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July 1902 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, No. 41

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July 1902 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, No. 41 57th C o n g r e s s , [H OUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. fDoc. No. 377, 1st Session. j 1 Part 4. BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. NO. 41—JULY, 1902. ISSUED EVERY OTHER MONTH. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1902. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EDITOR, CARROLL D. WRIGHT, COMMISSIONER. ASSOCIATE EDITORS, G. W. W. HANGER, CHAS. H. VERRILL, G. A. WEBER. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS. Page. Labor conditions in Cuba, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D ......................................... 663-793 B eef prices, by Fred C. Croxton, of the Department of Labor.......................... 794-806 The True Reformers, by William Taylor Thom, Ph. D ....................................... 807-814 Digest of recent reports of State bureaus of labor statistics: Connecticut............................................................................................................. 815-817 Illin ois............................................................................... 818-821 Iow a....................................................................................................................... 821-825 M aine..................................................................................................................... 825-827 M issouri...................................................................................................... 827,828 Montana................................................................................................................. 829 Digest of recent foreign statistical publications..................................................... 830-835 Decisions of courts affecting labor............................................................................ 836-864 Laws of various States relating to labor enacted since January 1, 1896 .......... 865-880 HI Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. No. 41. WASHINGTON. J u l y , 1902. LABOR CONDITIONS IN CUBA. BY VICTOR S. CLARK, PH. D. INTRODUCTION. Cuba has an area of about 44,000 square miles, of which only 3 per cent, or 1,320 square miles, was under cultivation in 1899. Though this amount has since been increased, the new plowings are not more than one-third the previous total, so that at a conservative esti­ mate not more than 4 acres out of every 100 are tilled in Cuba at the present day. In 1899 nearly one-half of the cultivated land was in cane. According to testimony before the Ways and Means Com­ mittee in January, 1902, there are about 500 square miles of cane land productive this year. This is the actual crop acreage, without allowing for lands occupied by buildings, roads, and fire lanes, all of which are probably included in the census statistics. Adding 50 per cent to the productive cane area to make up for this margin and for land planted but not producing, for the estimate of acreage in the testimony mentioned is based upon the sugar crop of the island for the present campaign, the nominal cane area is about 750 square miles. Assuming this to be 47.3 per cent of the total cultivated land of Cuba, the same proportion as in 1899, slightly over 1,500 square miles, or less than 3£ per cent of the entire area of the island, is used directly for agricultural purposes. There is no evidence to show that the extension of cane culture has not kept pace with the extension of other crops since 1899. Four per cent of the area is therefore an over rather than an under estimate of the amount of cultivated land in Cuba in 1902. Yet agriculture is the principal industry of the island, and a larger proportion of the surface is suitable for cultivation than in almost any American State. W ith extensive tracts of fertile and unused lands 663 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 664 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. and profitable crops, the capital and labor of Cuba have been best employed and compensated in tilling her fields. Only those manufac­ tures depending directly upon her two great agricultural products, sugar and tobacco, have been developed sufficiently to supply more than local demands. In 1899 there were 207 sugar mills and 218 tobacco factories in Cuba producing for export. Mining is largely confined to Santiago de Cuba, the most eastern province of the island, where 6 iron and 6 manganese mines are worked, and where for­ merly copper was produced. Some asphalt is also being obtained in Habana province from a mine which has been opened since the Ameri­ can occupation. There are a few tracts of forest of considerable extent, especially in the swamps along the southern coast. The most valuable timbers are mahogany, which is exported in the hewn log, and cedar, which is both exported and used for domestic construction and the manufacture of cigar boxes. There are some 14 sawmills in the island sawing native timber and imported pines. The forest resources of Cuba, however, are not considerable enough to afford a permanent source of employment for a large element of her popu­ lation. Grazing has always been an important industry. Historic­ ally it antedates crop raising of any kind; but where railways or other means of communication have been developed it has become subordinate to sugar and tobacco planting. It still remains predomi­ nant in the eastern provinces, especially in Puerto Principe and the eastern zone of Santa Clara. This industry suffered more than any other at the time of the last insurrection, for the cattle were driven off by insurgents and Spaniards alike to prevent their being used as a food supply by their opponents. In 1899 there were but 850,000 head of live stock of all kinds in Cuba, but cattle have been imported to the value of $9,000,000 a year since then and the ranges are rapidly being restocked. There are 13 hide-curing establishments and 42 tanneries in Cuba, but from lack of skill, the use of inferior materials, and perhaps for climatic reasons, only coarser grades of leather are successfully produced. The food fisheries, both coast and deep sea, merely supply the local market. The sponge fisheries are more important, their annual product being valued at $400,000; but they have declined through disregard of the closed season and other meas­ ures intended to maintain the supply. The military government has recently enforced regulations intended to reestablish this industry. Cuba has no merchant marine, except some 25 coasting steamers and larger schooners employed entirely in local traffic. The combined mileage of her public railways, including the main line of the Cuban Central, which is practically completed, is about 1,600 miles. There are in addition about 900 miles of narrow-gauge plantation and mining railroads which are not open to general traffic. Two electric lines are in operation in the island. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR CONDITIONS IN CUBA. 665 What manufacturing exists for the purpose of supplying local mar­ kets is largely centered at Habana, partly because that city is the principal distributing point as well as the principal consuming market of Cuba, and partly because it is where labor is most congested and where the largest number of Spaniards, many of whom are skilled workmen, is to be found. Not only does nearly one-sixth of the entire population of Cuba reside in Habana, but the purchasing power of that one-sixth is probably fully one-third the purchasing power of the island. The local manufactures include 67 rum distilleries and liqueur factories, 33 soda-water factories, 4 breweries, 10 foundries, 27 cigar box and box factories, 9 cooper shops, 8 trunk factories, 1 cement and 4 tile factories, 10 match factories, 4 gas works, 4 electric-light works, 1 printing-ink factory, 1 oil refinery, 12 sugar refineries, 1 paper mill, 7 flour mills, 27 chocolate factories, 8 candle and soap factories, 18 canneries, 11 ice factories, 2 rope and cordage factories, 2 shoe facto­ ries, 10 lithographers5 works, besides a number of minor industries and small establishments not using power machinery. Cuba is therefore entirely dependent upon the products of her fields for her economic prosperity. She does not carry and exchange mer­ chandise for other countries, nor does she manufacture except to sup­ ply certain special and local demands or to place her crops most easily and economically upon the market. These conditions determine the character of her industrial life. Her highly skilled workmen have mostly come from beyond the seas. The labor question has not assumed a social aspect. It has simply been a problem of supply and demand of field hands. There is little special skill, little organization, little class spirit among her working people. A tinge of paternalism, prolonged in Cuba by the late continuance of slavery and the Spanish tendency to organize commercial enterprises upon a domestic basis, pervades the relations of employer and employee. Even in urban centers the industrial characteristics of an agricultural community prevail. HISTORY. LABOR SUPPLY. W hile the labor question has not the same social importance in Cuba that it has in countries where industry is more highly developed, it has played a weighty part in the history of the island. The political problem Spain failed to solve in Cuba was intimately
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