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Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment

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Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Testing and evaluation of agricult1.;1ral machinery and equipment Principles and practices 2 Dynamometer e D= Pcos e D: Draft P: Pull measured by a dynamometer e : Angle between the line of pu!I and the horizontal MEASURING PULL AND CALCULATION OF DRAFT Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Testing and evaluati n AGRICULTURAL of ag ricu ltu ral machinery and equipment Principles and practices by D.W. Smith B.G. Sims D.H. O'Neill 'Food and Agriculture Organization of · the United Nations Rome, 1994 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-05 ISBN 92-5-103458-3 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani­ cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1994 Formal testing of agricultural machinery was instigated during the industiial revolution at the tum of the century, but it was only with the wide adoption of engine powered equipment that testing began to make a serious and valuable contribution to manufacturers and users of agricultural machinery. Testing, in which the engineering parameters of a machine are determined, has, without doubt, received the attention. The evaluation of machines, in which their characteristics of handling and performance, their economic impact, as well as their engineering parameters, are determined, came at a much later stage in devel?pment, despite the greater potential benefits provided to the user and manufacturer by these activities. There is no universal terminology which can be used to distinguish the activities of testing and evaluation. Because of misconceptions associated with testing and evaluation of agricultural machinery, F AO decided that its Panel of Experts on Agricultural Engineering should discuss the topic at its Eleventh Session in October 1992. One of the Panel recommendations was the preparation of two AGS Bulletins: one directed towards testing and evaluation stations, universities and students in developing countries, and one directed towards governments, policy makers, entrepreneurs and managers of testing and evaluation centres. This Bulletin is the former of the two. This Bulletin has been produced by the Overseas Division of the Silsoe Research Institute, U. K. working under an F AO contract. Adrianus G. Rijk Chief F AO Agricultural Engineering Service ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Manual is the fmit of an that was initiated in 1990 with the preparation and delivery of a course on farm machinery evaluation for scientists of the Mexican National Forestry and Agriculture Research Institute (JNIFAP). Since 1990 the material has been developed further during similar practical workshops in Cuba, Honduras and Chile. Financial help from the UK Government's Overseas Development Administration and the British Council enabled these workshops to talce place and is gratefuliy acknowledged. A penultimate version of the Test Procedures in the second part of the Manual was prepared for the Eleventh FAO Panel of Experts on Agricultural Engineering which met in Rome in October 1992. At that 1uc,c,u,,;,.,: it was recommended that the Procedures be edited and supplemented and that practical guidelines should be included. This recommendation was adopted by F AO and resulted in the present document. Many colleagues have reviewed drafts and have made valuable comments which have enhanced our understanding of the prQject. Among these we would like to single out for special thanks: Frank Inns; Ulrich Viebig; Derek Sutton; Jim Ellis-Jones; Steve Twomlow; Graeme Rainbird; Adrianus Rijk; Terry Lester. We owe a special debt to Sue Robinsonwho battled with manuscripts and typed many drafts of the final text. We also recognise the cheerful and constructive efforts of Rosemary Briars; Maria Knaggs; Bob Wardell and Roger Cover of Silsoe Research Institute Graphics Department who produced the illustrations. Despite the contributions from all those who have collaborated the views contained in the Manual are those of the authors; likewise we are responsible for all omissions and errors. November 1993 Overseas Division Silsoe Research Institute iii A l 1 . ~ . 1 . 5 2.1 . ~ . 5 2.1.1 Time . ~ . 5 2.1.2 Mass ................................................. 6 2.1.3 Dimensions . ~ . ~ . 6 2.1.4 Revolutions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ Q • • • ~ • • • • • • 8 2.1.5 . ~ . ~ . 9 2.1.6 Electrical . ~ ~ . 9 2.2 Derived Measurements . ~ . ~ . 9 2.2.1, Area . 9 2.2.2 Volume . 10 2.2.3 Force . I 2.2.4 Pressure . 14 2.2.5 . 14 2.2.6 Torque . 15 2.2.7 Work and Power . 16 2.2.8 Rate of Work . 17 2.2.9 Rate of Flow . 19 2.2.10 Fuel Consumption . 23 2.2.11 Rate of application . 23 2.2.12 Output . 24 3 CALIBRATION OF TEST ................................ 25 4 APPLICATION OF MEASUREMENT TO TESTING PROCEDURES . 28 4.1 Selection of material for tests . 28 4.2 Soil conditions . 28 4.2.1 Soil texture . 28 4.2. l. l Field estimation . 28 4.2.2 Bulk Density . 30 4.2.2. Field estimation of bulk density . 30 4.2.2.2 Sampling strategy for bulk density measurements . 31 4.2.2.3 bulk density and porosity . 32 4.2.3 Moisture Content . 32 4.2.3.1 Measurement method . 32 4.2.3.2 Estimation by feel method . 33 4.2.4 Mean Clod Diameter . 33 4.2.5 Soil Strength . 35 4.2.5.l Cone Index . 35 4.2.5.2 Shear Strength . 36 iv 4.3 Measurement of power . 37 4.3.1 Rotary power . 37 4.3.1.1 Engine ............................................. · · · · 37 4.3.1.2 Power take-off . 38 4.3.1.3 Machines . 39 4.3.1.4 Electric Motors . 39 4.3.2 Linear . 39 4.3.2.1 Animal ................................................. 39 4.3.2.2 Tractor . 40 4.3.2.3 Machine ................................................ 42 4.3.3 Hydraulic . 42 4.3.3.1 Oil ................................................... 42 4.3.3.2 Water . 43 4.4 Performance of hand tools . 43 4.4.1 Performance tests . 43 4.4.2 Ergonomic assessments . 44 4.5 Animal perfomiance . 44 4.6 Machine performance . 47 4.6.1 Cultivators (primary and secondary) . 47 4.6.1.1 General . 47 4.6.1.2 Draft measurement . 47 4.6.1.3 Machine capacity and field efficiency . 48 4.6.1.4 Soil Inversion . 48 4.6.1.5 Surface evenness . 50 4.6.2 Seeders and planters . 50 4.6.2.1 General . 50 4.6.2.2 Laboratory tests . 50 4.6.2.3 Field tests . 50 4.6.3 Fertiliser distributors . ..
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