ANTIPLASMODIAL POTENTIAL of Garcinia Kola (HECKEL) STEMBARK EXTRACT in ALBINO MICE
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ISSN: Journal of Natural Print - 2277 - 0593 Science, Engineering Online - 2315 - 7461 and Technology © FUNAAB 2019 ANTIPLASMODIAL POTENTIAL OF Garcinia kola (HECKEL) STEMBARK EXTRACT IN ALBINO MICE 1I. T. GBADAMOSI, *2A. O. ADEYI AND 1M. O. BRAIMOH 1Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 2Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Tel.+2348030692698 ABSTRACT Garcinia kola stem bark forms part of recipes used traditionally for the treatment of malaria. In view of the prevalence of malaria in Nigeria, this study investigated the phytochemical, mineral and proximate components, as well as antiplasmodial activity and toxicological effect of Garcinia kola stem bark ex- tract against Plasmodium berghei infected mice. The plant sample was screened for phytochemical, mineral and proximate components using standard laboratory techniques. Thirty five mice were divid- ed into seven groups of five mice each. Malaria was induced in all the groups intraperitoneally with 0.2 mL of infected blood containing about 107 of P. berghei parasitized red blood cells, except group 6 (extract only) and group 7 (normal control). Group 1 received 100 mg/kg bodyweight of the extract orally. Group 2 received 200 mg/kg of the extract. Group 3 received 300 mg/kg of the extract. Group 4 received 5 mg/kg of chloroquine. Group 5 (induced but untreated control). The haematology, liver function enzymes and histopathology of the liver were carried out using standard protocols. The plant was rich in alkaloids, iron and fibre. The extract treated groups (1-3) showed significant decrease (p≤0.05) in parasitemia level after seven days of treatment. There was no significant difference in AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin and GGT activities in all the extract treated groups compared to the control. No pathological changes were evident in histopathology of all the groups treated with various concen- tration of the extract. The result obtained from this study confirmed the antiplasmodial activity of meth- anol extract of G. kola stem bark. The highest inhibition of P. berghie parasite was observed at dose 300 mg/kg comparable to chloroquine, with no hepatoxicity which confirmed the safety of G. kola. The phytochemicals and nutritional components could be responsible for the observed antiplasmodial ac- tivity of the plant. Keywords: Garcinia kola, Phytochemical components, Nutritional values, Plasmodium berghei, An- tiplasmodial effect. INTRODUCTION and over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria Malaria is undoubtedly one of the world’s (Salihu and Sanni, 2013). Malaria is still Afri- most deadly diseases (Winter et al., 2006). It ca’s leading health problem due to drug re- is a major public health problem in Nigeria sistance to most anti-malaria drugs, insecti- where it accounts for more death cases than cide resistance in mosquitoes, war and civil any other country in the world. In Nigeria, disturbances, environmental changes, climat- 97% of its population is at risk of malaria ic changes, travel and population increase with an estimated 100 million malaria cases (WHO, 2008). J. Nat. Sci. Engr. & Tech. 2019, 18(1&2): 113-127 113 I. T. GBADAMOSI, A. O. ADEYI AND M. O. BRAIMOH Malaria is one of the major tropical parasitic cells and platelets, headache, depression and diseases responsible for significant morbidi- low blood pressure. Other side effects are ty and mortality especially among children dizziness, muscle pain, fever, headache, and pregnant women (Ekeanyanwu and chills, skin rash, fatigue, circulatory disturb- Ogu, 2010). Malaria parasites belong to the ances, chest pain, fast heart rate, rash, hives, genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa). and slow heart rate (Winstanley et al., 2004). In humans, malaria is caused by P. falcipa- Currently, multi-drug resistance has become rum, P. maglariae, P. ovale, P. vivax and P. one of the most important problems imped- knowlesi (Mueller et al., 2007). Severe malaria ing malaria control efforts (Sendagire et al., is usually caused by P. falciparum (often re- 2005; Htut and Engl, 2009). In the late ferred to as falciparum malaria). 1940s, chloroquine was massively used and accepted worldwide, but resistance has Malaria is transmitted to humans via the spread to the vast majority of the malaria bite of an infected female Anopheles mosqui- endemic regions like Africa, South East Asia to. Only female mosquitoes feed on blood; and East Asia (Sanket and Sarita, 2009). Re- male mosquitoes feed on plant nectar, and sistance to mefloquine has become an issue thus do not transmit the disease. The fe- in Combodia, Myanmar, and some border males of the Anopheles genus of mosquito areas of Thailand. Although quinine and tet- prefer to feed at night. They usually start racycline are used in combination for treat- searching for a meal at dusk, and will con- ing uncomplicated malaria in some areas like tinue throughout the night until taking a Brazil and South East Asia, sensitivity to qui- meal (Arrow et al., 2004). The signs and nine is still seriously diminishing (Fidock et symptoms of malaria typically begin 8-25 al., 2004). Hence, the problem of resistance days following infection (Bartoloni and of plasmodium to antimalarial drugs in the Zammarchi, 2012; Fairhurst and Wellems, malaria endemic regions of the world has left 2010). The classic symptom of malaria is this region with an unprecedented situation paroxysm, a cyclical occurrence of sudden in which the few and affordable treatment coldness followed by rigor and then fever options are rapidly losing therapeutic efficacy and sweating, occurring every two days (Khozirah et al., 2011). Spread of multidrug- (tertian fever) in P. vivax and P. ovale infec- resistant strains of plasmodium and the ad- tions, and every three days (quartan fever) verse side effects of the existing anti-malarial for P. malariae. P. falciparum infection can drugs have necessitated the search for novel, cause recurrent fever every 36–48 hours or well tolerated and more efficient antimalarial a less pronounced and almost continuous drugs (Bickii et al., 2000). fever (Ferri, 2009). In Africa up to 80 % of the population still Drugs used in the treatment of malaria are, rely on herbal medicine to treat malaria and chloroquine, mefloquine, artesunate, arte- other diseases (Agbedahunsi, 2000), because mether and bulaquine and their side effects of their affordability and accessibility. Al- include, vision impairment, deafness, loss of stonia boonei bark or leaves are administered appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, ab- as decoction (Majekodunmi et al., 2008). dominal cramps, skin eruptions, pigmenta- Most anti-malarial plants are used in form of tion, itching, sensitivity to light, hair loss, monotherapy, and only a few plants are tak- anaemia, reversible decrease in white blood en together in combined therapies. An exam- J. Nat. Sci. Engr. & Tech. 2019, 18(1&2): 113-127 114 GARCINIA KOLA AS ANTIMALARIAL AGENT... ple is the multi-herbal antimalaria remedy and anthraquinones (Wolfe et al., 2003; Har- that includes Cajanus cajan leaf, Euphorbia borne, 2005). The plant sample was digested lateriflora leaf, Mangifera indica leaf and bark, prior to mineral analysis (Walsh, 1971). The Cassa alata leaf, Cymbopogon gigateus leaf, Nau- sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), clea latifolia leaf, and Uvaria chamae bark magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and (Nwabuisi, 2002). Garcinia kola has many iron (Fe) contents were determined using therapeutic values in Nigeria. It is used for atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Phos- the treatment of bronchitis, throat infec- phorus (P) was analysed using vanadolybdate tions, and as an aphrodisiac, antioxidant, method and the absorbance was read at 400 hypoglycaemic, antipurgative and antipara- nm (AOAC, 2005). The ash, crude fat, crude sitic, anticandidal and antimalarial agent fibre, crude protein and moisture contents of (Gbadamosi et al., 2011; Ekene and Erhir- the plant sample were analysed in the Labor- hie, 2014). atory of the Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (ASEAN, In view of the prevalence of malaria in Ni- 2011). geria and the traditional use of Garcinia kola stem bark as antimalaria herb, this study Experimental Animals investigated the phytochemical, mineral and Thirty five male Swiss albino mice (20-30 g) proximate components of the plant, as well used for the experiments were obtained from as its in vivo antiplasmodial activity in mice. the Department of Pharmacognosy Animal This was done with a view to providing sci- House, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The entific information on its efficacy as an anti- animals were fed with standard feed and had malaria remedy. free access to water. They were also main- tained under standard conditions of humidi- MATERIALS AND METHOD ty, temperature and 12h light/darkness cycle. Collection, Identification and Prepara- The animals were acclimatized for two weeks tion of Plant material before the commencement of the study. The Garcinia kola was collected from the cam- experiment was conducted in accordance pus of the University of Ibadan. and identi- with the guidelines for the care and use of fied at University of Ibadan Herbarium laboratory animals (NIH, 2002). (UIH). The stem bark of the plant was washed, cut into small pieces and air dried Maintenance and Estimation of plasmo- at room temperature for two weeks and dium parasite in experimental animals grounded to powder using electric blender. Plasmodium bergheii (NK-65) strain was ob- The powdered sample was put in an air- tained from the Department of Biochemis- tight bottle and stored at 4 oC for further try, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research use. (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos. The P. berghei was sub- sequently maintained in the laboratory by serial blood passage from mice to mice every Phytochemical, Mineral and Proximate 5-7 days. Three animals at a time were used Analyses as infected donors and as parasite reservoir. The powdered plant sample was screened The donor mice were monitored for signs of for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tan- infection which include lethargy, anorexia, nins, phenols, glycosides, philobatannins ruffled appearance, shivering and heat- J.