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Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide

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Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide Copper Development Association Archive for Research Purposes Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide Publication No 80, 1981 Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide Publication No 80 July 1981 Acknowledgements CDA gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Technology Centre, Wantage, and in particular, Mr H S Campbell, in the preparation of this Guide on behalf of the CDA Aluminium Bronze Committee. Copper Development Association Copper Development Association is a non-trading organisation sponsored by the copper producers and fabricators to encourage the use of copper and copper alloys and to promote their correct and efficient application. Its services, which include the provision of technical advice and information, are available to those interested in the utilisation of copper in all its aspects. The Association also provides a link between research and user industries and maintains close contact with other copper development associations throughout the world. Website: www.cda.org.uk Email: [email protected] Copyright: All information in this document is the copyright of Copper Development Association Disclaimer: Whilst this document has been prepared with care, Copper Development Association can give no warranty regarding the contents and shall not be liable for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising out of its use Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 2 1 General Survey ...................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Types of Aluminium Bronze................................................................................................................. 4 i Metallurgical Structure ........................................................................................................................... 4 3 Types of Corrosion................................................................................................................................ 5 i Uniform or General Corrosion ................................................................................................................. 6 ii Pitting...................................................................................................................................................... 6 iii Crevice Corrosion .................................................................................................................................. 6 iv Selective Phase Attack ........................................................................................................................... 6 v Dealloying ............................................................................................................................................... 7 vi Corrosion/Erosion .................................................................................................................................. 7 vii Cavitation Damage................................................................................................................................ 8 viii Stress Corrosion................................................................................................................................. 10 ix Corrosion Fatigue................................................................................................................................. 11 x Galvanic Corrosion................................................................................................................................ 12 xi Electrical Leakage Corrosion ............................................................................................................... 13 xii Corrosion Associated with Welds ....................................................................................................... 13 4 Varieties of Service.............................................................................................................................. 14 i Sea Water Service .................................................................................................................................. 14 Marine Propellers ................................................................................................................................... 14 Other Underwater Fittings ...................................................................................................................... 16 Sea Water Pumps.................................................................................................................................... 16 Valves..................................................................................................................................................... 17 Heat Exchangers ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Pipework................................................................................................................................................. 17 ii Water Supply......................................................................................................................................... 18 Pumps ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Valves..................................................................................................................................................... 18 iii Oil and Petrochemical Industries ......................................................................................................... 20 iv Specific Corrosive Chemical Environments......................................................................................... 20 Acidic Environments .............................................................................................................................. 21 Alkaline Environments ........................................................................................................................... 22 v Resistance to Atmospheric Corrosion and Oxidation............................................................................ 23 vi Aluminium Bronzes in Building........................................................................................................... 24 1 Introduction This publication - one of a series issued by the Copper Development Association Aluminium Bronze Advisory Service dealing with different aspects of the use of copper-aluminium alloys - generally known as aluminium bronzes - is intended to provide design engineers with facts and figures on which they can base their choice of materials. Section 1 provides a brief survey of the corrosion resistance of aluminium bronzes and the reasons for using these alloys in various corrosive situations. More detailed information on all aspects of the corrosion behaviour of aluminium bronzes follows in Sections 2, 3 and 4. Section 2 discusses the compositions and metallurgical structures of the different aluminium bronze alloys in most common use and relates these features of the alloys to their corrosion performance. In Section 3 the different types of corrosion experienced in engineering service are described and an indication is given of the relative resistance of different aluminium bronzes and of some of their principal competitive materials. Section 4 discusses the use of aluminium bronzes in a variety of industries and environments - indicating again the relative suitability of different alloys and materials for the purposes concerned. Quantitative data supporting the statements concerning corrosion resistance of aluminium bronzes is included where appropriate. Wherever possible the particular aluminium bronze alloy to which the data refer is stated but for some of the older information, alloy compositions may not be identical with those now used. It must also be borne in mind that the important effects of metallurgical structure on corrosion resistance of aluminium bronzes were not well understood at the time that some of the older data were generated and the results quoted are, therefore, often for material which does not have the most favourable structure. Consequently the corrosion rates quoted are sometimes significantly higher than would be expected from material of corresponding composition produced nowadays. 1 General Survey The aluminium bronzes are a family of copper-base alloys containing approximately 5% to 11% aluminium, some having additions of iron, nickel, manganese or silicon. They include alloys suitable for sand casting, gravity diecasting and for the production of forgings, plate, sheet, tube, strip, wire and extruded rods and sections. Compared with other copper alloys, the higher strength of the aluminium bronzes is combined with excellent corrosion resistance under a wide range of service conditions. Maximum corrosion resistance is provided by control of the composition and manufacturing history of the material as discussed in detail in Section 2(i). Aluminium bronzes are the most tarnish-resistant copper alloys and show no serious deterioration in appearance and no significant loss of mechanical properties on exposure to most atmospheric conditions. Their resistance to atmospheric corrosion combined with high strength is exploited, for example, in their use
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