Ang Austronesyanong *Barani [Pilipinong “Berani”/ “Bagani”/ “Bayani”] Sa Kasaysayan Ng Kapilipinuhan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ang Austronesyanong *Barani [Pilipinong “Berani”/ “Bagani”/ “Bayani”] Sa Kasaysayan Ng Kapilipinuhan Pagpapakilala sa Kasaysayan ng Kapilipinuhan, 800,000 BK – Kasalukuyan, Pangalawang Bahagi (2) Ang Austronesyanong *baRani [Pilipinong “berani”/ “bagani”/ “bayani”] sa Kasaysayan ng Kapilipinuhan Dr. Zeus A. Salazar Retiradong Propesor, UP Diliman COPYRIGHT NG MAY-AKDA, 2017 Balik-Aral sa Pantayong Pananaw: Pagtuturo ng Maka-Pilipinong Kasaysayan sa Harap ng K+12 5th flr. Gateway Tower, Araneta Center Cubao, Lungsod Quezon; Abril 1, 2017 Bilang Panimula Hindi isang “teorya” na isinusulong pa ang “Mundong Austronesyano” ni ang migrasyon ng mga : grupo ng tao rito na ang magkakaugay na taglay ay Pananaw nataguriang “Austronesyano” (ukol sa mga pulo sa …” katimugan). Sa katunayan, ang tinutukoy ay ang mga pulo Pantayong sa Kasalukuyan at kapuluan sa gitna ng globo na pinagbayanan/ - Aral Aral - pinamayanan ng mga Austronesyano mulang Timog Tsina ngK+12 Balik , 800,000 800,000 BK , patawid sa Formosa [Taiwan] tungong Pilipinas at, mula Harap , sa Cubao rito, patuloy sa Silangan sa Karagatang Pasipiko hanggang BAKAS Seminar:BAKAS Kapilipinuhan Center Rapanui (Islas Pascuas); at malamang ay sa dalawang sa ng Kasaysayan kontinente ng Amerika sa isang dako at, sa kabilang dako, Araneta 1, 1, 2017 Pilipinong - Kasaysayan patuloy rin sa Kanluran sa pamamagitan ng Indo-Malaysia sa Maka Dr. Zeus A. Salazar A. Dr.Zeus ng at ilang bahagi ng Indo-Tsina hanggang Madagaskar at ni Quezon; Abril Abril Quezon; . Gateway Tower, Tower, .Gateway flr th Pagpapakilala “ Panayam Pagtuturo 5 Lungsod Bilang Panimula Silangang Aprika. Malamang pati na Kanlurang Aprika sa pamamagitan ng Kipot ng Magandang Pag-asa (Cabo de : boa Esperança). Ang dalawang lawak ng pinaglaganapan Pananaw …” ng mga wikang Austronesyano at, mangyari pa, ng mga tagapagsalita nito – ang napatunayan na at ang probable – Pantayong sa Kasalukuyan - ay makikita sa mapa sa ibaba. Aral Aral - ngK+12 Balik , 800,000 800,000 BK , Harap , sa Cubao BAKAS Seminar:BAKAS Kapilipinuhan Center sa ng Kasaysayan Araneta 1, 1, 2017 Pilipinong - Kasaysayan sa Maka Dr. Zeus A. Salazar A. Dr.Zeus ng ni Quezon; Abril Abril Quezon; . Gateway Tower, Tower, .Gateway flr th Pagpapakilala “ Panayam Pagtuturo 5 Lungsod “Pagpapakilala sa Kasaysayan ng Kapilipinuhan, 800,000 BK-Kasalukuyan…” Panayam ni Dr. Zeus A. Salazar sa BAKAS Seminar: Balik-Aral sa Pantayong Pananaw: Pagtuturo ng Maka-Pilipinong Kasaysayan sa Harap ng K+12 5th flr. Gateway Tower, Araneta Center Cubao, Lungsod Quezon; Abril 1, 2017 Mapa 1: Extent of contemporary Austronesian Austronesian contemporary of 1: Mapa Extent and possible further migrations andpossible migrations further [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Austronesian/General /Blench%20Ross%20Festschrift%20paper%20revised.pdf] Roger Blench. Remapping the Austronesian expansion Austronesian the RemappingBlench. Roger “Pagpapakilala sa Kasaysayan ng Kapilipinuhan, 800,000 BK-Kasalukuyan…” Panayam ni Dr. Zeus A. Salazar sa BAKAS Seminar: Balik-Aral sa Pantayong Pananaw: Pagtuturo ng Maka-Pilipinong Kasaysayan sa Harap ng K+12 5th flr. Gateway Tower, Araneta Center Cubao, Lungsod Quezon; Abril 1, 2017 Mapa Austronesyano II: http://www.taiwan Konserbatibong Wikang - batay travel - experience.com/image sa Austronesyano Erya Tantiya ng - files/austronesia ng Kasalukuyang mga - people Migrasyong - migration.png mga “Pagpapakilala sa Kasaysayan ng Kapilipinuhan, 800,000 BK-Kasalukuyan…” Panayam ni Dr. Zeus A. Salazar sa BAKAS Seminar: Balik-Aral sa Pantayong Pananaw: Pagtuturo ng Maka-Pilipinong Kasaysayan sa Harap ng K+12 5th flr. Gateway Tower, Araneta Center Cubao, Lungsod Quezon; Abril 1, 2017 https://www.google.com/search?q=boats+of+austronesian+migration+from+bohol&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X& ved=0CAcQ_AUoAWoVChMIoYuSvpWtyAIVViyICh1TwwCJ&biw=1366&bih=655#imgrc=NDqe14vk1Yz1hM%3A Austronesyano Malayo Mapa III: - D Polynesian (cf. (cf. Polynesian ) Polynesian. Cf. Cf. Polynesian. ) Distribusyong sa : A) Formosan; B) Western at Central Central at Western B) Formosan; : A) Islayd Geograpikal Islayd 10); K)Melanesian;10); at 10, 10, Mapa ng mga IV. wikang Bilang Panimula Hindi ko na pagtutuunan ng buong pansin sa panayam na ito ang reyalidad ng Mundong Austronesyano. Sa halip, ipapanood ko muna : ang maikling video tungkol dito na pinamagatang “The Austronesian Pananaw …” Migrations” na nagbibigay ng detalye sa nabanggit sa itaas, bagamat Pantayong sa Kasalukuyan tungkol lamang sa kasalukuyang erya kung saan matatagpuan ang mga - Aral Aral - ngK+12 wikang Austronesyano. Di tulad ng nababanggit ni Bellwood sa video, Balik , 800,000 800,000 BK , Harap , sa mas maaga sa ganang akin ang paglaganap ng mga Austronesyano. Cubao BAKAS Seminar:BAKAS Kapilipinuhan [Ipapakopya ko sa mga organizers ng seminar na ito mula sa usb ang Center sa ng Kasaysayan video, kasama ng isa pang hindi ko na ipanunuod sa inyo, gayundin ng Araneta 1, 1, 2017 Pilipinong - Kasaysayan buong panayam na ito.] Kasunod ang isang islayd ukol sa sa Maka Dr. Zeus A. Salazar A. Dr.Zeus ng ni Quezon; Abril Abril Quezon; konserbatibong tantiya ng pinaglaganapan ng mga Austronesyano. Gateway Tower, Tower, .Gateway flr th Pagpapakilala “ Panayam Pagtuturo 5 Lungsod Bilang Panimula Pagkatapos ng palabas (video), pagtutuunan ko ang isang konseptong laganap sa buong Austronesya upang tukuyin : ang pinakaulirang mandirigma na nagtitiyak sa kaligtasan at Pananaw kaginhawahan ng sariling banua o bayan – ang baRani o …” bagani/bayani. Mahalaga ang gawain ng baRani laluna sa Pantayong sa Kasalukuyan - Aral Aral paghanap/pagtuklas ng makapagdudulot ng kaginhawahan sa - ngK+12 Balik , 800,000 800,000 BK , buong bayan at ginhawang personal sa mga mamamayan nito. Harap , sa Cubao Sa mga komunidad sa mga isla, laluna sa kabaybaydagatan ng BAKAS Seminar:BAKAS Kapilipinuhan Center sa ng Kasaysayan mga ito, nakatuon ang gawain ng baRani sa natawag sa Araneta 1, 1, 2017 Kabisayaan na pangayaw [sa interior ng malalaking isla tulad ng Pilipinong - Kasaysayan sa Maka Dr. Zeus A. Salazar A. Dr.Zeus Luzon na naging importante ang rizikultura o agrikultura sa ng ni Quezon; Abril Abril Quezon; . Gateway Tower, Tower, .Gateway flr palay, pangangayaw ang tawag dito]. th Pagpapakilala “ Panayam Pagtuturo 5 Lungsod Introduksyon sa mismong Panayam Ang *baRani ay Proto Western Malayo-Polynesian [PWMP] : na ang pinaglaganapang teritoryo ay ang Pilipinas-Gitnang Kalimantan, kung hindi isasama humigit-kumulang ang Sunda- Pananaw …” Sulawesi na nakapaloob sa teritoryo ng natawag na “Nuclear Pantayong sa Kasalukuyan - Malayo-Polynesian languages” patungong Oceania (Wouk at Ross, Aral Aral - ngK+12 Balik 2002) [Mapa I]. Wala pang nabubuong anyong Proto Austrone- , 800,000 800,000 BK , Harap , sa syano [PAn] sa ngayon. Gayumpaman, maipapalagay na mayroon Cubao BAKAS Seminar:BAKAS Kapilipinuhan Center sa ding anyo (at reyalidad panlipunan at pangkalinangan) na *baRani ng Kasaysayan Araneta 1, 1, 2017 ang PAn dahil kapwa ang PWMP [kung saan ang mga wikang Pilipinong - Kasaysayan sa Maka Pilipino ay nakapaloob sa natawag na Austronesian alignment o Dr. Zeus A. Salazar A. Dr.Zeus ng ni Quezon; Abril Abril Quezon; . Gateway Tower, Tower, .Gateway "Philippine or Austronesian-type voice system") at ang mismong flr th Pagpapakilala “ Panayam Pagtuturo 5 Lungsod : Pananaw …” Pantayong sa Kasalukuyan - Aral Aral - ngK+12 Balik , 800,000 800,000 BK , Harap , sa Cubao BAKAS Seminar:BAKAS Kapilipinuhan Center sa ng Kasaysayan Mapa 1V: Pilipinas-Kalimantan at ang Nuclear Malayo Polynesian http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malayo-Polynesian.svgInaksesInakses Inakses: 13.VIII.13. Araneta 1, 1, 2017 Pilipinong Nahahati ngayon ang dating pinaglaganapan ng mga wikang Kanlurang Malayo-Polynesian sa pagitan ng Pilipinas- - Kasaysayan Kalimantan (sa itaas ng Mapa) kung saan ang mga wika ay mas malapit ang syntax sa Proto-Austronesyano dahil sa sa Maka “Philippine or Austronesian alignment” (ergative: hindi accusative kung saan klaro ang pagkahanay ng Subject Dr. Zeus A. Salazar A. Dr.Zeus ng ni (S)- Verb(V)-Object(O) habang sa ergatibo ay maaaring SVO, VOS at iba pa ang pangungusap) sa isang dako, at ng Quezon; Abril Abril Quezon; pinaglaganapan ng mga wikang Austronesyanong “di ergatibo”: ang Nuclear Malayo-Polynesia. (sa ibaba ng . Gateway Tower, Tower, .Gateway flr Mapa) sa kabilang dako. Sa NMP ay may substratum ng mga wika ng Niugini. Cf. Islayd 6, Mapa III. th Pagpapakilala “ Panayam Pagtuturo 5 Lungsod Introduksyon sa mismong Panayam PAn ay may anyo ring tumutukoy sa pangangayaw – i.e., *kayaw at ma-Nayaw (“mangayaw”) sa una at *Nayaw (“ngayaw”) sa : huli. Hanggang sa kasalukuyan makikita sa etnograpiya ang Pananaw …” pagkakaugnay ng pagiging *baRani (bagani/bayani) sa Pantayong sa Kasalukuyan - matagumpay na pangangayaw nito. Bukod dito, kapwa sa mga Aral Aral - ngK+12 Balik grupong Austronesyano sa Formosa at sa mga grupong etno- , 800,000 800,000 BK , Harap , sa lingguwistiko sa Pilipinas ay laganap din sa kasalukuyan ang Cubao BAKAS Seminar:BAKAS Kapilipinuhan Center sa pagtatatu na ang katawagang PAn ay *beCik [Formosa, Paiwan: ng Kasaysayan Araneta 1, 1, 2017 vetsik "pagsulat, tatu; disenyo"; si-vetsik "pansulat o pangguhit”] Pilipinong - Kasaysayan sa Maka samantalang ang PMP ay *betik [Kapampangan: batik; Tagalog: Dr. Zeus A. Salazar A. Dr.Zeus ng ni Quezon; Abril Abril Quezon; . Gateway Tower, Tower, .Gateway batik-an “may kasanayan”; Ifugaw: batok; at Bontok: fatek]. flr th Pagpapakilala “ Panayam Pagtuturo 5 Lungsod Introduksyon sa mismong Panayam Bilang tagapag-ugnay ng tao at kaanituhan (PAn : *qanitu, ispiritu, diyos, kabathalaan) sa loob ng may-tatlong- Pananaw
Recommended publications
  • The Borobudur Ship: Recreating the First Trans-Ocean Voyaging
    The Borobudur Ship: recreating the first trans-ocean voyaging Nick Burningham Indonesia is the cradle of trans-oceanic voyaging. tical terms probably derived from the language of the The people of Indonesia Bajau – the so-called Sea-Gypsies of Southeast Asia. are nearly all representatives of a large linguistic group The current theory about the Indonesian colonisa- called Austronesians or Malayo-polynesians. A mari- tion of Madagascar is that they went there for iron ore time people, they moved out of mainland south China mining and smelting. Whatever the reason for their about 6,000 years ago, spreading southwards from voyaging, there is no doubt that they reached Mada- Taiwan, through the Philippines into Indonesia, and gascar and undertook the first regular, purposeful, from there they spread over seas and oceans to popu- trans-oceanic voyaging. Direct contact between Indo- late more of the world’s surface than any other people nesia and Madagascar continued for about 1000 years. in pre-modern times. The Maori of New Zealand, the More controversially, some researchers have Polynesians, Melanesians and Micronesians spread pointed to evidence from linguistics, musicology, met- over the vastness of the Pacific Ocean – they all speak allurgy and archaeology suggesting that Indonesians related languages and have related maritime technolo- established some sort of culture in equatorial west Af- gies. It used to be assumed that the spread across the rica by rounding the Cape of Good Hope. Pacific had occurred through accidental drift voyages, British adventurer Philip Beale, a former RN offi- driven by storms, but the initial spread was to the east- cer who once sailed on EYE OF THE WIND, had an south-east, against the southeast trade winds, and it abiding fascination with that little known aspect of was rapid.
    [Show full text]
  • Gifts and Commodities (Second Edition)
    GIFTS AND COMMODITIES Hau BOOKS Executive Editor Giovanni da Col Managing Editor Sean M. Dowdy Editorial Board Anne-Christine Taylor Carlos Fausto Danilyn Rutherford Ilana Gershon Jason Throop Joel Robbins Jonathan Parry Michael Lempert Stephan Palmié www.haubooks.com GIFTS AND COMMODITIES (SECOND EditIon) C. A. Gregory Foreword by Marilyn Strathern New Preface by the Author Hau Books Chicago © 2015 by C. A. Gregory and Hau Books. First Edition © 1982 Academic Press, London. All rights reserved. Cover and layout design: Sheehan Moore Typesetting: Prepress Plus (www.prepressplus.in) ISBN: 978-0-9905050-1-3 LCCN: 2014953483 Hau Books Chicago Distribution Center 11030 S. Langley Chicago, IL 60628 www.haubooks.com Hau Books is marketed and distributed by The University of Chicago Press. www.press.uchicago.edu Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. For Judy, Polly, and Melanie. Contents Foreword by Marilyn Strathern xi Preface to the first edition xv Preface to the second edition xix Acknowledgments liii Introduction lv PART ONE: CONCEPTS I. THE COmpETING THEOriES 3 Political economy 3 The theory of commodities 3 The theory of gifts 9 Economics 19 The theory of modern goods 19 The theory of traditional goods 22 II. A framEWORK OF ANALYSIS 25 The general relation of production to consumption, distribution, and exchange 26 Marx and Lévi-Strauss on reproduction 26 A simple illustrative example 30 The definition of particular economies 32 viii GIFTS AND COMMODITIES III.FTS GI AND COMMODITIES: CIRCULATION 39 The direct exchange of things 40 The social status of transactors 40 The social status of objects 41 The spatial aspect of exchange 44 The temporal dimension of exchange 46 Value and rank 46 The motivation of transactors 50 The circulation of things 55 Velocity of circulation 55 Roads of gift-debt 57 Production and destruction 59 The circulation of people 62 Work-commodities 62 Work-gifts 62 Women-gifts 63 Classificatory kinship terms and prices 68 Circulation and distribution 69 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Module 1: Arts and Crafts of Mindanao
    Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula 7 Zest for Progress Zeal of Partnership ARTS Quarter 3 - Module 1: Arts and Crafts of Mindanao Name of Learner: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________ Name of School: ___________________________ WHAT I NEED TO KNOW In this module, you will be learning the different arts and crafts of Mindanao – the salient features of arts of Mindanao by showing the relationship of the elements of arts and processes among the diverse cultural communities in the country. Thus, you will also learn how lines, shapes, forms, value, color, texture and space give more meaning and significance to an artwork. This module will help you explore the arts of people of Mindanao and how animism and the Islamic religion fused together and produced a uniquely Filipino artistic tradition. The arts and crafts of Mindanao include their cultural attire, textiles, tapestries, crafts, accessories and body ornaments which are a combination of designs from indigenous people that resides in the regions and the colorful and rich influence from their indigenous belief system. Most of their crafts are made of materials that are abundant in their areas. Their designs are derived from their surroundings and represent their cultural community. Some are used for religious activities while some have utilitarian functions and even became large industry for them. Even until now, the skills in weaving, sculpting and crafting have been an important part of their community. Thus, these become the people’s way of living and their means of survival. These are passed on from generation to generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Honolulu Advertiser & Star-Bulletin Obituaries January 1
    Honolulu Advertiser & Star-Bulletin Obituaries January 1 - December 31, 2001 T KATERINA GAEA TA'A, 74, of Waipahu, died Dec. 26, 2001. Born in American Samoa. Survived by sons, Siitia, Albert, Veni, John and Lemasaniai Gaea; daughter, Katerina Palaita and Cassandra Soa; 26 grandchildren; 12 great-grandchildren; brothers, Sefo, Atamu and Samu Gaea; sisters, Iutita Faamausili, Siao Howard, Senouefa Bartley, Vaalele Bomar, Vaatofu Dixon and Piuai Glenister. Visitation 6 to 9 p.m. Sunday at Mililani Mortuary Mauka Chapel; service 6:30 p.m. Service also 10 a.m. Monday at the mortuary; burial 12:30 p.m. at Mililani Memorial Park. Casual attire. [Adv 17/1/2002] Clarence Tenki Taba, a longtime banker and World War II veteran, died last Thursday July 19, 2001 in Honolulu. He was 79. Taba was born April 7, 1922, in Lahaina, Maui, as the fifth of 13 children. During the war, he was awarded two Bronze Stars and a Silver Star for courage in combat, and a Purple Heart with two Oak Leaf Clusters for injuries in three battles. He was a first sergeant in the Army. He worked with banks until retiring in 1997, first as a senior bank examiner for the Territory of Hawai'i and later in management positions with private banks such as City Bank and Bank of Hawai'i. He then served the Hawai'i Bankers Association for 22 years, helping to write bank legislation. His work with banks helped him establish a savings and loan program for the 442nd Veterans Club, where he was treasurer, vice president and president.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobyembre 2013 Liahona
    ANG SIMBAHAN NI JESUKRISTO SA MGA SANTOS SA ULAHING MGA ADLAW • NOBYEMBRE 2013 Mga Pakigpulong sa Kinatibuk-ang Komperensya Ang gidaghanon sa mga miyembro sa Simbahan miabot og 15 ka milyon. Full-Time Missionary Miabut og Sobra sa 80,000 SA MAAYONG KABUBUT-ON SA CHURCH HISTORY MUSEUM SA CHURCH HISTORY KABUBUT-ON SA MAAYONG Balsamo sa Galaad, ni Annie Henrie “‘Wala bay balsamo sa Galaad?’ Jeremias 8:22.. Ang gugma mao ang balsamo nga makaayo sa kalag. [Ang] Anak, bisan ang Ginoo nga si Jesukristo, mihatag sa Iyang kinabuhi aron kita makaangkon og kinabuhing dayon, dako kaayo ang Iyang gugma alang sa Iyang Amahan ug kanato” (Thomas S. Monson, “A Doorway Called Love,” Ensign, Nob. 1987, 66). Mga Sulod sa Nobyembre 2013 Volume 16 • Numero 11 SESYON SA SABADO SA BUNTAG 55 Makahimo Kamo Niini Karon! KINATIBUK-ANG MITING 4 Welcome sa Komperensya Presidente Dieter F. Uchtdorf SA RELIEF SOCIETY Presidente Thomas S. Monson 58 Bugkusan ang Ilang mga Samad 111 Ang Gahum, Kalipay, ug Gugma 6 Kinatibuk-ang Komperensya: Presidente Henry B. Eyring sa Pagtuman sa Pakigsaad Paglig-on sa Pagtuo ug 61 Tinuod nga mga Magbalantay Linda K. Burton Pagpamatuod sa Karnero 115 Kita Adunay Dako nga Rason Elder Robert D. Hales Presidente Thomas S. Monson nga Maglipay 9 Magmaaghup ug Carole M. Stephens Magmapaubsanon sa Kasingkasing SESYON SA DOMINGGO SA BUNTAG 118 Kuhaa ang mga Panalangin Elder Ulisses Soares 69 Ngadto sa Akong mga Apo sa Inyong mga Pakigsaad 12 Nahibalo Ba Kita Unsay Anaa Presidente Henry B. Eyring Linda S. Reeves Kanato? 72 Dili Magbaton og Laing mga Dios 121 Wala Kita Mag-inusara Carole M.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Austronesian World
    1 The Austronesian world 1.0 Introduction Many aspects of language, especially in historical linguistics, require reference to the physical environment in which speakers live, or the culture in which their use of language is embedded. This chapter sketches out some of the physical and cultural background of the Austronesian language family before proceeding to a discussion of the languages themselves. The major topics covered include 1. location, 2. physical environment, 3. flora and fauna, 4. physical anthropology, 5. social and cultural background, 6. external contacts, and 7. prehistory. 1.1 Location As its name (‘southern islands’) implies, the AN language family has a predominantly insular distribution in the southern hemisphere. Many of the more westerly islands, however, lie partly or wholly north of the equator. The major western island groups include the great Indonesian, or Malay Archipelago, to its north the smaller and more compact Philippine Archipelago, and still further north at 22 to 25 degrees north latitude and some 150 kilometres from the coast of China, the island of Taiwan (Formosa). Together these island groups constitute insular (or island) Southeast Asia. Traditionally, the major eastern divisions, each of which includes several distinct island groups, are Melanesia (coastal New Guinea and adjacent islands, the Admiralty Islands, New Ireland, New Britain, the Solomons, Santa Cruz, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands), Micronesia (the Marianas, Palau, the Caroline Islands, the Marshalls, Nauru and Kiribati), and Polynesia (Tonga, Niue, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, Tuvalu, Tokelau, Pukapuka, the Cook Islands, the Society Islands, the Marquesas, Hawai’i, Rapanui or Easter Island, New Zealand, and others).
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Assessing the 'Balangay' Boat Discoveries
    A National Cultural Treasure Revisited – Re-assessing the ‘Balangay’ Boat Discoveries Roderick Stead1 and Dr. E Dizon2 Abstract The discovery of the balangay boats in the Butuan area of Northern Mindanao was arguably the most important find in pre-colonial maritime archaeology throughout island South East Asia. This class of vessel was well known from the accounts of early Spanish visitors to the Philippines, such as the Pigafetta journal of Magellan‟s voyage, but no extent examples had been located until the 1970s. As a by-product of an organised excavation of a settlement at the mouth of the Agusan River, a wave of illegal pot-hunting began in the Butuan area. As these ships had no commercial value they were reported to the National Museum. A total of 11 vessels were reported as discovered between 1976 and 1998, under some 2 metres of silt. In recent years a replica of a balangay boat has been built in the Philippines and it carried out a number of trial voyages in South East Asia. This replica is due to be put on show for the public in Manila. The first vessel discovered was conserved and is exhibited on site. A second ship was excavated and is on display in Manila in a partially reconstructed form. A third vessel and portions of a fourth have been excavated and are stored in pieces on site. The National Museum is planning to reopen the site in order to record in detail the remaining ships, to trace the stylistic developments of these vessels, and to test the dating evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Importance of Strong Reciprocity in the Greater Caribbean
    Journal of Caribbean Archaeology Copyright 2010 ISSN 1524-4776 SOMETHING FOR NOTHING: EXPLORING THE IMPORTANCE OF STRONG RECIPROCITY IN THE GREATER CARIBBEAN Angus A. A. Mol Faculty of Archaeology Leiden University P.O. Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] Abstract When discussing exchange in the archaeological record, this often entails a prehistory of exchange that is focused on the economic or the political aspect of exchanges. These par- ticular views very often suppose a direct quid-pro-quo attitude to exchanges. Although direct reciprocity was no doubt important for the constitution of pre-Columbian sociality, many other social strategies are available that were at least as important. This article focuses on the possible role of strong reciprocity in pan-Caribbean interactions. This entails that ob- jects and concepts should not be only considered for their value as exchange valuables in an economic or ideological sense, but also from their ability to create material manifestations of social strategies and their resulting relations. This position will be illuminated by a case- study taken from Melanesian ethnography and Caribbean archaeology. Résumé Lorsque l’on traite des échanges dans les travaux archéologiques, il est généralement fait référence à une préhistoire des échanges centrée sur les seuls aspects économiques ou poli- tiques. Ce point de vue implique très souvent une attitude de contrepartie directe dans les échanges. Bien que la réciprocité directe occupât sans doute une place importante dans la constitution de la sociabilité précolombienne, beaucoup d’autres stratégies sociales, au moins aussi importantes, étaient envisageables. Cet article se concentre sur le possible rôle de la réciprocité stricte dans les interactions pan-caribéenne.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    https://doi.org/10.47548/ijistra.2020.23 Vol. 1, No. 1, (October, 2020) Penguasaan maritim dan aktiviti perdagangan antarabangsa kerajaan-kerajaan Melayu Maritime control and international trade activities of Malay kingdoms Ahmad Jelani Halimi (PhD) ABSTRAK Kapal dan pelaut Melayu merupakan antara yang terbaik dalam kegiatan KATA KUNCI maritim tradisional dunia. Ia telah wujud lebih lama daripada mereka yang perahu, pelaut, lebih dipopularkan dalam bidang ini – Phoenicians, Greek, Rom, Arab dan perdagangan, juga Vikings. Ketika masyarakat benua sibuk mencipta pelbagai kenderaan di maritim, darat dengan penciptaan roda, masyarakat Melayu sudah boleh Nusantara menyeberang laut dengan perahu-perahu mereka. Sejak air laut meningkat kesan daripada pencairan ais di kutub dan glesiar di benua, sekitar 10,000- 6,000 tahun yang lampau, orang Melayu telah mula memikirkan alat pengangkutan mereka lantaran mereka telah terkepung di pulau-pulau akibat kenaikan paras laut dan tenggelamnya Benua Sunda. Justeru terciptalah pelbagai jenis perahu dan alat pengangkutan air yang dapat membantu pergerakan mereka. Sejak zaman itu, orang Melayu telah mampu menguasai laut sekitarnya. Ketika orang-orang Phoenician dan Mesir baru pandai berbahtera di pesisir laut tertutup Mediterranean dan Sungai Nil, orang Melayu telah melayari samudra luas; Teluk Benggala, Lautan Hindi dan Lautan Pasifik. Sekitar abad ke-2SM perahu-perahu Melayu yang besar-besar telah berlabuh di pantai timur India dan tenggara China, sementara masyarakat bertamadun tinggi lain baru sahaja pandai mencipta perahu-perahu sungai dan pesisir. Pada mulanya perahu-perahu Melayu hanya digunakan untuk memberi perkhidmatan pengangkutan hinggalah masuk abad ke-4 apabila komoditi tempatan Nusantara mula mendapat permintaan di peringkat perdagangan antarabangsa. Pelbagai jenis rempah ratus, hasil hutan dan logam diangkut oleh perahu-perahu itu untuk menyertai perdagangan dunia yang sedang berkembang.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Cartography in Papua New Guinea
    12 · Traditional Cartography in Papua New Guinea ERIC KLINE SILVERMAN SOCIAL LIFE, COSMOLOGY, AND rather of social conventions such as gift exchanges that POLITICS IN MELANESIA enable people to continually forge and negotiate rela­ tionships and alliances. Gift exchange, first studied by The cultural diversity of Melanesia in the southwestern Marcel Mauss, is the basis for the constitution of tradi­ Pacific Ocean is astounding. Regional generalizations are tional or prestate societies in particular. 1 Guided by the bound to falter: some sociocultural exception to any principle of reciprocity, gift exchange refers to the moral posited rule will almost assuredly exist. Nevertheless, it is obligation to give, to receive, and to give back various ob­ possible at least to sketch some common, nearly pan­ jects such as food, tobacco, and valuables as well as labor Melanesian social and cultural parameters. Since all in­ and services. As a result, people are enmeshed in a web of digenous representations of space in Melanesia are the obligations whereby they are constantly giving and re­ product or the reflection of social life, this brief discus­ ceiving, thus holding the society together. All societies in sion will provide a necessary context for understanding Melanesia are at some level a group of people who speak the social generation of local modes of cartography. a common language, share the same culture, and form a The peoples of the first migration from Southeast Asia moral community united by gift exchange. spread into New Guinea, the larger islands off New However, there are other foundations of societies in Guinea, and Australia, which at that time were connected Melanesia, and although these vary greatly, they can be by a land bridge (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction in January 1992, Jeremy Green
    Introduction In January 1992, Jeremy Green (Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Austral- ian Maritime Museum, Fremantle) and Paul Clark (Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Science, Darwin) were awarded an ARC grant for a project entitled The maritime archaeological, historical and ethnographic investigation of maritime technology in the pre-modern period, particular reference to Asian built ships. The project, included Pro- fessor Ken McPherson (Indian Ocean Centre For Peace Studies), Dr Robert Parthesius (Nederland bouwt VOC Retourschip Stichting, Lelystad, Netherlands) and Dr Peter Burns (Department of History, University of Adelaide) as associate investigators. The project employed two part-time research assistants: Tom Vosmer and Karen Millar. A series of field projects have now been undertaken and this report describes the progress of the work, the aims and achievements and the proposals for the future. THE PROJECTS 1 Philippines Achievements: One three week field project (Vosmer, Clark and Green) investigating shipbuilding centres in the Sulu area and documenting the remaining two Butuan Boats in Mindoro. In addition, a report on the Butuan Two boat was completed (forthcoming International Journal of Nautical Archaeology) and an interim report on the 1992 field project has been published. Objectives: to complete the publication of the two remaining Butuan Boats—1994 and possibly collaborate with the National Museum on a future excavation of another Butuan Boat site. 2 Maldives Achievements: One ten day field project (Millar, Green, Vosmer) documenting boat building in Malé and Alifushi. Publication of interim report by Millar (Bulletin Australian Institute of Maritime Archaeology, 17.1: 9–16). Objectives: complete full report on shipbuilding techniques with a comparison of Indonesian parallels in conjunction with Birningham (1994) and possibly an additional field season in 1994 looking at shipbuilding in the southern atols.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of Sulawesi Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period
    terra australis 48 Terra Australis reports the results of archaeological and related research within the south and east of Asia, though mainly Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia — lands that remained terra australis incognita to generations of prehistorians. Its subject is the settlement of the diverse environments in this isolated quarter of the globe by peoples who have maintained their discrete and traditional ways of life into the recent recorded or remembered past and at times into the observable present. List of volumes in Terra Australis Volume 1: Burrill Lake and Currarong: Coastal Sites in Southern Volume 28: New Directions in Archaeological Science. New South Wales. R.J. Lampert (1971) A. Fairbairn, S. O’Connor and B. Marwick (2008) Volume 2: Ol Tumbuna: Archaeological Excavations in the Eastern Volume 29: Islands of Inquiry: Colonisation, Seafaring and the Central Highlands, Papua New Guinea. J.P. White (1972) Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes. G. Clark, F. Leach Volume 3: New Guinea Stone Age Trade: The Geography and and S. O’Connor (2008) Ecology of Traffic in the Interior. I. Hughes (1977) Volume 30: Archaeological Science Under a Microscope: Studies in Volume 4: Recent Prehistory in Southeast Papua. B. Egloff (1979) Residue and Ancient DNA Analysis in Honour of Thomas H. Loy. M. Haslam, G. Robertson, A. Crowther, S. Nugent Volume 5: The Great Kartan Mystery. R. Lampert (1981) and L. Kirkwood (2009) Volume 6: Early Man in North Queensland: Art and Archaeology Volume 31: The Early Prehistory of Fiji. G. Clark and in the Laura Area. A. Rosenfeld, D. Horton and J. Winter A.
    [Show full text]