Beiträge Zur Insektenfauna Der DDR: Lepidoptera — Scopariinae

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Beiträge Zur Insektenfauna Der DDR: Lepidoptera — Scopariinae ©www.senckenberg.de/; download www.contributions-to-entomology.org/ Beitr. Ent., Berlin 30 (1980)1, S. 121-136 Institut für Pflanzenschutzforschung der Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der DDR zu Berlin Bereich Eberswalde Abteilung Taxonomie der Insekten Eberswalde Gü n t e r R in n h o f e r Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Lepidoptera — Scopariinae Mit 27 Textfiguren und 1 Tafel Inhalt E inleitung....................................................................................................................................................................121 Artenbestand ..........................................................................................................................................................................121 Ökologie .......................................................................................................................................................................................122 Bestimmungstabellen .............................................................................................................................................................. 124 Systematisch-faunistisches Verzeichnis der Gattungen und A rten ....................................................................................... 131 Verzeichnis (Checklist) der Scopariinen der DD R ....................................................................................................................135 Literatur ..................................................................................................................................................................................136 In d e x ..........................................................................................................................................................................................136 Einleitung Die Scopariinen gehören zu den heimischen Kleinschmetterlingsgruppen, die durch H a n n e m a n n (1964) einer neueren Bearbeitung unterzogen wurden. In Anlehnung an die Systematik seiner Arbeit werden nachfolgend die gegenwärtig für das Gebiet der DDR bekannten Arten abgehandelt, wobei vor allem Wert auf die Darstellung der Ökologie und Faunistik gelegt wurde. Auf Grund ihres unscheinbaren Aussehens und der verborgenen Lebensweise der Larven­ stadien sind die Scopariinen biologisch noch weitgehend unerforscht. So kennen wir bis heute kaum spezielle Nahrungsarten dieser Kleinschmetterlingsgruppe. Sie durch Zucht­ versuche zu ergründen, ist sicher eine lohnende Aufgabe für die Zukunft. Artenbestand Nach Auswertung der faunistischen Literatur, eigener Sammeltätigkeit und der Koopera­ tion mit anderen Sammlern verteilen sich die Scoparienarten wie folgt auf die einzelnen Bezirke der DDR (Stand 1977): Tabelle 1 4^* Scopa riinae o £ fr Ul O W O Kl p3 o *4 Pi fr p NP^ 3 Fi SCH j MA Anzahl Pi ¡3 F4 Eh o w m O m M PI d. Bez. 1 Witlesia pallida + + + + + + + 4- 4- 9 2 Witlesia murana (4 0 + + + 4- 4- 5 3 Witlesia truncicolella + 4- + + + + + + + + 4- 4- 4- 13 4 Witlesia sudetica + 1 5 Witlesia resinella 4- 1 6 Witlesia Iaetella (+) 4- 1 7 Witlesia mercurella + + + + + + + + 4- + 4- 4- 4- 13 8 Witlesia crataegella + + + + + + + + + 4- 4- 4- 12 9 Scoparia arundinata + + + + + + + + + + 4- 4- 4- 13 10 Scoparia ambigualis + + + + + 4- + + + + 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- 15 11 Scoparia cembrella + + + + + + 4- 4- 8 12 Scoparia ulmella + 4- 2 13 Scoparia basistrigalis + + + + + + + + + 4- + 4- 12 14 Scoparia sylvestralis + + 2 14 Arten 7 4 8 6 7 8 2 9 10 9 10 i 2 7 7 11 (40 = Nachweis nicht sicher 9 Beitr. Ent. 30, H. 1 DOI: 10.21248/contrib.entomoL30.1.121-136 ©www.senckenberg.de/; download www.contributions-to-entomology.org/ 122 G. Hinnhoïee : Insektenfauna DDE,: Lepidoptera — Scopariinae Demnach wurden für das Gebiet der Republik insgesamt 14 Arten nachgewiesen. Als häufigste und allgemein verbreitete Spezies erwiesen sich S. ambigualis, S. arundinata, S. basistrigalis, W. truncicolella, W. mercurella und W . crataegella, auch unter Berücksichti­ gung der Tatsache, daß in den verschiedenen Bezirken die Intensität der Sammeltätigkeit sehr differenziert ist. Alle sechs Arten dürften zweifellos in jedem Bezirk Vorkommen, selbst wenn noch nicht überall der Nachweis erbracht werden konnte. Ebenso ist die Ver­ breitung der anderen Arten gegenwärtig noch ungenügend geklärt, und es bedarf weiterer Nachforschungen, um das Bild abzurunden. Ganz besonders gilt dies für W. sudetica, W. resinella, W . laetella, S. ulmella und S. sylvestralis, die bisher erst in einem oder zwei Be­ zirken gefunden wurden. Außerdem spielt bei dem Problem die große Ähnlichkeit mancher als selten angesehenen Arten zu häufigen Spezies eine bedeutende Rolle. Oft unerkannt bleiben aus diesem Grund W. murdna, S. ulmella und S. sylvestralis. Es ist deshalb rat­ sam, auf Sammelexkursionen jeweils alle Tiere der Gruppe mitzunehmen, sofern man nicht schon genügend Routine im Ansprechen verschiedener Arten hat. Vielfach stellt sich erst nach Genitaluntersuchung ein seltener Fund heraus, der bei oberflächlicher Handhabe der Faunistik verlorenginge. Die Sammeltätigkeit ist in erster Linie in den Bezirken Cottbus, Suhl und Schwerin zu verstärken, um vorhandene Lücken in der Artenliste zu schließen. Die häufigsten dort noch fehlenden Arten lassen sich während der entsprechenden Flugzeit wahrscheinlich schon nach zwei bis drei Lichtfangabenden nachweisen. Ökologie Flugzeiten der Falter Aus den Tabellen 2 und 3 ist ersichtlich, daß sich die Flugzeit der heimischen Scopari- inen von Mitte Mai bis Anfang September erstreckt, wobei der Juli als Hauptflugmonat deutlich hervortritt. In beiden Tabellen konnten die drei Arten W. resinella, W. laetella und S. ulmella mangels verwertbarer Angaben nicht berücksichtigt werden. Nach H anste - mann (1964) fliegt W. resinella im Juli/August, W. laetella im Juni/Juli. Für S. ulmella liegen mir nur zwei genau datierte Funde vor: 12. Juni (P a tza k ) und 29. Juli (R a pp 1936). Somit ordnen sich die Flugzeiten dieser drei Arten gut in das erarbeitete Schema ein. Tat eile 2 0 M W IK 1 Witlesia pallida I IV mura na 3 W. truncicolella 4 W. sudetica 7 W- mercurella Tabelle 3 8 IV. crataegella 9 Scop. arundinata 10 5 . ambigualis i 11 S. cembrelia .13 S. basistrigalis S. sylvestralis DOI: 10.21248/contrib.entomoL30.1.121-136 ©www.senckenberg.de/; download www.contributions-to-entomology.org/ Beiträge zur Entomologie, Heft 1,1980, Band 30 123 Die Diagramme in Tabelle 2 basieren auf der Auswertung sämtlicher verfügbarer Daten von Funden aus dem gesamten Gebiet der DDR über einen Zeitraum von rund 100 Jahren. Den entsprechenden Angaben in Lokalfaunen dagegen liegen zwangsläufig meist nur rela­ tiv wenige Daten aus einigen zum Teil sogar klimatisch extremen Jahren beziehungsweise Orten zugrunde, deshalb bleibt ihr Aussagewert gering. Die längste Flugzeit weist W. murana auf; möglicherweise tritt sie in zwei Generationen auf, der erste kleine Gipfel um Ende Mai deutet darauf hin. In Tabelle 3 wurden die in Tabelle 2 bereits verwendeten Daten aller Arten für jede Monatsdekade summiert, um ein Bild von der jahreszeitlichen abhängigen Flugintensität der bei uns beheimateten Sco- pariinen insgesamt zu gewinnen. Die Zahlen über den Säulen geben die jeweilige Arten­ zahl an. Die meisten Tiere wohl aller Arten lassen sich am besten durch Lichtfang erbeuten. Biotopansprüclie Im allgemeinen bewohnen die heimischen Scopariinen beider Gattungen gehölzreiche und nicht zu trockene Lebensräume, die die Futterpflanzen enthalten. Die Arten verteilen sich etwa gleichermaßen auf Laub- und Nadelholzbestände. Vor allem Baumstämme (zum Beispiel Eichen, Rotbuchen, Fichten, Eschen) dienen zahlreichen Faltern als Tagruhe­ plätze, von denen sie leicht abgesammelt werden können. Deswegen wird von den häufigen Arten auch die Großstadt als Lebensraum einbezogen, und zwar in Form von Friedhöfen, Parks und Gärten. Nach H a n h e m a n n (1964) und nach eigenen Feststellungen kommen vor in Nadelgehölzen: W. pallida, W. truncicolella, W. sudetica, W. crataegella, S. cembrella; in Laubgehölzen: W. resinalla (an Eschenstämmen), W. crataegella, S. arundinata, S. am- bigualis, S. basistrigalis, S. sylvestralis. Für die restlichen, hier nicht aufgeführten Arten liegen keine Angaben vor. Ernährungsweise der Raupen Über spezielle Nahrungsarten der Scopariinae sind wir nur äußerst spärlich unterrichtet. Auf diesem Teilgebiet der Biologie steht noch ein weites Betätigungsfeld offen. Nach Sob- h a g en (1886), Gh b e t ie n (1924), B e ib n e (1952) und H a n n e m a n n (1964) ernähren sich die Larvenstadien der Gattung Witlesia durchweg von verschiedenen Moos- und Flech­ tenarten an Bäumen, auf Dächern, an Steinen, Mauern, Zäunen und am Erdboden. Allein fürW. murana werden folgende vier Moose namentlich als Futterpflanzen genannt: Grim- mia pulvinata, Dicranum scoparium, Bryum capillare und Sclerodon cupressiformis. Fast nichts bekannt ist in dieser Richtung von der Gattung Scoparia. Lediglich in einem Fall, fürS. cembrella, gibt H a n n e m a n n (1964) niedere Pflanzen wie Picris und Tussilago als Futterpflanzen an. Möglicherweise liegen die Verhältnisse ähnlich wie bei Witlesia. Volkswirtschaftlich ist die gesamte Gruppe bedeutungslos. Allgemeine Hinweise zur Bestimmung der Gattungen und Arten Gerade bei der Bestimmung der Scopariinen treten erfahrungsgemäß immer wieder Schwierigkeiten auf, auch nachdem man bereits zahlreiche Tiere verschiedener Arten ge­ sehen hat. So gibt es unter den 14 heimischen Arten mehrere, die selbst in frischem Zustand nicht nach der
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