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Modern Seed Sowing Techniques and Developing Technologies International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017 Available online at www.ijiere.com International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering e-ISSN: 2394 - 3343 p-ISSN: 2394 - 5494 Modern seed sowing techniques and developing technologies Pratik Hore.a, Goluprasad Gupta.a , Shrikrishn Deshmukh.a,Ashish Dhawale.a,Prof.S.S.Patil.b aB.E. Mechanical Engineering Department, ZCOER, Pune, Maharashtra, India bProf. Mechanical Engineering Department, ZCOER, Pune ,Maharashtra ,India ABSTRACT: India is an agricultural country because 75 % people work in the field. With increase in population, demand for the food is more than the supply. In order to bring down the demand supply gap sowing equipments are important for agriculture sector. Farmers normally complain about low yield growth from sowing seeds. For the growth of agriculture economy in India, mechanization is necessary. The main purpose of mechanization in agriculture is to improve the overall productivity & production. So many researchers work on different technologies in an agriculture sector to reduce human effort and increase crop production .This work helps to study as well as design & development of different techniques for seed sowing processes Keywords: Seed sowing process, techniques, design & development, seeding, labour I. INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the major occupation of the Indian rural people. Basically agriculture sector is the backbone of India’s sustained growth .Mostly, Farmers in India work in an agriculture field manually .Precision seeding reduces wastage of seeds and increase production rate. To increase precision seeding various industries are developing various automatic machines which reduce overall cycle time & cost of labor. There are many traditional methods like broadcasting, dibbling, putting seeds behind plough but this methods have many disadvantages like low speed, labor cost, and quality of crop, seeds get damage by the birds ,because of this use of traditional methods not gives us proper production rate. To overcome this drawback we have modern machines like two wheel tractor and the technologies like electronic and mechanical seed metering are available. By using these techniques we are able to reduce human and animal efforts. This paper presents different type of methods of seed sowing & planting process .Developing multifunctional machine which will be useful to reduce human and animal efforts at least for small scale farmers .There are different methods for seed sowing process to maintain row to row spacing ,seed rate ,seed to seed spacing & depth of seed. II. Traditional methods of seed sowing Following are the traditional methods- Dibbling (Drill sowing)- This method involves making of small holes in the ground for seeds. Seeds are covered in the soil manually. Which prevents the damage of seeds by birds? Dibbling can be done with the help of hand tool or bamboo stick as shown in figure. The crops like maize, Groundnut, Castor, and Cotton etc are sown by Dibbling. This method is easy and no skilled labor is required, Spacing between seeds is maintained, Seed requirement is less than other method. But this method is time consuming and requires more labor also the cost of cultivation is also get increase. [1] Figure 1.Dibbling [1] 69 International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017 Broadcasting- This method involves scattering of seeds randomly with the help of hand .For this method land must be prepared .This land is prepared with the help of plough to a series of linear cuts, which is known as furrows. The crops like wheat, paddy, coriander, fenugreek etc are sown by broadcasting. This method requires less time, it is easy and no skilled labour is required also this is quickest & cheapest method. But in this method wastage of seed is more because seeds get damage by the birds. The spacing between crops is not fixed; therefore crops can grow randomly in field. [4] Figure 2.Broadcasting [4] Putting seed behind plough- This method involves use of plough and animal’s .The plough is driven with the help of animals and seeds are feeded manually within furrows created by plough. The crops like wal or gram etc are sown by this method. Figure shows the actual procedure of this technique. This method requires less time, less human effort and less labor. But this method requires more animal efforts. [4] Figure 3.Putting seed behind plough [4] III. Nursery Now day’s nurseries for various types of crops are used. Nursery is the part of agriculture sector. Above methods are not efficient to get proper production in several conditions because seed doesn’t get proper environment and there will be wastage of seeds. So to avoid this wastage of seeds, seeds are firstly sown in nursery. After some time plants grown from seeds are used in prepared land. [5] IV. Modern techniques for sowing seeds Following are the modern methods Two wheel tractor- Now days this two wheel tractor is used by small scale as well as medium scale farmers. Companies also manufactures seed driller two-wheeler tractor. This tractor produces either one or two rows of furrows. This unit consists of a coulter/ tine combination with an additional double disc opener to place the fertilizer .Seed metering is done by horizontal plate metering system. This two wheel tractor can also be used for multipurpose crop planting. It require less human effort but this tractor requires fuel to work.[1] Figure 4.The versatile multi-crop planter (VMP) [1] 70 International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017 Depth of cut Adjustable to 7" maximum Width of cut [mm-inch] 1016-40 1270-50 Kind of blade Blade No. 574 Number of blades 8 each L & R 10 each L & R Fuel consumption[Diesel] 0.18 Ltr/Hr Table 1.Rotary tiller specifications Pneumatic equipment for sowing small seeds The seeds which are very small and difficult to sowing can be sown by pneumatic system. This equipment is used to sowing seeds like forestry, flower, vegetable species .This system is developed by mechanization laboratories of the faculty of horticulture and agriculture from Craiova. [3] Figure 5. a) Sowing in gullies by hand; b) Equipment for sowing small seeds, grain by grain [3] Metering devices Mechanically controlled Metering device A metering device is a device used to meter the seeds as per the requirement .Mainly the mechanical metering devices are generally used. Mechanical metering is driven by use of a common drive shaft powered by ground driven wheel. Varying metering rates depends upon wheel speed. The limitation of mechanical metering system is it has not control on actual timing and placement of seeds. [2] Electronically controlled Metering device Electronically controlled metering device-It uses electronic connection for metering the seeds with the help of gravity .This electronically metering system will reduce overall size of existing metering devices, allows proper compact design. It will allow communication or collaboration between row units .Also allowing precise & accurate placement of seed pattern .[2] Figure 6.The principle of the metering device [2] V. CONCLUSIONS Traditional seed sowing has some limitations and to overcome this innovative seed sowing techniques are used. Innovative seed sowing technique can save time required to seeding processes and also it reduces labor cost. This study helps to understand the different techniques and there scope to develop new techniques, which will be used for seed sowing process. 71 International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017 REFERENCES [1] C. Johansena, M.E. Haqueb, R.W. Bell c, C. Thierfelderd, R.J. Esdailee, ‘Conservation agriculture for small holder rainfed farming: Opportunities and constraints of new mechanized seeding systems’ , Field crop research 132 (2012) 18-32 [2] Cristian IACOMIb, Octavian POPESCU, ‘A New Concept for Seed Precision Planting’ Agriculture and agricultural science procedia 6 (2015) 38-43 [3] Olimpia Pandiaa, Ion Saracinb, Ion Bozgaa, tefania Eliza Tanasiec , ‘ Studies regarding pneumatic equipment for sowing small seeds in cups’, Agriculture and agricultural science procedia 6 (2015) 690-695. [4] D.Ramesh 1, H.P. Girishkumar , ‘ Agriculture Seed Sowing Equipments: A Review’(IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2014 ,ISSN:2278-7798 [5] A.O.Hannure, S.P.Kshirsagar, V.S.Kodam, O.N.Patange , V.S.Nakod ,‘Literature Review on Automatic Seed Feeder’(IJETT) Volume 36 Number 7- June 2016,ISSN:2231-5381 [6] Sial, F.S., Persson, S.P., 1983. Vacuum Nozzle Design for Seed Metering. ASAE Paper No. 79-1075, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085 [7] OlimpiaPandia., Netoiu Constantin., 2010. Theoretical study of achieving seeders for forestry nurseries of resinous, Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series, Vol. XL /2, 556-560. [8] A. R. Kyada & D. B Patel,DEC 2014 “Design And Development Of Manually Operated Seed Planter Machine” of Lecture 5th International& 26th All India Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference (AIMTDR 2014) ,IIT Guwahati, Assam, India. Vol 2. [9] D. Ramesh , H.P. Girishkumar,JULY 2014“ Agriculture Seed Sowing Equipments: A Review” , ISSN N0.:2278-7798,Volume3. [10] Iqbal N, Akbar N, Ali M, Sattar M and Ali L (2005), “Effect of Seed Rate and Row Spacing on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat”, Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 48, No. 2. 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