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J. O'dea D. Niemeier E. Avol DIRECT TESTIMONY OF Application No.: 18-01-012 Exhibit No.: ____________ Witnesses: J. O’Dea D. Niemeier E. Avol DIRECT TESTIMONY OF JAMES O’DEA ON BEHALF OF UNION OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS AND DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DEB NIEMEIER AND ED AVOL ON BEHALF OF CENTER FOR COMMUNITY ACTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND EAST YARD COMMUNITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ADRIANO L. MARTINEZ JAMES O’DEA SARA GERSEN Union of Concerned Scientists PAUL CORT 500 12th St., Suite 340 Earthjustice Oakland, CA 94607 800 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1000 Los Angeles, CA 90017 Attorneys for Center for Community Action Representative for Union for Concerned And Environmental Justice and East Yard Scientists Communities for Environmental Justice August 17, 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 II. MEDIUM- AND HEAVY-DUTY EMISSIONS BENEFITS, READINESS, AND ADOPTION – DR. JAMES O’DEA, UNION OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS ..............1 A. Medium- and Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles Offer Significant Benefits for Air Quality and Climate Change ..............................................................................2 B. Electric Truck and Bus Technology is Rapidly Becoming Available .....................8 C. San Diego Gas & Electric Company’s Medium-Duty/Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Program ..............................................................25 III. CAPITAL BUDGETS FOR MEDIUM- AND HEAVY-DUTY INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM SCENARIOS; FREIGHT ACTIVITY IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY’S DISADVANTAGED COMMUNITIES – PROFESSOR DEB NIEMEIER, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS ..............................................................28 A. Program Options ....................................................................................................29 B. Mapping Disadvantaged Communities and Freight Activity in SDG&E’s Service Territory ....................................................................................................35 C. SDG&E’s Methodology.........................................................................................38 IV. HEALTH BENEFITS OF MEDIUM- AND HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION – PROFESSOR ED AVOL, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ...............................................................................................................................43 A. Air Pollution Summary ..........................................................................................44 1. Ozone .........................................................................................................45 2. PM2.5 ..........................................................................................................50 3. Diesel Exhaust ...........................................................................................52 4. Ultra-fine Particles .....................................................................................54 5. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ............................................................................55 B. Air Quality in San Diego County...........................................................................56 C. Health Impacts of Air Pollution Sources in San Diego County .............................66 D. Transportation Electrification ................................................................................80 E. SDG&E’s Medium-Duty/Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle (“MD/HD EV”) Charging Infrastructure Program ...........................................................................82 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure JO-1: Plotting California’s Path Forward ................................................................ 3 Figure JO-2: Life cycle global warming emissions of transit buses powered by diesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and electricity ................................................................................. 6 Figure JO-3: Reduction of particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions compared to diesel buses meeting 2010 emissions standards .................................................................. 6 Figure JO-4: Today’s battery and charging technology could meet the needs of many medium- and heavy-duty vehicles operating within California .......................................... 9 Figure JO-5: Range and charging times of battery and fuel cell electric transit buses (as of August 2018) ..................................................................................................................... 10 Figure JO-6: Transit agencies operating, ordering, and commitments to zero-emission transit buses ....................................................................................................................... 12 Figure JO-7: Incentive funding available for transit buses under California’s HVIP program ............................................................................................................................. 12 Figure JO-8: Incentive funding available for school buses under California’s HVIP program ............................................................................................................................. 14 Figure JO-9: Battery electric transit buses perform similarly, if not better than, combustion technologies across several categories, including noise, acceleration, fuel efficiency, and gradeability (left to right) ......................................................................... 24 Figure JO-10: Everett M. Rogers’ Adopter Categorization on the Basis of Innovativeness ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure DN-1: Disadvantaged Communities Identified with ROI ..................................... 36 Figure DN-2: Disadvantaged Communities Identified with SB 535 Index ...................... 37 Figure DN-3: Disadvantaged Communities Identified with CalEnviroScreen ................. 38 Figure EA-1: Area Designations for State Ambient Air Quality Standards, Ozone ........ 58 Figure EA-2: Area Designations for State Ambient Air Quality Standards, PM2.5 ........ 59 Figure EA-3: Unhealthy Air Quality Days for San Diego County (2000-2017) .............. 61 Figure EA-4: Map of Southern San Diego County ........................................................... 65 Figure EA-5: Environmentally Impacted Communities of Southern San Diego County . 66 Figure EA-6: Southern San Diego, from Downtown San Diego to Mexican Border (~14 miles)................................................................................................................................. 73 ii Figure EA-7: Risk Isopleth for Near-Source Cancer Risk at BNSF San Diego Railyard 75 Figure EA-8: San Diego Area Surrounding San Diego International Airport (Lindbergh Field) ................................................................................................................................. 79 LIST OF TABLES Table DN-1: Capital Budget for ICF “In-Between” Scenario .......................................... 30 Table DN-2: Capital Budget for ICF “In-Between” Scenario Plus 3 Percent Electrification of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles ..................................................... 31 Table DN-3: Vehicle Registration Data SDG&E Produced in Discovery ....................... 40 Table DN-4: Comparison of SDG&E Data and EMFAC Data ........................................ 41 Table EA-1: Summary of O3 causal determinations by exposure duration and health outcome ............................................................................................................................. 48 Table EA-2: Weight of evidence for causal determination .............................................. 49 Table EA-3: From the 2018 Lung Association “State of the Air” .................................... 61 Table EA-4: Emission Inventory of Ozone Precursors in San Diego County and South Coast Air Basin, Combined for 2012 and 2017 (tons per day) ......................................... 68 Table EA-5: Emissions in San Diego County (tons per year) from the 2012 Maritime Emissions inventory report, released from the Port of San Diego in June 2014. Inventory emissions for on-road vehicle and locomotives estimated to include “…entire trip length within San Diego County, whether the trips stopped within San Diego County or further…” .......................................................................................................................... 69 Table EA-6: Estimated Impacted Areas and Exposed Population Associated with Different Cancer Risk Levels (Assumes a 70-Year Exposure) ........................................ 75 Table EA-7: San Diego International Airport Emissions (REF21, Attachment C) .......... 78 LIST OF ATTACHMENTS Attachment A – Statements of Qualifications and CVs Attachment B – Selected SDG&E Responses to Data Requests Attachment C – Details Regarding the Data Sources and Methodology for Creating Maps of Disadvantaged Communities and Freight Activity in SDG&E’s Service Territory Attachment D – List of References Cited in Ed Avol’s Direct Testimony iii 1 I. INTRODUCTION 2 The following expert testimony relates to San Diego Gas & Electric Company’s 3 (SDG&E) Medium-Duty and Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Program. 4 First, Dr. James O’Dea of the Union of Concerned Scientists describes the emissions benefits 5 and technological readiness of medium- and heavy-duty electric vehicles and the scale of 6 SDG&E’s proposed program (MD/HD
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