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Non-Governmental Organizations and Development in the Sudan: Relations with the State and Institutional Strengthening

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Non-Governmental Organizations and Development in the Sudan: Relations with the State and Institutional Strengthening _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses Non-governmental organizations and development in the Sudan: Relations with the state and institutional strengthening. Abdelqayoum Ali, Bashir A How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Abdelqayoum Ali, Bashir A (2010) Non-governmental organizations and development in the Sudan: Relations with the state and institutional strengthening.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42550 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ SWANSEA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUDAN: RELATIONS WITH THE STATE AND INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING BASHIR A.ABDELQAYOUM ALI March 2010 Thesis submitted to the Swansea University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for awarding the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ProQuest Number: 10805299 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10805299 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 r ( LIBRARY ABSTRACT This dissertation is unique in looking at Sudanese NGOs and not at the INGOs in Sudan. Most of the literature concentrates on the role of INGOs in Sudan and neglect the contribution of Sudanese NGOs. The research offers a corrective to these stereotype created by the literature on Sudanese NGOs. This study focuses on important aspects of the voluntary sector in the Sudan. It describes informal traditional practices and indigenous associations, like communal labor, rotating savings and credit associations, and migrant associations. Although these social forms have been given some attention in the third world studies literature, the subject has never been dealt with systematically in the field of Sudanese studies. The study reveals the strengths and weaknesses of Sudanese NGOs. It doesn’t, however exaggerate the role of Sudanese NGOs, given the local context. On the other hand we can not underestimate their contribution to poverty reduction efforts and peace process and in realization of rights in the last two decades. The study focuses on the present political situation in the Sudan, including the regime’s institutions and its social organizations on the one hand and the position of social and political oppositions on the other. It shows how Islamic movement uses religion and power to sustain and protect a system which has lost its credibility and legitimacy among many Sudanese citizens. It focuses on the rise of the National Islamic Front (NIF), its growth and development from a small political party to the third political power, based on the election of 1986, and to a party of full ruling power as a result of the NIF military coup of 1989. It also discusses and analyzes the nature of the government organizations and the causes leading to the failure of the Islamic project in the country. The rise of Islamic movement in Sudan can be viewed as part of the decline of local initiatives as the center of the social capital. The rapid changing situation in Sudan since 1989 is gathering by new momentum with the government policies of control and restriction, on the one hand, and with the I increasing numbers of civil society organizations seeking to legitimize their identity and recognition, on the other hand. The study discusses the NIF-NGO relations and concludes by raising issues of concern and discussing the way out as an alternative approach contributing to development process. II DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree Signed 7 .................................. (Candidate) Date... .7. {. r?. Statement 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated. Correction services have been used, the extent and nature of correction is clearly marked in the footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed...: ........................................ (Candidate) Statement 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted to be available for photocopying and interlibrary loan and for the title and summary to be made available outside organizations. ^ Signed A.'. (Candidate) Date... 7.. Q 6 z . .7. P. III TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT I DECLARATION III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII LIST OF TABLES IX ABBREVIATIONS X CHAPTER ONE Literature Review 1 1.1 Background to the Debate. 3 1.2 Introduction to Chapter One 4 1.3 Civil Society/NGOs and Development 4 1.3.1 Introduction to Civil Society/NGOs 13 1.3.2 Organizations of Local Institutions 18 1.3.3 Definitions, Roles and Concepts 30 1.3.4 Participation as a Means and Goal in Capacity Building Processes 33 1.3.5 Challenges Encountering CSOs/NGOs 35 1.4 State 42 1.5 State - Civil Society/NGOs Relations 49 1.6 NGOs in the Arabic and Islamic World 57 1.7 Methodology 63 1.8 Conclusion CHAPTER TWO Traditional Social Structures and Local Organizations in the Sudan 65 2.1 Introduction 68 2.2 Growth and Development of Local Initiatives 68 2.2.1 Diverse Structures 69 2.2.2 Colonial Experience 71 2.2.3 Post Independence Period: 1956-1989 76 2.2.4 The Islamist Period: Post 1989 78 2.3 Social Capital in the Sudan 84 2.3.1 Communal Labor Groups 89 2.3.2 Migrant Associations in Urban Centers 93 2.3.3 Cooperative Groups 94 2.3.4 Professional Groups 100 2.4 Challenges Encountering Traditional Structures, CBOs and NGOs 103 2.5 Conclusion CHAPTER THREE Civil Society: Totalitarianism, Pluralism and Challenges for the Future 3.1 Introduction 105 3.2 The Rise of Islamic Movement 107 3.2.1 Islamic Movement Post Independence 109 3.2.2 Islamic Movement in Power: Period Post 1989 109 3.2.3 Development Stages and Central Authorities of NI 112 IV 3.2.4 NIF Failure: Is it a Failure of the Project or the Regime? 116 3.2.4.1 Islamic Civil Society Movement 116 3.2.4.2 Regime’s Violations and Corruption 126 3.3 NIF - Civil Society/NGOs Relations 129 3.3.1 Sudanese Women under the State 139 3.3.2 Restrictions of Voluntary Work 142 3.3.3 The Impact of Peace 144 3.4 The Positions and Role of Political Parties, Civil Society and NGOs 146 3.4.1 The Impact of the Colonial State 146 3.4.2 The Impact of Social Exclusion 148 3.4.3 The Impact of Democracy 151 3.4.4 The Main Political Parties 156 3.4.4.1 The Umma Party 157 3.4.4.2 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP 158 3.4.4.3 Sudanese Communist Party (SCP 160 3.5 The Way Out 163 3.6 Conclusion 171 CHAPTER FOUR Organizational Cultures of Sudanese NGOs 4.1 Introduction 174 4.2 Criteria for Assessing the Efficacy of Sudanese NGOs and the Priorities for Capacity-building Initiatives 176 4.3 Friends of Children Society (AMAL 178 4.3.1 Introduction 178 4.3.2 Internal Governance 178 4.3.3 Strategic Planning 186 4.3.4 Human Resources and Management 187 4.3.5 Implementation and Service Delivery 190 4.3.6 Financial Management 193 4.3.7 External Relations 194 4.4 Human Rights and Legal Aid Network (HRLAN 195 4.4.1 Introduction 195 4.4.2 Internal Governance 196 4.4.3 Strategic Planning 200 4.4.4 Human Resources and Management 201 4.4.5 Implementation and Service Deliveiy 202 4.4.6 Financial Management 206 4.4.7 External Relations 208 4.5 Sudanese Environment Conservation Society (SECS) 208 4.5.1 Introduction 208 4.5.2 Internal Governance 209 4.5.3 Strategic Planning 213 4.5.4 Human Resources and Management 216 4.5.5 Implementation and Service Delivery 217 4.5.6 Financial Management 220 4.5.7 External Relations 222 4.6 Sudanese Civil Society Network for Alleviation of Poverty (SCSNAP 224 4.6.1 Introduction 224 4.6.2 Internal Governance 225 4.6.3 Strategic Planning 227 4.6.4 Human Resources and Management 227 V 4.6.5 Implementation and Service Delivery 228 4.6.6 Financial Management 229 ; 4.6.7 External Relations 229 | 4.7 Conclusion 231 CHAPTER FIVE NGOs Relations with Governments 5.1 Introduction 233 5.2 Governments’ Strategy towards NGOs 234 5.3 NGOs’ Strategy towards Governments
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