Galvanic Corrosion and Dissimilar Metals
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Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide
Copper Development Association Archive for Research Purposes Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide Publication No 80, 1981 Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide Publication No 80 July 1981 Acknowledgements CDA gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Technology Centre, Wantage, and in particular, Mr H S Campbell, in the preparation of this Guide on behalf of the CDA Aluminium Bronze Committee. Copper Development Association Copper Development Association is a non-trading organisation sponsored by the copper producers and fabricators to encourage the use of copper and copper alloys and to promote their correct and efficient application. Its services, which include the provision of technical advice and information, are available to those interested in the utilisation of copper in all its aspects. The Association also provides a link between research and user industries and maintains close contact with other copper development associations throughout the world. Website: www.cda.org.uk Email: [email protected] Copyright: All information in this document is the copyright of Copper Development Association Disclaimer: Whilst this document has been prepared with care, Copper Development Association can give no warranty regarding the contents and shall not be liable for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising out of its use Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................. -
GALVANIC REACTION CHART Below Is a Galvanic Reaction Chart for Dissimilar Metals
GALVANIC REACTION CHART Below is a galvanic reaction chart for dissimilar metals. Contact Metal Silver, Silver, Galvanic Corrosion Risk Alloys Alloys Platinum Alloys Alloys, Titanium, and Alloys Steels Gold, and Iron Cast Stainless Steel Lead, Tin, and Magnesium and Zinc and Cadmium Carbon Nickel Brasses, Nickel-Silvers Copper Bronzes, Cupro-Nickels Nickel Copper Alloys Aluminum Graphite, Nickel-Chrome Magnesium and Alloys Zinc and Alloys Aluminum and Alloys Cadmium Carbon Steel Cast Iron Metal Stainless Steels Lead, Tin, and Alloys Nickel Corroding Brasses, Nickel-Silvers Copper Bronzes, Cupro-Nickels Nickel Copper Alloys Nickel-Chrome Alloys, Titanium, Silver, Graphite, Gold, and Platinum This chart is designed to assist in broadly assessing the risk of galvanic corrosion associated with a given metal coming into contact with another metal. To use the chart, align the metal to be assessed (for the risk of corrosion) in the left column with the Contact Metal listed in the upper row; green represents a lower risk and red represents a higher risk. For a more specific assessment of the risk of galvanic corrosion, please check with other sources. Please understand that green represents "lower risk" not "no risk." It should be noted that if sacrificial plating is incorporated in the fastener design, then galvanic action can result in the deterioration of the sacrificial coating, rather than of the fastener. We would advise that the suggested fasteners for dissimilar-metal applications would incorporate our GRABBERGARD® coating which utilizes both barrier and sacrificial coatings to minimize the chance and/or rate of corrosion. The barrier coating used to encapsulate our zinc and anti-corrosion chemical bonding agents minimize the opportunity for contact to occur, thereby further minimizing the risk of corrosion. -
Galvanic Corrosion
10 GALVANIC CORROSION X. G. ZHANG Teck Metals Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada A. Introduction graphite, are dispersed in a metal, or on a ship, where the B. Definition various components immersed in water are made of different C. Factors in galvanic corrosion metal alloys. In many cases, galvanic corrosion may result in D. Material factors quick deterioration of the metals but, in other cases, the D1. Effects of coupled materials galvanic corrosion of one metal may result in the corrosion D2. Effect of area protection of an attached metal, which is the basis of cathodic D3. Effect of surface condition protection by sacrificial anodes. E. Environmental factors Galvanic corrosion is an extensively investigated subject, E1. Effects of solution as shown in Table 10.1, and is qualitatively well understood E2. Atmospheric environments but, due to its highly complex nature, it has been difficult to E3. Natural waters deal with in a quantitative way until recently. The widespread F. Polarity reversal use of computers and the development of software have made G. Preventive measures great advances in understanding and predicting galvanic H. Beneficial effects of galvanic corrosion corrosion. I. Fundamental considerations I1. Electrode potential and Kirchhoff’s law I2. Analysis B. DEFINITION I3. Polarization and resistance I4. Potential and current distributions When two dissimilar conducting materials in electrical con- References tact with each other are exposed to an electrolyte, a current, called the galvanic current, flows from one to the other. Galvanic corrosion is that part of the corrosion that occurs at the anodic member of such a couple and is directly related to the galvanic current by Faraday’s law. -
Soldering and Brazing of Copper and Copper Alloys Contents
Soldering and brazing of copper and copper alloys Contents 1. Introduction 4 5. Quality assurance 47 2. Material engineering fundamentals 9 6. Case studies 48 2.1. Fundamentals of copper and copper alloys 9 6.1 Hot-air solder levelling of printed circuit boards 48 2.2 Filler materials 10 6.2 Strip tinning 49 2.2.1 Soft solder 11 6.3 Fabricating heat exchangers from copper 49 2.2.2 Brazing filler metals 13 6.4 Manufacture of compact high-performance 2.3 Soldering or brazing pure copper 16 radiators from copper 49 2.4 Soldering / brazing copper alloys 18 2.4.1 Low-alloyed copper alloys 18 7. Terminology 50 2.4.2. High-alloyed copper alloys 22 8. Appendix 51 3. Design suitability for soldering/brazing 26 References 57 4. Soldering and brazing methods 29 Index of figures 58 4.1 The soldering/brazing principle 29 4.2 Surface preparation 30 Index of tables 59 4.3 Surface activation 32 4.3.1 Fluxes 33 4.3.2 Protective atmosphere / Shielding gases 35 4.4 Applying the solder or brazing filler metal 36 4.5. Soldering and brazing techniques 37 4.5.1 Soldering with soldering iron 38 4.5.2 Dip bath soldering or brazing 38 4.5.3 Flame soldering or brazing 40 4.5.4 Furnace soldering or brazing 40 4.5.5 Electric resistance soldering or brazing 43 4.5.6 Induction soldering or brazing 44 4.5.7 Electron beam brazing 45 4.5.8 Arc brazing 45 4.5.9 Laser beam soldering or brazing 46 2 | KUPFERINSTITUT.DE List of abbreviations Abbreviations Nd:YAG laser Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser SMD Surface-mounted device PVD Physical vapour deposition RoHS -
Galvanic Corrosion Final
GALVANIC CORROSION by Stephen C. Dexter, Professor of Applied Science and Marine Biology, (302) 645-4261 Galvanic corrosion, often misnamed “electrolysis,” is one common form of corrosion in marine environments. It occurs Table 1 when two (or more) dissimilar metals are brought into electri- GALVANIC SERIES cal contact under water. When a galvanic couple forms, one of In Flowing Seawater the metals in the couple becomes the anode and corrodes faster than it would all by itself, while the other becomes the cathode Voltage Range of Alloy and corrodes slower than it would alone. Either (or both) metal Alloy vs. Reference Electrode* in the couple may or may not corrode by itself (themselves) in MagnesiumAnodic or -1.60 to -1.63 seawater. When contact with a dissimilar metal is made, how- Active End ever, the self-corrosion rates will change: corrosion of the Zinc -0.98 to -1.03 anode will accelerate; corrosion of the cathode will decelerate Aluminum Alloys -0.70 to -0.90 or even stop. We can use the seawater Galvanic Series, shown Cadmium -0.70 to -0.76 in Table 1, to predict which metal will become the anode and Cast Irons -0.60 to -0.72 how rapidly it will corrode. Steel -0.60 to -0.70 Aluminum Bronze -0.30 to -0.40 The seawater Galvanic Series is a list of metals and alloys Red Brass, Yellow Brass, ranked in order of their tendency to corrode in marine environ- Naval Brass -0.30 to -0.40 ments. If any two metals from the list are coupled together, the Copper -0.28 to -0.36 one closer to the anodic (or active) end of the series, the Lead-Tin Solder (50/50) -0.26 to -0.35 upper end in this case, will be the anode and thus will corrode Admiralty Brass -0.25 to -0.34 faster, while the one toward the cathodic (or noble) end will Manganese Bronze -0.25 to -0.33 corrode slower. -
Galvanic Corrosion Between Zinc and Carbon Steel Investigated by Local
Galvanic corrosion between zinc and carbon steel investigated by local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Maixent Mouanga, Monique Puiggali, Bernard Tribollet, Vincent Vivier, Nadine Pébère, Olivier Devos To cite this version: Maixent Mouanga, Monique Puiggali, Bernard Tribollet, Vincent Vivier, Nadine Pébère, et al.. Gal- vanic corrosion between zinc and carbon steel investigated by local electrochemical impedance spec- troscopy. Electrochimica Acta, Elsevier, 2013, 88, pp.6-14. 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.002. hal- 01165531 HAL Id: hal-01165531 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01165531 Submitted on 19 Jun 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Open Archive TOULOUSE Archive Ouverte ( OATAO ) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author-deposited version published in : http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/ Eprints ID : 14080 To link to this article : doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.002 URL : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.002 To cite this version : Mouanga, Maixent and Puiggali, Monique and Tribollet, Bernard and Vivier, Vincent and Pébère, Nadine and Devos, Olivier Galvanic corrosion between zinc and carbon steel investigated by local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy . -
The Care of Historic Musical Instruments
The Care of Historic Musical Instruments Edited by Robert L. Barclay This publicatio11 lias bee11 produced by tile Museums & Galleries Commissio 11, the Ca11adia11 Co 11servatio11 IHstitute a11dthe IHtemati01 ml Commillee of Mu sical lllslmmelll Mu seums a11d Collectio11 s of the llltematiollal Cou 11 cil of Museums with fillallcial assista11ce from tile folm S. Colle11 Fou11da tio11. c .. -.HI I A ' b. u~t u t MUSEUMS & GALLERI ES Co..:u •\·.. uo~ CO:.IliiiSSION '''"".. " CIMCIM Edinburgh 1997 ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 1997, as represented by the Minister of the Department of Canadian Heritage acting through the Canadian Conservation Institute. Table of Contents ©Museums & Galleries Commission. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, for purposes of resale, without the prior Preface written permission of the copyright holders. All requests for permission must be directed to one of the following addresses: 1. Ethics and the Use of Instruments 1 Codes of Ethics and Standards 2 North America: All other countries and territories: Guidelines 3 Canadian Conservation Institute Museums & Galleries Commission Playability and "Soundability" 6 1030 Innes Road 16 Queen Anne's Gate Conclusion 7 Ottawa, Ontario KIA OMS London SW IH 9AA CANADA UNITED KINGDOM 2. Instruments in Their Environment 9 Conservation Assessment 9 Available for purchase from: Strategies for Environmental Control 11 Extension Services, Canadian Conservation Institute 3. General Care of Musical Instrument Collections 19 .Support for Display and Storage 19 Storage 22 Handling 23 Travel 24 Cataloguing in Publication Data Strategies to Counter Biological Attack 25 Main entry under title : 4. -
Galvanic Corrosion Dealloying Corrosion Velocity Phenomena
Galvanic Corrosion Dealloying Corrosion Velocity Phenomena Note: While this course does not contain proprietary BWRVIP or MRP information, per se, it does contain open literature information that was used in the creation of BWRVIP or MRP documents or BWRVIP or MRP information that was subsequently made non-proprietary via publication, etc. Corrosion and Corrosion Control in LWRs © 2011 by SIA, Inc. All rights reserved. Galvanic, Dealloying and Fluid Velocity Corrosion Learning Objectives • Understand the mechanism of galvanic corrosion ♦ Does “galvanic corrosion” always involve different metals? ♦ Is corrosion essentiallyyyg always galvanic corrosion? ♦ Cathodic protection • Identify dealloying corrosion • Understand the mechanism of the effects of fluid flow on corrosion ♦ Flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) Corrosion and Corrosion Control in LWRs PRS-11-037 D BMG/ 2 © 2011 by SIA, Inc.. All rights reserved. Specific Forms of Corrosion 1. General or uniform corrosion 2. Galvanic corrosion 3. De-alloying corrosion Macro 4. Velocity phenomena - erosion corrosion, Localized Corrosion cavitation, impingement, fretting and FAC 5. Crevice corrosion 6. Pitting corrosion 7. Intergranular corrosion Micro Localized 8. Corrosion fatigue Corrosion 9. Stress corrosion cracking Microbiological activity can affect all of the above Corrosion and Corrosion Control in LWRs PRS-11-037 D BMG/ 3 © 2011 by SIA, Inc.. All rights reserved. Galvanic Corrosion Corrosion and Corrosion Control in LWRs © 2011 by SIA, Inc. All rights reserved. Galvanic Corrosion • History • Mechanism • LWR Case Study Examples ♦ Condensers ♦ Sensitization of stainless steel Corrosion and Corrosion Control in LWRs PRS-11-037 D BMG/ 5 © 2011 by SIA, Inc.. All rights reserved. Galvanic Corrosion • If you could fabricate a component from only one alloy, galvanic corrosion would not be a problem. -
Friction and Wear Behaviour Analysis of Different Journal Bearing Materials
k. M Bhuptani1, Dr. J. M. Prajapati / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2141-2146 Friction and Wear Behaviour Analysis of Different Journal Bearing Materials k. M Bhuptani1, Dr. J. M. Prajapati2 1 PhD Scholar, Mech. Engg, J.J.T. University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan 2 Associate Prof., Mech. Engg.Dept., M.S.U., BARODA, GUJARAT ABSTRACT It is well known fact that connecting rod Journal bearing materials are expected to have is the important intermediate member between several properties such as low friction coefficient, the piston and the Crankshaft. Its primary high load capacity, high heat conductivity, function is to transmit the push and pull from the compatibility, high wear and corrosion resistance. piston pin to the crank pin, thus converting the These properties directly affect the fatigue and wear reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary life of the bearing [1]. motion of the crank. Existing Bearing of There are several theories which were found connecting rod is manufactured by using non to explain the phenomenon of adhesion wear, and ferrous materials like Gunmetal, Phosphor from that the simple adhesion wear theory. The Bronze etc.. This paper describes the tribological adhesive wear occurs when two surfaces are moving behavior analysis for the conventional materials relatively one over the other, and this relative i.e. Brass and Gunmetal as well as New non movement is in one direction or a successive metallic material Cast Nylon. Friction and Wear movement under the effect of the load so that the are the most important parameters to decide the pressure on the adjacent projections is big enough to performance of any bearing. -
Enghandbook.Pdf
785.392.3017 FAX 785.392.2845 Box 232, Exit 49 G.L. Huyett Expy Minneapolis, KS 67467 ENGINEERING HANDBOOK TECHNICAL INFORMATION STEELMAKING Basic descriptions of making carbon, alloy, stainless, and tool steel p. 4. METALS & ALLOYS Carbon grades, types, and numbering systems; glossary p. 13. Identification factors and composition standards p. 27. CHEMICAL CONTENT This document and the information contained herein is not Quenching, hardening, and other thermal modifications p. 30. HEAT TREATMENT a design standard, design guide or otherwise, but is here TESTING THE HARDNESS OF METALS Types and comparisons; glossary p. 34. solely for the convenience of our customers. For more Comparisons of ductility, stresses; glossary p.41. design assistance MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL contact our plant or consult the Machinery G.L. Huyett’s distinct capabilities; glossary p. 53. Handbook, published MANUFACTURING PROCESSES by Industrial Press Inc., New York. COATING, PLATING & THE COLORING OF METALS Finishes p. 81. CONVERSION CHARTS Imperial and metric p. 84. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Steelmaking 4 Metals and Alloys 13 Designations for Chemical Content 27 Designations for Heat Treatment 30 Testing the Hardness of Metals 34 Mechanical Properties of Metal 41 Manufacturing Processes 53 Manufacturing Glossary 57 Conversion Coating, Plating, and the Coloring of Metals 81 Conversion Charts 84 Links and Related Sites 89 Index 90 Box 232 • Exit 49 G.L. Huyett Expressway • Minneapolis, Kansas 67467 785-392-3017 • Fax 785-392-2845 • [email protected] • www.huyett.com INTRODUCTION & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document was created based on research and experience of Huyett staff. Invaluable technical information, including statistical data contained in the tables, is from the 26th Edition Machinery Handbook, copyrighted and published in 2000 by Industrial Press, Inc. -
Corrosion Information Galvanic Action
R CORROSION Information C Galvanic ACTION Galvanic CORROSION - compatible metals charts To minimize galvanic corrosion, fasteners should be considered based on their material compatibility with the substrates. Determine the materials being fastened and choose a fastener material that is close in proximity on the chart. The closer together the material are on the chart the less galvanic action will occur. Metals listed on the top of the chart (anotic) will corrode faster than the metals on the bottom of the chart (cathodic). Contact a corrosion specialist to determine the best material for your application. Fastener Material Selection Based on the Galvanic Series of Metals Revised by TFC: 0315JS Table developed using information supplied by AISI Committee of Stainless Steel Producers. Key A. The corrosion of the base metal is not increased by the fastener. B. The corrosion of the base metal is slightly increased by the fastener. C. The corrosion of the base metal may be considerably increased by the fastener material. D. The plating on the fastener is rapidly consumed. E. The corrosion of the fastener is increased by the base metal. FASTENER MATERIAL STEEL STAINLESS STEEL STAINLESS STEEL Zinc Plated Type 410 Type 302, 304, 316 ALUMINUM Zinc | Galvanized | ZN/Al A C C B Coated Steel Aluminum A 1Not Recommended B A Steel / Cast Iron A,D C B A Brass, Copper, Bronze A,D,E A B A,E Stainless Steel BASE METAL A,D,E A A A,E 300 Series Footnotes 1. Because aluminum can expand a large distance, the high hardness of 410 SS case harden screws may lead to screw to failure due to lack of ductility or stress corrosion cracking. -
Brass & Bronze
The Care and Preservation of Historical Brass and Bronze By Clara Deck, Conservator Revisions by Cuong T. Nguyen, Conservator, The Henry Ford INTRODUCTION Historical brass and bronze can be maintained for years of use and enjoyment provided that some basic care and attention is given to its preservation. The conservation staff at The Henry Ford has compiled the information in this fact sheet to help individuals care for their objects and collections. The first step in the care of collections is to understand and minimize or eliminate conditions that can cause damage. The second step is to follow basic guidelines for care, handling and cleaning. NOTE: This Information Sheet will present a brief overview of the care of brass and bronze objects, stressing appropriate storage and handling as the best means of preservation. It does not address the serious problem of preserving archaeological metals excavated from land or marine sites. People who collect un-conserved archaeological artifacts should be aware that they might be unstable if they do not receive appropriate conservation treatment. It is not within the scope of this document to address all the problems associated with outdoor bronze sculptures. This information sheet may provide some useful information for the care of these objects, but we encourage consultation with a professional conservator on such complicated artifacts. IDENTIFYING BRASS AND BRONZE ARTIFACTS Brass and bronze are alloys of copper. (Two or more metals are combined to form an alloy. Alloys generally have a different appearance or working properties that is dependent on their percent composition.) There are other alloys of copper include gunmetal (red brass), bell metal, and German silver, also called Nickel silver and "paktong".