Control, Cultural Production and Consumption
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LP_inlaga.book Page 1 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM Control, Cultural Production and Consumption 1 LP_inlaga.book Page 2 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM EFI Mission EFI, the Economic Research Institute at the Stockholm School of Economics, is a scientific institution that works independently of economic, political and sectional interests. It con- ducts theoretical and empirical research in the management and economic sciences, includ- ing selected related disciplines. The Institute encourages and assists in the publication and distribution of its research findings and is also involved in the doctoral education at the Stock- holm School of Economics. At EFI, the researchers select their projects based on the need for theoretical or practical development of a research domain, on their methodological interests, and on the generality of a problem. Research Organization The research activities at the Institute are organized into 21 Research Centres. Centre Directors are professors at the Stockholm School of Economics. EFI Research Centre: Centre Director: Management and Organisation (A) Sven-Erik Sjöstrand Centre for Entrepreneurship and Business Creation (E) Carin Holmquist Public Management (F) Nils Brunsson Information Management (I) Mats Lundeberg Centre for People and Organization (PMO) Andreas Werr (acting) Centre for Innovation and Operations Management (T) Pär Åhlström Centre for Media and Economic Psychology (P) Guje Sevón Centre for Consumer Marketing (CCM) Magnus Söderlund Centre for Information and Communication Research (CIC) Per Andersson (acting) Marketing, Distribution and Industrial Dynamics (D) Björn Axelsson Centre for Strategy and Competitiveness (CSC) Örjan Sölvell Centre for Business and Economic History (BEH) Håkan Lindgren Accounting and Managerial Finance (B) Johnny Lind Centre for Financial Analysis and Managerial Economics in Kenth Skogsvik Accounting (BFAC) Finance (FI) Clas Bergström Centre for Health Economics (CHE) Magnus Johannesson International Economics and Geography (IEG) Mats Lundahl Economics (S) Paul Segerstrom Economic Statistics (ES) Anders Westlund Law (RV) Johnny Herre Centre for Tax Law (SR) Bertil Wiman Chair of the Board: Professor Carin Holmquist Director: Associate Professor Filip Wijkström Address EFI, Box 6501, SE-113 83 Stockholm, Sweden • Website: www.hhs.se/efi/ Telephone: +46(0)8-736 90 00 • Fax: +46(0)8-31 62 70 • E-mail [email protected] 2 LP_inlaga.book Page 3 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM Control, Cultural Production and Consumption Theoretical Perspectives, Empirical Dilemmas, and Swedish Music Industry Practices Linda Portnoff 3 LP_inlaga.book Page 4 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D. Stockholm School of Economics, 2007 Keywords: Cultural production and consumption, Popular music industry, Manage- ment control, Financial control, Social controls, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, Social constructionism, Bourdieu, Commodification, Commercial sociability, Award-and-list culture, Pseudo-Gemeinschaft Control, Cultural Production and Consumption © 2007 Linda Portnoff and EFI ISBN 978-91-7258-742-7 Produced by: eddy.se ab, Visby 2007 Printed by: Elanders, Vällingby 2007 Distributed by: The Economic Research Institute (EFI) Stockholm School of Economics Box 6501, SE-113 83 Stockholm, Sweden Internet: www.hhs.se/efi/ The duplication of the content of this book, whether in whole or in part, without the consent of EFI, is prohibited pursuant to the Copyright Act (1960:729). The prohibition applies to every form of duplication such as printing, copying, recording, etc. 4 LP_inlaga.book Page 5 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM PREFACE The world is full of complex connections, some of which may be explained and understood, some of which are harder to perceive, yet others that are too complicated or even impossible to talk about. Certain dimensions of life are most plainly communicated and com- prehended through aesthetic experiences. This is why art plays an important role in our human existence. To speak for myself, life would be poorer, more boring, and more difficult to appreciate without a cultural water hole able of providing a particular consola- tion outside of work and social life. This dissertation originates from an interest in two rather separate matters; in the role of culture and the significance of music, and in structures and processes of control in society. I am fortunate to be able to satisfy a curiosity regarding both these matters, on one hand as a practicing musician, and on the other hand as a doctoral stu- dent in The Department of Accounting and Commercial law at the Stockholm School of Economics. Being able to cogitate on the role and status of culture and economy in society from a musician’s perspective, as well as from a business administration viewpoint, puts me in a unique position to explore the development of social and economic relationships and their inextricable linkages to the development of control mechanisms in the Swedish popular music industry, which this book is all about. In this prelude I want to take the opportunity to express some acknowl- edgments. 5 LP_inlaga.book Page 6 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM Despite the numerous obstacles I have stumbled across in this dis- sertation project, it has been a privilege and a great pleasure to do research and write a book about a topic that has genuinely inter- ested me. I am grateful to my primary supervisor Professor Lars Öst- man for making this possible. Several years ago, Lars and I entered into a conversation about scientific and intellectual matters that soon extended to questions about music in particular and life in general. I want to express my enjoyment of our discussions and my appreciation especially for the humanistic sides of your personality Lars, which these talks revealed. I also want to thank the other three professors of the supervising committee; Johnny Lind, Trevor Hop- per, and Sven-Erik Sjöstrand for much appreciated guidance and feedback on my work. I am happy that Professor Hopper encouraged me to go spend some time at The University of New South Wales in Australia, and I want to thank Professor Wai Fong Chua and the rest of the staff at the School of Accounting for making my visit productive and fun. I especially want to thank Christina Boedker, Habib Mahama, Mandy Chong, Paul Andon, Nicole Ang, and Sean Bedard at UNSW, and Chris Poullaos and Jane Baxter at The University of Sydney, for giv- ing valuable feed-back on my theoretical chapters at a seminar in Sydney in May 2006. I also want to thank Richard Seymour at The University of Sydney for inspiring discussions on the differences and similarities between phenomenological and social constructionist approaches to research. Recognition also goes out to my colleagues and former colleagues at The Department of Accounting and Commercial Law and Center for Financial Analysis and Managerial Economics in Accounting, whom I want to thank for having read and/or discussed my evolving manuscript at different points in time, thereby helping to improve the final outcome, or for just having been supportive colleagues; Karin, Henrik, Anna-Karin, Martin, Henning, Anna-Stina, Eva, Niclas, Katerina, Anja, Tomas, Peter, Sven-Erik, Kalle, Gunnar, Malin, 6 LP_inlaga.book Page 7 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM Hans, Göran, Catharina, Walter, Hanna, Kenth, Stina, Torkel, Elvi, Håkan, and Ulrika. I also want to thank Paul Schrieber at Stockholm University for help- ing me with the editing and proofreading. I am grateful that I have had research models such as David Cooper, Jenny Lantz, and Anna Wahl to look up to and get inspired by in my research process. Jenny is also one of my best, supporting friends, and I am greatly thankful that I got to know you during my doctoral studies. For all the faith in my research as well as my musical efforts, I want to thank you Theodor. I also want to give a big hug to Heléne, Anna, Erica, Julia, Anna-Karin, Hanna, and my dear band mates Tove, Tobias, and Andreas, and my former band mate Jenny, for being such good and wise friends. Without the encouragement of my friends and family over the years, I wouldn’t have been able to fulfill this task. I want to express my love to my parents Anita and Guy, my brother Jimmy and Sebastian, my sisters Heléne and Sara and her family. And lastly and most fervently, for unfailing love and support – thank you Niklas! This research was made possible by the participation of numerous music industry actors, whom I all want to thank, and by the generous financial support of SSE, Bo Fridmans Stipendium from KPMG Bohlins ABs Stipendiestiftelse, The Fields of Flow Research Pro- gram, which is financed by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, and Louis Fraenckels Stiftelse. Stockholm, October 2007 Linda Portnoff 7 LP_inlaga.book Page 8 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM 8 LP_inlaga.book Page 9 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . 13 Research issue . 13 Positioning in a management control discourse . 16 Relating to previous studies on cultural production and consumption . 20 Research aim . 22 Research questions . 25 Structure of the dissertation . 28 PART I: EPISTEMOLOGICAL, THEORETICAL, AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Epistemology . 35 On the links between epistemology, ontology, and axioms . 35 Social constructionism . 36 The epistemology of critical theory . 37 The epistemology of reflexive sociology . 39 Engaging dialectical and reflexive thinking . 40 Control in Reciprocal Relations . 43 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft . 44 An analytical dialectical model . 44 Dialectical understanding . 48 The theoretical affinities of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft . 50 Gesellschaft axiomatic studies . 56 Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft dialectical studies . 60 9 LP_inlaga.book Page 10 Tuesday, December 11, 2007 10:02 AM A conceptual framework of control in reciprocal relations . 65 Theorizations of Society, Culture, and Economy . 69 A sociological theory of practice . 69 The praxeology of Bourdieu . 71 Bourdieuan concepts . 72 The logic of the field of cultural production .