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Effects of Aqueous Bark Extracts of Khaya Grandifoliola and Enantia

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Effects of Aqueous Bark Extracts of Khaya Grandifoliola and Enantia Iranian Journal of Toxicology Volume 11, No 5, September-October2017 Original Article Effects of Aqueous Bark Extracts of Khaya grandifoliola and Enantia chlorantha on Some Biochemical Parameters in Swiss Mice Ismaila Olanrewaju Nurain*1, Clement Olatunbosun Bewaji 2 Received: 31.04.2017 Accepted: 13.06.2017 ABSTRACT Background: In this study, the potential side effects of Khaya grandifolola (KG) and Enatia chlorantha (EC) were investigated on liver function and hematological parameters of Swiss albino mice infected with malaria. Method: This study was carried out in part in the Department of Biochemistry, Kwara State University, Malete, and in part in the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2016. Aqueous extracts of both KG and EC were screened for the presence of some phytochemicals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Five groups of eight animals each were used. Group A was administered with only distilled water. Group B was administered with 50 mg/kg body weight of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Groups C, D, and E were treated with 400 mg/kg body weight of KG, EC and KG-EC combination, respectively. After 28 d, the animals were sacrificed for biochemical analysis. Results: The levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin activities were not significantly different (P˂0.05) in all the extract treated animal groups as compared to ACT. However, there was increase in the concentrations of ATL and total bilirubin when compared with that of controls. There was no significant difference (P˂0.05) among Hb, RBC, PCV, WBC, lymphocytes, and platelets compared with ACT. However, they increased as compared to the control groups. Conclusion: The aqueous bark extracts of KG and EC either in single or in combined form resulted in hepatotoxicity compared to controls. They also have deleterious effects on hematological parameters of the Swiss mice following administration. Keywords: Enantia Chlorantha, Hematologic Tests, Khaya Grandifoliola, Liver Function Tests, Meliaceae. IJT 2017 (5): 13-21 INTRODUCTION chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine are Malaria is still one of the most common no longer used as therapeutic agents for treatment infections in developing countries. The parasite in Nigeria. This conclusion was reached during a that infects humans is Plasmodium falciparum and nationwide data monitoring on drug efficacy in more than 40% of the world population is at risk Nigeria [2]. Even most malaria vaccines, which of clinical incidence. The death of about 400 would have been the best solution to drug million people has been reported due to malaria. resistance, are still under clinical trials. Due to this The disease is especially fatal in children and resistance by the parasite, there is urgent need for more than 90% of deaths have been recorded in new effective and safe therapeutic agent for the children in sub-Sahara Africa [1]. The main treatment of malaria. It is especially important to causes of their death were due to hemolysis that develop antimalarial drugs composed of two or resulted in anemia, effects on cerebrum and more compounds to utilize their synergistic complications due to acidosis. effects. Drug combinations would exert their Resistance of these parasites to the several chemically different modes of actions on the available drugs is one of main issues in controlling parasite and thereby combat its proliferation. the disease. Due to the resistance of P. falciparum, Adoption of herbal medicine as alternative to 1. Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria. 2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. *Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected] Iranian Journal of Toxicology Ismaila Olanrewaju Nurain et al synthetic drugs for the treatment of malaria is including Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, North gaining ground in most parts of the world [3]. and South Africa and many other parts of the However, evaluation of their mechanism of action world like China and India. Apart from being used and side effects is crucial. as an antimalarial drug, it is also used for Khaya grandifoliola (KG) and Enantia management of a cough, convulsion, rheumatism, chlorantha (EC) are two common antimalarial dermatomycosis, abortion, and stomach ache [12]. agents used in ethnomedicines. In Africa, KG and E. chlorantha, on the other hand, is commonly EC are potent antimalarial plants. Their efficacy found in the forests and coastal areas of West as antimalarial has been reported [4], but studies Africa, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It pertaining their side effects and safety are scarce. has potential antiviral and antimalarial properties, Blood is a medium of circulation for all the previously established in experimental animal components of the in intercellular and intracellular models [13]. The problems associated with fluids. The major role of blood is to maintain resistance to many antimalarial drugs and the cellular homeostasis [5]. Some biochemical urgency for the development of new drugs and parameters used in assessing the toxicological especially combination therapies are the key effects of different substances and therapeutic reasons for finding new, safe and effective drugs. agents include but are not limited to red blood In this study, the potential side effects of cells (RBCs), mean corpuscular hemoglobin KG and EC were investigated on liver function concentration and white blood cells (WBCs) [6]. and hematological parameters of Swiss albino Changes in these parameters are good mice. toxicological measures [7]. In the same line, liver MATERIALS AND METHODS is the central processing unit where most of the This research work was carried out in part in biochemical activities of the body take place. the Department of Biochemistry, Kwara State Drugs and other foreign substances are University, Malete, and in part in the Department metabolized in the liver, and it is the main organ of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, used in determining the toxicity of metabolites in University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2016. the body [8]. Plants and their products have always been Reagents and Chemicals considered as possible alternatives to synthetic Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy drugs and are rich sources of new therapeutic (ACT) was purchased from Ilorin, Nigeria. All the agents. Almost all the therapeutic agents for chemicals were of analytical grade. management of various diseases have been either Plant Materials derived from plants or were synthesized based on The stem bark of both KG and EC were structural analogs to plant derivatives [9]. Because purchased from Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. The of the high cost and unavailability of synthetic plants were identified at the Herbarium of the drugs in poorer regions, many affected individuals Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, or communities embark on adoption of plant Ilorin, Nigeria, where the voucher numbers remedies [10]. In ethnomedicines, some plants are UILH/002/1013 and UILH/003/1066 for KG and used for the treatment of a variety of ailments. For EC were deposited, respectively. instance, while Maytenus senegalensis is used for Preparation of Extracts the management of rheumatism, snake bites and malaria in Africa, it is as well used in South Dried stem bark of KG and EC were America as anti-inflammatory and analgesic pulverized in an electric blender and 400 g of the agent. This suggests that a plant could be used for resulting powder of each plant were extracted in many possible diseases depending on man’s distilled water (4 L) for 48 h. The resulting solution of the plant extract was filtered. The understanding of their components. In addition, filtrate was concentrated in an oven at a this is one of the reasons that therapeutic agents temperature lower than 60 °C. from plants could be suitable choices for the management of the malaria due to their diverse Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry actions [11]. The plant powder was extracted in distilled K. grandifoliola, a species of Meliaceae water for 48 h. The resulting mixture was filtered family, is found in various parts of Africa; and dried in an oven as described under 14 Volume 11, No 5, September-October2017; http://www.ijt.ir Effects of Aqueous Bark Extracts of Khaya grandifoliola… Iranian Journal of Toxicology “Preparation of Extracts” section. One gram of Group C: Treated with 400 mg/kg body weight of this powder was further extracted with hexane and aqueous extract of KG stem bark filtered. The filtrate was diluted serially in part per Group D: Treated with 400 mg/kg body weight of million (PPT). The resulting diluted mixture of the aqueous extract of EC stem bark extract (100 µL) was pipetted into a vial bottle and Group E: Treated with 400 mg/kg body weight of inserted into the GC-MS machine. The machine a combination of aqueous extracts of KG-EC was calibrated and configured as is briefly (50%-50%). described next. It employed electron impact All the experimental animals had free access ionization (ionizing potential 70eV) and a to dry pellets and fresh water ad libitum capillary column (SupelcoSLB-5ms, 30 mx 0.25 throughout the treatment. The extracts and ACT mmx 0.25 um film thickness). The ion source were administrated orally to the animals every temperature was set to 200 °C. The inert gas twelve hours for 28 d. After the 28th day of helium (UHP grade, from Cryogenic Gases) was treatment, all animals were sacrificed through used as carrier gas, with a linear velocity of 35.9 jugular puncture under mild anesthesia and the cm/sec. The injector's temperature was 200 °C and blood was collected in phlebotomy bottles for a splitless injection was done. The oven hematological parameters analysis. The liver of temperature was held at 60 °C for 3 min, then it each mouse was removed and placed in plain was heated to 325 °C at 40 °/min and then was bottles containing 0.25 M sucrose solution and held at 325 °C for 10 min.
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