A Glossary of Agricultural Terms English-Spanish Spanish-English
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The Progress of the Early Threshing Machine
The Progress of the Early Threshing Machine By STUAR.T MACDONALD HKESHING was as basic to agricul- diffusion from Scottish origins; in many parts ture as agriculture was to the national of England the flail remained the dominant T economy. New crop rotations, better --sometimes fl~e only--means of threslfing manuring, and increased potential arable for the next half-century. "The thrashing of acreage may have produced more grain to be corn is performed in two ways; by manual sold at greater profit in the buoyant grain labour, as with the flail, and by mechanical market of the late eighteenth and early nine- means, as the thraslfing machine. The flail... teenth centuries, but the importance of the is still used in a great part of England to essential linking process--threslfing--seems separate the corn from its straw. ''s The ma- to have escaped comparable attention. Before chine was revolutionary in function com- the z78o's, the most efficient way of separating pared with the flail and in scale compared with grain from straw was to employ teams of men the size and cost of other farm implements. 6 throughout the winter months to hit the corn That such a keystone of revolution should with flails. The work was hard, it was dirty, prove invaluable to some and valueless to inefficient, slow, and at a time of rapid agri- others seems a matter of some interest and cultural change and some agricultural pro- importance and has provoked this enquiry. gress, primitive. Not until I7o°6 was a machine invented capable of relieving arable agricul- I ture from its annual epic drudgery. -
Identification of Cereal Remains from Archaeological Sites 2Nd Edition 2006
Identification of cereal remains from archaeological sites 2nd edition 2006 Spikelet fork of the “new glume wheat” (Jones et al. 2000) Stefanie JACOMET and collaborators Archaeobotany Lab IPAS, Basel University English translation partly by James Greig CEREALS: CEREALIA Fam. Poaceae /Gramineae (Grasses) Systematics and Taxonomy All cereal species belong botanically (taxonomically) to the large family of the Gramineae (Poaceae). This is one of the largest Angiosperm families with >10 000 different species. In the following the systematics for some of the most imporant taxa is shown: class: Monocotyledoneae order: Poales familiy: Poaceae (= Gramineae) (Süssgräser) subfamily: Pooideae Tribus: Triticeae Subtribus: Triticinae genera: Triticum (Weizen, wheat); Aegilops ; Hordeum (Gerste; barley); Elymus; Hordelymus; Agropyron; Secale (Roggen, rye) Note : Avena and the millets belong to other Tribus. The identification of prehistoric cereal remains assumes understanding of different subject areas in botany. These are mainly morphology and anatomy, but also phylogeny and evolution (and today, also genetics). Since most of the cereal species are treated as domesticated plants, many different forms such as subspecies, varieties, and forms appear inside the genus and species (see table below). In domesticates the taxonomical category of variety is also called “sort” (lat. cultivar, abbreviated: cv.). This refers to a variety which evolved through breeding. Cultivar is the lowest taxonomic rank in the domesticated plants. Occasionally, cultivars are also called races: e.g. landraces evolved through genetic isolation, under local environmental conditions whereas „high-breed-races“ were breed by strong selection of humans. Anyhow: The morphological delimitation of cultivars is difficult, sometimes even impossible. It needs great experience and very detailed morphological knowledge. -
Grassland Resources and Development of Grassland Agriculture in Temperate China
124 Rangelands 10(3), June 1988 Grassland Resources and Development of Grassland Agriculture in Temperate China Zhu Tinachen Natural temperate grasslands occupy 2.4 million km2 or one-quarter ofthe area of China. They form a broad beltfrom the plains of the northeast to the Tibetan Plateau of the southwest (Fig. 1). The nature and distribution of thegrassland is determined in large part by the influence of the monsoon. In the north- east where the monsoon is well developed, the grassland owes its existenceto dry conditions in the spring. Westward and southwestward wherethe monsooninfluence is weaker, the grasslandsoccupy higherelevations (to as high as 5,000 m) in response to the semiarid and arid regional climate. Similarly, temperate grasslands occur at high elevations in mountains of the desert region in northwestern China, far beyond the continuous grassland belt. Some 4,000 species offlowering plants comprise thevegetation ofthese temper- ate grasslands.About 200 are important forage species. The livestock population in China is about 130 million Fig. I Steppe zone of China cattle units. Most of the livestock are dependent on these 1.Meadow steppe, 2.Typical steppe. 3.Desert steppe. 4. Shrub steppe. 5. Alpine steppe. natural temperategrasslands. GrasslandTypes responding to climate and distributed in the form of a belt. Meadows are not zonal; they are controlled by local envi- Based on the concept of zonal vegetation, the natural ronments.About 80 ofthe area of is occu- of China can be divided into two percent grassland temperategrasslands major pied by zone steppetypes and about 20 percent by meadow types: steppe and meadow. -
Silo Buster Forage Mixture Silo Buster Is a Forage Mixture Comprised of 50% Climbing Forage Peas, 25% Spring Triticale and 25% Forage Barley
Silo Buster Forage Mixture Silo Buster is a forage mixture comprised of 50% Climbing Forage Peas, 25% Spring Triticale and 25% Forage Barley. Preparation Prepare a smooth seed bed to ease accurate seeding. Avoid surface trash unless proper no till seeding is used with appropriate equipment and an experienced operator. Planting Sow 2-2 ½ units per acre, ½ - 1” depth. Do not seed deeper than 1’ and sow as early as possible in the spring. The later part of April is ideal. Underseed with your normal hay or grass mix at the usual rate. For the proper amount of seed per acre start by setting the drill as if you were planting 120 lbs. of wheat. Feed quality and yield will suffer if less than 100 lbs./acre are planted. Fertilizer requirements are approximately 60 lbs. N, 30 lbs. P, and 60 lbs. K in the absence of a soil test. Silo Buster really comes into its own when its values as a nurse crop are examined. After quick emergence, Silo Buster develops more slowly than most nurse crops, allowing the underseeding to develop strong vigorous seedlings. When harvest is about three weeks away, Silo Buster grows very rapidly resulting in lots of high quality feed (approximately 7-9 ½ tonnes wet weight per acre). The peas in the mixture provide large amounts of nitrogen through heavy nodulation, if sufficient climbing pea inoculant is mixed with the seed. Harvest Harvest 55-70 days (depending on your area) from seeding but weather can accelerate or delay harvest. Remember the calendar is only a guide. -
Mid-Atlantic Native Meadows Guidelines for Planning, Preparation, Design, Installation, and Maintenance
Mid-Atlantic Native Meadows Guidelines for Planning, Preparation, Design, Installation, and Maintenance Alice Sturm, Mahan Rykiel Associates Stephanie Frischie, Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Mid-Atlantic Native Meadows Guidelines for Planning, Preparation, Design, Installation, and Maintenance Alice Sturm, Mahan Rykiel Associates Stephanie Frischie, Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation The Xerces Society is a nonprofit organization that protects the natural world by conserving invertebrates and their habitat. Established in 1971, the Society is a trusted source for science-based information and advice and plays a leading role in promoting the conservation of pollinators and many other invertebrates. We collaborate with people and institutions at all levels and our work to protect bees, butterflies, and other pollinators encompasses all landscapes. Our team draws together experts from the fields of habitat restoration, entomology, plant ecology, education, farming, and conservation biology with a single passion: Protecting the life that sustains us. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation 628 NE Broadway, Suite 200, Portland, OR 97232 Tel (855) 232-6639 Fax (503) 233-6794 www.xerces.org Regional offices from coast to coast The Xerces Society is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Xerces® is a trademark registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Founded in 1983, Mahan Rykiel Associates is a 35-person landscape architecture, urban design, and planning firm located in Baltimore, Maryland. The firm works across scales to imagine and realize projects that enrich the human condition and support vibrant natural systems. Research and discovery guide project development that includes public parks, civic plazas, state infrastructure, mixed-use housing, private residences, healthcare facilities, hotels, and commercial centers. -
Impact of Slope of Growing Trays on Productivity of Wheat Green Fodder by a Nutrient Film Technique System
water Article Impact of Slope of Growing Trays on Productivity of Wheat Green Fodder by a Nutrient Film Technique System Andrius Grigas 1, Aurelija Kemzurait¯ e˙ 1,* , Dainius Steponaviˇcius 1, Aušra Steponaviˇciene˙ 2 and Rolandas Domeika 1 1 Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy, Studentu˛St. 15A, LT-53362 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (R.D.) 2 Catering Department, Kaunas University of Applied Sciences, Pramones˙ Ave. 22, LT-50387 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 September 2020; Accepted: 24 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Abstract: Application of hydroponic systems in feed production has not been extensively studied. Therefore, there is insufficient data on the effect of the slope of hydroponic growing trays used in the nutrient film technique on wheat fodder yield and its qualitative parameters. The slope of the trays has only been studied for food crops. This study conducted experimental research using a nutrient film technique hydroponic fodder growing device to evaluate the impact of growing tray slope angle on hydroponic wheat fodder production. The slope angle of the growing trays was changed from 2.0% (1.15◦) to 8.0% (4.57◦) with increments of 1.5% (0.86◦). This research used two different light sources for wheat sprout illumination: indoor lighting (fluorescent lamps) and light-emitting diode illumination. In addition, two nutrient solutions were used for sprout irrigation: tap water and a solution enriched with macro- and microelements. Experimental studies confirmed the hypothesis that the slope angle of growing trays significantly affects the yield of wheat fodder grown for seven days. -
Choosing a Soil Amendment Fact Sheet No
Choosing a Soil Amendment Fact Sheet No. 7.235 Gardening Series|Basics by J.G. Davis and D. Whiting* A soil amendment is any material added not be used as a soil amendment. Don’t add Quick Facts to a soil to improve its physical properties, sand to clay soil — this creates a soil structure such as water retention, permeability, water similar to concrete. • On clayey soils, soil infiltration, drainage, aeration and structure. Organic amendments increase soil amendments improve the The goal is to provide a better environment organic matter content and offer many soil aggregation, increase for roots. benefits. Over time, organic matter improves porosity and permeability, and To do its work, an amendment must be soil aeration, water infiltration, and both improve aeration, drainage, thoroughly mixed into the soil. If it is merely water- and nutrient-holding capacity. Many and rooting depth. buried, its effectiveness is reduced, and it will organic amendments contain plant nutrients interfere with water and air movement and and act as organic fertilizers. Organic matter • On sandy soils, soil root growth. also is an important energy source for amendments increase the Amending a soil is not the same thing bacteria, fungi and earthworms that live in water and nutrient holding as mulching, although many mulches also the soil. capacity. are used as amendments. A mulch is left on the soil surface. Its purpose is to reduce Application Rates • A variety of products are available bagged or bulk for evaporation and runoff, inhibit weed growth, Ideally, the landscape and garden soils and create an attractive appearance. -
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KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI – GHANA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL/MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MOTORISED MINI-RICE THRESHER A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL/MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR B.Sc. (HONS) AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DEGREE BY QUAYE ALEX MAY, 2016 DECLARATION I, QUAYE ALEX, hereby declare that this thesis is as a result of my own work towards B.Sc. degree in Agricultural Engineering and that to the best of my knowledge, it contains neither materials previously published by any other person nor one which has been accepted for award of any other degree in any university, except where due reference has been made in the text of this thesis. ............................................. ............................................. QUAYE ALEX Date (Student) ……………….................... …………………………… PROF. EBENEZER MENSAH DATE (SUPERVISOR) ……………………………. ……………………………. DR. GEORGE YAW OBENG DATE (CO-SUPERVISOR) i DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my late father, OSEI EKOW, my sweet loving and prayerful mother, BERKO OFORIWAA HELENA, my siblings and every individual JEHOVAH used as a blessing unto me in pursuing this first degree program. For all that I am or ever hope to be, I owe it to them. TO GOD BE THE GLORY. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All that we know is a sum total of what we have learned from all who have taught us, both directly and indirectly. My utmost gratitude goes to Jehovah God, who saw me safely through this four year degree programme. I couldn’t have made it without Him. I also wish to express my warmest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. -
Farm Machinery Selection
Farm Machinery Ag Decision Maker Selection File A3-28 utting together an ideal machinery system long run; machinery that is too small may result in is not easy. Equipment that works best one lower crop yields or reduced quality. year may not work well the next because of P Ownership Costs changes in weather conditions or crop production practices. Improvements in design may make older Machinery ownership costs include charges for de- equipment obsolete. And the number of acres be- preciation, interest on investment, property taxes, ing farmed or the amount of labor available may insurance and machinery housing. These costs change. increase in direct proportion to machinery invest- ment and size. Because many of these variables are unpredictable, the goal of the good machinery manager should be Operating Costs to have a system that is flexible enough to adapt Operating costs include fuel, lubricants and repairs. to a broad range of weather and crop conditions Operating costs per acre change very little as ma- while minimizing long-run costs and production chinery size is increased or decreased. Using larger risks. To meet these goals several fundamental machinery consumes more fuel and lubricants per questions must be answered. hour, but this is essentially offset by the fact that more acres are covered per hour. Much the same is Machine Performance true of repair costs. Thus, operating costs are of mi- First, each piece of machinery must perform reli- nor importance when deciding what size machinery ably under a variety of field conditions or it is a is best suited to a certain farming operation. -
Optimum Cereal Combine Harvester Operation by Means of Automatic Machine and Threshing Speed Control
Optimum cereal combine harvester operation by means of automatic machine and threshing speed control : LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0086 5713 m Promotoren: ir. A. Moens hoogleraar in de landbouwkundige aspecten van de landbouwwerktuigkunde alsmede de landbouwbedrijfsmechanisatie ir. O. H. Bosgra buitengewoon hoogleraar in de meet-, regel- en systeemtechnie k /^o11ö\,%t W. Huisman Optimum cereal combine harvester operation by means of automatic machine and threshing speed control Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, op gezagva n de rector magnificus, dr. C. C. Oosterlee, hoogleraar in de veeteeltwelenschap, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 30 november 1983 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen. Abstract Huisman,W . (1983)Optimu m cereal combine harvester operation by means of automatic machine and threshing speed control.Doctora l thesis, Agricultural University,Wageningen . (xx+ 293p. , 156 figs,4 6 tables, 132 refs, app.,Eng . and Dutch summaries) The method bywhic h automation of agricultural machinery can be developed isillustrate d in the case of cereal combineharvesting . The controlled variables are machine forward speed and threshing cylinder peripheral speed. Four control systems have been developed that optimise these speeds on thebasi s of harvest costsminimisation ,whic h includes variable and fixed costs of the machine and those of machine- and timeliness losses. The evaluated systems make use of avaryin g number of input process variables and control the machine speed exclusively,o r both machine speed and threshing speed. The financial benefits from these control systems were calculated by means of a computer simulation. The research required in developing the models and control systems is discussed in detail.Th e simulation results demonstrate that control of low-frequency variations in croppropertie s brings some slightbenefi t and indicate that timeliness losses are of great importance to optimisation. -
Using Fodder from Trees and Shrubs to Feed Livestock in the Tropics. Better Farmin Series No. 42
ISSN 0259-2479 better farming series 42 using fodder from trees and shrubs to feed livestock in the tropics FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS TT The titles published in this series are designed as hand-books for intermediate-level agricultural education and training courses. They may be purchased as a set or individually. 1. The plant: the living plant; the root 2. The plant: the stem; the buds; the leaves 3. The plant: the flower 4. The soil: how the soil is made up 5. The soil: how to conserve the soil 6. The soil: how to improve the soil 7. Crop farming 8. Animal husbandry: feeding and care of animals 9. Animal husbandry: animal diseases; how animals reproduce 10. The farm business survey 11. Cattle breeding 12. Sheep and goat breeding 13. Keeping chickens 14. Farming with animal power 15. Cereals 16. Roots and tubers 17. Groundnuts 18. Bananas 19. Market gardening 20. Upland rice 21. Wet paddy or swamp rice 22. Cocoa 23. Coffee 24. The oil palm 25. The rubber tree 26. The modern farm business 27. Freshwater fish farming: how to begin 28. Water: where water comes from 29. Better freshwater fish farming: the pond 30. Better freshwater fish farming: the fish 31. Biogas: what it is; how it is made; how to use it 32. Biagas 2: building a better biogas unit 33. Farming snails 1: learning about snails; building a pen; food and shelter plants 34. Farming snails 2: choosing snails; care and harvesting; further improvement 35. Better freshwater fish farming: further improvement 36. -
Producing a Past: Cyrus Mccormick's Reaper from Heritage to History
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2014 Producing a Past: Cyrus Mccormick's Reaper from Heritage to History Daniel Peter Ott Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ott, Daniel Peter, "Producing a Past: Cyrus Mccormick's Reaper from Heritage to History" (2014). Dissertations. 1486. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1486 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2014 Daniel Peter Ott LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO PRODUCING A PAST: CYRUS MCCORMICK’S REAPER FROM HERITAGE TO HISTORY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JOINT PROGRAM IN AMERICAN HISTORY / PUBLIC HISTORY BY DANIEL PETER OTT CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MAY 2015 Copyright by Daniel Ott, 2015 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is the result of four years of work as a graduate student at Loyola University Chicago, but is the scholarly culmination of my love of history which began more than a decade before I moved to Chicago. At no point was I ever alone on this journey, always inspired and supported by a large cast of teachers, professors, colleagues, co-workers, friends and family. I am indebted to them all for making this dissertation possible, and for supporting my personal and scholarly growth.