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Washington Square: A Site Plan Chronology 1683-1984 Washington Square: A Site Plan Chronology 1683 - 1984

by Denise R. Rabzak

May 1987

National Park Service n d /~'.rì 3Ti 'i c ■ H isto rica l Park Chronological Outline

1683 William Penn's Surveyor-General, Thomas Holme, laid out Philadelphia in the earliest known plan of the city, "a portraiture of the City of Phila. in the Province of Penna. By Thomas Holme, surveyor General. Sold by Andrew Sowle in Shore ditch, London." In this plan, Holme dedicated five squares - Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest, and Center Squares - "for the like uses as the moorfields in London." 4>i The squares became known by these geographical names in accordance with Quaker tradition which avoided naming for persons. 1,2,3

(notes 4-18) 1700's (The following observations'? many from Watson's Annals, are presumably 18th century descriptions of the square, though exact dates have not a been established).

The square was called "Beek's (sic, Beakes’) Hollow after an early settler. 4

At that time, the ground was not as high and level as it is today. It sloped from its western boundary "to a deep gully, through which a creek flowed near Walnut Street." 5

"...a descending ground, from the western side to a deep gully which traversed it in a line from Doctor Wilson's large church to the mouth of the present tunnel on Sixth Street below Walnut Street. Another course of water came from the northwest, from beyond Arch Street, fall­ ing into the same place." 6

A floodgate in the deep gully at the end of the tunnel retained water in the hollow basin of the square. When a large quantity of water was collected after a heavy rainfall, the gate was opened to cleanse the tunnel= 7

The square, surrounded by a privet hedge and enclosed in a post and rail fence, always produced much grass. 8,9

In the middle of the square was a 40 X 40 foot square of ground, enclosed by a brick wall, where members of the Carpenter and Story families were interred. A young woman of the Carpenter family was buried there after local chuchyards refused her burial because she committed suicide. Joshua Carpenter was buried under an apple tree in the middle. 10,11

"...David Evans, elected to the Carpenters' Company in 1769...fenced the square 'many years ago' under 'contract with the corporation'." 12 (sic) Before the Revolution, the square was surrounded by a privy hedge. 13

Earth was often dumped there in order to level the uneven ground. 14

The square was "used as a depository for cobblestones for paving. 2

Two or three small frame housed on the northeast corner, near the jail, were used by the commissioners as stables for the horses of the dirt carts. 16

Houses along the south side of the square were "miserable and de­ formed. . .negro huts and sheds." 17

"...blacks, some slaves, some impoverished freemen who may have lived in the ramshackle dwellings that lined the south side of Locust Street opposite the square, were there interred." 18

1705 Common Council resolved to acquire ground for a burying place for 9> strangers, September 1705. 19 1706 The City requested "some convenient piece of ground for a comon and publick burying place for all strangers or others who might not so conveniently be laid in any of particular enclosures appropriated by certain religious societies for that purpose." 20 m "...the Common Council of the city had the land patented to them by the Proprietor's Commissioners of Property in 1706 for use as a burying ground for strangers." 21

January 20, 1706, "...William Penn's four Commissioners of Property - Edward Shippen, Griffith Owen, Thomas Story and James Logan - executed and signed a Patent for the Southeast Square as a Potter's Field." 22

A patent was granted to Common Council, January 29, 1706, for the burial ground. 23

« (Approx.) Thp ground was leased as pasture to Joshua CarDenter in consideration that he erect a pale fence around it in lieu of rent. It is not recorded how long Carpenter used the ground for pasture. 24

1745 Prior to 1776, the only building adjacent to the square was the "Loganian Library, designed and built by amateur architect James Logan, President of the Provincial Council, in 1745." The Loganian Library stood at the northwest corner of Sixth and Walnut, and faced the State House Yard. 25

1745-50 Timothy Matlack recalls a pond at the site of the First Presbyterian (Approx) Church, and shooting wild ducks. 26

A.J. Morris recalls a water-course running from High (Market) and Tenth Streets, southeastward through the square, to the tunnel under the prison. 27

Hayfield Conyngham, Esq., recalls catching crayfish and six-inch fish in the watercourse. 28

♦ 3

0 1758 April 13, 1758 - Notice is given in the Pennsylvania Gazette that the City Square known as Potters Field, containing 5 3/4 acres, is to be let. Those interested may send proposals to the Mayor of the City. 29

1760 (Approx.) The southern branch of Dock Creek began near the site of the public Alms House, ran along Spruce Street to the corner of 8th, m then ran northeast through Potter's Field, cutting off about one quarter of the square. That quarter was very unsightly, filled with many cartloads of brick bats, stones and rubbish. From there the branch ran through the middle of the Jail Yard site, crossing Walnut above Fourth Street. 30

• 1766 Council minutes of April 14, 1766: "The lease of Potter's Field to Jacob Shoemaker having expired, it is agreed to lease it to Jasper Carpenter for seven years, at ten pounds per annum." 31

1773 Construction of the Walnut Street Prison began. Designed by architect Robert Smith, it was the first major structure built adjacent to » Southeast Square. 32 1774 The Society of Friends purchased a 3-acre plot from the Penn Family in 1774 to use as a burial ground. Bounded by Spruce, Locust, Seventh and Eighth Streets. Due to water close to the surface, however, only one burial was ever made, and most of the tract was sold for building '+ purposes. 33 1776 "The 'New Gaol'...was ready in part to receive prisoners in January 1776, and 105 prisoners were moved to their new quarters." The site, bounded by Walnut and Prune Streets, was about two hundred feet wide and four hundred feet deep. 34 « There were no other buildings beyond the New Jail. Potter's Field was "the receptacle of sailors, the destitute whose remains are walked over." 35

1777 Sally Wister's Journal, January 27, 1777: "You can scarce walk a square without seeing the shocking sight of a Cart with five or six » Coffins in it___Large pits are dug in the negroes burying ground [Washington Square], - and forty or fifty [soldiers']coffins are put in the same hole." 36

"I have spent an hour this morning," wrote John Adams on April 13, 1777 "in the congregation of the dead." He told of his walk ♦ into the 'Potters Field', (a burying place between the new stone prison and the hospital) and I never in my whole life was so affect ed with melancholy. The graves of the soldiers who have been buried in this ground from the hospital and bettering-house during the course of last summer, fall and winter, dead of the small pox * and camp diseases, are enough to make the heart of stone melt away. The sexton told me that upwards of two thousand soldiers have been buried there, and by the appearance of the graves and trenches, it •’.* t - arcb-ble to ~s J-u-at he soeaks within bounds. To what . cl'.g ? ’' — ~e attributed, I don't know - disease was * 4

destroyed ten men for us where the sword of the enemy has killed one! 37

"American prisoners of war who died during the British occupation of Philadelphia from October 1777 to June 1778 were buried in the square." 38

Burial of soldiers was in pits 20 X 30 feet square dug along the line of Walnut Street by Seventh Street. Coffins were piled on top of each other until the trenches were filled up. Trenches were also dug along the southern line, the whole width of the square. 39

"Trenches for receiving dead soldiers of camp fever were dug from street to street; [they were] buried after a little while in a blanket, €> sheet or nothing; as they happened to die, they were laid tier upon tier. Beyond this to Schuylkill [it was] all commons." 40

Conditions in the prison were described as deplorable. British soldiers were taken here, as well as American soldiers incarcerated during General Howe's capture of Philadelphia. 41 # 1783 (Approx.) Watson described a row of 'red-painted frame houses' on Walnut Street, south side, east of Eighth Street. Watson stated the houses existed at the end of the Revolution. Demolished in 1807-8, York Row took their place. 42

1784 "In 1784 a row of red-painted houses at Eighth Street marked the end of habitation on Walnut Street." 43

Mr. Carnes of Baltimore ascended in a balloon from the Walnut Street Prison yard, July 17, 1784. Carnes was thrown from the balloon; the balloon caught fire, and landed near the South Street Theatre. 44

1785 "Debtors and all misdemeanants, convicted or not, were to be placed in the workhouse building on Prune Street (completed by 1785..." 45

(Approx.) Watson states that negroes would gather in the square for fairs and holidays. 46

(Approx.) Up to 1000 slave blacks of both sexes would sing and dance in the square during fairs and holidays, leaving victuals and rum on the graves of their friends. 47

(Approx.) "During fairs and holidays as many as a thousand negroes * gathered to dance 'after the manner of their several nations in Africa... speaking and singing in their native dialects' and those from Guinea placed rum and food on the graves." 48

1786 April 8, 1786 - Mr. Hiltzheimer speaks in his diary of meeting that day with the Street Commission, of which he is a member. They "went # and viewed the sewer, back of the Workhouse;... and from then to J. McCutcheon's tavern. There we resolved that the Common sewer, above mentioned, be built this summer, from the wall of the Workhouse, down do rifth -^^^9*■ **

m 5

July 5, 1786, and July 10, 1786, Hiltzheimer writes of attending at the work at the common sewer adjoining the jail. 50

1787 During Spring of 1787, a party of convicts was engaged in excavating cellars of the County Court House at Sixth and Chestnut Streets. The earth was used to fill up Sixth Street below Walnut, opposite the prison. 51

1790 Philadelphia county commissioners approved plans for a "suitable number of cells to be constructed in the yard of the goal...each of which cells shall be six feet in width, eight feet in length and nine feet in height... for the purpose of confining therein the more 9) hardened and attrocious offenders...." The sum of five hundred pounds was to be drawn from the state treasurer for expenses. 52

1791 The separate cell house, constructed in the yard of the prison, came to be referred to as the 'penitentiary house'. Completed in 1791, it had sixteen cells, eight on each floor. 53

1792 "Memorials were presented to the Mayor and Councils in favor of planting the public squares with trees, a measure in which Samual Vaughn was enthusiastically active. The petition declared that the squares were offensive nuisances." 54

"In 1792 the heirs of James Logan made a proposition to transfer to # the Library Company the Loganian Library, with certain properties, arrearages [?] and rents for the support of the institution...In this transfer were included the Library building and lot at the northwest corner of Sixth and Walnut Streets..." 55

1793 James Logan's books were held in the Loganian Library until 1793, when they were moved to the new Library Company building on Fifth Street. John Swanwick bought the Loganian Library building, and rented it to the Orphan Committee during the Yellow Fever epidemic to house homeless children. 56

Mass burials took place in the square during the Yellow Fever epidemic of 1793. 57

January 9, 1793, marked the beginning of aviation in the Western Hemisphere with the first air voyage in America. Jean Pierre Blanchard, a French citizen, was granted use of the prison yard for the commence­ ment of his flight. The high prison walls created a perfect stadium m and protected his balloon from "the molestations of a curious public." Carrying a letter of introduction from President Washington, Blanchard reached a maximum altitude of 5,8i3 feet, traveled fifteen miles in 46 minutes, and landed in Woodbury, New Jersey. For his part, Blanchard required "a sum which might lighten the burthen of my expenses"; however, receipts from ticket sales were disappointing, « as most spectators chose to view the event more economically from outside the prison walls. 58

1794 "...after the winter of 1794 a row zc Lombard'/ coders -jss dr'O-t q ] n p h - j z . ' z r " y •' r c ~ mo c m1 ■ m t* o 1 -q -q ■ o ~ 11 — -C 6

'In January it was ordered that 'five water-carts be provided, to cause the streets to be watered and cleaned.' Sheds to accomodate three of them were built on the northeast corner of Potter's Field -^now-Woshington-S^uere-)-. Some measures were attempted to retrieve the latter from the neglect with which it had been long treated. Trees were ordered to be planted around it." 60

1795 In 1795 City Council closed the square as a burial ground, "and the Council ordered that two rows of trees be planted in addition to the row already there." It was resolved that the square should be im­ proved with public walks. 61,62,63

May 4, 1795, pressure from residential neighbors of the square motivated joint Councils to pass "a resolution directing the City Commissioners to open Seventh Street through the Square, still enclosed by Oavid Evans' fence, in violation of all precedent..." 64

Seventh Street was opened across the Square, isolating a strip of land bounded on the west by Little Seventh Street; through political # maneuvering. It was fenced on each side, though unpaved. 65,66

(June 12) "Orove along Seventh Street between Walnut and Spruce Streets, which the City Corporation recently reopened." - Oiary of H. Hiltzheimer. 67

1795- Houses immediately south of the Parish house, to Locust Street, on the 1830 west side of the square, were built between 1795 and 1830. They were were not built as a coordinated terrace. 68

1796 Pruan Street (later Locust Street) running west from Fourth Street, between Walnut and Spruce, was also commonly called Shippens Alley. 69

1797 (July 4, 1797) "About half past three o'clock, P.M. a Balloon, containing about 300 yards of muslin, under the direction of Mr. Blanchard, ascended from the prison yard, and passing over the city, 1 onHoH o n Morl/of Q-b-rcso-b iniho-pf* un-bhmi-b a on i H oof • fh o h a ln n n T c i o 1 not being damaged, and the animals suspended to it unhurt." 70

"Pottersfield... now converted into a public walk...with rows of Lombardy poplars on each side. When the trees are grown, and the ground leveled, it will be one of the most pleasant promenades in the vicinity..." 71

"The cattle market was, by an ordinance passed in April, assigned * the use of Dock Street on Wednesdays and Saturdays. It was shortly afterward changed to Seventh Street, between Walnut and Prune." 72

9 7

A description of the jail: "...a hollow square, 100 feet in front, built of stone, three stories high.. "All the apartments are arched with stone, as a precaution against fire..." "...it is the largest, strongest, and neatest building of the kind in the United States;" A workhouse annexed to the gaol, "with yards to keep the sexes apart, and criminals from the debtors." Apartments recently added for solitary confinement. "The whole is securely inclosed by stone walks." 73

1798 "The most noted inhabitant of the debtors' prison was Robert Morris, financier of the Revolution, who had lost out on speculation; his most distinguished visitor in the Prison was President George Washington.74

(June 9, 1798) Elizabeth Drinker describes hearing bells between six and seven that evening. They went to the top of their house, but still could not find the cause. They later found out that the yard buildings, # workshops, meeting house, etc., at the new prison were destroyed by fire. Said fire supposedly broke out in two places, and seems to have been set deliberately. 75

1799 August 1799, advertisement for houses to rent: "To be Let, A number of new houses, On Walnut Street, between Sixth and Seventh Streets, facing the public square." "The advantageous situation of those buildings is obvious, combining vicinity to the trading parts of the city, with a pure air, and an open prospect interspaced with trees and herbage, resembling a country retreat. They need only to be viewed to recommend them as desirable dwellings for respectable families; to such the proprietor means to let them cheap." 76

1800 A note from Records of the American Catholic Historical Society 4- (••,»•* 4- o 4- 4- /-^ -r> I <- C i n 1 rJ m n w K <^\ / o h o o n H t w t H o H 1 n f n H-l f fo r on f ii luiuatcj u iau i u u uci o i xciu may i i q v u o-j-va.v_

(Approx.) 22 Dwellings were built by Thomas Carstairs shortly after 1800 on the south side of Sansom Street between 7th and 8th Streets. 78

(Approx.) Benjamin Henry Latrobe designed houses for Sansom, facing Walnut between 7th and 8th, similar to Carstairs' houses. Sansom's houses rented for 200 dollars a year. 79

(Approx.) Walnut Street was paved only as far as Sixth Street.' To attract tenants, Sansom paved at his own expense Sansom Street between 7th and 8th, and offered to advance the money if the City would pave Walnut Street an additional two blocks. 80 8

1801 "...the west side of the Southeast Square, upon the ground afterward embraced in what was called Washington and Franklin Streets, was at this time used by John M. Irwin, auctioneer, as a horse and cattle market, sales being held on stated days of the week at one or the other location." "Among the improvements that were considered of importance at this time was the erection of houses on Walnut Street, between 7th and 8th, on the north side, and in a street running from 7th to 8th, between Walnut and Chestnut, afterward called Sansom Street." "The value of these houses was affected by the fact that Walnut Street was not paved west of 6th. Mr. Sansom applied to Councils to have the street between 6th and 8th street paved, and agreed to advance the money to pay the expense." 81

Old #71, South 6th Street (below Locust), built in 1801, was the house of Commodore John Barry. It may have been replaced or refaced later. In 1955 it was an ice cream store; it was torn down in 1962-4. 82

1802 "In 1802 a petition was presented to City Councils asking that thirty feet of Potter's Field, on the south side of Walnut Street, should be taken out of the enclosure, and that two rows of trees be planted in addition to the row already there." 83

"They [City Council Committee] recommended that a fence should be set on the west side of Sixth Street, five feet within the row of trees, and that another row of trees should be planted there; also that the wooden buildings at Sixth and Walnut Streets, used by the city commissioners, be removed to the corner of Seventh Street (probably the southwest corner), and that the corners should be rounded, commencing at the distance of one hundred feet from the corner on each side." 84

1805 November 1805, Councils directed "...the city commissioner should erect side walls to it [stream?], and cover the little stream cross­ ing it diagonally from Walnut to Sixth Street to the distance of thirty-five feet south from Walnut Street, and lay the bottom with condemned logs, or cover or arch the same, so that the flow of water be not impeded." 85

Councils directed that "...the creek should be tunneled under the Prison, and thus go into Dock Creek. An arrangement was made to put in a flood gate at the mouth of the tunnel to collect water after a great rain, the water to be periodically released to clean out the tunnel." 86

"In order to complete improvements in Southeast square, a building at the southwest corner of Sixth and Walnut Streets was directed to be removed to the northeast corner of Locust and Seventh Streets."

"... a proposition was made that a public market-house be built on the Southeast Square, but it was never carried into effect..." 88

The University of Pennsylvania tried to obtain oermission to erect - buildino for their medical school on the o c us t 'v reoueot not n';' ■- . '5 9

1807-8 "...York Row, a development of large town houses built in cooperation + between Joseph Randall, house carpenter, and Thomas S. Ridgeway, bricklayer." Located on south side of Walnut between 7th and 8th. 90

1808 #245 South 6th Street, a single 3-story house, was built in 1808. 91

1808- 15 A house with coach house and stable was built on the site of 247 South 6th Street (old # 81), just below the Grouchy house, 1808-15. 92

1810 Entry in the City Treasurer City Property Receipt Book: "December 31st 1810 Receiv'd of Mr. John Meany Forty five dollars for One Years Rent of the West part of the South East Public Square due this day." 93

1811 Entry in the.City Treasurer City Property Receipt Book: "January 1st 1811 Receiv'd of Mr. David Solter Jr. One Hundred and thirty dollars in full for rent for the present year for the South East Public Square." 94

The Pennsylvania branch of the Society of the Cincinnati resolved to collect funds to build a monument to George Washington, the first president general of the Society of the Cincinnati. 95,96

"Having succeeded in completing the testimonial to General Wayne, the Society of the Cincinnati deemed the occasion a propitious one to endeavor to raise contributions for the erection of a monument to Washington. They passed resolutions that such a memorial was desired, and appointed committees to collect contributions. The sum which was realized was not sufficient, and, after a season of effort, the matter was suspended, to be again revived upon suitable opportunity." 97

1812 Entry in the City Treasurer City Property Receipt Book: "December 9th 1812 Received of George Harrison Esquire Two hundred Twenty five dollars in full for Rent of South East public Square from the 1 of June to the 1 Novemb. 1812." 90

June 18, 1812, City Councils passed an ordinance prohibiting interments in the public squares of Philadelphia after July 10th, and in December Councils resolved that existing leasesvwould not be renewed upon expiration. 99,100 on the square

1813 In a contradiction of their movement to improve the public squares, Councils agreed in May 1813 to rent the square as pasture ground, and advertised in the Aurora requesting proposals. 101,102,103

David Parish, a wealthy bachelor and banker, moved into the easternmost house of York Row, which was erected around that time on the south side of Walnut Street, west of Washington Square. The door of his house was on the east side, opening onto Columbia Avenue. 104

1814 The house at the corner of Walnut and Little Seventh Streets, facing the square, was a 3i story mansion called 'I York Buildings', larger ano more elegant than its neighbors, "...orobably the grandest house in r.tw ’'ban George 71u

Mr. George Ticknor, of Boston, visiting Mr. Parish in 1814, describes the square: The west side of the square, from Walnut Street to Locust, was called Columbia Avenue. A fence of wooden pales surrounded the square. Many victims' graves of the yellow fever epidemics of 1793 and 1798 were in the square. 106

Entry in the City Treasurer City Property Receipt Book: "May 10, 1814, Received of Mr. Lambert Smith One Hundred and Sixty One Dollars, Rent of the East-part of the South East public Square for the present Year 1814 paid in Advance." 107

1813 "...Councils adapted a resolution that as soon as the owners and occu­ piers of property in the vicinity of the Southeast Public Square would pay fifteen hundred dollars into the city treasury a culvert should be built in the square, and the paving stones, lumber, and dirt should be removed from the line of Seventh Street front, and the other fences around the square were to be repaired." 108

In May 1815, Councils ordered the cattle market, occupying the ground west of the line of Seventh Street, to be closed; the cattle market was subsequently transferred to the haymarket at Sixth and Callowhill. 109

1816 Councils resolved that the square should be fenced in according to the patent boundaries. Space for a street on the west side of the square, extending from Walnut Street southward, was appropriated by Councils in 1816, and named Columbia Avenue. 110,111

"In 1816 it was ordered that the city carpenter shop on Locust Street should be removed to Lombard Street, and the rubbish used to fill up the square." 112

"...Mr. Learning, of Select Council, Droposed that the four sauares should be named for Washington, Franklin, Columbus, and Penn, but he did not designate the squares to which each title should be given." ~ ^ ---. U . .4- 1 ~ r> ^ i _i • C ornili g m LUUIIL11 LUIILUliCU, UUL JC1CL L UUUI IL11 U1U IIUL.

"In December, Mr. Learning, in Common Council, proposed a resolution for the appointment of a committee to determine what name should be given to the public squares. He proposed that they should be called Washing­ ton, Franklin, Columbus, and Penn squares, after 'four men of daring enterprise, heroic virtue, and exalted genius, to whom this nation is indebted for its existence, freedom, and happiness, and for a large share of whatever reputation it enjoys in philosophy, in policy, and in war.' He also offered a resolution to the effect that a committee should be appointed to consider the 'expediency of an appropriation of money for the purpose of procuring statues, in wood, of said benefactors of America, to serve as models of statues of bronze or marble which may hereafter be erected in said squares, at the discretion of Councils.' Common Council passed the resolutions, but Select Council refused to concur." 114 11

# "The improvement of the squares belonging to the city was also under consideration."..."The subject of the improvement of the squares generally was referred to a Committee of Councils.."At the Southeast prblic square it was proposed that the city carpenter shop, which was on Locust Street, be removed to Lombard Street, and the rubbish be used to fill- up." "A trouble which existed in relation to the Northeast and Southeast squares concerned the passage of Seventh Street through them. There were many citizens who desired that the street should be opened in a straight line with the portions above and below the squares, and they were opposed to the idea of placing a street on the west side of these inclosures. In November Councils passed a resolution directing that the Southeast public square should be fenced according to its patent boundaries, and that gates should be left open opposite Seventh Street for the use of foot passengers. The street opened on the west side of Southeast Square was named by Councils Columbia Avenue." 115

The Carson houses, 704 and 706 S. Washington Square, were built in 1816. They are Federal style with Georgian characteristics. 116

Work on the square began in May 1816. The Commissioners supplied the laborers, and the square was fenced with white painted wooden palings. 117

On November 14, 1816, Mr. George Vaux and three other men were appointed to a committee 'to superintend the improvement of the South East Public Square.' Vaux became the organizer of the project, n s

Artist/architect/engineer George Bridport was employed to lay out the square, and his formal design of walks and trees was adopted. 119,120

George Bridport was a decorative painter and drawing master. From 1811 to 1819, he lived in Philadelphia, where he and his brother Hue Bridport had a drawing academy at 6 S. 8th Street in 1816-1/. (George Bridport died in Havana, Cuba, March 2, 1819.) 121,122,123

1816-17 (Approx.) The square was layed out based on a design by English-born decorative painter George Bridport. Andrew Gillespie, a commercial gardener, supervised the planting. The trees were planted, and for 124,125 several years the square was enclosed with a neat white paling fence. 126,127

1817 Vaux ordered many of the trees from Bartram's Gardens. 128

(Approx.) "The late Edward Biddle said that he had heard these trees [planted in the square] were some which John Vaughan, secretary of the American Philosophical Society, had intended sending to his brother in England, and had asked permission to plant them temporarily in the square." 129

1818-19 Six houses, 700, 702, 704, 706, 708, and 710 South Washington Square, were built 1818-19. All but 710 remain today. 130

1818-23 The Meredith House, 700 South Washington Square, was built between 1818 and 1823 for merchant Asaph Stone. It is Federal style with Georgian characteristics, fne ouiiuing is new o c c .jüí-c r.y •:r■; .: and apartments. 131 12

The houses between Locust and the later Friends' Meetinghouse, on » the west side of the square, were all actually contained in one building, anct-we&e built between 1818 and 1823 on speculation by merchant John Lisle. 132

1818-24 The house at 245 S. 6th Street was bought in 1818 by Emanuel, Marquis de Grouchy, exiled Marshal of France, who attributed to Napoleon's • defeat at Waterloo. Marshal de Grouchy resided here on and off for six years until 1824. (In 1955, the house was occupied by a run-down stage prop studio; it was torn down with other buildings on the block in 1962-64.) 133,134,135

1818-37 "From 1818 to 1837 the square was illuminated at night with reflecting • lamps, which were supplanted in the latter year by gas." 136

1819 "On the 4th of July the Society of the Cincinnati reported for the first time publicly the amount of funds in their hands for building a Monument to Washington. The amount was $3576 59." 137 (sic) • 1820-22 The First Presbyterian Church, designed by John Haviland, was built on the south side of the square in 1820-22. The church was 88 feet in length (including portico) by 71 feet in width. Built of brick, it was coated with mortar and painted as imitation of marble. 138

John Haviland (1792-1853) was a townscape artist and architect active • in Philadelphia from about 1817 to his death in 1853. Around 1818-20, he was associated with Hugh Bridport in a drawing academy. 139

1820-25 Langdon Cheves of South Carolina bought a livery stable at the corner of West Washington Square and Locust Street, tore it down, and built, between 1820 and 1825, the corner house (225 W. Washington Square). # This house was later occupied by Dr. H. H. Furness, Shakesperian scholar and brother of architect Frank Furness. Sketched by Joseph Pennell. Sold in March 1912 for demolition. 140

1821 The First Presbyterian Church was built by the congregation to replace their 1783 structure. 141 wm 1821-22 "...about 1821 or 1822, the square, as at present bounded, was laid out by order of the City Councils. The survey was made by the late William Rush... The lot was used as a playground by the boys in the vicinity, and some of the number frequently assisted in holding the line for the old gentleman." 142

1822 William Rush completed a new watercolor survey of the square in 1822. 143

The Seventh Street cut-through was eliminated. 144

1822-32 Huts on the south side of the square were replaced with newer houses. 145

1823 William Gross was hung for the murder of Keziah Stow, in the Southeast public square, Feb. 7, 1823. 146 13

"Home Sweet Home" was first sung at the Prune Street Theatre, a 0 converted warehouse, in 1823. The theatre later became the building of the Jefferson Medical College, and ended up in a spectacular fire. 147,148

1824 It was resolved in 1824 that a monument to Washington be erected in Southeast (Washington) Square. Funds were to be collected with the help of the Society of the Cincinnati, and General Lafayette would lay • the cornerstone. 149

The Hon. Joseph R. Ingersoll collected funds for the monument. 150

A watercolor by Kennedy shows the southwest corner of Walnut Street and Washington Square in 1824. There was a line of houses along Walnut Street, and and iron fence gate in the corner of the square. 151

1825 Councils passed an ordinance changing the names of the public squares, and on May 9, 1825, the Southeast Square received the name Washington Square. 152,153

Watercolor by John Carr of children playing marbles in Washington Square, ca. 1825. (John Carr, (7-1837), landscape painter of Phila­ delphia, married a daughter of Raphaelle Peale in 1829). 154

1825-26 The square was opened as a public promenade in 1825-6. 155

1826-27 The square was sufficiently improved to allow opening to the public. 156

1827 "The French gardener, Martien Maclean, was engaged to draw a plan. The map showing this plan is now in possession of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, which by the way, dates from 1827. The plan was arranged in accordance with the commission given by-the city to George Bridport, artist and engineer, about 1817 or 1818." 157

1828 "In 1828 seats were ordered and John Haviland was commissioned to H o o t nr» ^ a m m o W W w ^ ^ 1 I J - V_*l I 1 < 1 SH

1829 Saturday, Dec. 26. - "Rode by Washington Square laid out in gravil [sic] walks and planted in trees. Ceadars [sicjand Pines interspaced among the larger deciduous trees. Rained." From "A View of Philadel­ phia in 1829" by B. L. C. Wailes of Natchez, 1829. 159

1830 An "excellent crop of clover" in the square; several seats were placed beneath shade trees; "...a very agreeable retreat from heat and dust... "...the nearest approach to a London square that is to be found in Philadelphia." 160

1831 "In 1831 a committee of the Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania, in its report of the gardens in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, described WAsington Square as follows: 14

“ It is situated south of Walnut, and above Sixth Street, in the south­ eastern part of the city, and contains eight acres, all scientifically in­ tersected with very handsome and spacious walks. The figure of the whole is as follows: Four diagonal walks, thirty feet wide, leading to a circular plot in the centre of one hundred and twenty feet diameter. Around this is a walk forty feet wide, and another circular walk twenty feet wide extends to within twenty-five feet of the side of the square. Where thU waik intersects the diagonal are circular plots thirty-five feet in diameter, thus forming a handsome recreative and interesting promenade amongst fifty varieties of trees, seven of which are European and forty-three native, a large proportion of which are from distant parts of the Union. Many of the Accra are very handsome trees, .is also ev- eral varieties of P-unua; two of the latter were introduced by Lewis i ni Clark from the Sockv Mountains. The one is conspicuous for its feline» and fruit; the other, called noeet-.icenud cherry, has very large racemose spikes of fragrant dowers, ana is much admired for its beauty ; the majestic Ailanihus, with several varieties of Pina and Cypress, all of the first aud second class of trees, and admired for their foliage, fiowers, and shade. Hence instruction with respect to our own productions is placed before the public, aud at the same time it is ascertained what trees are best adapted to our immediate climate, salubrity is diffused throughout the neighborhood and to the city generally, and recreation afforded to the assiduous citizen, where he may view four hundred trees in the midst of a populous and busy city. These trees are in a rery healthy and thriving condition, and well trained by Mr. Andrew Gilles­ pie, who is a judicious arborist. . . . The whole is beautifully kept, aod well illuminated at night with reflecting lamps till ten_o’clock. all showing the correct and libera] spirit of our city.”

1832 The Friends' Meetinghouse, on the southwest corner of the square, was completed in 1832 at a cost of $22,000. 162

The Friends' Select School occupied two rooms of the meetinghouse. 163

"...'Pig Alley' ran behind the meetinghouse and swarmetf'with pigs amidst the refuse=" 164

1833 The cornerstone of the monument to Washington was laid in the center round plot of Washington Square, FeD. 22, 1633. Ì65 A description of the laying of the Washington monument cornerstone

After the centennial celebration of Washington’« birthday, in 1832, the feeling that there ahonld be erected a monument to his memory was greatly increased, subscriptions were taken up. and the gen­ tlemen who had charge of the business were so much encouraged that it was believed that, if the corner­ stone of a monument was laid with public ceremonies, the people would feel assured that the structure would be built, and that there would be no trouble afterward in obtaining subscriptions. The most suitable place for the erection of such a monument was considered to be Washington Square, and on Feb. 19. 1833. Councils passed an ordinance authorising the erec­ tion of the monument in that square, the plan to be submitted to and approved by Councils. The desire | was that the corner-stone should be laid on the 22d | of February, but the ordinance was passed at such a short time previously that there was not time to arrange the details of the procession and to make it as large and imposing as it should have been. The military portion, under Maj.-Gen. Patterson, was the most interesting part of the parade. There were three troops of cavalry, five companies of artillery, and ten companies of infantry. The tradesmen turned out slimly. The marble masons had pre­ pared the corner-stone in the procession of 1832. They marched after the wagon on which the gift was drawn by four white homes. The hatters, agricul­ turists, and gardeners, tin-plate workers, tobacconists, journeymen cabinet-makers, silver-plate workers, cord- wainers, saddlers, and the Youths’ Library and Liter­ ary Association took part in the civic procession. The place fixed for the reception of the corner-stone was in the miuule of the centre plot. In making the excavation for the purpose, some of the mouldering relics of the old Potter’s Field were disturhed. The mayor of the city was chief marshal or jo e proceed sion. A prayer was offered by the Rt. Rev. Bishop White. Dr. W. C. Draper, on behalf of the Wash­ ington Monument Association, delivered the intro­ ductory address, and the oration was pronounced by David Paul Brown...... 166 16

Contents of the cornerstone:

The corner-stone was then, with due ceremonies, placed upon the foundation and cov­ ered up, and there has since remained, the monument never having been built.*1 5 432

1 The following articles were deposited in the stone at that time: 6. A beautiful specimen of an Anthracite case, inclosing a portrait of 1. A neut copy containing the Constitution of the United States, and Gen. Washington in 1797. Presented by the Messrs. KerkB. of the State of Pennsylvania, with the names of the executive officers, 7. A silver medal, struck off during the centennial procession, and members of Congress, the executive officers of the State, and of the presented by the gold and silver artificers for the corner-stone. corporation of the city of Philadelphia, and an almanac for 1833. Pre­ 8. Several specimens of composition coin. Presented by Mr. William sented by Isaac Elliot, Esq. Bobinson. 2. A copy of the oration on the death of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 9. Several specimens of copper coin. By several citizens, of the years by John Sergeant, Esq. Presented by Isaac Elliot, Esq. 1771-72, 1771,1791, 1797, etc. 3. A description of the centennial procession as it occurred in 1832. 10. A print representing the Surrender at Yorktown,and a full statue 4. An emblematical sketch of the centennial celebration. By William of Gen. Washington. J. Mullen, Esq. 11. Several newspapers of the day. 5. Washington’s Farewell Address on satin. Presented by the com­ 12. The programme of the procession for laying the corner-stone. 167 mittee of arrangements. By the committee of arrangements.

1834 Washington Square was described as extending from Sixth Street to Washington Street, 456 feet, and Walnut Street to Locust Street, 370 feet. 168

The square was surrounded by a row of Linden trees, "planted on a line with the curbstone of the street." 169

1835 The site containing the Walnut Street Prison and Prune Street apartment was sold at the Merchants' Exchange [June 11?], 1835. Walnut Street frontage, 199 feet. Depth on east side of_6th Street, 423 feet to Prune Street. Prune Street frontage, 199 feet. Adelphi . _ . J_ U _ -C' OLI00L, Z/ I00L Wiue, was LU ue ldiu UUL ZZU ICCL bUULII Ul WdlllUL Street. The purchaser, John Moss, Esq., bought the property for $219,088 or $1,101 per foot. 170

The last of the Walnut Street Jail prisoners were moved to the new prison in Passyunk, October 19, 1835. 171

1836 Stephen Martin and J. E. James agree to set the granite base on three sides of Washington Square according to directions of John Haviland, architect, for the reception of the iron railing, for sixty eight cents per lineal foot. (March 31, 1836). 172

Agreement for Joseph Brilsford to make and hang all gates yet required in the square, to be completed by Nov. 15, 1836. (Oct. 4, 1836) 173 17

An agreement with City Council, Committee City Property, Jan. 19, 1836:

The above named George Hood hereby engages to take charge of Washington Square and perform the duties hereinafter mentioned for fifty dollars per month - [ill] Keep the Trees and Shrubbery properly trimed and free from insects, Sweep and keep clean the walks within and the foot pavements round the Square on the Out­ side, Rake and roll the Gravel walks, have the Lamps lit and extinguish the Same at the proper time, watch the Square form Sunrise untill ten O'clock at night, mow the grass three times in each Summer at Such times as the Commissioners of City property may direct, have the Hay taken off in proper Season and Keep the Snow from the foot pavements round the Outside of the Square and find all tools and implements necessary for the performance of those duties (excepting the Hose for watering the Trees and Grass and the Rollers for Rolling the Gravel Walks) at his own proper cost. 174

In 1836 John Moss bought the prison property with its two buildings at public auction for $299,000.99. (The property had originally cost the city $8,672.00). Moss demolished the prison buildings and proposed to build a large luxury hotel, The Penn, on the site, but the project fell through and the site was instead subdivided into smaller building lots. Eventually, the Penn Mutual Life insurance Company would gather up these lots again into one plot for its new building in 1912. 175,176,177

1837 An ordinance was passed in August 1837 authorizing lighting of the square by gas; the square was lighted by gas around 1837-38, and an iron palisade fence was erected around the square. 178,179

A tall iron palisade fence was built around the square. Heavy iron gates, supported by large blocks of marble topped by marble urns, were at each corner, with more modest gates on all four sides. 180

The square was open from May to November, and was considered the most elegant square in the city. 181

1840 May 6, 1840, Sidney George Fisher in his diary describes the "fine collection of trees" in the square, of "great variety and in admiral order", including lindens, maples, horse chestnuts, oaks, and willow oaks. The quantity of trees, and the cleanliness and neatness of the squares and streets made Philadelphia "the most agreeable city summer residence in the country."182

John Moss began selling building lots fronting on Sixth Street. 183

In the 1840's, "Lawyers' Row" developed between Walnut Street and Adelphi Street. (Adelphi Street, which is now St. James Street, ran east to Fifth Street). Lawyers' Row was a collection of non-residential narrow four-story houses. At first very fashionable and proper, this area gradually became run-down until the Penn Mutual building replaced the row of houses in 1913. 184

In February 1840 John Notman submitted drawings for the prooosed 18

building of the Athenaeum, on the Sixth Street site. "Probably because of financial depression, the Athenaeum's board abandoned the idea of constructing a building on the Sixth Street site." However, another plan submitted by Notman for the Athenaeum was executed in 1845. 185

1845 A competition of notable architects for the new Athenaeum building was won by John Notman.^ He built, for the first time in this country, an Italian Ranaissance plazzo for institutional use. 186

1846 Washington Square was described as a "beautiful and fashionable promenade square", laid out with gravelled walks, ornamented with trees and shrubbery. A circular grass plot in the middle was designated for an equestrian statue of Washington. "The square is enclosed with a neat iron railing, and is open to the public from May until November." 187

706 S. Washington Square (Carson House) was a French seminary for young ladies run by Charles Picot in 1846. 188

1847 The Athenaeum, "a subscription library founded in 1813 to provide more cosmopolitan reading" moved to the new Sixth Street site in 1847. 189

1850-75 (Approx.) These years were the height of the residential era of the square, with brick terraces (rowhouses), the First Presbyterian Church, and the Athenaeum as focal points. Ten years after the Civil War, offices and commercial establishments started moving in, and the square lost its residential character. 190

1855 The Pennsylvania Bible Society, at the corner of 7th and Walnut, is a four-story brownstone built in 1855. The first publishing on the square was done here, and continues today. Architect unknown. 191

1865 A description of the square just after the Civil War: "Many notable men lived in houses facing the Square, once fenced in idiith nmampni’al iron and ■hh nra\/ol oH mal l/c from to of qH hw ohi 1 Hron ------• — • ^ ^ J . in charge of maids. Right after the war the Square made a beautiful picture - white tents under the green, hundreds of blueclad lads and all the charm of a holiday camp." 192

1867 Citizens and property owners petitioned against changing the name of Prune Street to Locust Street; their petition was apparently un­ successful. 193

• 1868 The Philadelphia Saving Fund Society, a granite Italianate Palladian building, was built in 1868 by architects Samuel Sloan and Addison Hutton. 194

1869 Philadelphia passed an ordinance decreeing all structures in Independence Square, including the State House, be replaced by new city-county • office buildings. "Outraged Philadelphians appealed to the Pennsylvania General Assembly, which directed such construction either in Washington or Penn Squares, the site to be chosen by voters in a referendum." Penn Square was selected for the new City Hall, the Independence Square buildinas were saved, and Washington Square remained an open square, 195 19

Philadelphia voters were to choose between Penn Square and Washington Square as a site for the new City Hall. The Public Ledger, Bulletin, and North American criticized the proposed Penn Square site, claiming it was too isolated from the city's business center. The vote on Oct. 10 gave Penn Square an 18,000 vote majority, l96

Voters nearer the Delaware strongly supported Washington Square for the site of the new City Hall. The final count: 51,623 votes for Center Square; 32,825 for Washington Square. 197

1877 The Society of the Cincinnati was still collecting money in 1877, hoping to finish the monument to Washington in time for the centennial of Yorktown in 1881, but were unable to. 198

1881 "Mr. Reyburn-presented a communication from William Dixey, Commissioner of City Property, submitting a description of the proposed improvement of Washingyon Square, together with a plan thereof. (Appendix No. 2)." April A, 1881.

Appendix No. 2. Department of Markets and City Property, Philadelphia, April 4, 1881. To the Presidents and Members of Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia.

Gentlemen: - In accordance with the provisions of an ordinance of Councils approved December 31, 1880, I herewith submit a plan for the improvement of Washington Square. According to the plan there will be a six-inch dressed granite coping around the entire square, projecting nine inches above the sidewalk. Top of coping to be bevelled, and graded the same as the grade of the streets, excepting on the south (or Locust Street) side, which will be kept as near level between Sixth Street and West Washington Square as the surveyor may direct. Two paths twenty feet in width run diagonally across the square, and two paths eighteen feet in width run at right angles with' the streets. f The intersecting walks are twelve feet in width. The walks are so arranged as to form a perfect square. I propose to cover the grass plots, as shown in plan, with new sodding, the edges of the same to be protected by flagstone border. The walks are all provided with underground drainage to sewers. Only such trees will be removed as will interfere with the lines of the paths. I am convinced that the plan submitted for your consioeration embraces all points necessary to make this square one of the most attractive as a pleasure ground, and as a thoroughfare all that can be desired.

Very respectfully, yours, William Dixey, Commissioner City Property. 199 20

Select Council passed a bill entitled "An Ordinance approving the plans and specifications for the improvement of Washington Square." April 21, 1881. 200,201

Common Council concurred with Select Council, approving the Washington Square improvement bill, April 21, 1881. 202

The President of the Common Council "Presented a communication from the Commissioner of City Property, submitting estimates for the completion of the improvement of Washington Square. Which was referred to the Committee on Finance." Dec. 8, 1881. 203

Select Council passed a resolution authorizing the Commissioner of Markets and City Property "to sell at public sale, or auction, the iron tailing-and granite coping around Washington Square, and to pay the proceeds thereof to the City Treasurer, after deducting the expenses of the sale." Dec. 30, 1881. 204

D. M. Pfautz was the contractor for the improvement of the square. (Dec. 1881). 205

1882-84 The iron palisade fence was removed, a large number of trees removed, and flagstone walks superseded gravel paths. 206,207

1883 Select and Common Councils pass a resolution authorizing the Commissioner of Markets and City Property to place benches around the center circles of Independence and Washington Squares. Dec. 5, 1883. 208

1886 The PSFS building had an addition onto the west end in 1886 designed by Addison Hutton. 209

1898 The Washington Grays monument was moved to the center of Washington Square from the intersection of Broad Street and Girard Avenue, where it was originally unveiled on April 19, 1872. The Washington Grays 1 r~\ M - . was a mij-xuia unit oiganiz.eu m io^ r l a t j u c o ui ic moi iciiict iu to the Grays' Civil War record. 210.211

Frank Furness' firm created another addition for the PSFS building. 212

1901 Lippincott Publishers building built. 213

1901-08 (Approx.) David McKay moved his publishing works from a house at 610 S. Washington Square to a converted stable at 608. 214

1908 A bronze figure of a Washington Gray, placed on top of the granite base monument, was dedicated April 18, 1908. Total height approx. 17 feet. 215

~C. F. Jenkins bought the Orange Street Friends' Meeting House arid an adjacent house for a sizeable sum; the buildings were demolished, and in 1909 Jenkins began building the Farm Journal Building. 216,217 Fire destroyed the Prune Street Theatre structure. 218

A 7-story brick building for -the W.B. Saunders medical publishers was built at the northwest corner of 7th and Locust Streets. 219

In July of 1910, the Curtis Building was under construction at an estimated cost of $3 million. When first opened, the building did not extend all the way to 7th Street, but eventually the few remaining houses on Walnut Street were taken up, and the Curtis Building covered the entire block. 220

In the Curtis Building lobby, a mural decoration of The Dream Garden, a Maxfield Parrish painting, was translated into a fifty-foot favrile glass mosaic by Louise C. Tiffany. 221

A firehouse was built in 1911 on East Washington Square, replacing 239 and 241 S. 6th Street. (Firehouse was torn down in 1964). 222 article, "Penn Mutual Co. Adds to Holdings. Site of new building at Sixth and Walnut enlarged by purchase of 526 Walnut." March 28, 1912. 223

The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company site was purchased in 1912. Lawyers' Row was demolished in 1913, and construction of the Penn Mutual Building began. Made of granite and limestone block, it was 10 stories high. 224

(Approx.) article, "To Beautify Washington Square". Organization formed by Cyrus H. K. Curtis as chairman, and C. J. Jenkins, editor of Farm Journal, as secretary. Members of the committee said that the Olmsted Brothers of Boston would be considered for the new plan. 225

Charles F. Jenkins and other businessmen on the square formed the Washington Square Improvement Association in 1913 to transform Washington Square into a "business men's square". 226,227

The Washington Square Improvement Association determined that the square had not been laid out "along the lines of least resistance". They wanted to improve aesthetics and expedite travel in rapidly developing "Publishers' Square". 228

The re-routing of walks in the square took place where beaten paths were made by pedestrians taking short cuts rather than staying on the pavement. 229

"Improvement of Property for Municipal Purposes" "This phase of the bureau's activities ...has been materially helped by the formation of square associations organized for the purpose of improvement and maintenance of squares and small parks. Washington Square Association, the first formed, has secured plans from one of the best landscape gardening firms in the country, which have been approved by the Art Jury." 230 Jenkins' committee moved the Washington Grays' monument to front on 7th Street, "...at the site where this command was mustered in the Civil War..." 231

In 1915 the square was laid out along its present lines. Walks were re-routed, dead trees were removed, and new trees and shrubbery were planted. 232,233,234

"Human Bones Exumed in Washington Square". "Italian workmen, in excavating for the relocation of a sewer along the west side of the square, unearthed two skulls and half a dozen small bones. A physician declared the bones to be human." "The soldiers, it is said, were buried in the west side of the square, and although it is supposed that their bodies were taken out many years ago and reinterred in West Philadelphia, it is possible that some were missed." Public Ledger, June 9, 1915. 235

Editorial complaining about the relocation of the sewers in Washington Square, though necessary, has made a mess of the Square, i.e. trash, neglect of shrubbery, trampling of turf, etc., and the failure of the Bureau of City Property to take care of it. Public Ledger, June 9, 1915. 236

Dec. 1915, Raymond Pond, city forester, and William F. Dreer, expert horticulturist, examined every tree of the 116 varieties in the square, specifying trees to be removed. 237

"The movement, begun several years ago by this bureau to revise the plan of walks in Washington Square to accommodate pedestrians and add to its general improvement, has just taken form. The work will continue provided appropriations are furnished by Councils. It is intended to retrench the soil, plant large trees and to build a modern convenience station." 238

H T n ( I n f o t o o C no n l / l t n ■ s n o n ■-“I l.l -î 4-^ O'-*» J. I I VJIPi"C3 I ^ U 1*a.Uj. J.U Jj Ir i i. UlLii IfNX¡r\J..LÌ J.I Ii j LU yai i cil ¡U iftiaoi ü i iy Lüi i ÔLjüax c o Uüi îL i a ü Lo viiiji c Jl c l and the work completed for the treatment of soil, thereby saving the old trees and restoring the condition of the surface so that grass, shrubs, and other plants will thrive." 239

Removal of old decaying trees and planting of new ones was scheduled for spring and summer of 1916. 240 23

"Park Board Gets Public Squares". Public Ledger, July 7, 1916. "Control of Five Squares in Central Section Passes to Fairmount Commissioners" - Management and administration of the five central city squares given to the people for all time by William Penn will be transferred this week from the Bureau of City Property to the Fairmount Park Commissioners, under the ordinance passed by Councils May 21, 1915, over the veto o/ ex-Mayor Blankenburg. Against Mayor Blankenburg's protest that, under Penn's gift, Independence, Washington, Rittenhouse, Franklin and Logan Squares were intrusted solely to the care of the city authorities, and therefore could not be transferred to a commission, Councils overruled the veto with the statement that under recent legis­ lation it was the policy of the city to place the care of all public squares, parks and boulevards in the hands of the Commis­ sioners of Fairmount Park. In line with that policy the ordinance of May, 1915, also placed under the care of the Commissioners the Parkway as constructed and to be in the completion . of the boulevard from City Hall to Fairmount Park. 241

1917 "The contract for moving the Washington Grays' Monument and other monuments, in Washington Square, was completed under the supervision of this bureau." 242

1918 The American Gas Company offered the Athenaeum $75,000 for their library site. The offer was almost accepted, as the Athenaeum wanted to move to the Parkway. 243

article, "American Gas Company Bought Old Furness Home". The Furness home, at 222-224 S. 7th Street, was purchased for $75,000. 244

1918-24 The American Gas Company built their new 5-story structure on the site of the Cheves-Furness house. 245

1919 Letters to the editor concerning Washington Square as a terminus for a new bridge crossing the Delaware River. 246

1925 Lea and Febiger, medical publishers, built a modern interpretation of the palazzo-style Athenaeum in 1925, next to David McKay. 247

The Lea and Febiger Publishing Company "continues the business of Matthew Carey, established in 1785 and partly financed by a loan by Lafayette. It is the oldest book publishing business in the country." 248

1926 Publishers on the square in 1926: J. B. Lippincott Co.; the Cotholic Standard and Times; David McKay; the W. B. Saunders Co.; the Central News Co.; the Farm Journal; Lea and Febiger; the Pennsylvania Bible Society; Curtis Publishing Co. 249

1928 March 1, 1928, the congregation of First Presbyterian Church voted to merge with the Calvary Presby. Church, and left soon afterward. The church remained vacant until 1939. (Dallet's source: Public Ledger, March 2, 1928). 250 24

# The N. W. Ayer, advertising company, building was designed by Ralph Bencker. The building is 14 stories, with bas reliefs within granite. 251

1929 The N. W. Ayer Building was designed in 1929 by Ralph Bencker for Philadelphia's best known advertising agency. It is an outstanding example of art deco architecture. 252 • The sculpted figures atop the N. W. Ayer Building "were carved in situ, the sculpturs working on scaffolds, fourteen floors above street level." 253

1930-1 A 16- story addition was constructed for the Penn Mutual Building. 254

• 1939 The First Presbyterian Church was demolished for a parking lot. 255,256

1947 article, "Washington Square Cut-Off Approved by Park Board". The cut-off through the northwest corner of the square at 7th and Walnut Streets was approved. Phila. Inquirer, March 14, 1947. 257

% 1953 Oec. 1953, Malcolm Adam, chairman of the Washington Square Planning Committee, began a fund drive to erect the Washington monument and memorial to the unknown Revolutionary soldiers buried in the square. 258

1954 Malcolm Adam, president of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company and chairman of the Washington Square Planning Committee: "...nowhere in the country is the Unknown Soldier of the American Revolution properly honored." "...more men of the Revolution rest in Washington Square than anywhere else in the nation." 259

Local businesses raised $124,000 for the memorial. 260

0. Edwin Brumbaugh, an architect and son of the former Gov. Martin Brumbaugh, developed the plans for the memorial. 261

Architect G. Edwin Brumbaugh designed the Colonial wall enclosing the T 0 4 L 4- I m i / /-I L-i I IT» l»\ « / /-» T* iA i.m 1 T f* i.i 4 4” O L |U Q i G . u a o c u ui I l u u n c u iL U i) ui iu iu i ijfa iu i»q x j .o j wv_i - •• high, the brick walling is 4 feet high, with brick coping, and piers flanking each entrance. 262

Brumbaugh designed colonial-style lamps based on a street lamp design by Benjamin Franklin. 54 lamps were erected in the square. 263

Part of the plan was to move the Letitia Street House, formerly known as the William Penn House, onto the square. The house, then located at Lansdown Drive and Girard Avenue (Fairmount Park), would have access cut off by Schuylkill Expressway construction. 264

Plans for a colonial atmosphere included a low brick wall surrounding the grounds, relocation of the Letitia Penn House, a life-size statue of George Washington, colonial lanterns, dogwood trees, and flags of the original 13 colonies. 265

The Fairmount Park Commission and the Art Commission approved the clans. 266 25

George Washington Revolutionary War Memorial, by Jean Antoine Houdon (1741-1828). Bronze on granite base, height 79? Given in memory of John Mcllhenny to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1922 by his son John D. Mcllhenny. Moved from the Museum to Washington Square in March, 1954. Original marble done c. 1790, is located in the Virginia State House, Richmond. 267

The original Washington statue, commissioned by Thomas Jefferson in 1785, was done by Jean Antoin Houdon, French sculptor, "and is the only full-length statue of Washington done from life." 268

(Approx.) Landscape architect Thomas W. Sears directed plantings of holly and dogwood, and other landscape improvements. 269

(Approx.) 243 S. 6th Street (house to the right of the firehouse, built in 1830's) was restored in the mid 1950's by art critic John Canaday and his wife. The restoration returned residential character to the square; however, the Planning Commission decided to tear down this entire block in 1962-4 for an apartment building. 270

1956 article, "Diggers Uncover Soldiers' Bones from Revolution". State Archaeologists unearthed skeletons of four men believed to be Revolu­ tionary War soldiers, in the northwest corner of the Square, at a depth of 6 feet. One of the skeletons will be placed in a national memorial to the Unknown Soldier of the American Revolution. Phila. Inquirer. 271

1957 In June 1957 a copy of Houdon's statue of Washington from the Phila­ delphia Museum of Art was dedicated. 272

article, "Soldier of Revolution Honored in Washington Square Rites". The Unknown Soldier of the American Revolution was enshrined in the square. Also included as part of the memorial were battle flags of the original 13 colonies and a replica of the original Betsy Ross flag. The memorial theme on the limestone backdrop: "Freedom is a

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The Dilworth House, East Washington Square between the Athenaeum and Lippincott's, is a copy of a colonial home. Designed by G. Edwin Brumbaugh, architect, it was built in 1957. Mr. and Mrs. Richardson Dilworth bought 2 18th century houses on this site, which were not structurally sound enough to be restored; the structures were razed, and a copy built. 274

221 and 223 S. Sixth Street "replaced in 1957 by architect Edwin Brumbaugh's Colonial revival house...commissioned by Philadelphia's mayor, Richardson Dilworth." 275

1962-3 A 31-story concrete apartment building, the Hopkinson House, was built in 1962-3 by architect Oskar Stonorov. 276,277

1962-4 Row of houses on 6th Street below Locust demolished for an apartment building. 278 Notes

1. Thomas J. Scharf and Thompson Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3 vols. (Phila.: L.H. Everts and Co., 1884), 3: 1840. INHP Library. 2-3. Carroll Frey, Philadelphia's Washington Square (Phila.: The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co., 1952), p. 3. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 4. Francis James Dallet, An Architectural View of Washington Square 1968), p.21. Athenaeum. 5. Joseph J. Kelley, Jr., Life and Times in Colonial Philadelphia (Harrisburg: Stackpole Books, 1973), p. 55. INHP Library. 6-9. John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 3 vols. (Phila.: Leary, Stuart Co., 1927), 1:405. INHP Library. 1 0 . C.F. Jenkins, Of Washington Square, (Phila., 1912), p. 6. Free Library. 1 1 . Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 1:405. 12-14. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 21. 15. John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 3 vols. (Phila.: Leary, Stuart Co., 1927), 3:230. INHP Library. 16-17. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 1:405-406. 18. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 55. 19. Joseph Jackson, Encyclopedia of Philadelphia, 4 vols. (Harrisburg: The National Historical Association, 1933), 4:1170. INHP Library. 2 0 . Frey, Philadelphia's Washington Square, p. 3. 2 1 . Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 20. 2 2 . Frey, Philadelphia's Washington Square, p. 3. 23. Jackson, Encyclopedia of Philadelphia, 4:1170. 24. Joseph Jackson, "Our Town - Trees in Washington Square." Evening Public Ledger (Phila.), Sept. 11, 1940. Society Hill-Washington Square Scrapbook, Athenaeum. 25. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 7. 26-28. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 1:405. 29. Pennsylvania Gazette, Apr. 13, 1758, p. 3. INHP Library Research Card File Collection, "Horticulture - Public Squares". 30. Benjamin Kite, "Recollections of Philadelphia Near Seventy Years Ago," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Bioqraphy, 19(1895):264. t k ii in i ' ~ . ximi ir i_lux ax y . 31. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 1:407. 32. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 4. 33. Ibid., p. 14. 34. Thorsten Sellin, "Philadelphia Prisons of the Eighteenth Century," Historic Philadelphia, from the Founding Until the Early Nineteenth Century (Phila.: American Philosophical Society, 1953), p. 326. INHP Library. 35. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., "Addenda to Watson's Annals," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Bioqraphy, 98 (1974): 141. INHP Library. 36. Albert Cook Myers, ed., Sally Wister's Journal (Philadelphia: Ferris & Leach, 1902), p. 190. INHP Library. 37-38. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 55. 39. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 1:406. 40. Bell, "Addenda to Watson's Annals," pp. 141-142. 41. Evening Bulletin, 100 Years in Philadelphia (Phila.: Bulletin Co., 1947), p. 98. INHP Library. 42. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 11. 43. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 55. 44. Thompson Westcott, A History of Philadelphia (Phla.: Brinton Coxe, 1886), 3:chapter CCLXXXIX. American Philosophical Society. 45. Sellin, "Philadelphia Prisons," p. 328. /. c C" • rT ’-~ * "" — ■—1 — ^ —' ■—■ - -—' i — 1 • * -. V- ’—v * , -A- -- r- C — r , — — O ’ - ~ J ) ;------•______-• - - - - '

1 47. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 1:406. 48. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 55. 49. Parsons, ed., Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer, 1893, pp. 83-84. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Philadelphia, City of; Streets; Paving." 50. Parsons, ed., Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer, 1893, p. 92. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Jails, Walnut Street Prison." 51. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3 ¡chapter CCXCVI. 52. Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania, 13:515. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Walnut Street Jail - Alterations." 53. Sellin, "Philadelphia Prisons," pp. 328-329. 54. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3:chapter CCCXIII. 55. Ibid., chapter CCCLXXVIII. 56. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 8. 57. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 57. 58. Frey, Philadelphia's Washington Square, pp. 7-9. 59. Moreau de St. Mery, American Journal, pp. 343-44. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Horticulture - Public Squares - Washington Square." 60. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter CCCXXIII. 61. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 1:406. 62. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 57. 63. Alice B. Lockwood, ed., Gardens of Colony and State, 1:335. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Horticulture - Public Squares - Washington Square." 64. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 21. 65. Ibid., p. 8. 66. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 3:230. 67. Parsons, ed., Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer, p. 214. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Seventh Street between Walnut and Spruce opened." 68. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 11. 69. Stephens, Philadelphia Directory, 1796. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Project B - Locust Street." 70. Porcupine Gazette, July 5, 1797. INHP Library ResearchjCard Files, "Walnut St. Jail." Jeiiuiah Moxse, American Gazettler, 1797. INHP Library Research Caru Files, "Horticulture, Independence Square." 72. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia. 3: chapter CCCXXXII. 73. Jeridiah Morse, American Gazettier, 1797. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Walnut Street Jail - Description of." 74. Frey, Philadelphia's Washington Square, p. 5. 75. Elizabeth Drinker's Journal, p. 322. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Walnut Street - Fire in 'New Prison.' 76. American Daily Advertiser, #7071, Aug. 13, 1799, p. 4. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Misc. Fringing Park Area, bet. 6-7". 77. Hon. M.S. Ryan, "Old St. Mary's", Records of the American Catholic Historical Society XXXVIII (June 1927), p. 167. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Cemeteries - Washington Square". 78-80. George B. Tatum, Penn's Great Town (Phila.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961), p. 47. INHP Library. 81. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter CCCCXXVIII. 82. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 16. 83-85. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1845. 86. Frey, Philadelphia's Washington Square, p. 9. 87. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter CCCCXL. 88-89. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1845.

2 91. Ibid., p. 16. 92. Ibid., p. 18. 93-94. City Treasurer City Property, Receipt Book, 3 Oct. 1810 - 31 March 1815. Archives Division, City of Philadelphia. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Washington Square". 95. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 3:230. 96. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 57. 97. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter CCCCLVIII. 98. City Treasurer City Property, Receipt Book, 3 Oct. 1810 - 31 March 1815. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Washington Square". 99. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 22. 100. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter CCCCLXIV. 101. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1845. 102. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 22. 103. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter CCCCLXVII. 104. Townsend Ward, "Second Street and the Second Street Road and their Associations," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 4 (1880): 404-405. INHP Library. 105. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 11. 106. Ward, "Second Street", p. 405. 107. City Treasurer City Property, Receipt Book, 3 Oct. 1810 - 31 March 1815. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Washington Square". 108-110. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1845. 111. Jackson, Encyclopedia of Philadelphia, 4:1170. 112-113. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1845. 114-115. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter CCCCLXXV. 116. Elizabeth B. McCall, Old Philadelphia Houses on Society Hill, 1750-1840. (New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co., 1966), p. 35. INHP Library. 117. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 23. 118. Ibid., p. 22. 119. Jackson, "Our Town," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. i n n I/-1 1 I - -C — T * ~ ^ C~7 L/.U . r\c±±cy , i l ic aim i u n co , p • ^ / • 121. George C. Groce and David H. Wallace, The New York Historical Society's Dictionary of Artists in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957), pp. 80-81. INHP Library. 122. Agnes Addison, "William Strickland," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 67 (1943):293. INHP Library. 123. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 49 (1925): 380. INHP Library. 124. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 22. 125. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1845. 126. Jackson, Encyclopedia of Philadelphia, p. 1170. 127. Lockwood, Gardens of Colony and State, INHP Library Research Card Files. 128. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 23. 129. Jackson "our Town," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. 130. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 12. 131. McCall, Old Philadelphia Houses, pp. 89-91. 132. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 11. 133. Ibid., p. 16. 134. Carroll Frey, The Independence Square Neighborhood, (Phila.: The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co., 1926) p. 57. INHP Library. 135. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 57. 1 -z< I in+- ■L 1 o r f i n i o C n n i c f > ’ L-l -i 1 "1 _ '.lq* i ^ ~ r-N C r* ■ i o. t* a . ^n-nqn^np!/ Q r a o £-1 ■ 0 1 ' O -i. ^ -j- v.. Qa U x U X o j ^ j . i w ■ — . — . _ —. - - — '

3 137. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter CCCCLXXXVI. 138. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 16. 139. Groce and Wallace, Dictionary of Artists, p. 301. 140. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 12. 141. Evening Bulletin, 100 Years, p. 65. 142. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 3:230. 143-144. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 23. 145. Ibid., p. 15. 146. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter CCCCXCV. 147. Frey, Philadelphia's Washington Square, p. 13. 148. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 57. 149. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter DVII. 150. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 3:230. m 151. Struthers Burt, Philadelphia Holy Experiment (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1945), p. 176. INHP Library. 152. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1845. 153. Westcott, A History of Philadelphia, 3: chapter DX. 154. Groce and Wallace, Dictionary of Artists, p. 112. 155. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 23. 156. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1845. 157. John T. Faris, Old Gardens In and About Philadelphia (1932), pp. 34-35. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Horticulture - Public Squares - Washington Square." 158. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 23. 159. John Hebron Moore, ed., "A View of Philadelphia in 1829," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 78 (July 1954):355. INHP Library. 160. Frances Trollope, Domestic Manners of the Americans, p. 265. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Horticulture - Public Squares - Washington Square." 161. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1845-46. 162. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 14. 163-164. Ibid., p. 15. 165. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, 3:230. 166—167. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:18^6. 168-169. Philadelphia As It Is (Phila.: P.J. Gray^ 1834),p. 12. Penelope H. Batcheler. 170. "The Inquirer, 100 Years Ago loday. Valuable Property Sold," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 12, 1935. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Walnut Street Prison - Lot on SE cor 6th and Walnut Sold." 171. DuPont, Francis Gurney Smith, p. 18. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Walnut Street Jail - Removal of Prisoners." 172. City Council, Committee City Property, Agreements, 1834-1855, MSS, Philadelphia Archives, p. 3. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Horticulture - Public Squares - Washington." 173. City Council, Committee City Property, Agreements, 1834-1855, MSS, Philadelphia Archives, pp. 74-5. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Horticulture - Public Squares - Washington." 174. City Council, Committee City Property, Agreements, 1834-1855, MSS, Philadelphia Archives, p. 1. INHP Library Research Card Files, " Horticulture - Public Squares - Washington." m 175. Jenkins, Of Washington Square, p. 6. 176-177. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 18. 178. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1846. 179. Jackson, "Our Town", Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. 180-181. Dallet, An 4t<'M.FeoF!rrai \/i=>«*i n

4 182. "The Diaries of Sidney George Fisher, 1839-40," Pennsylvania Maqazine of History and Biography 77 (January 1953):89. INHP Library. 183. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 18. 184. Ibid., p. 20. 185. Constance M. Greiff, John Notman, Architect (Philadelphia: The Atheaeum of Philadelphia, 1979), p. 74. Athenaeum. 186. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 20. 187. A Handbook for the Stranger in Philadelphia (Phila.: George S. Appleton, 1846), p. 46. Penelope H. Batcheler. 188. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 18. 189. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 57. 190. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 10. 191. Ibid., p. 26. ♦ 192. George Morgan, The City of Firsts (Phila.: The Historical Publication Society, 1926), p. 173. INHP Library. 193. Journal of Common Council, 1867, I, p. 182. INHP Library Research Card Files, "Project B - Locust Street." 194. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 26. 195. Kelley, Life and Times, pp. 57-58. 196. Howard Gillette, Jr., "Philadelphia's City Hall," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Bioqrphy 97 (April 1973):236-37. INHP Library. 197. Herman LeRoy Collins, Philadelphia: A Story of Progress, Vol 1 (Phila.: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1941), p. 319. American Philosophical Society. 198. Kelley, Life and Times, p. 57. 199. City of Philadelphia, Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia, Apr. 4, 1881 to Sept. 29, 1881 (Phila.: E.C. Markley & Son, 1881), p. 77. Free Library. 200. City of Philadelphia, Journal of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia, Apr. 4 to Sept. 27, 1881 (Phila.: E.C. Markley & Son, 1881), p. 77. Free Library. m 201. City of Philadelphia, Journal of the Select Council, Apr. 4 to Sept. 29, _1AA1 w w , nr . - S/i • • 202. City of Philadelphia, Journal of the Common Council, Apr. 4 to Sept. 27, 1881, pp. 78-79. 203. City of Phiiaoelpnia, Journal of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia, Oct. 6, 1881 to Apr. 1, 1882 (Phila.: E.C. Markley & Son, 1882), p. 163. Free Library. 204. City of Philadelphia, Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia, Oct. 6, 1881 to March 30, 1882 (Phila.: 1882), p. 92. Free Library. 205. City of Philadelphia, Journal of the Common Council, Oct. 6, 1881 to Apr. 1, 1882, p. 191. 206. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 3:1846. 207. Jackson, "Our Town," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. 208. City of Philadelphia, Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia, Oct. 4, 1883 to Apr. 3, 1884 (Phila.: Dunlap and Clarke, 1884), p. 133. Free Library. 209. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 26. # 210. Fairmount Park Art Association, Sculpture of a City: Philadelphia's Treasures in Bronze and Stone (New York: Walker Publishing Co., 1974), p. 69. INHP Library. 211. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 25. 212. Ibid., p. 26.

5 213-214. Ibid., p. 28. 215. Fairmount Park Art Association, Sculpture of a City, p. 69. 216. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 28. 217. Ibid., p. 14. 218. Evening Bulletin, 100 Years, p. 51. 219-220. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 28. 221. Prey, The Independence Square Neighborhood, p. 55. 222. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 16. 223. "Penn Mutual Company Adds to Holdings," Mar. 28, 1912, Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. 224. Dallet, An Architectural View, pp. 28-29. 225. "To Beautify Washington Square," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. + 226. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 25. 227-229. "Historic Washington Square Being Made into Park Combining Beauty and Utility," Public Ledger (Dec. 26, 1915), 8. Free Library. 230. City of Philadelphia, Annual Report of the Department of Public Works, Year Ending Dec. 31, 1913. Free Library. 231. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 25. 232. Lockwood, Gardens of Colony and State, INHP Library Research Card Files. 233. "Historic Washington Square," Public Ledger. 234. Jackson, "Our Town," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. 235. "Human Bones Exumed in Washington Square," Public Ledger (June 9, 1915), l. Free Library. 236. "Washington Square," (editorial), Public Ledger (June 9, 1915), 12. # Free Library. 237. "Washington Square to be Beautified by New Trees," Public Ledger (Dec. 22, 1915). Free Library. 238. City of Philadelphia, Annual Report of the Department of Public Works, Year Ending Dec. 31, 1915. Free Library. 239. City of Philadelphia, Annual Report of the Department of Public Works, Year Ending Dec. 31, 1916. Free Library. I.lnrhi n n f nn Qr~\I mro II IMIUOI U.I IUUI • j. j Public Ledger*. 241. "Park Board Gets Public Squares," Public Ledger (July 7, 1916), 6. Free Library. 242. City of Philadelphia, Annual Report of the Department of Public Works, Year Ending Dec. 31, 1917. INHP Library. " 243. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 29. 244. "American Gas Company Bought Old Furness Home," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. 245. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 29. 246. Letters to Editor, Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. 247. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 29. m 248. Frey, The Independence Square Neighborhood, p. 53. 249. Ibid., pp. 53-55. 250. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 16. 251. Ibid., p. 29. 252. Fairmount Park Art Association, Sculpture of a City, p. 244. 253. Fairmount Park Art Association, Philadelphia's Treasures in Bronze and Stone (New York: Walker Publishing Co.,1976), p. 17. INHP Library. 254. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 29. 255. "Parking Lot to Replace Historic Church," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. 256. Dsllst. An Architsctursl visv'1, o. 1 £.

6 #

m 257. "Washington Square Cut-Off Approved by Park Board," Philadelphia Inquirer (Mar. 14, 1947), Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. 258. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 26. 259. "Washington Square Memorial Set," Bulletin (Feb. 11, 1954), Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. 260-261. "Park Board OKs Memorial for Washington Square," Philadelphia Inquirer (Feb. 12, 1954), Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. 262. N.W. Ayer & Son, "Washington Square" (1957), p. 10. Fairmount Park Commission. 263. Ibid., pp. 11-12. 264. "Washington Square Memorial Set," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. # 265. "Park Board OKs Memorial," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. 266. "Washington Square Memorial Set," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. 267. Fairmount Park Art Association, Sculpture of a City, p. 28. 268. "Washington Square Memorial Set," Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. # 269. N.W. Ayer & Son, "Washington Square," p. 10. 270. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 16. 271. "Diggers Uncover Soldiers' Bones from Revolution," Philadelphia Inquirer (Nov. 21, 1956), Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. 272. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 26. # 273. "Soldier of Revolution Honored in Washington Square Rites," Evening Bulletin (June 27, 1957), Society Hill - Washington Square Scrapbook. Athenaeum. 274. McCall, Old Philadelphia Houses, pp. 42-44. 275. Dallet, An Architectural View, p. 19. 276. I b i d . , 35. * p. 277. Ib i d . , p. 31. «’■>—7 r\ TU.* J 1 ~r z. / o . 1 U 1 U •, M • J. / •

m

*

7 Diagrams # Southeast Square early 1700s

o 100 200 Scale feet Southeast Square mid 1700s ♦

Southeast Square 1776

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Southeast Square 1811

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Washington Square 1833 W ashington Square 1849

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Nafe: T V «pparznt- inosasd. in building diO ôrty -from -+Vi£ 1844 d io ^ rm -te + h e |g£ô diagram ¡s aacaun-ted -far by rtferring +o Such aflascs ai Hcxamir and l^Jitrè , Which dacumcn-fisd «each building locations, h g inning ¿traund \îù>o. Washington Square 1860

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Washington Square 1914 Washington Square 1930 Washington Square 1957 Walnut Stm&t Sources for Diagrams

1683 Lewis, Lawrence Jr. An Essay on Original Land Titles in Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Kay & Brother, 1880. INHP Library.

Holme, Thomas. "A P ortraitu re of the City of P h ila d e lp h ia ...." 1683. INHP Library.

City of Philadelphia, Bureau of Building Inspection. "Dock Creek - 12A and 12B." 1934. INHP Historic Architecture Office.

1776 Easbum, Benjamin. "A Plan of the City of Philadelphia." 1796. INHP Library.

Sellin, Thorsten. "Philadelphia Prisons of the Eighteenth Century." Historic Philadelphia, From the Founding Until the Early Nineteenth Century. Vol. 43, Part 1, edited by Luther P. Eisenhart, American Philosophical Society, 1953. INHP Library.

1796 Hills, John. "This Plan of the City of Philadelphia...." 1796. INHP Library.

1811 Paxton, John A. "To the Citizens of Philadelphia, This New Plan of the City and its Environs...." To accompany Paxton's Stranger's Guide. 1811. INHP Library.

1820 "This Plan of the City of Philadelphia and Environs...." Cammeyer & Acock, 1819. INHP Library.

Kneass, W. "To the Hose Companies of P h ila d e lp h ia ...." c. 1820. INHP Library.

Paxton, John A. "...Philadelphia...." c. 1816. American Philosophical S o ciety .

1833 Allen, William. "New Map of Philadelphia and Adjacent Districts." H.S. Tanner, 1830. INHP Library.

Drayton, F. "Plan of the City of Philadelphia." E.L. Carey & A. Hart, 1833. INHP Library.

Scharf, J. Thomas and Thompson Westcott. History of Philadelphia, 1609- 1884. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts & Co., 1884. (Layout and dimensions of the square from a description by the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.)

1849 Schmitz, M. "Map of Washington Square, Walnut Street, Philadelphia." Philadelphia: T. Sinclair, 1843. Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Sidney, J.C. "Map of Philadelphia." 1849. INHP Library. 1860 Hexamer, Ernest, and William Locher. Maps of the City of Philadelphia Philadelphia: Hexamer & Locher, 1858. Free Library.

Hexamer, Ernest, and William Locher. Maps o f the City of Philadelphia Philadelphia: Hexamer & Locher, 1860. Free Library.

Smedley, Samuel L. Smedley's Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1862. City Archives.

1885 City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia. Apr. 4, 1881 to Sept. 29, 1881. Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son, 1881. Free Library.

Bromley, George W. and Walter S. Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: G.W. Bromley & Co., 1885. City Archives.

1914 Bromley, George W. and Walter S. Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: G.W. Bromley & Co., 1908. INHP Library.

Smith, Elvino V. Atlas of the 5th, 7th and 8th Wards of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Elvino V. Smith, 1908. Buildings revised to 1914. Free Library.

1930 Smith, Elvino V. Atlas of the 5th to 10th Wards of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Elvino V. Smith, 1927. Revised to 1930. Free Library.

1957 Topographic Data Consultants, Inc. "Washington S q u a r e .1983. Fairmount Park Commission.

" Washington Square Cut-Off Approved by Park Board," Philadelphia Tnqin’ror (Mg-rrb 11^ 1 947). Fro™ Society H ill — Washington Square Scrapbook, Athenaeum.

1984 Sanborn Map Co. Insurance Maps of Philadelphia. Vol. 1. Updated to 1984. Free Library.

Topographic Data Consultants, Inc. "Washington Square." 1983. Fairmount Park Commission. Illustrations ------— =------... . <*...... : • JK V *K. • -. '■!. ... #1 co Ct. r~ vc. V». £ Jr*: - j w . nj >

51- v, • u mp: On ; on cX VI ■A ' A A ^ 00. 3>; v*: S. V> 5 : v/. ^ A w K» ^ •¿; Ü ; ? ^ 4» — T* a- - u '. - V ...... 5; 5 •V.: c* V»; 4k *v Oy v-> ^ *>: V 5 " J : — : V» ..if .... 4J

River River Delaware 1

------______/■7 V. j ». ; i j > v . TTZ K ; à ; 1 . ,z. . § 5 S'S f" T u O', V* -• T T 9 -# '•O : o £ ; 5 5 1 ...... a 1 Î 7 v^ • »« f ...... ' Ck > > * : y kw. ! Oo à 2 . :...... f 3 j 5 trc,« o — i ; ? »...... ’ "

"A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia..." by Thomas Holme, William Penn's Surveyor-General, 1683. This is the first known delineation of the proposed layout of Philadelphia. Intended ose of the public squares as ocen space is denoted bv trees. INH p L1b rarv. •'•Ifljs'.i MU; k m • ■ jbs 5 JT#., 'i&l } (4:)U J hjibi%*t j

Portion of Davies map, 1794, with pen notes by J. F. Watson, showing duck pond and course of the stream through Southeast Square. Map also shows the relationship of the Square to the State House Yard and the Walnut Street Prison. From Watson's MS Annals, Library Company of Philadelphia. Photograph copy at INHP Library. fä&zt&seS&i v «4 4-A^l l ir ♦ .■«»'• • * [JM A M E j>i i ^liXv K

Enlargement of William Allen's "Map of Philadelphia," 1828. This map shows the first formalized layout of walks in the Square, designed and constructed around 1816-18. Photograph copy, INHP Library. ♦

Watercolor, "Boys Playing Marbles in Washington Square", ca. 1825. Note white paling fence and possible monument in background. Library Company of Philadelphia.

I Ì ® Details from Schmitz' "Map of Washington Square," 1843. At this time, iron fencing surrounded the square, and gates such as the one illustrated here appeared at the for comers and four sides of the square. Along with a complete listing of plant materials, Schmitz also included on his map a proposal for a monument to George Washington. This particular monument design was never ® implemented. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. m-

Bromley's Atlas of Philadelphia, 1908. Atlases compiled by Bromley, Hexamer & Locher, and others, are helpful for- ehnwnig the layout of the Square, as well as detailed information on surrounding buildings. This 1908 atlas shows the second major layout design of the Square, • installed in the 1880's. INHP Library. ^:riw ,

\ ^ ; * S a s é *

Washington Grays Monument, located in the center of the Square from 1908 to 1917. Now-demolished First Presbyterian Church by ■jcnn navLiand is ip. lH0 background. Library Company of Philadelphia. ‘:;>À r. r. \ n UV:- UV:-

•*5 »*%-£* >: 1 >• ^

A diagram of Washington Square by Olmsted Brothers, Brookline, MA, 1913. This leading landscape architecture firm was hired by the Washington Square Improvement A ssociation to survey the number, types and conditions of existing trees in the Square, and to propose a new sidewalk layout. Society Hill - Washington Square f i l e s , Athenaeum. Washington Square, ca. 1928. Looking North towards the Curtis Building. The layout of the Square had just recently been changed to what is now the current plan, but Brumbaugh's c o lo n ia l-s ty le wall surrounding the Square had not yet been built. Penrose Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. *fc 1 * — —J 3 ro ~ \ detail of 2 cro // r

c / RO/VT £ l e v/,4 r/O /V

Front elevation drawing of the Memorial to the Unknown Soldier of the American R evolution, from construction drawings by 9 a rch itect G. Edwin Brumbaugh, 1956. Fairmount Park Commission.

Bibliography

American Philosophical Society

Collins, Herman LeRoy. Philadelphia: A Story of Progress. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1941.

Kneass, W. "To the Hose Companies of Philadelphia...." c. 1820. Hose house map.

Longstreth, Edward. The Art Guide to Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 1925. Washington Grays Monument.

Paxton, John A. "...Philadelphia...." c. 1816. Hydrant Map.

Peale - Sellers Papers, c. 1830. BP31. A petition by Philadelphia citizens for the improvement of Washington Square.

Schmitz, M. "Map of Washington Square, Walnut Street, Philadelphia." Philadelphia: T. Sinclair, 1843. Also at Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Westcott, Thompson. A History of Philadelphia. Vols. 1-4, on microfilm. Philadelphia, 1886.

Athenaeum

G reiff , Constance M. John Notman, A rch itect. Philadelphia: The Athenaeum of Philadelphia, 1979. Design of the Athenaeum.

Society H ill - Washington Square scrapbook. 1909-1960. Newspaper clippings, letters, etc.

Wild, J. C. Panorama and Views of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: J.B. Chevalier, 1838. View of the square from the State House tower.

Atwater Kent Museum

Map Collection

Gamble, W.H. "Plan of the City of P hiladelphia and Camden." Philadelphia: William F. Bradley & Brother, 1886.

Wagner and McGuigan. "Plan of the B u ilt Portions of the City of- Philadelphia." Philadelphia: R.L. Barnes, 1857.

Note: Many other useful maps are contained in the Atwater Kent map collection. For purposes of this report, photographic copies of these maps, located in the Independence National Historical Park Library photograph collection, were referred to. «

City Archives

City of Philadelphia, Bureau of Engineering and Surveys, City Plans Division. "Rehabilitation: Broad Street to Delaware River." 1931. Photographic copy of map.

City of Philadelphia, Bureau of Surveys, General Plans Division. "Proposed Central Traffic Circuit and Approaches." 1913. Photographic copy of map.

Photographs of Washington Square, folders // 952, 953, 954, 1704, 1706, 1777, 1778.

Note: Most of the following atlases can also be found at the Free Library of Philadelphia.

Bromley, George W. and Walter S. Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: G.W. Bromley and Co., 1885.

Bromley, George W. and Walter S. Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: G.W. Bromley and Co., 1922.

Franklin Survey Co. One Hundred Per Cent "Intra City" Business Property A tlas of P h iladelph ia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: Lewis L. Amsterdam, 1939.

MacCormac, Walter S. Atlas of Philadelphia in Fifteen Volumes. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: G.H. Jones & Co., 1874.

Smedley, Samuel L. Smedley's Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1862.

Fairmount Park Commission, Engineering Department, Memorial Hall

Asplundh Environmental Services. "Washington Square." 1979. Site plan.

N.W. Ayer & Son. "Washington Square." 1957. Booklet.

Brumbaugh, G. Edwin. "Memorial and Fountain." 1956. Plan, sectio n and elevation drawings.

Topographic Data Consultants, Inc. "Washington Square." 1983. Site plan.

Free Library of Philadelphia

Jenkins, C.F. Of Washington Square. Philadelphia, 1912.

Microforms and Newspapers

"H istoric Washington Square Being Made into Park Combining Beauty and Utility," Public Ledger (Dec. 2b, 1913), Ò.

9 "Human Bones Exumed in Washington Square," Public Ledger (April 7, 1915), 1.

"$100,000 Well Spent, But Park's Still Shabby," South Street Star (Aug. 14, 1986), 1.

"Park Board Gets Public Squares," Public Ledger (July 7, 1916), 6. Transfer of the square to Fairmount Park Commission.

"Washington Square," (editorial), Public Ledger (June 9, 1915), 12.

"Washington Square: A Pleasant Place with a Painful History," South Street Star (Jan. 10, 1985), 6.

"Washington Square to be Beautified by New Trees," Public Ledger (Dec. 22, 1915).

Government P ublications

City of Philadelphia. Annual Report of the Department of Public Works, Year Ending Dec. 31, 1913.

City of Philadelphia. Annual Report of the Department of Public Works, Year Ending Dec. 31, 1915.

City of Philadelphia. Annual Report of the Department of Public Works, Year Ending Dec. 31, 1916.

Note: The following volumes of Journal of the Common Council and Journal of the Select Council document the change of sidewalk layout in the square, 1881-1884.

City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia. Apr. 4 to Sept. 27, 1881. Philadelphia: E.C. Markley 4Son, 1881.

City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia. Oct. 6, 1881 to Apr. 1, 1882. Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son, 1882.

City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia. Oct. 5, 1882 to March 28, 1883. Philadelphia: J. Spencer Smith, 1883.

City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia. Apr. 2, 1883 to Sept. 25, 1883. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Dunlap & Clarke, 1883.

City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia. Oct. 4, 1883 to Apr. 3, 1884. Philadelphia: Dunlap & Clarke, 1884.

City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia. Apr. 4, 1881 to Sept. 29, 1881. Philadelphia: E.C. Markley 4 Sen, 1881. Appendix, pp. 3-4. Sidewalk layout and

•-i. j-iTiLiii o i_l 11 o .. i_ - . . .. ■ .. j i_ ri -. i.:y : i i i . ^ c u o L a n •

3 City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia. Oct. 6, 1881 to March 30, 1882. Philadelphia, 1882.

City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia. Oct. 5, 1882 to March 28, 1883. Philadelphia: J. Spencer Smith, 1883.

City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia. Apr. 2, 1883 to Oct. 1, 1883. Philadelphia: Dunlap & Clarke, 1883.

City of Philadelphia. Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia. Oct. 4, 1883 to Apr. 3, 1884. Philadelphia: Dunlap & Clarke, 1884.

Print Department (photographs)

Castner Collection, Vols. 31 and 41.

Circulating materials, Philadelphia, Washington Square photographs.

Philadelphia Collection, Washington Square file.

Map Collection. Note: Many of the following atlases are also available at the City Archives.

Baist, G.Wm. Baist's Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: G. Wm. Baist, 1888.

Bromley, George W. and Walter S. Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: G.W. Bromley & Co., 1901.

Hexamer, Ernest, and William Locher. Maps of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Hexamer & Locher, 1858.

Hexamer, Ernest, and William Locher. Maps of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Hexamer & Locher, 1860.

Hexamer, Ernest & Son. Insurance Maps of Philadelphia. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Ernest Hexamer & Son, 1903.

Hexamer, Ernest & Son. Insurance Maps of the City of Philadelphia. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Ernest Hexamer & Son, 1915.

Hexamer, Ernest & Son. Insurance Maps of the City of Philadelphia. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: Ernest Hexamer & Son, 1915.

Hopkins, G.M. City Atlas of Philadelphia. Vol. 6. Philadelphia: G.M. Hopkins, 1875.

Kaufmann, Charles D. S treet Atlas of P hiladelphia, by Wards. Philadelphia: Charles D. Kaufmann, 1895.

Sanborn Map Co. Insurance Maps of Philadelphia. Vol. 1. Updated "o Smith, Elvino V. Atlas of the 5th, 7th and 8th Wards of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Elvino V. Smith, 1908.

Smith, Elvino V. Atlas of the 5th, 7th and 8th Wards of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Elvino V. Smith, 1908. Buildings revised to 1914.

Smith, Elvino V. Atlas of the 5th to 10th Wards of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Elvino V. Smith, 1927. Revised to 1930.

Historical Society of Pennsylvania

Penrose Pictorial Philadelphia Collection, Voi. 78. Photographs and newspaper clippings.

Perkins Collection, Voi. 22. Photographs and newspaper clippings.

Schmitz, M. "Map of Washington Square, Walnut S treet, Philadelphia." Philadelphia: T. Sinclair, 1843. MS Collection. Also at American Philosophical Society.

Independence National Historical Park - Historic Architecture Office

City of Philadelphia, Bureau of Building Inspection. "Dock Creek - 12A and 12B." 1934. Copy of plan of Dock Creek.

Independence National Historical Park. "Historic Grounds Report on State House Yard, Part 1." Philadelphia, 1959. History of Independence Square.

Independence National Historical Park Library

Addison, Agnes. "William Strickland." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 67 (1 9 4 3 ):293.

Bell, Whitfield J. , Jr. "Addenda to Watson's Annals of Philadelphia: Notes by Jacob Mordecai, 1836." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 98 (Apr. 1974): 141-142, 168.

Bromley, George W. and Walter S. Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: G.W. Bromley & Co., 1908. Also at Free Library.

Burt, Struthers. P hiladelphia: Holy Experiment. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1945.

City of P hiladelph ia. Annual Report of the Department of Public Works, Year Ending Dec. 31, 1917. "The Diaries of Sidney George Fisher, 1839-1840." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 77 (January 1953): 89.

Evening Bulletin. 100 Years in Philadelphia. Philadelphia: The Evening Bulletin, 1947.

Fairmount Park Art Association. Philadelphia's Treasures in Bronze and Stone. New York: Walker Publishing Co., 1976. N.W. Ayer Building.

Fairmount Park Art Association. Sculpture of a City: Philadelphia’s Treasures in Bronze and Stone. New York: Walker Publishing Co., 1974. George Washington Revolutionary War Memorial; Washington Grays Monument; Society of the Cincinnati's Washington Monument; N.W. Ayer Building.

Frey, Carroll. The Independence Square Neighborhood. Philadelphia: The Beck Engraving Co., 1926.

G illette, Howard Jr. "Philadelphia's City Hall." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 97 (April 1973): 236-37. Consideration of Washington Square as the site for the new City Hall, 1870.

Groce, George C. and David H. Wallace. The New York Historical Society's D ictionary of A r tists in America. New Haven: Yale U niversity Press, 1957. George Bridport, John Carr, John Haviland, Jean Antoine Houdon.

Jackson, Joseph. Encyclopedia of Philadelphia. Vol. 4. Harrisburg: National Historical Association, 1933.

Kelley, Joseph J ., Jr. Life and Times in Colonial Philadelphia. Harrisburg: Stackpole Co., 1973.

Kite, Benjamin. "Recollections of Philadelphia Near Seventy Years Ago." Pennsylvania. Magazine of History and Biography 19 (1395): 264.

Lewis, John Frederick. The History of an Old Philadelphia Land T itle. Philadelphia: Patterson & White Co., 1934.

Lewis, Lawrence Jr. An Essay on Original Land Titles in Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Kay & Brother, 1880.

Lippincott, Horace Mather. Early Philadelphia: Its People, Life and Progress. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippdncott Co., 1917.

McCall, Elizabeth B. Old Philadelphia Houses on Society Hill, 1750-1840. New York: A rchitectural Book Publishing C o., 1966.

Moore, John Hebron, ed. "A View of Philadelphia in 1829." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 78 (July 1954): 355.

Morgan, George. The City of Firsts. Philadelphia: The Historical Publication Society, 1926.

Myers, Albert Cook, ed. Sally Wister's Journal. Philadelphia: Ferris & Leach, 1902.

6 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 39 (1915): 506. Notes and Queries.

Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 49 (1925): 380. Notes and Queries.

Philadelphia National Shrines Park Commission. "Final Report to the United States Congress." Brief Report on the square.

Scharf, J. Thomas and Thompson Westcott. History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts & Co., 1884.

Sellin, Thorsten. "Philadelphia Prisons of the Eighteenth Century." Historic Philadelphia, From the Founding Until the Early Nineteenth Century. Vol. 43, Part 1, edited by Luther P. Eisenhart, American Philosophical Society, 1953. Walnut Street Prison.

Simon, Grant M iles. "Part of Old Philadelphia: A Map Showing H istoric Buildings and Sites." Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1952. From American Philosophical Society's Historic Philadelphia, from the Founding until the Early Nineteenth Century.

Tatum, George B. Penn's Great Town. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961.

Taylor, Frank H., ed. The City of Philadelphia as it Appears in the Year 1894. Philadelphia: George S. Harris & Sons, 1894.

Ward, Townsend. "Second Street and the Second Street Road and their Associations. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 4 (1880): 404-5. Description of the square in 1814 by Mr. George Ticknor.

Watson, John F. Annals of Philadelphia. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Leary, Stuart Co., 1927.

Wdt sen j vJolnn IT. AnnciXs of Vol« 3« PlillololplilcLi Lciiry Stusrt Co., 1927.

Archive Collection

"Map of Washington Square - References." Office of History, File 6, Box 25B, Row 5. Philadelphia Today Publications. Historic Sites (non NPS) Legend to "Map of Washington Square" MS at Pennsylvania Horticultural Society Library, including list of trees.

Photograph Collection - Streets

Photograph Collection - Maps, Models, Plans. Note: The following listed maps are photographic copies. Where indicated, full size maps may be found elsewhere.

Allen, William. "New Map of Philadelphia and Adjacent Districts." H.S. Tanner, 1830.

Davies, Benjamin. "...Plan of the City and Suburbs of Philadelphia...." 179^. Also at Atwater Kent Museum.

7 Drayton, F. "Plan of the City of Philadelphia." E.L. Carey & A. Hart, 1833.

Easbum, Benjamin. "A Plan of the City of Philadelphia." London: Andrew Dury, 1776.

Hills, John. "This Plan of the City of Philadelphia...." 1796. Also at Atwater Kent Museum.

Holme, Thomas. "A P ortraitu re of the City of Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania in America." 1683. Also at Atwater Kent Museum.

Howell, Reading. "The Ground Plat of the City of Philadelphia." 1809.

"Map of Washington Square." c. 1835-40. Also at Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

Paxton, John A. "To the Citizens of Philadelphia, This New Plan of the City and i t s E n v ir o n s...." To accompany Paxton's Stranger's Guide. 1811. Also at Atwater Kent Museum.

"A Plan of the City of Philadelphia." 1777?

Reed, John. "Map of Philadelphia and V icin ity - 1774." Charles L. Warner, 1870.

Sidney, J.C. "Map of Philadelphia." 1849. Also at Atwater Kent Museum.

"This Plan of the City of Philadelphia and Environs...." Cammeyer & Acock, 1819. Also at Atwater Kent Museum.

Research Card File Collection - Horticulture; Jails and Prisons; Philadelphia, City of - Cemeteries, Streets; Project B. A collection of historical references to P hiladelph ia, from numerous sources.

Library Company of Philadelphia

Bridport, George. Original plan and elevation proposals for Washington Square and Monument, Philadelphia, November 1816. MS Collection. Watercolor paintings.

Carr, John. "Boys Playing Marbles in Washington Square." c. 1825. MS Collection. Watercolor painting.

Photograph Collection - Streets. Penelope H. Batcheier

A Handbook for the Stranger in Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 1846.

Greiff, Constance M. Lost America from the Atlantic to the M ississippi. Princeton: The Pyne Press, 1971.

Bailey, Joel J. & Co. Philadelphia and its Environs. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1876.

Looney, Robert F. Old Philadelphia in Early Photographs, 1839-1914. New York: Dover P u b lica tio n s, 1976.

Pennell, Elizabeth Robins and Joseph. Our Philadelphia. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1914.

Philadelphia as It Is. Philadelphia: P.J. Gray, 1834.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society .

Dallet, Francis James. An Architectural View of Washington Square. 1968. A comprehensive history of the square and surrounding buildings.

Frey, Carroll. Philadelphia's Washington Square. 1952.

"Map of Washington Square." MS map, c. 1835-40, found among papers of Horace Binney, first president of Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. (See also Dallet's An Architectural View, p. 24.)

Philadelphia City Hall

City Hall, room 153 Records. Washington Square plot plan, #2S9. Current street dimensions.

Philadelphia Historical Commission

Labs, Kenneth B. "The 'Southeast Square' of Philadelphia: An Evolutionary History." Thesis, University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia Historical Commission, Washington Square Mise. file.

Philadelphia Municipal Services Building

Bureau of Surveys and Design, City Plans and Road Records, Municipal Services Building. Map # 308. Current street dimensions.

9