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The Mirror Stage of Movement Intellectuals

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The Mirror Stage of Movement Intellectuals Interface: a journal for and about social movements Book reviews Volume 9 (1): 539 – 581 (2017) Book reviews: Interface 9(1) Review editors: Dawn Paley and Bjarke Skærlund Risager Books reviewed in this issue: Heather Ann Thompson, 2016, Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and its Legacy. New York: Pantheon Books (752 pp., hardcover, $35.00) Review author: Elva Orozco Andy Blunden, 2016, The Origins of Collective Decision Making. Leiden: Brill (257 pp., hardback, $142.00) Review author: Bonnie Nardi Andrew T. Lamas, Todd Wolfson, and Peter N. Funke (Eds), 2017, The Great Refusal: Herbert Marcuse and Contemporary Social Movements. Philadelphia: Temple University Press (440 pp., paperback, $44.95) Review author: Raphael Schlembach Nicholas Hildyard, 2016, Licensed Larceny: Infrastructure, Financial extraction and the Global South. London: Manchester University Press (144 pp., paperback, £11.99) Review author: Alexander Dunlap Javier Sicilia, 2016, El Deshabitado. Mexico City: Grijalbo (525 pp., paperback, MXN$299.00) Review author: Andrew Smolski 539 Interface: a journal for and about social movements Book reviews Volume 9 (1): 539 – 581 (2017) William K. Carroll, 2016, Expose, Oppose, Propose: Alternative Policy Groups and the Struggle for Global Justice. London: Zed Books; Halifax: Fernwood Publishing (236 pp., paperback, CAN$25.00; £22.99) Review author: Andrew Kettler Gladys Tzul Tzul, 2016, Sistemas de Gobierno Comunal Indígena: Mujeres Y Tramas de Parentesco En Chuimeq’ena’. Guatemala: Sociedad Comunitaria de Estudios Estratégicos, Tzi´Kin Centro de Investigación y Pluralismo Jurídico, Maya´Wuj Editorial (220 pp., paperback, MXN$150) Review Author: Meztli Yoalli Rodríguez Aguilera William K. Carroll and Kanchan Sarker (Eds), 2016, A World to Win: Contemporary Social Movements and Counter-Hegemony. Arbeiter Ring: Winnipeg (413 pp., paperback, CAN$24.95) Review author: Laurence Cox Robert M. Press, 2015, Ripples of Hope: How ordinary People Resist Repression without Violence. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press (327 pp., hardcover, €99.00). Review author: Richa Biswas Michelle Williams and Vishwas Satgar (Eds), 2015, Marxism in the 21st Century: Crisis, Critique & Struggle. Johannesburg: Wits University Press (289 pp., paperback, $34.95) Review author: Lika Rodin 540 Interface: a journal for and about social movements Book reviews Volume 9 (1): 539 – 581 (2017) Book review: Heather Ann Thompson, Blood in the Water Review author: Elva Orozco Heather Ann Thompson, 2016, Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and its Legacy. New York: Pantheon Books (752 pp., hardcover, $35.00) Despite deliberate efforts to conceal the truth about the prisoners’ uprising at Attica in 1971, Heather Ann Thompson’s Blood in the Water (2016) provides a comprehensive account of the events that took place before and after the bloody retaking of this maximum-security facility on September 13, 1971. Thompson’s Pulitzer Prize winning study of the Attica prison and its legacy unfold in nearly six hundred pages. To narrate this story, the author makes use of a vast number of sources, including papers from the Attica Task Force Hearings, records from the Erie County Courthouse, White House tapes, newspapers reports, documents from the New York Special Commission on Attica, the Meyer Commission, and firsthand accounts of the actors involved. The result is a coruscating account of the bloody retaking of the prison by state forces, the brutal torture that Attica inmates suffered after the assault, the state’s vast cover-up, and the prisoners’ efforts to tell the truth. This set of topics makes Blood in the Water painfully relevant for our context. At its core, the book presents Attica as a historical moment whereby state violence was used against unarmed men to preserve its ideology of law and order. The length of Thompson’s book is warranted by the long and painful story of Attica’s uprising. Blood in the Water consists of fifty-eight chapters organized in ten parts. Each part contains an average of five chapters plus a short bibliography of the main protagonists in the story, including Frank “Big Black” Smith, hostage Michael Smith, New York Times journalist Tom Wicker, whistleblower Malcolm Bell, renown lawyer Elizabeth Fink, slew CO William Quinn’s daughter, Dee Quinn Miller, and others. The book’s title, Blood in the Water, conveys the horror that prisoners lived during the retaking. The words come from former prisoner James Lee Asbury whose testimony described how “merely ten minutes after the assault on the prison began, no matter where he looked, all he could see was blood in the water” (p. 187). Whose blood? Who ordered the violent assault on the prison? Was this terrible massacre inevitable? Thompson’s book responds to these questions with remarkable clarity. In doing so, she powerfully stages the dilemmas faced by a democratic prison movement that is almost immediately depicted as a riot by its detractors. The opening chapters deal with the harsh conditions prevailing in US prisons during the sixties and early seventies, including overcrowding, excessive use of violence, 541 Interface: a journal for and about social movements Book reviews Volume 9 (1): 539 – 581 (2017) and racial discrimination. Attica was a clear testament to all these problems. The prison was built in New York the 1930’s, during the great depression. Two- thirds of the population at Attica was African-American and Puerto Rican. Conditions inside this facility were bad for all prisoners, but particularly so for black and brown inmates. As Thompson explains, few prisoners earned more than six cents a day, and the very lucky were paid $2.90, significantly less than what they needed to survive inside the prison. This situation contrasted sharply with the profits that Attica generated from prisoners’ labor, especially the metal shop and the laundry which “netted the state of New York almost $1.2 million in sales […] between 1969 and 1970” (p. 32). Despite these profits, Attica’s inmates received few items gratis: two pairs of pants, shirts, a pair of shoes, underwear, and socks. Prisoners would receive a bar of soap and a roll of toilet paper for a whole month. The food was meager and unhealthy, and medical services were extremely deficient as most prisoners recalled. Labor exploitation and inhuman living conditions at Attica triggered the uprising. In this sense, Thompson’s book demonstrates how Attica’s prisoners connected their struggle to the larger context of civil rights activism in the US. This is why they began to organize to demand significant reforms to the prison system. Initially, prison organizing inside Attica took the form of a peaceful and democratic movement. Inmates drafted a list of demands that they delivered to Superintendent Oswald with the hope that he implemented the desired changes. Above all, Attica inmates wanted to be considered and respected as human beings rather than “domesticated animals selected to do their [police authorities] bidding and slave labor and furnished as a personal whipping dog for their sadistic, psychopathic hate” (p. 32). Yet, high-ranking prison officials, including New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, didn’t take these grievances seriously and insisted that Attica’s rebellion was aligned with revolutionary forces seeking to destroy the “American way of life” (p. 266). Thus, instead of improving the prisoners’ living conditions, state officials tried to assert more authority. In the end, the prisoners’ call for reform turned into a full-fledged uprising. During the rebellion, which lasted only four days, prisoners fatally beat CO William Quinn and captured thirty-eight hostages to force the state to sit at the negotiations table. But while Attica administrators first showed some willingness to address the prisoners’ concerns, in the end, governor Nelson Rockefeller decided to terminate the uprising by force. The retaking of Attica by New York state troopers, local police, and prison corrections officers was extremely violent, with 39 people killed. One of the key contributions of Blood on the Water is to clearly demonstrate that the agents of violence were not the prisoners, as state officials had maintained for more than four decades. Rather, the violence that took place the day of the retaking was indeed perpetrated by the state. As a former prisoner put it in the days that preceded the retaking, “if a massacre takes place […] in the final analysis, the world will know that the animals were not in here, but outside running the system and the government” (p. 158). 542 Interface: a journal for and about social movements Book reviews Volume 9 (1): 539 – 581 (2017) Through the use of deadly force, the state regained control of Attica. In the process, New York state troopers, local police, and prison COs killed thirty-nine men, including ten hostages. Although police officers did the killing, they accused the prisoners of murdering the hostages. Another 128 men were shot, and countless more were subjected to torture for weeks and months after the rebellion. This was all known to top officials, including former President Richard Nixon, who congratulated Rockefeller for regaining control of Attica. Then, the state launched a lifelong campaign to cover up the crimes committed that day. In turn, Attica’s survivors initiated a lifelong battle to tell the truth. Blood in the Water has numerous strengths. The book is well organized and carefully written. People from all backgrounds and trajectories can find it accessible despite its considerable length. Importantly, Thompson lets the main protagonists of Attica narrate their own stories, casting them as political actors in their own right. Contrary to Governor Rockefeller who thought of Attica’s inmates as murderers, rapists or terrorists in need of domestication (Foucault and Simon 1974; Marshall and Christopher 2012), Thompson’s study shows their human face, with lots of virtues as well as mistakes. In a 1972 interview, Michel Foucault described Attica as a “machine” whose purpose is not the rehabilitation of men, but their punishment and subsequent elimination (Foucault and Simon 1974, 27).
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