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Trends in the Agricultural Machinery of the Future and How Electric Linear Actuators Can Be Used

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Trends in the Agricultural Machinery of the Future and How Electric Linear Actuators Can Be Used Trends in the agricultural machinery of the future and how electric linear actuators can be used Scientific Whitepaper by Dr David Reiser and Prof. Dr Hans W. Griepentrog LINAK-US.COM/BUSINESS-AREAS/MOBILE-AGRICULTURE/ The Department of Process Engineering in Plant Production at the University of Hohenheim is testing the possibilities of robotics in agriculture with the “Phoenix” experimental vehicle. 2 Abstract Today’s agriculture is facing major changes caused by digitization and automation. This white paper is intended to provide an overview of and summarize current developments and tendencies. The focus is on the use of electric actuators and their influence on the development of future ma- chines. Only the application and development in agriculture is considered. For this purpose, a comparison of hydraulic and electric actuators is first performed, then current applications of linear actuators and control and regulation concepts are dealt with and the necessary power requirement of current tasks is estimated. The trends of the agricultural machinery of tomorrow are outlined based on this. Future developments and require- ments, digitization, communication and the future of linear actuators in agricultural machinery and robots are presented here. It is to be expected that linear electric actuators will further advance the development of agri- cultural machinery in the future and enable new potential for optimization. This white paper was created on behalf of LINAK GmbH by the University of Hohenheim. Dr David Reiser and Prof. Dr Hans W. Griepentrog, University of Hohenheim - Department of Process Engineering in Plant Production (Agricultural Engineering), Garbenstr. 9, 70599 Stuttgart 3 INTRODUCTION General Agriculture has always been a driver of innovation of new technologies and developments, especially in Germany. Johnson describes a direct link between the mechanization of agriculture and the prosperity of a country1. This is par- ticularly evident in the number of people working in the agricultural sector. In Germany, the number of people employed in agriculture fell from 22.5% in 1950 to 1.5% today. Despite all this, more food is currently being produced in Germany than ever before2. The average yield per hectare of a wheat field has quadrupled since 1900 from 1.85 tonnes to 7.64 tonnes in 20173. The mechanization and automation of production processes had a particular influence on the advancement in agriculture4 [4]. According to the German Federal Statistical Office, 6.4 billion euros were spent on new and highly-auto- mated agricultural machinery in 2017 [2]. This high sum underlines the willing- ness of the agricultural industry in Germany to invest in new innovative tech- nology. The requirements with regard to agricultural machinery have changed over time. Some features of earlier agricultural machines are no longer in demand today, while new skills are required. Typical changes over the years included absolute machine size, engine power, comfort, safety and modern automatic steering and driver assistance systems5. Digitization does not stop at agricultural engineering and will continue fur- ther in the future. “Deep Learning” and “Internet of Things” (IoT) have been around for a long time in agricultural research and are now being used in the first commercial products. Some examples of this in practice are smart phone apps for determining plant diseases and weeds6. Automated robotics solutions can now also be purchased and offer added value for the user (e.g. hoeing weeds in row crops). Robots in the field offer the opportunity to ex- tend digitization down to individual plants. Therefore, on the level of a “digital twin”, the development of the plants can be examined even more closely7. 1 Δ G. Johnson, “Agriculture and the Wealth of Nations” in Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annal Meeting of the American Economic Association, 1997, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 1–12. 2 Statista, “Landwirtschaft in Deutschland”, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://de.statista.com/statistik/studie/id/6455/ dokument/landwirtschaft-statista-dossier/. [Accessed: 04-Sep-2019] 3 P Pascher, U. Hemmerling and S. Naß, Situationsbericht 2018/19 „Trends und Fakten zur Landwirtschaft“. Deutscher Bauernverband e.V., 2018 4 M Kassler, “Agricultural Automation in the new Millennium” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 30, no. 1–3, pp. 237–240, Feb. 2001 5 J. N. Wilson, “Guidance of agricultural vehicles - a historical perspective” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 25, no. 1-2, pp. 3–9, Jan. 2000. 6 A Kamilaris and F. X. Prenafeta-boldú, “Deep learning in agriculture: A survey” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 147, no. February, pp. 70–90, 2018. 7 A Linz, J. Hertzberg and J. Roters, “„ Digitale Zwillinge “ als Werkzeug für die Entwicklung von Feldrobotern in land- wirtschaftlichen Prozessen Material und Methoden” in Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI), Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn, 2019, pp. 125-130. 4 With the expansion of digital infrastructure, these technologies will create new opportunities for food production of the future. After many innovation cycles in agriculture such as through mechanization, pesticide development, mineral fertilizers, plant cultivation and precision farming, digitization is cred- ited with the potential for the next innovation cycle. It is expected that by adapting and further developing the technology with the help of digitization, new optimization potential in agriculture can be identified and used8. This includes automation using drones and robots. If you believe forecasts by ex- perts, many swarm-based robots will do the field work of tomorrow in the future, which will further relieve farmers. An overall and sustainable change in agriculture will therefore be promoted. Automation is expected to reduce the size of future machines and tasks will be distributed9/10/11. However, for the practical use of these machines and robots, the necessary technology and infrastructure must first be available. The success of digiti- zation depends heavily on the actuators used. Because only if information gained through digitization can be suitably converted into activities and ac- tions can a benefit be generated for the farmer. Currently, the increase in the resulting data is exponential. Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications require a doubled computing requirement every 3.5 months on average12. This also increases the costs for data analysis, data management and the necessary digital infrastructure. This generates a lot of data that is never used to in- crease productivity. Even if intelligent algorithms generate added value from the data, this knowledge must be put into practice. This is only possible with suitable automation of the processes. Therefore, the success of digitization and AI is directly related to robotics and automation. New information ob- tained through digitization should be automated, accurate, energy-efficient and user-friendly in actions and recommendations for action can be trans- ferred. Therefore, the requirement arises for independently operating robots and machines to take as many decision steps as possible for the user, or at least to support the user in doing so. The mechanics must be able to convert the finely resolved data and information practically in order to be able to con- trol sections or even perform an individual plant processing. The future lies in the direct, local application of sensor data, which is supported by cloud-based information. 8 BMEL, “Digitalisierung in der Landwirtschaft Chancen nutzen - Risiken minimieren”, 2019. 9 S. M. Pedersen, S. Fountas, H. Have and B. S. Blackmore, “Agricultural robots - system analysis and economic feasibility” Precis. Agric., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 295–308, Jul. 2006. 10 3 B S. Blackmore, HW Griepentrog and S. Fountas, “Autonomous Systems for European Agriculture” in Automation Technology for Off-Road Equipment, 2006. 11 T Duckett et al., “Agricultural Robotics: The Future of Robotic Agriculture” UK-RAS White Pap., pp. 36, 2018 12 F Müssig, “AMD- CEO Lisa Su schaut in die Halbleiter-Zukunft” heise online, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/AMD-CEO-Lisa-Su-schaut-in-die-Halbleiter-Zukunft-4500699.html. [Accessed: 04-Sep2019] 5 Spending in billions of euros 036912 Feed 14,2 Tractors, agricultural machinery 6,4 Fertiliser, crop protection 4 Agricultural buildings 3,5 Fuels, combustibles, electricity 3,4 Repairs, maintenance 3,3 Agricultural services 14,2 Seeds and seedlings Veterinarian, medication Other goods and services Source: Statista Dossier Landwirtschaft ID6477 Current problems in agriculture Cuts in subsidies, rising production costs, environmental regulations and a bad social image pose particular challenges for today’s agriculture. In particular, compliance with drinking wa- ter and water conservation as well as counteracting bee mortality and decreasing biodiversity are expectations for agriculture. There are additional demands for the current climate pro- tection plan to achieve a permanent reduction in CO2 in agriculture by more than 30% by 2030. This will be implemented through savings on fertilizers and fossil fuels13. Likewise, there is increasing pressure on national politics to enforce Europe-wide guidelines, as the current amendment to the Fertilizer Ordinance (2019) shows. Agricultural technology will have to react to such requirements if agriculture does not want to lose its social acceptance. Overall, the multitude of legal regulations is increasing significantly, making it difficult
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