 13613 14553 15104 15650 16186 16707 17206 17677 18111 18500 12.5kg : 1271 :561 1455 1510 1565 1619 1671 1721 1768 1811 1850 6 kg 1271 1361 1455 1510 1565 1619 1671 1721 1768 1811 1850 2.7 kg : 10171 10890 11642 12083 12520 12949 13365 13765 14142 14489 14U0

1.4. Charcoalas secondaryfuel :

householdsusing charcoal f/ 6319 7219 8247 9170 10197 11338 12608 14019 15589 17334 19274

2. Developmentof LPG

2.1. Consumptionof LPG j/: (1000T)

primaryfuel: 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.8 5.4 6.0 6.6 7.4 8.2 secondaryfuel 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Total : 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.1

2.2. Total numberof LPGstoves used:

stoves12.5 kg : 12646 14355 16300 18017 19919 22028 24365 26955 29827 33012 36544 stoves 6 kg : 3925 4393 4919 5362 5848 6381 6966 7609 8315 9091 9945 stoves2.7 kg : 11941 12912 13951 14651 15375 16123 16895 17690 18506 19343 20197 - 74 - ANNEX2 Page 4 of 5

1988 1969 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 I99? 1996

2.3 LPGstoves to manufactureor ilportyearly a/:

stoves12.5 kg : 4239 4815 4977 5S6 6092 6742 7463 8263 9150 10134 stoves6 kg : 1802 2019 2115 2309 2521 2755 3011 3293 3W3 3945 stoves 2.7 kg s 5031 5430 5443 5705 5976 6254 6539 6831 7128 7430

2.4. Requirednumber of LPG bottles:

iottles of 12.5 kg : 30343 34527 39294 43532 48233 53451 59241 65667 72600 80718 89509 Bottlesof 6 kg : 10505 11818 13302 14575 15978 17524 19227 21105 23177 25463 27965 B-ottles of 2,7 kg : 25650 27844 30212 31869 33605 35422 37321 39306 41378 43539 45790

2.5. Annually require4 numberof now bottles 9/:

Bottlesof 12.5kg : 4164 4767 4237 4702 5217 5790 6426 7133 7916 8791 Bottlesof 6 kg : 1314 1483 1274 1403 1546 1704 1878 2072 2286 2523 Bottles of 2.7 kg : 2194 2367 1658 1736 1616 1899 1985 2072 2161 2251

3. Developoentof charcoal:

3.1.Consumption of charcoal10/ : (1000T)

primaryfuel s 38.7 40.6 42.2 42.3 41.6 41.0 41.4 42.0 42.8 43.5 44.3 secondaryfuel : 3.0 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.8 5.3 5.9 6.6 7.3 8.1 9.1 Total s 41.6 44.0 46.1 46.6 46.4 46.3 47.3 48.6 50.1 51.7 53.4 aaMKWer.OMsTIC FUELS (MD0 MV), i.rteeiem t9

Populatico 4%) 00O DE BOIS BOIS ter camustblbe 8AZ 1117MMter cabtlble W6BSSATS0MT0TA1* CTM) for Lambustibl. a bole (aLP satre total a chatbo (aLPmitre, total x bols charbn mitre total chebon bole SIP total bola

Mmaacbot0) 50.000 29,91 39% 7% 211 3% W9 2% IS 01 33 13 0% US% IS 271 42,827 8,285 3,254 365,1??

ftuaedhIL.)v60.000 3,31 201 41% 24% 0% 371 37% 731 2,306 0 817 19.719 2ou6ret.ISOrick 50.000 2.7% 201 4% 24% Os 37% 37% 73% 1,972 0 Got 16.433 Aimr 15.000 1,95 215 53 2% 26% 12% 11% 3% 21% 29% 3% 173 50% I,312 3,126 343 14s0m ewtretone satasre -a 11.500 1,0% 345 203 23 05 55% 11s Is$ 13 0% 275 lo% Is 63 0% 73s 1,144 1,917 40 11.449 rural 115.000 6,3% 165 Os Is 0% 25% S5% 21 1% 0% S8$ lo% 1% 6% O% 17% 3,285 30,617 378 57,992

A"%*, -u 15.000 0,8% 39% 193 WO is 69% 7S 12% 93s SS 6S II$ 1,161 1,160 36 11.000 AMoSO-r 35.000 1,93 US% 63 3% Os 231 73% 73% 2% 0% 23 4S 871 81,76 28 19.049

Klots- u 19.800 1.1% 40% 27% 2% 69% lOS 20% 30% 0% Is Is 1,570 2,369 5 15S452 Killa - r 40.200 2,2% 13% 9% IS 0% 23% 77% 77% 01 969 14,25 1 22.335 U 0% 0% *464$ - a 12.000 0.7% 4% 123 5% 21% 30% 47% IS7%0 48 355 ,8 %aeds- r 28.000 1,51 Is 4% ?% Os 73 93% 933 01 197 11,924 2 13,565

Va8lieadu Fleuve- a 50.000 2.75 14% 16% 53 0% 40% 21% 35% 2% 01 573 Is Os is Os 2% 2,675 10,883 39 33,176 ,, rural 275.000 14.9% 6% IS 2% 0% 13% .6% Os 0% O 0% 6% 01 0% 01 01 is 3.855 106,302 S16 140,426 1,1st- 32.500 1.8% 13% 16% 43 OS 333 25% 40S 2% 0% 67% 01 Os 0% 01 0% 1.534 8,214 12 20.997 rural 215.000 11.71 4% 5% is Os III a9n 0% 0% 0% a"% 0% Of OS 01 0% 2,429 87,737 13 107.902 sOmadS 290.000 15,83 as 63 1% Os 153 783 1% 0% 0% *79 35 Os 2% 0% 6% 4,946 104,631 330 145,847 ...... s. a...... a. .*.f xSe no*. S..s** W.&ws, ea...... s..-a6- . .. ueua W.". ftn **go.. M.-.. .. W.u a.. .*. .u....a 1.840.000 100% 19" 73 8% IS 35% 46% 3% Os Os 49% $% 0% 7% 0% 16% 73,571 400,777 6,003 t,02.eit

*a eucluslvemmat *00pt80ses. NeWolihts, Nouadn.ibou,Atwr, K6ddi, Kitfa: f6sitltots do 8'mujute LsecUiftres powr tates las mattes r6gions G6ievest, do cos CDIfreeCmw gult: Pear ft*9. *ilt# aand K.edl chiftreSea0st bee61"swe ds f r6quelles 40061llaalonrurale do 1/3des fr6quneoe arbedees Ipaur to S"btaft dto cilat8a de bole), .lebels ratpeautot e soide.. beec-. a (2 Nmuoe&COtt# 3 Kio #a)/S; I VWaSI du Flowso (-u et -r)u (3 KaOci . i*ta . PessoiS; amtre a&uo Sabare 4-v et -r): a (Ater *2 KlIfa)/3 Sl6ot 4-*atl -r) a Is K6d i * K i i a)/41 beedese a (2 Let-i # other Sabara-e)/3. Scarce 1810/Pr d Book eWavey. - 76 - ANNEX 3 Page I of 11

IMPROVEDSTOVES

Stove Descriptions

3.1 CharcoalStoves

The TraditionalMALGACHE

This stove is availablein two models: round and squared. It is fabricatedfrom scrap metal,and, for the squaremodel, is composedof a conicalcombustion chamber on a cubicalbase (see Figure2.1). It is made in differentsizes, the followingsketch gives the dimensionsfor the most widely sold size. There is no facilityfor controllingthe air for combustion.This type of stove is fabricatedlocally by artisansand costs approximately350 UK.

Figure3.1: The MalgacheStove.

The MULTI 7

The Multi 7 comes from Senegal. It was conceivedfor cooking pots rangingin size from 4 to 7 and is fabricatedfrom scrapmetal. The stove is rouna and is composedof a conical combustionchamber on a cylindricalbase (see Figure 3.2). The dimensionsare given in Table 3.1. In the base, there is a shutter for regulatingthe air for combustion. This stove is made by artisansand costs approximately700 Ul. ANNEX 3 - 77 - Page 2of ll

The VARIATION3 This stove is a variationof the Multi 5 from Senegal. The Multi 5 is too large for the cooking pot most frequentlyused in Nauritania,cooking pot no. 3 (Thiaw and Fall, 1987). The "Base Techniquedes Foyers Amelior6s" (BTFA) of the Ministry of Energy and Mines has, based on this fact, developeda stove adaptedto this type of cookingpot (Fall, 1988). The stove greatlyresembles the Multi 7 (see Figure3.2) and is fabricatedfrom scrap metal by artisans. Its cost is about 500 UM.

lb

Figure 3.2: The Variation and MultiI Stoves. -78 - 78 ~~~~~AS=EPafge33of 11

3.2. KeroseneStoves

The THONASCUP 20 Stove

This is a stove with wicks. It is composed of 20 wicks arrangedin a round burner. This burner, in turn, is placed in a frame (see Figure 3.3). The capacityof the reservoiris 2.0 kg, wbich is sufficientfor 8 hours of operationat maximum power. This stove is fabricatedon a large scale in Indonesiaand sold for 700 UM (US$9.25).

The PET stove

The PET stove was conceivedbased on the Thomas Cup 20 model. It is an improvedtype of Thomas Cup (Bussmannand Visser,1986, 1987). It possesses21 wicks and a conicalmulti-cooking pot support. This type of stove is still in the "prototype" phase and is not yet commrciali&ed. The capacity of the reservoir is 2.5 kg, which is sufficientfor 9 hours of operation.

Figure3.3: The ThomasCup 20 Stove. ANNM=3 -79 - age~47ofll

The ZeppelinStove

The Zeppelinis a pressurestove. The reservoiris put under pressure by a separate hand pump. It utilizes a second fuel for preheatingthe burner, notablymethyl alcohol. The reservoirand the burner are mounted in a structurewhich also serves as a cooking pot support(see Figure 3.4). The capacityof the reservoiris 3 kg, which is sufficientfor 14 hours of operationat full power. The stove is mass-producedin Indonesiaand sold at a price of 1,100 UM (US$15).

Figure3.4: The ZeppelinStove. -80- PageANM= 53 of 11

3.3. Gas Stoves

The Blip BanekhStove

Camping Gaz/Iransen/Shellhas, since 1974, popularizedthis stove in Senegal. It is composedof a 2.7 kg Camping Gaz bottle of butane gas, a CampingGaz burner mounted directlyon the bottle,and a cookingpot support(see Figure3.5). In Mauritania,the bottleand the burner are imported,the supportis fabricatedlocally by artisans. The capacityof the bottle is sufficientfor 10 hours of operationat full power. The cost of a completestove is about 2200 UM. (Bottle: 1000 UM; burner: 600 UM; support: 350 UM and the charge for 2.7 kg of gas: 165 UM). At the time of testing,the Blip Banekh stoveswere classified CG for stoves equippedwith a Camping Gaz burner, and PR for stoves equippedwith a Primusburner (see below).

Figure3.5: The Blip BanekhStove. - 81-ANN 3 Page6 of 11

The Nopal& Stove

The Nopal6 also comes from Senegal and is disseminatedby Total. It is composedof a 6 kg bottle of butane gas, a Primus burner mounted directlyabove the bottle,and a cookingpot support(see Figure 3.6). In Mauritaniathe bottlesare importedand the Primusburners are not yet on the market. A limitedquantity of the supportsis available for sale from the artisans. The capacityof the bottleis sufficientfor 21 hours of operationat full power. The cost of a completestove is about 3000 UM. (Bottle: 1000 UN; Burner: 150 UM; Support: 500 UM and the charge for 6 kg of gas: 315 UN). At the time of testing,the Primus burnerwas classifiedPR and the CampingGaz burnerCC.

Figure3.6: The Nopal4 Stove. ANNEX3 - 82 - Page 7 of 11

The CarenaStove

The Carena is more of a burner with a small wind screen and incorporatedsupports for the cookingpot. It is mounteddirectly on the bottle,either the 2.7 or 6 kg size. It is fabricatedby CampingGaz and is sold in boutiquesfor a price of 2,900 UM.

3.4 The Tests

The tests have served to determine the following characteristicsof the stoves:

- maximumpower, Pnmar

- the efficiencyat maximumpower, Emax;

- minimumpower, Pmin;

- the efficiencyat minimumpower, 0min;

- fuel consumptionfor the preparationof a standardmeal.

The powers Pmax et Pmin, as well as the efficienciesEmax and Rmin, are determinedby water bkeroseneingtests. The consumptionfor a standardmeal is determinedby controlledcooking tests.

The resultsare summarizedin the followingtable.

Table3.1: RESULTSOF THEWATER BKEROS£NEING TESTS

Stove Fuel Pmax Elax Pmln Emin (kW) (S) (kW) (S)

Malgache(square) Charcoal 2,9 25 1,9 14 Variation 3 Charcoal 5,1 25 0,8 41 Multi7 Charcoal 4,5 25 1,2 40 ThomasCup 20 Kerosene 3,1 49 2,1 44 PET Korosene 3,3 37 i1s 32 Zeppelin Kerosene 2,5 48 1,1 42 NopaI6PR ButaneGas 3,6 47 1,6 46 Ncpal6CO ButaneGos 3,4 52 1,4 51 BlipBanekh PR ButaneGas 3,2 47 1,6 43 BlipBanekh CO ButaneGas 3,5 49 1,8 59 Carena ButaneGas 2,5 55 1,5 49 - 83 - ~~~~ANNEX3 - 83 - Ta-8of 11

CharcoalStoves

It is clear that the improvedstoves, Multi 7 and Variation3, truly constitutean improvementwhen comparedto the traditionalmodel, the Nalgache. Their Pmax is much higher, which results in more rapid cooking. Unfortunately,the efficiencyEmax is mediocre. (A "normal" Emax for an improvedcharcoal stove is also on the order of 40%, (Sangen and Visser 1986)). One of the causesof this slightlylowered efficiency is probablythat the stove takes in too much cold air. Their Pmin is greatly inferiorto the Pmin of the Malgache,and their efficiencyis much higher. Thus, when simmering,the two improvedstoves save fuel.

Gas and KeroseneStoves

One can draw a conclusionfor the ensemble of these stoves, given that their performanceis within the same -ange. The Pmax of the Zeppelinand the Carena is inferiorto the Pmax of the other stoves,but is still, jointly with the Emax, sufficientto assure rapid cooking. (Heat transferto the cookingpot from the Zeppelinand the Carenais the same as that for the Variation3, for example.) As for the other stoves, they all have a good Pmax, combinedwith a rather high Emax. The PET is the sole exceptionwith an Emax of only 37%; which is rather surprising becauseother tests (Bussmann,Visser and Sangen,1987) have demonstrated an Emax of 44%. Nevertheless,these tests were carried out with a sphericalcooking pot.

The Pmin is good, althoughthe Emin could be even lower, if it is desirableto achievea greaterfuel savings. However,the CampingGaz burnersare difficultto adjust,especially at low power,and the burners go out easily with the slightestblow of wind when the power is turned down.

3.5 ControlledCooking Tests

The results of the controlledcooking tests are summarizedin the followingtable. The table returnsto the costs of a standardmeal (in this case Ceebu Jeen) of 8 kg in terms of (kg), (MJ),and (UM). ANNEX 3 - 84 - Page 9 of 11

Stove Fuel P.Cal.Price Time Costof Meal MJ/ (UM/ (UM/(in) (kg)(NJ) (UN) (kg) (kg) (kg)

Malgache Charcoal30,0 25 0,83122 0,59 17,8 16 Variation3 Charcoal30,0 25 0,83128 0,56 16,8 14 Multi7 Charcoal30,0 25 0,83102 0,48 14,4 11 ThomasCup Kerosene43,5 25 0,57103 0,38 16,7 10 PET Kerosene43,5 25 0,57104 0,38 16,4 9 ZeppelIn Kerosene43,5 25 0,57111 0,35 15,4 9 Nopal6PR But.Gas 45,7 48 1,05104 0,31 14,0 15 BlipEanekh PR But.Gas 45,7 48 1,05104 0,31 14,1 15 Carena But.Gas 45,7 48 1,05113 0,25 11,3 12

First, it is notablethat the resultsrepresent the averagesof only two tests,thus, the numbersof the table only give an indicationof the performanceof these stoves. Nevertheless,the informationthus obtained permits conclusionsto be established. In addition, these conclusionswill be confirmedin the followingchapter.

The most interestingnumbers, from a technicalpoint of view, are those showingthe cost of a standardmeaL in NJ. It is a questionof the most objective measure for judging the stoves on their thermal performance.The most importantnumbers are those which give the cost of a meal in Ouguiya; being the cost that a housewifemust pay for the cookingof her food. The total time for the preparationis also given, but these numbersmust be taken into accountcarefully. The simmering times,which must be approximatelythe same for all the stoves,vary from 68 minutesfor the PET to 90 minutesfor the Variation3.

As for the energy consumed, the gas stoves are the most economical. Secondplace goes to the kerosenestoves and to the charcoal stoveswhich consume about the same quantityof energy,except for the Malgache,which consumesa little more. It is necessaryto note here that the methodof testingis favorableto the Malgache. Normally,it is loaded with more charcoal than the 500 g utilizedin the tests, which results in an elevated consumption. Under the test conditions,the Variation3 and the Multi 7 save 12.5 and 30% respeccively,when compared to theeNalgache.

The price per standardmeal is less for kerosenestoves when comparedto charcoaland gas stoves. Here it is a questionof the result of differencesin fuel prices. Gas costs nearlytwo times as much as the other fuels. If the fuel price structuredoesn't change, keroseneis, from a technicalpoint of view, the most appropriatefuel for charcoal substitution. - 85 - PageANE 103 of 11

3.6 Conclusionsand Recommendations

The controlledcooking tests, togetherwith the calculationr from the data of the water bkeroseneingtests have shown that:

- the improvedcharcoal stoves, the Variation3 and the Multi 7, can save at least 15X on charcoalwhen comparedto the Malgache stove;

- the kerosene stoves are the most inexpensive for the preparationof a meal;

- the gas stoveshav. a good thermalefficiency, but the cost for meal preparationis within the same range as the charcoal stoves.

In order to decreasecharcoal consumption, it is necessarynot to limit oneself to a sole substitutionfuel, but rather to apply the principle: "to each his own fuel". Althoughthe resultsof the surveys conductedduring the demonstrationsand after the loan of the stovesare not yet known, the first reactionshave already shown that the kerosene and gas are well appreciated.The prejudiceswhich exist vis-&-visthese fuels, notablythat gas is dangerousand that keroseneaffects the taste of the foods, did not exist after the loan. A good presentationand an intensivefollow-up are essential.

One could begin now with the introductionof the improved charcoalstoves, the Multi 7 and the Variation3, since they will permit a charcoalsavings of at least 151 when comparedto the Malgache. Also at the same time, it is necessaryto pursueefforts to improveefficiency at high power (dimensionsof the door, porosityof the grill,etc.). The improvedcharcoal stoves can be attractivefor poor householdswhich are also a littlemore "traditional".

The kerosene stovesalso presentan interestingoption for the segmentof the populationwishing to change fuels, but who have limited financialresources. For this category of households,the kerosene stoves offer the most economic cost per meal of all the stoves. The investmentfor the purchaseof the stove is still modest,especially when comparedto gas stoves.

It seems that the wick stovesare more suitedto popularization that the pressure stoves. Their lighting ability is muci less complicated(there is no need for two fuels),their functioningis less complicatedtthus they are easierto explainand understand.There is no pump, no noise, etc. Their only problem is the wearing away of the wicks.

Before launching the large scale introductionof kerosene stoves, the necessaryinfrastructure must be created: the importation and retail sale of stoves, the eventual local fabricationof framing - 86 - PageANNEX 11 3 of 11

structures1/, the supplyof wicks and wick covers,and the creationof technicalservice centers for these stoves. In these centers,the wicks can be replacedand stove maintenancecan be done.

The gas stoves present the most costly option, but also the most prestigiousand the most comfortable. The gas is easy to light, clean and odorless. The combinationof the 6 kg bottle, the Primus burner and the Nopal6 support is more rigid and more stable than the Camping Gaz stove. In order to assure its popularization,it will be necessary to ensure a sufficient stock of bottles, burners, and supports. The supportscan. be fabricatedby artisans,but in order to ensure quality,it will be necessaryto train the artisans. The burner must be furnishedby a plasticpipe.

1/ This local fabricationwill be expensive. We asked two groups of artisansto make us a frame for the PET model. The first asked a price of 1500 UM, the secondfabricated one for 600 UM, but told us that when we placedour next order,the cost would be 750 UN. ANNEX 4 - 87 - Page 1 of 7

TEM OF REFEECE

LPG Component

MauritaniaHousehold Energy Strategy

Objectives

The main objectiveof the proposedactivity is to reduce the amount of woodfuelsused for cookingby inducinga switch from charcoal to LPG. Such an activity should necessarily include two major components:realizing technical improvements in the 'LPG cycle'that make the supply of LPC more reliable, and organizing and executing a promotionalcampaign which is based upon a marketingstrategy focussing on the lower-middleincome class consumers. It is indisputablethat this marketing strategy will have to concentrate on women and their involvementin householdenergy.

Technical improvementsin the LPG cycle should include the followingaspects:

(a) improving operationalpractices at the bottling plant; this includesimproving safety measures both at the plant site and at the distribution/wholesale/retail level; establishing maintenance procedures that conform with international standards in the bottling plant itself as well as for LPG bottles in the circuit;upgrading bottling equipment to more practicaland reliablestandards incl. the purchaseof 2.7 kg and 6 kg bottles;

(b) establishinga reliable and efficientdistribution system of LPG; initially,distribution will be focussed on Nouakchott only, the interiorof the countrywill followonce an efficient distributionsystem in Nouakchottexists;

(c) pricingof LPG; the price structureof LPG appearsto be sub- optimal given the actual situationand should be carefully reviewedin the light of the expectedincrease in demand.

A MarketingStrategy should entail the followingcomponents:

(a) a TV and radio oriented action, especially for women, to illustratethe actualcosts and benefitsof using LPC, as well as the availabilityof bottlesand stoves/supports;

(b) the introductionof 2.7 and 6 kg bottles with appropriate stovesof high energyefficiency; - 88 - PageANNEX 2 4 of7

(c) a similar action as under (a) to demonstrate safety considerationsand the properuse of LPG stovesand bottles;

(d) cooking demonsrations in the various sections of town to actually demonstratethe viability of LPG stoves along the lines developedby the UNSO/ESMAPproject.

SCOPEOP WORK

The proposedactivity consists of 4 distincttasks:

TechnicalAssistance

Technical assistance by an internationalconsultant and a technicianwith at least five years of internationalexperience in LPG bottling should expedite SOMAGAZ in applying safety and operational regulations according to international standards. This includes identifyingpotential revisions to the plant necessaryto facilitatean increasedproduction of LPG, like an additionalproduction line for 3 or 6 kg bottles, increasedstockage of LPG in bulk, etc. The technician shouldvisit the plant regularlyduring the first years of the projectto ensurethat the improvementsrecommended are actuallyused effectively.

Studies

(a) Identifyingthe requirementsfor a suitabledistribution system of LPG, taking into account the projecteddemand levels. At the moment there is no organized distributionsystem; all activitiesare due to private initiative. The study should particularlydetermine to which extent the private sector can/shouldplay a role, and to which extent SOMAGAZand/or the DG of Energy can/shouldplay a role with applying (improved) regulations,etc.

(b) A study should be executed to enable the DC of Energy to redefinethe appropriateprice structureof LPG regularlyon a professionalbasis, this includes defining a purchase and transportpolicy of LPG to the bottlingplants.

(c) To designthe most appropriatemarketing strategy for LPG.

Investments

(a) Upon the outcomeof the work of the technicalspecialist, it will be decided when and which investmentsin the bottling plant, other than the ones already planned are required in terms of additionalproduction lines, maintenance facilities, storagecapacity, etc. ANNEX 4 - 89 - Page 3 of 7

(b) The purchaseof an additionalnumber of 10,000bottles of 2.7 kg and 15,000 bottles of 6 kg to satisfy the projected consumptionpattern for the immediatefuture.

(c) Upon the outcome of the recommendationsof the study on the distribution system for LPC, it will be decided which investments are required for the realization of this distributionsystem, e.g. storage centres, activatingsafety measuresfor existingwholesalers/ large retailersof LPG, etc.

Executionof Activities

(a) During at least one year a publicity campaign should be organizedfocussing on the availabilityof gas stove equipment, their use and costs/benefits,where can one buy it, where one car go for more informationand assistance,women and energy, etc., and the impacts made on the environment (charcoal savings)if one switchesto LPG; it is recommendedthat this campaignis designedby professionalsand executedjointly by the DC of Energyand SOMAGAZ,and a privatepublicity firm.

(b) DC of Energyand/or DC of Protectionof Nature shouldorganize 'marketingsessions' as developpedby the UNSO/ESMAPproject at a rate of one per week and this should continueuntil all sectionsof town are covered. The focus should be on safety, costs, how to use these stoves, and where equipment and assistanceis available.

BUDGETAND TIMETAaLE

Budget

The projectstotal costs amountto US$ 1.6 millionfor the life of the project. It should be mentionnedthat the investmentsfor equipment etc. can only be made after the technical assistance is finishedand the studiesare completed. -90- -0PaANUIX4 4 of 7

Total USSthousand

TechnicalAssistance - tqchnician 70 - oxpert

Studleos -marketingsystem 90 -pricestructure so

Investments -bottlIngplant 600 -bottls 300 -distributionsystem 100

Activities -publicitycampaign 75 -marketingsssions 10

Supervllon I"

TOTAL 1.600

Timetable

A teimetable for the first year is given below;the secondyear of the project will have as major components continued tecnical assistanceto SO1AGAZ,the publicitycampaign, and assistancewith the price structureof LPG.

Calendar

Mmnth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Technical Assistance bottlIngplant -

Studles dIstributionsystem prlce structure -

Invastinuts boles bottlingplant distribution system -

Activitie publiletycampaign marketingsessons - 91 - ANNEX 4 Page 5 of 7

TERMS OF REFERENCE

LPG InstallationExpert

You will *isit Mauritaniafor four weeks during which you will work closelywith the DC of Energy,SOMAGAZ, and the LPG technican. Your tasks will be the following:

- evaluate investmentpossibilities in terms of the bottling plant's production capacity enlargement; safety aspects; storagecapacity; number and type of bottles.

In the comingtwo years you will furthervisit Mauritaniaabout four tLmes for one-weekperiods during which you will work togetherwith the DC of Energy,SOMAGAZ, and the technician. You will then check the progressand recommendaction(s) to be taken for the time to come.

LPG Technician

You will visit the bottling plant for three months starting Feb. '89 and for four periodsof 2 weeks during the next two years. You will work closelywith SOMAGAZand the LPG expert. Your particulartasks duringthe first visit will be:

- evaluatingthe technicalperformance and actual conditionof the bottling plant, comparing it to similarplants that you have seen;

- assessingthe possibilitiesof increasingthe daily production capacity;

- recommendingrelatively minor investmentsfor increasingthe daily outputof LPG and improvingthe safetyof the plant;

- working togetherwith, and trainingof personnelof the plant to assist them to adjust them to the increasedproduction capacityand safetylevels.

PetroleumMarketing and E:stributionSpecialist

You will visit Mauritaniafor about four weeks to identifythe most appropriatemethod to distributeand market LPG in Mauritania, initiallyfocussing on Nouakchott. You will work closelywith the DC uf Energy,SOMAGAZ, and the LPG expert. Your specifictasks will be:

- identifyingthe most appropriateway to distributeLPG, taking into accountstorage and handlingcapacity at the plant and in the city; training needs and regulations for transporters/wholesalers/retailersof LPG; ANNEX 4 -92 - Page 6 of 7

- designinga detailedmarketing strategy for LPG in Mauritania, incl. the choice of 2.7 kg and 6 kg bottles,and an initial focus on Nouakchott;

- designing a detailed, costed, action plan to realize the recommendedmarketing/distribution system, includingterms of referencefor all 'actors'in the LPG distributioncycle, and investmentrequirements.

Small-CreditSpecialist

You will visit Mauritaniafor about four weeks; you will work together with the DC of Energy, SOMAGAZ, the petroleummarketing and distributionspecialist. Your specifictask is the following:

- designingof a small credit facilitiessystem which provides loans to lower-middleincome households for the initialcosts of buyinga LPG cookingsystem.

- identifyingpossibilities to provideLPG stovesand bottlesto servantsof the public sector and of selectedprivate sector enterpriseswhereby the stoves and bottles will be paid back graduallyby subtractionsof the monthlysalary.

PetroleumProducts Economist

You will visit Mauritaniafor the period of about four weeks. You will work togethermainly with the DC of Energy, SOMAGAZ,and the other LPG experts.Your specifictasks are to:

- assist in definingthe most economicprocedure for Mauritania to procureLPG for the bottlingplants, taking into accountthe LPG productioncapacity of the Nouadhibourefinery;

- assist in designingthe rules and regulationsto administer this procudure,including an LPG pricingpolicy.

Publicityand MarketingSpecialist

You will visit Mauritaniafor a one month period duringwhich you will work closely togetherwith the DG of Energy, SOMACAZ,and the petroleum products marketing and distributionspecialist. You will furtherwork as much as possiblewith a suitable,private local publicity firm that should be able to continuethe work after you have left the country. Your specifictasks are to:

- design a publicity campaign (including detailed terms of reference,time schedule,and budget)along the lines described in chaptersII and III; 93 - ~~ANl 4 Page 7 of 7

- identify a suitable local publicity firm and prepare its personnel to execute the publicity campaign.

BUTANEGAS PRICE STRUCTURE a/

(ai Exchangerate lSUS a x UM Sb) PriceFOB In SUS/TM (C) SeaFreight in SUS/TM 125 Sd) PriceFOB + Freight Ce) CorrectiveMargin In UA/kg C;) Insurancerate Cd + e) 0,5% (g) Insurancevalue (h) Financialcharges, rate (d + e) 2%

41) Financialcharges, value t) PriceContingencies Ck) PriceCIF tl) Marginstorage depot 1,2UM Cm) SeaFreight and unloading losses 1% Ck+ I) (n) Sea Freightand unloading losses, value (0) Pricedelivered at storagedepot - rate tP) Lossesstorage depot - rate 1% Cq) Lossesstorage depot - value Cr) Financialcharges, rate Co + q) 1% Cs) Financialcharges - value Ct) BottlIngcharges 6,14UM Cu) Maintenanceand Depreciation of bottles 2,30 Sv) CommercIalmargin 11%of the retailprice Sv) Duties and taxes 8%of the price ex-storage depot Cx) Price ex-storage depot IaUNM/g Ct) Roundedprice ex-storage depot In UM/kg

a/ This price structure was proposedin September1988. ANNEX 5 94 Page 1 of 4

CHARCOALAND FUELVOODCYCLE

The objectiveof the activityis to: (a) classifyand evaluate the charcoal and fuelwood market chains; and (b) recommendpossible improvements. Since the destructionof the environmentdue to charcoal productionis much largerthan that due to fire -woodproduction, the work should focus on charcoal productionin the first place and on wood production in the second place. The terms of reference for the classificationphase are given below.

Charcoaland FuelwoodMarket Chains

Wood cutting for charcoalis the greatestwood consumer,and contributesgreatly to deforestation;it is a periquisiteto decrease this in order to save the environment. The charcoalmarket chain must therefore,in the near future,undergo considerable changes:

- decreaseof charcoalconsumption by substitutingit by LPC and, at a later stage,by kerosene;

- introductionof fee payments for the wood to the owners of natural forest land, or on public land, based on the quantity of cut wood and not or the amountof charcoalproduced;

- the price increaseof wood will be a strong motivationto introducebetter carbonizationtechniques (doubling the output is possible);

- a regulationin order to distributethe fuelwoodburden over a larger number of areas and to use wood in less accessible zones,especially, dead wood.

These -leasurescannot be taken without thorough knowledge of the structute and operationof the market chain. The work done by the national sociologist(see work document)on the charcoalmarket chain, gives an impressionof its historicaldevelopment and its sociological structure. Data on the economicand institutionnalstructure is stilt missing,however.

The Study Will Try to Determine:

- the nature of the current situation,the existing laws and regulations,and the methodsof applicationin reality;

- the economic actors of the market chain; woodcutters, charcoalers,tradesmen, transporters,retailers, etc., and their economicand power relation;

- prices used at each stage of the filiere. Cartels and other means of manipulatingof the market; ANNX 5 ~95 ~TPage 2 of 4

- Import of charcoal from Senegal; quantities,price, if possible,the structureof the market chain and origin of the charcoal;

- under which economic conditionsand rules, and how can one induce charcoalers to learn and nse more efficient carbonizationtechniques?

- the maintenanceof naturalforest cover is also in the interest of all the workersof the marketchain; can they be involvedin environmentalprotection activities?

- if charcoalproduction decreases, should actions be plannedto find another source of income for the woodcuttersand the charcoalers?

In view of the rapid growth of the sector, the study will attach more importanceto the assessmentof essentialaspects of all the elementsof the market chain, for exampleby executingthorough studies of particular cases, rather than to obtain reliable quantitivedata throughextensive methods. The dynamicsof ongoing changesis such an essentialaspect.

The study will be executedby an economistwith experiencein the sector and preferablywith a knowledge of hassaniyaor another currentnational language used in the sector. If such a personcannot be found, a Mauritanianconsultant with such abilities and a thorough knowledgeof this part of the country,will be assignedto the former.

The study will take 10 to 12 weeks, most of which will take place in the field; the remainderwill be devotedto the analysisof the data and the draftingof the final report.

Detailsto Study

Charcoaland FuelwoodProduction

- who are the producers? - what are their methods for: cutting, gathering, and transportingwood? - what type of wood do they use? - how do they organizethemselves among each other? - how do relations with the authorities,the population,the transporters,etc., function? - estimationof quantitiesand costs of charcoalproduction; - seasonality. -96 - ~Page 3 of 4

Transportation

- from the bush to the road; - from the road to large cities(regional markets, if this is the case); - betweenthose marketsand Nouakchott; - personnel,equipment, costs; - seasonality.

Control

- types of controlin the bush; - types of controlon the road; - impactof the new system(production books/transport); - fees/revenues; - reforestation.

Narketing

- organizationof wholesalersand retailers; - salesmen:traditions, habits; - storage,quantities, scarcity; - price, seasonality.

After carefullyanalyzing the results obtainedfrom the study above, recommendationsshould be made how to improvethe situation. The followingaspects should specifically be taken into account:renewing the resources/sustainedproduction; management of resources; control of woodcuttingand transporting;utilization of resourcesaway from the populousareas completeuse of dead wood; improvedcharcoal production methods;stumpage fees; taxationof woodfuels;fuel pricingpolicies.

The recommendationsshould include a detailedwork programwith all requirementsin terms of manpower, equipment,budget, etc. The benefitswill be three-foldSwood savingsdue to bettermanagement of the resources, better control of cutting and transporting,and improved utilizationtechniques (woodcutting and charcoal production);revenues due to bettercontrol system and due to inforcementof new pricingpolicy (includingtax); incentivesfor farmersto grow wood as a cash crop, and for consumers to economize wood/charcoalused. Potential benefits quantifiedin the project-analysis(Chapter III) are only revenuesthat are realized. It is assumedthat at the end of the projectedten year., 951 of the revenuescan be capturedevery year; the maximal theoretical revenue is the price differentialbetween the current price and the economicprice (whichtakes into accountreplanting) which is UK 10 per kg consumed.

The budget for the projectamounts to a total of US$ 35OtOOO over a one-yearperiod. Purtherfollow-up activities can be financedout of the revenuesgenerated by the project. Aim S -97- -Pae-N 4 of 4

StT

(mols) USS personnel - consultants 9 96.000 - per diem 6 22.000 - International travel 6 21.000 - car 15.000 national personnel - expert 6 30.000 - technicians 10 5.000 - srveyors 60 50*.0 - local travel 10o.O0 material 25.000 mIscellaneous 26.000 executing agency 50.000 total 350.000 - 98- ANNEX 6 Page I of 5

KE MOSEAS DOMESTICFUEL

The choicebetween LPG and petrolis not an obviousone. The followingtable givesan idea of the advantagesand disadvantagesof each fuel. One can notice that petrol is, from almostevery point of view superiorto LPG

Comparisonof Keroseneand LPC as HouseholdFuels

Householdfuels LPG Petrol

Price world market sameprice ("/in 10) Seatransport saeclal tank ship any keroseneproduct carrier Flexibility of low: rigid and expensive larger: polyvalent supply Infrastructure (f llinIg Infrastructure center) Stocking and special installatlons likegasoline handlIng specIalIy traIned personnel (knowntechnology; existing f i I IIng stations) Transport by pressurevessels; more Just as gasoline, expensive, less flexible, diesel rail or lorry monopolyproblems fuel,multi-use equipment Handlingat retail pressurecylinder filled any smalllots In and In the family by the distribution center the customer's vessel distribution funnel needed Equlpmnt needed cylinder, pressure regulator, anybottle, funnel by the family specialtubing (expensive, limitedlifetime, professional al ntenance Quantity measurementweighing, deductempty weight volumeor welghing at retailing cilent cannotcheck (can be checked) Retailing on the difficult (Invstents, as for charcoal market training, safety) Dangers(business, leaks not visible andvery less than gasoline famiuy) dangerous(explosions) leaks visible Burner screwson the cylinder completeunit, either wick or pressuretype Easeof use/comfort very large lower (someties odoes) ANNEX 6 Page 2 of 5

In addition:

- housewivestend to buy small quantitiesof fuel, even if this is more expensive;

- familieshave difficultiesin investing;

- the fuel market is rather "atomized";

- depreciationcosts of the fillingcenter are a heavy burden on the price of LPC, if fully taken into account.

It is clear that petrolis a preferredfuel by the majorityof the population. High-incomefamilies will naturallyuse gas (as they do now) but it is not justifiedto devote funds to the developmentof the project.

Nevertheless,there is a crucialproblem: the availabilityof petrol stoves. The missiondiscovered, unfortunately, that there were no petrol stove ready to be marketed on a large scale. A petrol pupularizationcampaign is thereforeimpossible for the present.

As shown,petrol has, as cookingfuel in the Third World,many more advantagescompared to LPG and would have been chosen as first option if performingand viable stoveshad been available. The stoves that the missionwas able to see at presentare not yet ready for massive dissemination.

The two wick stoves(PET and ThomasCup) presenttwo problems:

- the wicks carbonized,even when protectedby glass fibre. In addition,it is difficultfor both housewivesand stove sellers to adjust all the wicks and their cover to the correct height. The techniquewould thereforenot be appropriatefor dissemination.

- the movingmechanisms of the wicks to regulatethe power jammed easily,even with the Thomas Cup; this is rathersurprising as this stove is widelyused in Indonesia.

The pressurestove (Zeppelin)has an entry valve which can be easily squashed,thus allowing sand to get into the recipient. The mission also discovered another stove (BAT) on the local market, unfortunatelytoo late to test it. Irrespectiveof construction,all types of pressurestoves are particularlysensitive to impuritiesfound in petrolwhich cause obstructionof the nozzle. Nouakchotthas 80 days of sand storms per year and it is inconceivablethat petrol sold is always sufficientlyclean. No pressure stove should, of course, be disseminatedwithout having made sure that it can function without problemsunder local conditions. ANNEX 6 - 100 - Page 3 of 5

A practical study has therefore been proposed in order to develop or select a petrol stove for disseminationin Mauritania;the resultswould also be usefulfor other Saheliancountries.

Possibleoutline of the study:

- there exist many stoves on the internationalmarket, Maximum benefit siaouldbe acquiredfrom the industrialexperience of these companies,whether they be internationalor local.

- in order to avoid a "laboratory"approach, an offer of the followingmodel has been proposed. Any stove with an adequate quality could then be tested on the market and introducedif found satisfactory.

- Work of 20h/monthis foreseenin a laboratoryof international reputation.

BUDGET

(man month) USS personnel - consultants 21 218,400 - perdiem 1 3,720 - Internatlonaltravel 1 3,500 localpersonnel - expert - sub. 12 6,288 - survey 8 4,959 - localtravel/per diem 4 5,945 material 35,000 preparationof termsof reference 10,000 miscellaneous 36,537 executingagency 2 25,651

total 33 350,000 - 101 AN - 6 - 101 Page4 of S

Draft Project Proposal: IMPROVEDKEROSUNS STOVES

A tender is addressed to all who might be interested. This could be:

- universitydepartments working in the field of stoves;

- consultantfirms;

- commercialmanufacturers;

- any consortiaof suchpartners. The tenderingwill occur in two phases: - anyoneinterested sends informationon his qualificationsand experience,and an outlineof his intendedproposal; - the amountof work proposedcan vary from presentinga stove alreadyfully developed and in use elsewherein the world,to fulldevelopment of a new model. Cheaperoffers will obviously have preference;

- from the tenderersa subsetof say six are selected,who are asked to make a full proposal;they receive a small remunerationto coverthe costs; - on the basisof theseproposals, at leasttwo and at the most fourare givena contractto carryout thisdevelopment; - no budgetsize can be specifiedtill the offersare in; - final resultsare freelyavailable, with the exceptionthat commercialfirms are allowedto retaina measureof exclusivity on conditionthat they have participatedfinancially in the costsof thedevelopment.

Requirementsfor a KeroseneStove The followinga.e the preferredrequirements. It may prove impossibleto identifystoves that satisfy all conditionssimultaneously; in thatcase designs approaching these requirements will be preferred. The requirementsare formulatedas if for one stove. if necessaryga set of severalstoves of differentsizes may be proposed, but it must be realisedthat this can mean tha;:.some households would have to buy two stovesinstead of one, thus increasingthe investment cost. - 102 - AN 5of 5

Usage and Performance

- suitablefor Sahelianround-bottomed pan of sizes1 to 6;

- good energyperformance even in mediumwind;

- easy lighting,also in wind; no additionallighting fuel if possible;

- turn-downratio of 4 or preferablymore;

- either a wick or a pressure-burnerstove (each has its advantagesand disadvantages);

- shouldnot give undue problemsin maintenance,cleaning, etc., even in the unfavorableconditions of Sahelianhouseholds. The stove should be tolerantof sand and dust, outsideand in the fuel.

Manufacture

- as far as possible,local manufacture in a Saheliancountry;

- if possible,manufacture by local artisans of the informal sector;

- a price that is not more than three to four times that of a traditionnalmetal stove;

- any special parts may, if necessary, be imported;minimum importsare preferreA^

- use of local raw materials (like clay or scrap metal) is an advantage;

- minimummaintenance;

- preferablyno loose parts that can get lost. ENERGYSECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PR0GRAM

Activities Completed

Country Project Date Number

ENERGYEFFICIENCY AND STRATEGY

Africa Regional The InterafricanElectrical Engineering College: Proposalsfor Short-and Long-TermDevelopment 3/90 112/90 Participants'Reports - RegionalPower Seminar on ReducingElectric System Losses in Africa 8/88 087/88 Bangladesh Power SystemEfficiency Study 2/85 031/85. Bolivia La Paz PrivatePower Technical Assistance 2/90 111/9cf Botswana Pump ElectrificationPrefeasibility Study 1/86 047/86 Reviewof ElectricityService Connection Policy 7/87 071/87 Tuli Block Farms Electrification PrefeasibilityStudy 7/87 072/87 Burkina TechnicalAssistance Program 3/86 052/86 Burundi Presentationof EnergyProjects for the FourthFive-Year Plan (1983-1987) 5/85 036/85 Reviewof PetroleumImport and Distribution Arrangements 1/84 012/84 Burundi/Rwanda/Zaire(EGL Report) Evaluationde l'Energiedes Pays des GrandsLacs 2/89 098/89 Congo Power DevelopmentStudy 5/90 106/90 CostaRica RecommendedTechnical Assistance Projects 11/84 027/84 Ethiopia Power SystemEfficiency Study 10/85 045/85 The Gambia PetroleumSupply Management Assistance 4/85 035/85 Ghana EnergyRationalization in the Industrial Sectorof Ghana 6/88 084/88 Guinea- RecommendedTechnical Assistance Bissau Projectsin the ElectricPower Sector 4/85 033/85 ManagementOptions for the ElectricPower and Water SupplySubsectors 2/90 100/90 Indonesia EnergyEfficiency Improvement in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industrieson Java 4/87 067/87 Power GenerationEfficiency Study 2/86 050/86 DieselGeneration Efficiency Improvement Study 12/88 095/88 Jamaica PetroleumProcurement, Refining, and Distribution 11/86 061/86 Kenya Power SystemEfficiency Report 3/84 014/84 Liberia Power SystemEfficiency Study 12/87 081/87 RecommendedTechnical Assistance Projects 6/85 038/85 Madagascar Power SystemEfficiency Study 12/87 075/87 Malaysia Sabah Power SystemEfficiency Study 3/87 068/87 Mauritius Power SystemEfficiency Study 5/87 070/87 Mozambique HouseholdElectricity Utilization Study 5/90 113/90 Panama Power SystemLoss ReductionStudy 6/83 004/83 Papua New EnergySector Institutional Review: Proposals Guinea for Strengtheningthe Departmentof Mineralsand Energy 10/84 023/84 Power Tariff Study 10/84 024/84 ENERGYSECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

ActivitiesCompleted

Country Project Date Number

ENERGYEFFICIENCY AND STRATEGY (Continued)

Senegal Assistance Given for Preparation of Documents for EnergySector Donors' Meeting 4/86 056/86 Seychelles ElectricPower SystemEfficiency Study 8/84 021/84 Sri Lanka Power SystemLoss ReductionStudy 7/83 007/83 Syria ElectricPower EfficiencyStudy 9/88 089/88 EnergyEfficiency in the CementIndustry 7/89 099/89 Syria EnergyEfficiency Improvement in the FertilizerSector 6/90 115/90 Sudan Power SystemEfficiency Study 6/84 018/84 ManagementAssistance to the Ministryof Energyand Mining 5/83 003/83 Togo PowerSystem Efficiency Study 12/87 078/87 Tunisia InterfuelSubstitution Study 5/90 114/90 Uganda EnergyEfficiency in TobaccoCuring Industry 2/86 049/86 InstitutionalStrengthening in the EnergySector 1/85 029/85 Power SystemEfficiency Study 12/88 092/88 Zambia EnergySector Institutional Review 11/86 060/86 EnergySector Strategy 12/88 094/88 Power SystemEfficiency Study 12/88 093/88 Zimbabwe PetroleumSupply Management 2/90 109/90 Power SectorManagement Assistance Project: Background,Objectives, and Work Plan 4/85 034/85 Power SystemLoss ReductionStudy 6/83 005/83

HOUSEHOLD.RURAL. AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

Burundi Peat Utilization Project 11/85 046/85 ImprovedCharcoal Cookstove Strategy 9/85 042/85 Cape Verde HouseholdEnergy Strategy Study 2/90 110/90 China Country-LevelRural EnergyAssessments: A Joint Study of ESMAP and ChineseExperts 5/89 101/89 FuelwoodDevelopment Conservation Project 12/89 105/89 Costa Rica ForestResidues Utilization Study, Volumes I & II 2/90 108/90 C8te d'Ivoire ImprovedBiomass Utilization--Pilot Projects Using Agro-IndustrialResidues 4/87 069/87 Ethiopia AgriculturalResidue Briquetting: Pilot Project 12/86 062/86 BagasseStudy 12/86 063/86 The Gambia Solar Water HeatingRetrofit Project 2/85 030/85 SolarPhotovoltaic Applications 3/85 032/85 Ghana SawmillResidues Utilization Study, Vol. I & II 10/88 074/87 Global Proceedingsof the ESMAP Easternand Southern AfricaHousehold Energy Planning Seminar 6/88 085/88 India Opportunitiesfor Commercializationof Non-ConventionalEnergy Systems 11/88 091/88 Indonesia Urban HouseholdEnergy Strategy Study 2/90 107/90 Jamaica FIDCO SawmillResidues Utilization Study 9/88 088/88 CharcoalProduction Project 9/88 090/88 ActivitiesCompleted

Country Project Date Number

HOUSEHOLD.RURAL. AND RENEWABLEENERGY (Continued)

Kenya SolarWater HeatingStudy 2/87 066/87 Urban WoodfuelDevelopment 10/87 076/87 Malawi TechnicalAssistance to Improvethe Efficiency of FuelwoodUse in the TobaccoIndustry 11/83 009/83 Mauritius BagassePower Potential 10/87 077/87 Niger HouseholdEnergy Conservation and Substitution 12/87 082/87 ImprovedStoves Project 12/87 080/87 Pakistan Assessmentof PhotovoltaicPrograms, Applicationsand Markets 10/89 103/89 Peru Proposalfor a Stove DisseminationProgram in the Sierra 2/87 064/87 Rwanda ImprovedCharcoal Cookstove Strategy 8/86 059/86 ImprovedCharcoal Production Techniques 2/87 065/87 Senegal IndustrialEnergy Conservation Project 6/85 037/85 Urban HouseholdEnergy Strategy 2/89 096/89 Sri Lanka IndustrialEnergy Conservation: Feasibility Studiesfor SelectedIndustries 3/86 054/86 Sudan Wood Energy/ForestryProject 4/88 073/88 Tanzania Woodfuel/ForestryProject 8/88 086/88 Small-HolderTobacco Curing Efficiency Project 5/89 102/89 Thailand AcceleratedDissemination of ImprovedStoves and CharcoalKilns 9/87 079/87 Rural EnergyIssues and Options 9/85 044/85 NortheastRegion Village Forestry and Woodfuel Pre-InvestmentStudy 2/88 083/88 Togo Wood Recoveryin the NangbetoLake 4/86 055/86 Uganda Fuelwood/ForestryFeasibility Study 3/86 053/86 EnergyEfficiency Improvement in the Brick and Tile Industry 2/89 097/89 Zimbabwe CharcoalUtilization Prefeasibility Study 6/90 119/90 IBRD21489

MAURITANIA

L~~~o~ pos yoin 0 0) Refney / ,,,^

- PYOdRoads Pl PI-OdRoad urne Construton ,

-~ - GttralRoed&

ROMS1wO------1- .__ Inwtetnn Boundest! _ _ znternet,onaSllounuardy%Appmo.ln.etol ALG E R I A

- - lndte.tribn ThrTfiory*>l the fsroer SOenus* Sahwe(Wae,tmSaharal

AGRICULTURALZONES SaharanSD=srt SeharnSub. D"stt_

EZI SahetSan it'Mogtwein

9 jp 1§0 2pO J / 24. KILOMETERS 24.L

F Derik

Nouodhibo

20.~

Tidjikjo0 I

NOLJAKCHOTTi Moudj ri w9oLohior / ", aena ,~mhkt

, glederdra' N, ' . Aiounel Atrouss

h6 R sLv ; ^ Kiffa - N

/ sJ s > o - O M'80ut j| /-7 - 0 Tim bedro '1 -1e- St Louis. 4 _

Motom' " l0p.$w,~ds

iMP Owsad Owh

DAKAR 2>* Selifby VW Ferw" BakelY; M A L I CO,,-",d,M," w.U* tw IwadwauolBww

VWkolm1owMbdWV*5 endwsf

16-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,oww ssr bawaw -2 wepwaP L Of APPRLI99