DOCSLIB.ORG

Electrical Power- II Switch Gear

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Electrical Power- II Switch Gear Electrical Power- II Switch Gear • INTRODUCTION A switch gear can be define as an assembly of equipment for switching on/off , controlling and protecting an electrical installation. In simple words an ordinary switch in conjunction with a fuse makes a switch gear. The switch will on/off the circuit, were as the fuse will protect the circuit. • ISOLATOR By isolator we disconnecte a circuit under no load for repair and maintenance work. They are placed generally on both side of a circuit breaker. For repair, the circuit breaker on that line is first opened and then the isolator . After repair the circuit breaker is first closed then the isolator is closed . • CIRCUIT BREAKER The circuit breaker operates automatically through a relay under fault condition. The CB can be operate manually also for carrying repair work . The circuit is used to protect a line against a fault. The CB is connected in the line . A current transformer is also connected in the line. • PHENOMENON OF ARC FORMATION IN CIRCUIT BREAKER When a fault accures a heavy current flows through the contact of the CB. When these contact separate, the resistance increases and large fault current produces excessive heat. This heat ionised the air or the oil and as a result an arc is produced between the contact of the CB. There are two method which can be used extinguish this arc . 1. By increasing resistance of the arc: This method is used in DC circuit breakers. In this method, the current is reduced to such a value that it cannot maintain the arc. This is done by increasing resistance of the arc either by separating the contents sufficiently or by splitting the arc through use of conducting pieces between the contacts. 2. By zero current method: This method is used to extinguish arc in a.c. Circuit breakers. The current become zero after every half cycle and at that instant the arc is extinguished of its own. Efforts are made at this instant to prevent the arc from restricting for the next cycle. • CLASSIFICATION OF CBs The CBs are of six types: 1. Oil circuit breaker 2. Air circuit breaker 3. SF6 circuit breaker 4. Vacuum circuit breaker 5. Water circuit breaker 6. Miniature circuit breaker OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER (OCB) A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc. The OCBs are of three types: 1. PLANE (bulk) OCB: Bulk oil circuit breaker is such types of circuit breakers where oil is used as arc quenching media as well as insulating media between current carrying contacts and earthed parts of the breaker. 2. SELF BLAST OCB: In this type of circuit breaker, the gases produced during arcing are confined to a small volume by the use of an insulating rigid pressure chamber or pot surrounding the contacts. Since the space available for the arc gases is restricted by the chamber, a very high pressure is developed to force the oil and gas through or around the arc to extinguish it. • Self Blast OCBs are of the following types: 1. PLAIN EXPLOSION POT: It is a rigid cylinder of insulating material and encloses the fixed and moving contacts. The moving contact is a cylindrical rod passing through a restricted opening (called throat) at the bottom. When a fault occurs, the contacts get separated and an arc is struck between them. The heat of the arc decomposes oil into a gas at very high pressure in the pot. 2. CROSS JET EXPLOSION POT: This type of pot is just a modification of plain explosion pot.It is made of insulating material and has channels on one side which act as arc splitters. The arc splitters help in increasing the arc length, thus facilitating arc extinction. When a fault occurs, the moving contact of the circuit breaker begins to separate. As the moving contact is withdrawn, the arc is initially struck in the top of the pot. The gas generated by the arc exerts pressure on the oil in the back passage. 3. SELF COMPENSATE EXPLOSION POT: This type of pot is essentially a combination of plain explosion pot and cross jet explosion pot.Therefore, it can interrupt low as well as heavy short circuit currents with reasonable accuracy.The figure below shows the schematic diagram of self-compensated explosion pot.It consists of two chambers, the upper chamber is the cross-jet explosion pot with two arc splitter ducts while the lower one is the plain explosion pot. • MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: In the bulk oil circuit breakers discussed so far, the oil has to perform two functions. Firstly, it acts as an arc quenching medium and secondly, it insulates the live parts from earth.It has been found that only a small percentage of oil is actually used for arc extinction while the major part is utilised for insulation purposes.For this reason, the quantity of oil in bulk oil circuit breakers reaches a very high figure as the system voltage increases.This not only increases the expenses, tank size and weight of the breaker but it also increases the fire risk and maintenance problems. • CONSTRUSTION MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER The figure below shows the cross section of a single phase minimum oil circuit breaker.There are two compartments separated from each other but both filled with oil.The upper chamber is the circuit breaking chamber while the lower one is the supporting chamber.The two chambers are separated by a partition and oil from one chamber is prevented from mixing with the other chamber.This arrangement permits two advantages.Firstly, the circuit breaking chamber requires a small volume of oil which is just enough for arc extinction. Secondly, the amount of oil to be replaced is reduced as the oil in the supporting chamber does not get contaminated by the arc. • OPERATION AND ARC QUENCHING: Under normal operating conditions, the moving contact remains engaged with the upper fixed contact.When a fault occurs, the moving contact is pulled down by the tripping springs and an arc is struck.The arc energy vapourises the oil and produces gases under high pressure.This action constrains the oil to pass through a central hole in the moving contact and results in forcing series of oil through the respective passages of the turbulator.The process of turbulation is orderly one, in which the sections of the arc are successively quenched by the effect of separate streams of oil moving across each section in turn and bearing away its gases. AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER This type of circuit breakers, is those kind of circuit breaker which operates in air at atmospheric pressure. After development of oil circuit breaker, the medium voltage air circuit breaker (ACB) is replaced completely by oil circuit breaker in different countries. But in countries like France and Italy, ACBs are still preferable choice up to voltage 15 KV. It is also good choice to avoid the risk of oil fire, in case of oil circuit breaker. TYPES OF ACBs There are mainly two types of ACB are available. • Cross blast air circuit breaker • Axial blast air circuit breaker • CROSS BLAST AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER: In these ACBs the air blast is at right angle to the arc. The moving contact of this ACB has a number of spring loaded fingers and the moving contact is of plat blades. The contacts are made of silver tungsten alloys. When a fault occurs an air blast thrown away at right angle to the arc. The arc splitters quench the arc quickly. • AXIAL BLAST FOR AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER: In axial blast ACB the moving contact is in contact with fixed contact with the help of a spring pressure as shown in the figure. There is a nozzle orifice in the fixed contact which is blocked by tip of the moving contact at normal closed condition of the breaker. When fault occurs, the high pressure air is introduced into the arcing chamber. The air pressure will counter the spring pressure and deforms the spring hence the moving contact is withdrawn from the fixed contact and nozzle hole becomes open. At the same time the high pressure air starts flowing along the arc through the fixed contact nozzle orifice. This axial flow of air along the arc through the nozzle orifice will make the arc lengthen and colder hence arc voltage become much higher than system voltage that means system voltage is insufficient to sustain the arc consequently the arc is quenched. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers protect electrical power stations and distribution systems by interrupting electric currents, when tripped by a protective relay. Instead of oil, air, or a vacuum, a sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas to cool and quench the arc on opening a circuit. Advantages over other media include lower operating noise and no emission of hot gases, and relatively low maintenance. Developed in the 1950s and onward, SF6 circuit breakers are widely used in electrical grids at transmission voltages up to 800 kV, as generator circuit breakers, and in distribution systems at voltages up to 35 kV. • CONSTRUCTION: A sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts enclosed in a chamber. The chamber is called arc interruption chamber which contains the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas. This chamber is connected to sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas reservoir.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lecture 09 Closing Switches.Pdf
    High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Closing Switches Fall, 2018 Kyoung-Jae Chung Department of Nuclear Engineering Seoul National University Switch fundamentals The importance of switches in pulsed power systems In high power pulse applications, switches capable of handling tera-watt power and having jitter time in the nanosecond range are frequently needed. The rise time, shape, and amplitude of the generator output pulse depend strongly on the properties of the switches. The basic principle of switching is simple: at a proper time, change the property of the switch medium from that of an insulator to that of a conductor or the reverse. To achieve this effectively and precisely, however, is rather a complex and difficult task. It involves not only the parameters of the switch and circuit but also many physical and chemical processes. 2/44 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Switch fundamentals Design of a switch requires knowledge in many areas. The property of the medium employed between the switch electrodes is the most important factor that determines the performance of the switch. Classification Medium: gas switch, liquid switch, solid switch Triggering mechanism: self-breakdown or externally triggered switches Charging mode: Statically charged or pulse charged switches No. of conducting channels: single channel or multi-channel switches Discharge property: volume discharge or surface discharge switches 3/44 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Characteristics of typical switches A. Trigger pulse: a fast pulse supplied externally to initiate the action of switching, the nature of which may be voltage, laser beam or charged particle beam.
    [Show full text]
  • Calculations of Electrodynamic Forces in Three-Phase Asymmetric Busbar System with the Use of FEM
    energies Article Calculations of Electrodynamic Forces in Three-Phase Asymmetric Busbar System with the Use of FEM Michał Szulborski 1,* , Sebastian Łapczy ´nski 1, Łukasz Kolimas 1 , Łukasz Kozarek 2 and Desire Dauphin Rasolomampionona 1 1 Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (S.Ł.); [email protected] (Ł.K.); [email protected] (D.D.R.) 2 ILF Consulting Engineers Polska Sp. z o.o., 02-823 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-662-119-014 Received: 23 September 2020; Accepted: 14 October 2020; Published: 20 October 2020 Abstract: Proper busbar selection based on analytical calculations is of great importance in terms of power grid functioning and its safe usage. Experimental tests concerning busbars are very expensive and difficult to be executed. Therefore, the great advantage for setting the valid parameters for busbar systems components are analytical calculations supported by FEM (finite element method) modelling and analysis. Determining electrodynamic forces in busbar systems tends to be crucial with regard to subsidiary, dependent parameters. In this paper analytical calculations of asymmetric three-phase busbar system were carried out. Key parameters, like maximal electrodynamic forces value, mechanical strength value, busbar natural frequency, etc., were calculated. Calculations were conducted with an ANSYS model of a parallel asymmetric busbar system, which confirmed the obtained results. Moreover, showing that a model based on finite elements tends to be very helpful in the selection of unusually-shaped busbars in various electrotechnical applications, like switchgear.
    [Show full text]
  • Elegant Power Engineering Services & Consultants
    Elegant Power Engineering Services & Consultants Registered Office Address : SRI RAM APARTMENTS, No. A5 PLOT NO. 28/8, LENIN NAGAR 10TH MAIN ROAD, AMBATTUR, CHENNAI – 600053. INDIA Operating Office Address : No.14, 14/1 PALANIAPPA NAGAR, PUTHUR, AMBATTUR, CHENNAI-600053 INDIA Contact : Mr.Arun Skype id : elegant.power Phone : +91 44 26581085/+91 9677397647 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] For More details, visit http://www.epesc.in Elegant Power Engineering Services & Consultants Introduction Elegant Power Engineering services & consultants was founded on November 2014 by dynamic and well experienced professionals We are motivated & focused on our goals & strive to ensure that “Only the most professional service is provided for our clients” Our skilled & Experienced Workforce are all trained to the required levels & all are fully conversant with all aspects of Industry standards & best practice Elegant Power Engineering services & Consultants prime focus is to provide diverse range of Electrical services on Commercial, Industrial, Residential & Retail Projects across the Globe. For More details, visit http://www.epesc.in Elegant Power Engineering Services & Consultants i) ENGINEERING SERVICES Detailed Electrical Design Engineering of HV systems, Distribution systems, Substation, Switchyards, Transmission. Providing precise calculations both Manual & Other software based(Such as Etap) on Short circuit analysis, cable sizing, transformer sizing, Generator sizing, Pump sizing calculation, Battery sizing, APFC Panel/Capacitor bank sizing, Bus bar sizing, Voltage drop calculation, Current transformer sizing, Selection of Parameters for Instrument Transformers, Size of DOL/star delta starter, etc. Substation Earthing design, Lighting system, Designing the high mast lighting-illumination earthing calculation, lightning calculation, etc Relay settings & Relay co-ordination.
    [Show full text]
  • Concentration in Electric Power Engineering
    Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Concentration in Electric Power Engineering The Michigan Tech Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering is pleased to announce the launch of a Concentration in Electric Power Engineering, within the degree Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering. This concentration is intended for those students whose primary interest is in electrical engineering, and who seek to apply their skills in electric power. Examples of such applications include control, communications, electromagnetics, electronics, power and To complete the BSEE with a concentration in Electric Power energy systems, and signal processing. Engineering a student must include the following coursework: Students enrolled in the concentration will EE 3120 Electric Energy Systems 3 take a number of required and elective EE 4221 Power System Analysis I 3 courses in electric energy, power, and control EE 4222 Power Systems Analysis II 3 systems. Opportunities for capstone design EE 4226 Power Engineering Lab 1 projects in the electric power efield ar And 6 credits or more from: 6 EE 4219 Intro to Electric Machinery and Drives anticipated and students enrolled in the EE 4220 Intro to Electric Machinery and Drives Lab concentration will be encouraged to EE 4227 Power Electronics participate in those projects. EE 4228 Power Electronics Lab EE 4262 Digital and Non‐linear Control The BSEE Concentration in Electric Power EE 5200 Advanced Methods in Power Systems Engineering gives graduates a competitive EE 5230 Power System Operations EE 5223 Power System Protection advantage with potential employers in high‐ EE 5224 Power System Protection Lab demand industry sectors including electrical EE 5240 Computer Modeling of Power Systems utilities, electrical equipment, and industry EE 5250 Distribution Engineering EE 5260 Wind Power control.
    [Show full text]
  • Rittal Handbook 34
    Power distribution Busbar systems Overview ....................................................................................................205 Mini-PLS busbar system (40 mm) ...............................................................206 RiLine shrouded busbar systems (60 mm) ..................................................212 RiLine fuse elements...................................................................................236 RiLine accessories......................................................................................251 Ri4Power Form 1-4 Overview ....................................................................................................267 Baying systems TS 8 ....................................................................................76 Installation accessories for modular front design .........................................552 Maxi-PLS busbar systems ..........................................................................268 Flat-PLS busbar systems............................................................................271 Connection components for Maxi-PLS/Flat-PLS.........................................274 Busbar systems (100/185/150 mm)............................................................278 Cover systems Form 1................................................................................281 Compartment configuration Form 1-4.........................................................283 Ri4Power accessories ................................................................................289
    [Show full text]
  • Hydroelectric Power Generation and Distribution Planning Under Supply Uncertainty
    Hydroelectric Power Generation and Distribution Planning Under Supply Uncertainty by Govind R. Joshi A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Engineering Colorado State University-Pueblo In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed on December 16th, 2016 ABSTRACT Govind Raj Joshi for the degree of Master of Science in Industrial and Systems Engineering presented on December 16th, 2016. Hydroelectric Power Generation and Distribution Planning Under Supply Uncertainty Abstract approved: ------------------------------------------- Ebisa D. Wollega, Ph.D. Hydroelectric power system is a renewable energy type that generates electrical energy from water flow. An integrated hydroelectric power system may consist of water storage dams and run-of-river (ROR) hydroelectric power projects. Storage dams store water and regulate water flow so that power from the storage projects dispatch can follow a pre-planned schedule. Power supply from ROR projects is uncertain because water flow in the river, and hence power production capacity, is largely determined by uncertain weather factors. Hydroelectric generator dispatch problem has been widely studied in the literature; however, very little work is available to address the dispatch and distribution planning of an integrated ROR and storage hydroelectric projects. This thesis combines both ROR projects and storage dam projects and formulate the problem as a stochastic program to minimize the cost of energy generation and distribution under ROR projects supply uncertainty. Input data from the Integrated Nepal Power System are used to solve the problem and run experiments. Numerical comparisons of stochastic solution (SS), expected value (EEV), and wait and see (W&S) solutions are made. These solution approaches give economic dispatch of generators and optimal distribution plan that the power system operators (PSO) can use to coordinate, control, and monitor the power generation and distribution system.
    [Show full text]
  • How Power Engineers Can Be More Relevant to Society?
    How power engineers can be more relevant to society? S.Sudtharalingam, Student Member, IEEE Abstract—Three coherent issues are discussed in this es- funding available for innovation and improvements to oc- say concerning making power engineers more relevant to cur. When Kyoto Protocol was formed in 1997, nations society. The first issue is the relevance of the work done in the field to the overall society, which can be enhanced by around the world started looking into ways to reduce green- improving their skill-sets and having collaboration amongst house gases with a special focus on carbon dioxide. This people from different areas. The second improvement to is when power engineering was revived from its boring be implemented is to make power engineers become effec- state. This field started developing rapidly with various re- tive communicators so that the right messages get across without distortion of meaning or intent. Lastly, methods search, development and implementation projects around of promotion to improve the perception of society towards the globe. With increasing funding towards renewable and power engineers are presented . In conclusion, the field of sustainable power engineering, engineers qualified in this power engineering needs to be more dynamic and applica- ble to other development areas and professionals within this field have many doors open for their career opportunity. field need to equip themselves with the necessary skills to Working behind the scenes, one of the actively sought mis- face the challenges of the 21st century such as the adaption sions of power engineers is striving to make electricity in- of smart grids.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydropower Vision Chapter 2
    Chapter 2: State of Hydropower in the United States Hydropower A New Chapter for America’s Renewable Electricity Source STATE OF HYDROPOWER 2 in the United States Photo from 65681751. Illustration by Joshua Bauer/NREL 70 2 Overview OVERVIEW Hydropower is the primary source of renewable energy generation in the United States, delivering 48% of total renewable electricity sector generation in 2015, and roughly 62% of total cumulative renewable generation over the past decade (2006-2015) [1]. The approximately 101 gigawatts1 (GW) of hydropower capacity installed as of 2014 included ~79.6 GW from hydropower gener ation2 facilities and ~21.6 GW from pumped storage hydro- power3 facilities [2]. Reliable generation and grid support services from hydropower help meet the nation’s require- ments for the electrical bulk power system, and hydro- power pro vides a long-term, renewable source of energy that is essentially free of hazardous waste and is low in carbon emissions. Hydropower also supports national energy security, as its fuel supply is largely domestic. % 48 HYDROPOWER PUMPED CAPACITY STORAGE OF TOTAL CAPACITY RENEWABLE GENERATION Hydropower is the largest renewable energy resource in the United States and has been an esta blished, reliable contributor to the nation’s supply of elec­ tricity for more than 100 years. In the early 20th century, the environmental conse- quences of hydropower were not well characterized, in part because national priorities were focused on economic development and national defense. By the latter half of the 20th century, however, there was greater awareness of the environmental impacts of dams, reservoirs, and hydropower operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulsed Power Engineering Switching Devices
    Pulsed Power Engineering Switching Devices January 12-16, 2009 Craig Burkhart, PhD Power Conversion Department SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Ideal Switch •V = ∞ •I = ∞ • Closing/opening time = 0 • L = C = R = 0 • Simple to control • No delay or jitter •Lasts forever • Never fails January 12-16, 2009 USPAS Pulsed Power Engineering C Burkhart 2 Switches • Electromechanical • Vacuum •Gas – Spark gap – Thyratron – Ignitron – Plasma Opening • Solid state – Diodes • Diode opening switch – Thyrsitors • Electrically triggered • Optically triggered • dV/dt triggered – Transistors •IGBT • MOSFET January 12-16, 2009 USPAS Pulsed Power Engineering C Burkhart 3 Switches • Electromechanical – Open relay • To very high voltages, set by size of device • Commercial devices to ~0.5 MV, ~50 kA – Ross Engineering Corp. • Closing time ~10’s of ms typical – Large jitter, ~ms typical • Closure usually completed by arcing – Poor opening switch • Commonly used as engineered ground – Vacuum relay • Models that can open under load are available • Commercial devices – Maximum voltage ~0.1 MV – Maximum current ~0.1 kA – Tyco-kilovac –Gigavac January 12-16, 2009 USPAS Pulsed Power Engineering C Burkhart 4 Gas/Vacuum Switch Performance vs. Pressure January 12-16, 2009 USPAS Pulsed Power Engineering E Cook 5 Vacuum Tube (Switch Tube) • Space-charge limited current flow 1.5 –VON α V – High power tubes have high dissipation • Similar opening/closing characteristics • Maximum voltage ~0.15 MV • Maximum current ~0.5 kA, more typically << 100 A • HV grid drive • Decreasing availability • High Cost January 12-16, 2009 USPAS Pulsed Power Engineering C Burkhart 6 Spark Gaps • Closing switch • Generally inexpensive - in simplest form: two electrodes with a gap • Can operated from vacuum to high pressure (both sides of Paschen Curve) • Can use almost any gas or gas mixture as a dielectric.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Power Engineering
    Introduction to Power Engineering Learning Outcome When you complete this module you will be able to: Describe the overall industrial background and certification system for Power Engineering. Learning Objectives Here is what you will be able to do when you complete each objective: 1. Define the terms Power Plant and Power Engineer. 2. Describe the competency certification system. 3. List the national standards that are used in the Power Engineering industry. 1 PWEN 6001 INTRODUCTION A power plant is many things. For the purposes of this course it may be considered as any process for the generation and utilization of steam. It includes steam generators or boilers, steam turbines, electric generators, motors, refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, control systems, water treatment and fuel handling facilities, emergency and stand-by equipment, and environmental protection equipment. A power plant provides such output as electric power for light, and steam heat or cooling to condition air. This output may be used to provide climate control of buildings, or to condition air or products in industrial processes. Many governmental agencies having jurisdiction over construction, inspection, and operation of such plants define the term “power plant” as meaning: (1) Any one or more boilers in which steam or other vapour is generated at more than 103 kPa (15 psi); or (2) Any one or more boilers containing liquid and having a working pressure exceeding 1100 kPa (160 psi), and a temperature exceeding 121oC (250oF), or either one of these; or (3) Any system or arrangement of boilers referred to in subclause (1) or (2); and the engines, turbines, pressure vessels, pressure piping system, machinery, and ancillary equipment of any kind used in connection therewith.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Engineering 2012
    INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EVENT POWER ENGINEERING 2012 Tatranske Matliare, Slovakia May 15-17, 2012 www.POWER-ENGINEERING.sk 1 International scientific event Power engineering 2012 (Energetika 2012) includes three international scientific conferences: Energy – Ecology – Economy 2012 Renewable Energy Sources 2012 Control of Power Systems 2012 ORGANIZERS Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava National Center for Research and Application Renewable Energy Sources Slovak Committee of World Energy Council VUJE, a.s. EVENT OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the event are to establish and enhance cooperation, information Exchange and experiences among power engineering experts from industry, universities and research institutes, from Slovakia and abroad. Event brings in the form of lectures, presentations and discussions further development in the area of operation and control of power systems, renewable energy sources, ecology and economy of power engineering. EVENT QUARANTEE Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic EVENT CHAIRMAN Profesor Frantisek Janicek Published by: Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Design and production: Renesans, s. r. o. Number of pages: 304 Year of publishing: 2012 First edition 2 3 This Volume of Abstracts is an outcome Of the project entitled „Finalization of Infrastructure of the National Centre for Research and Aplication of Renevable Energy Sources“ ITMS 26240120028 as a part of the Operational Programme Research & Development funded by the ERDF Europska unia Agentura Európsky fond regionalneho
    [Show full text]
  • Electrical Power Engineering
    ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING index Variable three‐phase power supply DL 1013T1 Variable DC power supply DL 1013T2 Line model DL 7901TT Three‐phase transformer DL 1080TT Resistive load DL 1017R Inductive load DL 1017L Capacitive load DL 1017C Shunt DC Motor DL 1023PS Three‐phase synchronous machine DL 1026A Three‐phase squirrel cage asynchronous motor DL 1021 Magnetic powder brake DL 1019P Brake control unit DL 1054TT Motor-driven power supply DL 1067S Optical transducer DL 2031M Load cell DL 2006E Universal base DL 1013A Electronic tachometer DL 2025DT Experiment transformer DL 1055TT Three‐phase power supply DL 2108TAL‐SW Variable DC power supply DL 2108T01 Power circuit breaker DL 2108T02 Double busbar with two disconnectors DL 2108T02/2 Double busbar with four disconnectors DL 2108T02/4 Line capacitor DL 2108T03 Petersen coil DL 2108T04 Ct load DL 2108T10 Vt load DL 2108T11 Under/over‐voltage time relay DL 2108T12 Inverse time three phase overcurrent and earth fault relay DL 2108T13 Definite time over‐current relay DL 2108T14 Combined over‐current and earth‐fault relay DL 2108T15 Directional relay DL 2108T16 L/C loads DL 2108T17 Multifunction three phase overvoltage / undervoltage relay DL 2108T18 Reactive power controller DL 2108T19 Switchable capacitor battery DL 2108T20 Differential transformer relay DL 2108T21 Distance protection relay DL 2108T22 Feeder manager relay DL 2108T23 Generator differential relay DL 2108T24 Generator synchronising relay DL 2108T25 Brushless motor with controller DL 2108T26 Communication ModBus hub DL HUBRS485F
    [Show full text]