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Диссертация / Dissertation САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ На правах рукописи Зокоева Залина Валерьевна СПЕЦИФИКА ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ НЕПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ В СФЕРЕ КУЛЬТУРНОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТУРЦИИ КОНЦА XX – НАЧАЛА XXI ВВ.) Специальность 07.00.15 - История международных отношений и внешней политики Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук Научный руководитель: доктор исторических наук, Заслуженный деятель науки РФ профессор В.С. Ягья Санкт-Петербург 2019 2 ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ 3 ГЛАВА I. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ НЕПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ В ОБЛАСТИ КУЛЬТУРНОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В ТУРЕЦКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ 20 1.1. Особенности деятельности международных неправительственных организаций в области международного культурного сотрудничества 20 1.2. Неправительственные организации в Турецкой Республике как составная часть гражданского общества 38 1.3. Роль неправительственных организаций в реализация «мягкой силы» в Турецкой Республике 53 ГЛАВА II. ОПЫТ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ НЕПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ «ПЛАТФОРМЫ "ДИАЛОГ ЕВРАЗИЯ"») 65 2.1. Предпосылки создания международной неправительственной организации «Платформа "Диалог Евразия"» и ее евразийский компонент 65 2.2. Роль и влияние российско-турецких отношений на формирование международной организации «Платформа "Диалог Евразия"» 96 2.3. Опыт реализации проектов международной организации «Платформа "Диалог Евразия"» на евразийском пространстве 106 ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 141 СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 153 3 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Международные неправительственные организации являются политической реальностью и системообразующим фактором в мировой политике. Их влияние на региональные и глобальные процессы заметно повышается в условиях трансформации международной системы в XXI в. В настоящее время система современных международных и межгосударственных отношений характеризуется повышением роли новых центров силы, возрастанием нетрадиционных проблем безопасности, нарастанием взаимозависимости между странами, а также неуклонным увеличением количества международных неправительственных организаций и их возрастающим воздействием на ход миро- и регионально-политических процессов, что является результатом межстранового развития связей, роста общественной активности населения, влияния социально-политических факторов и т.д. Они воздействуют на властные структуры и их действия, а также на решение острых вопросов международной безопасности, межгосударственного диалога, защиты прав человека, охраны окружающей среды, межкультурного сотрудничества и других проблем международного характера. Мировое сообщество в XXI в. вошло в эпоху многополярности и полицентричности, что требует консолидации усилий в построении международных отношений на принципах равноправия и свободы выбора с учетом взаимных интересов, на основе норм общепринятой морали и права. Прослеживается тенденция к активному сотрудничеству стран по транснациональным вопросам, в экономических, научно-технических, культурных обменах, в свободном общении людей разных поколений, убеждений и верований. Так, среди международных неправительственных организаций одно из центральных мест занимают организации гуманитарной и культурно-просветительской сферы, которые активно воздействуют на социально-политические процессы. 4 Вместе с тем, примечательным феноменом на международной арене выступает Турецкая Республика, которая оказывает определенное воздействие на современные международные политические и экономические процессы, укрепляя свою комплексную национальную мощь, расширяя географию национальных интересов и увеличивая международное влияние. Прослеживается тенденция изменения внешнеполитической самоидентификации страны в направлении перехода к позиционированию себя в качестве региональной державы. Турецкое руководство активизирует участие в формировании международной повестки дня, в создании новых механизмов и институтов регионального управления, включая негосударственные структуры. Изучение особенностей деятельности международных неправительственных организаций в сфере культурного сотрудничества на примере организации «Платформа "Диалог Евразия"» представляет собой актуальную научную задачу, имеющую несомненную теоретическую значимость, поскольку позволяет сделать выводы о роли неправительственных акторов в условиях стремительного развития процессов глобализации и информатизации, трансформирующих природу международных отношений, усиливающих взаимозависимость стран и обуславливающих необходимость международного культурного сотрудничества. «Платформа "Диалог Евразия"», объединившая к началу второго десятилетия XXI в. интеллектуалов двух десятков стран, в том числе России, возникла как инициативное движение в 1998 году на встрече писательских и журналистских союзов Евразии в Стамбуле (Турция). Зародившись в сложный период мирополитических отношений в среде евразийской интеллигенции, Платформа явилась евро-азиатской инициативой в международном общественном движении, которое ставило главной своей целью объединение Евразийского региона на основе высоких духовных ценностей, став инструментом реализации объективных тенденций широкого 5 объединительного взаимодействия, оригинальным интеллектуальным движением на территории евразийских стран. За исследуемый отрезок времени (1998-2012) Платформа объединила двенадцать национальных отделений (Азербайджан, Беларусь, Грузия, Казахстан, Киргизия, Молдова, Российская Федерация, Таджикистан, Туркменистан, Турция, Украина, Эстония) и несколько десятков государств- наблюдателей, представители которых присутствовали на многочисленных мероприятиях организации (Сингапур, Канада, США, Япония, ЮАР, Малайзия, Иран, Ирак, из европейских стран - Голландия, Франция, Австрия, Германия и др.). С начала своего функционирования Платформа позиционировала себя как международная неправительственная организация, которая вела активную деятельность в социальной, культурной, образовательной и научной областях, положив начало реализации многих масштабных проектов гуманитарного и культурного назначения, ежегодно осуществляя свыше десяти проектов, привлекая внимание научных кругов и общественности к решению проблем евразийского региона. Объектом исследования выступает сфера международного культурно- гуманитарного сотрудничества в конце XX – начале XXI вв. Предмет исследования состоит в изучении структурных и функциональных особенностей деятельности международных неправительственных организаций в культурной сфере на примере «Платформы "Диалог Евразия"». Цель исследования заключается в определении специфики деятельности международных неправительственных организаций в культурной сфере на основе систематизации опыта деятельности организации «Платформа "Диалог Евразия"» в 1998-2012 гг. в контексте взаимодействия евразийских стран. 6 Для достижения поставленной цели в работе решаются следующие задачи: . рассмотреть роль неправительственных акторов в мирополитической системе; . охарактеризовать особенности деятельности международных неправительственных организаций в области международного культурного сотрудничества; . раскрыть и проанализировать роль неправительственных организаций в Турецкой Республике как составной части гражданского общества, а также в контексте реализации политики «мягкой силы»; . определить предпосылки создания международной неправительственной организации «Платформа "Диалог Евразия"» и выявить евразийский компонент; . проследить динамику развития организации и выявить результаты реализации проектов «Платформы "Диалог Евразия"» на евразийском пространстве. Хронологические рамки исследования охватывают период с 1998 года до 2012 года. Они обусловлены наиболее активной фазой деятельности организации. Это достаточно короткий по историческим меркам промежуток времени, но для анализа ее основных фактов и тенденций ее развития достаточный для квалифицированного изучения. Территориальные рамки диссертационного исследования ограничиваются странами-участницами, которые входили в состав «Платформы "Диалог Евразия"» (Азербайджан, Беларусь, Грузия, Казахстан, Киргизия, Молдова, Российская Федерация, Таджикистан, Туркменистан, Турция, Украина, Эстония). 7 Степень научной разработанности темы В исследовательской литературе по рассматриваемой проблематике можно условно выделить несколько групп. 1) Международные неправительственные организации в мировой политике стали предметом изучения в связи с возрастанием их количества на международной арене. Обращение к данной области специалистов различных дисциплин, а именно, историков, политологов, юристов, экономистов и др., предопределяется комплексным характером предмета исследования. В изучении аспектов правосубъектности международных неправительственных организаций значительный вклад принадлежит таким отечественным авторам как Г.Х. Абашидзе и Д.А. Урсин1, И.И. Коваленко2, Г.И. Морозов3, Т.Н. Нешатаева4 , Е.А. Шибаева5 и др. Необходимо также отметить труды зарубежных авторов, среди которых наиболее полезными оказались работы А.-К. Линдблома6, И. Росси7, С. Чарновица8 и др. Феномен роли неправительственных акторов в мирополитической системе является объектом внимания в академических кругах. Среди отечественных работ важно выделить труды Т.А. Киреевой9, А.О. Наумова10, М.М. Лебедевой11, П.А. Цыганкова12, Е.В. Стецко13и др. 1 Абашидзе А.Х. Неправительственные организации: международно-правовые аспекты: Учеб. пособие / А.Х. Абашидзе, Д.А. Урсин. - М.: Изд-во Рос. ун-та дружбы народов, 2002. - 159 c. 2 Коваленко И.И. Международные неправительственные организации / И.И. Коваленко; Ин-т мировой экономики и междунар. отношений АН
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