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Inventory and Multicriteria Approach to Identify BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2017, N° 333 (3) CONSERVATION DES ESPÈCES DE BOIS D’ŒUVRE / LE POINT SUR… 5 Inventory and multicriteria Jean Didier Tèwogbade Akpona1 Achille Ephrem Assogbadjo1, 2 approach to identify priority Adandé Belarmain Fandohan1, 2, 3 Romain Glèlè Kakaï1 commercial timber species 1 Université d’Abomey-Calavi Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques for conservation in Benin Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d’Estimations Forestières (UAC/FSA/LABEF) 05 BP 1752, Cotonou Bénin 2 Université d’Abomey-Calavi Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques Laboratoire d’Écologie Appliquée (LEA) (UAC/FSA/LEA) 05 BP 1752, Cotonou Bénin 3 Université d’Agriculture de Kétou École de foresterie et ingénierie du bois Unité de recherche en foresterie, agroforesterie et biogéographie BP 43, Kétou Bénin Photo 1. Wood of Pterocarpus erinaceus logged in Pendjari Biosphere Reserve. Photo J. D. T. Akpona. Auteur correspondant / Corresponding author: Jean Didier Tèwogbade Akpona - [email protected] BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2017, N° 333 (3) 6 FOCUS / CONSERVATION OF TIMBER SPECIES J. D. T. AKPONA, A. E. ASSOGBADJO, A. B. FANDOHAN, R. GLÈLÈ KAKAÏ RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN INVENTAIRE ET APPROCHE INVENTORY AND MULTICRITERIA INVENTARIO Y ENFOQUE MULTICRITERIO MULTICRITÈRES POUR IDENTIFIER APPROACH TO IDENTIFY PRIORITY PARA IDENTIFICAR LAS ESPECIES LES ESSENCES PRIORITAIRES POUR COMMERCIAL TIMBER SPECIES MADERABLES COMERCIALES LA CONSERVATION AU BÉNIN FOR CONSERVATION IN BENIN PRIORITARIAS PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN EN BENÍN Diverses essences forestières, dont cer- A variety of timber species, some of Diversas especies forestales, algunas taines sont menacées, sont exploitées which are under threat, are targets for de ellas en peligro, son objeto de explo- pour leur bois, légalement ou non. Les both legal and illegal logging. Priority tim- tación maderera legal e ilegal. Hay que essences prioritaires pour la conserva- ber species for long-term conservation definir las especies prioritarias para su tion à long terme doivent donc être défi- therefore need to be defined. This study conservación a largo plazo. Este estu- nies. La présente étude a permis de réali- produced an inventory of timber species dio permitió realizar un inventario de ser un inventaire des essences exploitées logged in Benin and defined priority Tim- las especies madereras explotadas en au Bénin et d’identifier les essences ber Species (TS) requiring urgent conser- Benín y priorizar aquellas que requieren prioritaires pour lesquelles des actions vation and restoration measures. Data to medidas urgentes de conservación y res- urgentes de conservation et de restau- establish an exhaustive list of TS in Benin tauración. Se efectuó una investigación ration sont nécessaires. Des recherches were collected through a review of the bibliográfica, completada con entrevistas bibliographiques complétées par des literature and interviews with different a las distintas partes interesadas, a fin entretiens avec différentes parties pre- stakeholders. Ten criteria were applied de recopilar los datos necesarios para nantes ont été menées afin de recueillir to four different prioritization methods. elaborar una lista exhaustiva de especies les données requises pour dresser une The top 15 species obtained with each prioritarias. Se utilizaron diez criterios y liste exhaustive des essences priori- of these methods were identified and the cuatro métodos de priorización. Al final, taires. Dix critères et quatre méthodes top 10 were shortlisted. A total of 24 plant el enfoque permitió seleccionar 10 de de priorisation ont été utilisés. Au final, species belonging to nine families were las 15 especies prioritarias obtenidas l’approche a retenu 10 essences parmi identified. Those most represented were: con cada uno de los métodos. Se identi- les 15 essences prioritaires définies Fabaceae (25%), Malvaceae (20.83%), ficaron un total de 24 especies vegetales par chacune des méthodes. Au total, 24 Meliaceae (16.67%), Combretaceae pertenecientes a 9 familias: Fabáceas espèces végétales ont été identifiées, (8.33%), Moraceae (8.33%), Verbena- (25%), Malváceas (20,83%), Meliáceas appartenant à 9 familles : Fabacées ceae (8.33%), Ebenaceae (4.17%), Ruta- (16,67%), Combretáceas (8,33%), Morá- (25 %), Malvacées (20,83 %), Mélia- ceae (4.17%) and Myrtaceae (4.17%). ceas (8,33%), Verbenáceas (8,33%), cées (16,67 %), Combrétacées (8,33 %), The ten top species deserve urgent Ebenáceas (4,17%), Rutáceas (4,17%) Moracées (8,33 %), Verbénacées conservation and restoration measures. y Mirtáceas (4,17%). Se recomiendan (8,33 %), Ébénacées (4,17 %), Rutacées medidas urgentes de conservación y res- (4,17 %) et Myrtacées (4,17 %). Des Keywords: timber species, conservation, tauración para las 10 especies priorita- mesures de conservation et de restaura- prioritization methods, West Africa. rias seleccionadas. tion sont préconisées d’urgence pour les 10 essences prioritaires ainsi retenues. Palabras clave: especies forestales, conservación, métodos de priorización, Mots-clés : essences forestières, conser- África Occidental. vation, méthodes de priorisation, Afrique de l’Ouest. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2017, N° 333 (3) CONSERVATION DES ESPÈCES DE BOIS D’ŒUVRE / LE POINT SUR… 7 Introduction for conservation. People have developed specific choice cri- teria for choosing timber species so that when one species becomes rare, they move to another one more abundant. In several regions of the tropics, timber species are har- This process negatively impacts biodiversity conservation. vested at rates that are far beyond their rhythm of regenera- Since all species cannot be focused on at once, prioritiza- tion. These species are preferred by people as the first interest tion is necessary to select the most important species that is timber for building material, lumber, etc. and can have other need urgent conservation effort. This prioritization informs uses for people. It was showcased that, in all International a wide array of conservation decisions and can help for Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) member countries, only decision-making. 3.5% of permanent forest estates are sustainably managed Establishing priorities for conservation is an obvious (ITTO, 2007). In most developing countries, untrained and and key step to designing a realistic and efficient conser- unsupervised tree fellers and skidder drivers are used for legal vation strategy. According to Magos Brehm et al. (2010), and illegal logging and they often work without planned paths species prioritization is particularly important when the of log extraction, and without financial incentives to reduce focus is the conservation of socio-economically important the negative environmental impacts of their activities (ITTO, species and prioritization for conservation can be under- 2007). According to Putz (1991), even at low harvesting inten- taken at different levels (species, ecosystem, etc.). It allows sities (e.g., < 5 trees extracted per hectare), forests lose much conservation managers to know which species are not prio- of their sylviculture value due to soil damage and damage to rities and which have information gaps to be filled (Idohou future crop trees, coupled with the increased livelihood of et al., 2013). Different methods of prioritization based on invasion by lianas and alien species. range, habitat specificity and local abundance have been Benin is a moderately forested country with vegetation described (Rabinowitz et al., 1986). There has been conside- dominated by savanna mosaics whereby degradation of rable debate over which criteria should be considered when forests is still a major concern. According to FAO (2011), the prioritizing species for conservation (see Maxted et al., forest cover is estimated at 4,511,000 ha, which represents 1997). Magos Brehm et al. (2010) proposed various criteria 40% of the country total area. Yet, recent investigations and different prioritization schemes. Their methodology has show that Benin loses 50,000 hectares of natural forest in recently been used to set priorities for crop wild relatives in average yearly (FAO, 2011). Illegal tree felling, land clearing Benin (Idohou et al., 2013) as well as medicinal tree species for agriculture, bushfires, charcoal production and overgra- (Yaoitcha et al., 2015). Developing an innovative prioritiza- zing are often referred to as the main drivers of forest degra- tion scheme and making use of the available data so as to dation and destruction in Benin. This has resulted in decline identify priority TS for conservation in order to establish a of the populations of many economically important indi- national timber conservation strategy is the main goal of genous timber species (Dimobe et al., 2014). Developing this study. Two questions were asked: What is the diversity sylvicultural packages to guide reforestation and/or forest of commercial timber species in Benin? And, which species enrichment is necessary to ensure conservation and sustai- need urgent priority conservation at national scale? It stands nability use of these species. In Benin, several species are as a useful case study that establishes a national list of log- used for timber and few studies have been focused on the ged timber species in Benin and highlights priority species commercial timber species and identifying priority species for conservation. Photo 2. Ceiba pentandra trees in Sacred Forest of Bonou. Photo J. D. T. Akpona. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2017, N° 333 (3) 8 FOCUS / CONSERVATION OF TIMBER
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