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Optimum Cereal Combine Harvester Operation by Means of Automatic Machine and Threshing Speed Control

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Optimum Cereal Combine Harvester Operation by Means of Automatic Machine and Threshing Speed Control Optimum cereal combine harvester operation by means of automatic machine and threshing speed control : LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0086 5713 m Promotoren: ir. A. Moens hoogleraar in de landbouwkundige aspecten van de landbouwwerktuigkunde alsmede de landbouwbedrijfsmechanisatie ir. O. H. Bosgra buitengewoon hoogleraar in de meet-, regel- en systeemtechnie k /^o11ö\,%t W. Huisman Optimum cereal combine harvester operation by means of automatic machine and threshing speed control Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, op gezagva n de rector magnificus, dr. C. C. Oosterlee, hoogleraar in de veeteeltwelenschap, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 30 november 1983 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen. Abstract Huisman,W . (1983)Optimu m cereal combine harvester operation by means of automatic machine and threshing speed control.Doctora l thesis, Agricultural University,Wageningen . (xx+ 293p. , 156 figs,4 6 tables, 132 refs, app.,Eng . and Dutch summaries) The method bywhic h automation of agricultural machinery can be developed isillustrate d in the case of cereal combineharvesting . The controlled variables are machine forward speed and threshing cylinder peripheral speed. Four control systems have been developed that optimise these speeds on thebasi s of harvest costsminimisation ,whic h includes variable and fixed costs of the machine and those of machine- and timeliness losses. The evaluated systems make use of avaryin g number of input process variables and control the machine speed exclusively,o r both machine speed and threshing speed. The financial benefits from these control systems were calculated by means of a computer simulation. The research required in developing the models and control systems is discussed in detail.Th e simulation results demonstrate that control of low-frequency variations in croppropertie s brings some slightbenefi t and indicate that timeliness losses are of great importance to optimisation. FREE DESCRIPTORS: cereal harvest optimisation, combine harvester,auto ­ matic control,machine speed control,threshin g speed control,simulation . This thesis ispublishe d by the Department ofAgricultura l Engineering,Agricultura l University Mansholtlaan 12,670 8P A Wageningen The Netherlands Stellingen 1.Bi jhe t ontwikkelen van geautomatiseerde systemen voor landbouwmachines dientme n zich te laten leiden door een duidelijk en weloverwogen opti­ malisatie-criterium. Bovendien dientme n in een vroeg stadium de tever ­ wachten voordelen kwalitatief en kwantitatief in detail uit te werken om tijdig tekunne nbesluite n over voortzetting, stopzetting of ombuiging vanhe t ontwikkelingsonderzoek. Ditproefschrift ,alsmed eM.B .McGechan ,CA . Glasbey. J.Agric .Engn .Res .6 (1982),p .537-552 . 2. Het feit dat gemiddeld per maaidorser in Nederland jaarlijks slechts een geringe oppervlakte wordtbewerkt,ka n slechts worden verklaard door de lage machinekosten enhe tverlange n van deboe r om het risico van hoge tijdigheidsverliezen tebeperken .D e lagemachinekoste n zijn een gevolg van de lange economische levensduur vanmaaidorsers . R.K.Oving ,E .va nEideren ,R.L .d eVries . IMAGpublikati e 143,Wageninge n1980 . 3.D e graanverliesmeetsystemen die thans in dehande l zijn,biede n alleen een economisch voordeel indien de gebruiker zich rekenschap heeft gegeven van het Verliesniveau dathi jwens t aan tehouden . Bovendien moet de gebruiker hetmeetsystee m zeer frequentijken . Ditproefschrift . 4.He t ontwikkelen van geautomatiseerde systemen voor landbouwmachines vereist een multidisciplinaire aanpak.Voora l een intensieve samenwerking tussen onderzoekers uit devakgebiede n van de Landbouwtechniek en de Meet-,Regel -e n Systeemtechniek iswenselijk . Ditproefschrif t •-.rJE K 5.Automatiserin g bij maaidorsers levertarbeidsplaatse n op. Ditproefschrift . 6. Bijoptimalisati e van het verschil tussen opbrengsten en kosten van een landbouwproductiesysteem, zoalsbijvoorbeel d de bietsuikerproductie, moeten deproductiemethode n ophe t landbouwbedrijfe n in de fabriek alsee n samenhangend systeemworde n beschouwd. Indienpremie s en boetes als sturingsmechanisme worden toegepastmoete n deze ook op de korte termijnworde n aangepast aan zichwijzigend e omstandigheden. 7.Bi jd e vergelijking van de diverse methoden van groenvoederwinning, worden de aspectenkwalitei t enverlie s ten onrechte minder nauwkeurig gekwantificeerd dan de machinekosten. 8. Indien adviezen en voorschriften omtrent energiebesparing inwoon - en werkomgeving en inopenbar e voorzieningen onvoldoende effect sorteren, dienen demogelijkhede n van automatisering daartoeme t spoed te worden onderzocht. 9. In de discussie over de invoering vanwerktijdverkortin g moeten argu­ menten diebetrekkin g hebben op inmateriëlewaarde n een zwaarder ge­ wichtkrijge n dan ze thansveela lhebben . Bijd eeconomisch e argumenten dientme nmee r aandacht te geven aand e flexibiliteit van dearbeids ­ markt en de grotere arbeidsprestatie. 10. Macro-economisch onderzoek moet zichminde r richten op de economie van de groei en meer op een economie waarin deverdelin g van welvaart centraal staat. W. Huisman Optimum cereal combine harvester operation by means of automatic machine and threshing speed control Wageningen, 19septembe r 1983 Vie steeds op de wind let, zal niet zaaien; en wie steeds naar de wolken ziet, zal niet maaien. Prediker 11:4 Voorwoord In ditproefschrif t isee nbelangrij k deel van de resultaten verwerkt van ongeveer 15 jaaronderzoe k aanmaaidorsers ,uitgevoer d inhe t kader vanhe t onderzoekprogramma van de vakgroep Landbouwtechniek van de Landbouwhogeschool. In dieperiod e hebben velen eenbijdrag e geleverd aan ditonderzoek , die iko p deze plaats daarvoor gaarne mijn dank wil betuigen. In de eersteplaat s wil ikmij npromotore n bedanken. Professor Moens, joube n ik vooral dankbaar voor de ruime gelegenheid die jem eheb t geboden ditonderzoe k uit tevoere n en voor de stimulans omhe tme t eenproefschrif t af te ronden. Je opmerkingen betreffende inhoud en tekste n denadru k die je legde op de algemene toepasbaarheid van het onderzoek, zijn ergbelangrij k voor mijgeweest . Professor Bosgra,jo uwi l ik vooralbedanke n voord e intensievebege ­ leiding metbetrekkin g totd e aanpak van het onderzoek en de vormgeving. Je onvermoeibare inzetbi jhe toverdrage n van de nodige kennis uit jouw vakgebiedwa s een onmisbare steun. Hetheef t dekwalitei t van ditproef ­ schrift zeer verbeterd. Demedewerker s van de vakgroep Landbouwtechniek waren degenen die dit onderzoek uiteindelijk hebben mogelijk gemaakt. Oscar Bergman enJa n van Loo,julli e enthousiasme en steun waren on­ ontbeerlijk. Jullie hebben vooral deperiod e vanhe t veldonderzoek samen metLee n de Boer van de ir.A.P .Minderhoudhoeve ,to t een fijne tijdge ­ maakt. Egbert van derWal ,Ee f van Donselaar en Piet Rijpma, jullie waren bij de assistentie inhe t veld zeerbetrouwbaa r en onvermoeibaar. Geurt van de Scheur,Wille m van Brakel en Jordan Charitoglou, jullie steun vanuit dewerkplaat s was debasi s van veld- en laboratoriumonder­ zoek. Voor de ontwerpadviezen voor apparatuur ben ikprofesso r Quast, Jaap Heyning en Henk de Vries zeer dankbaar. Jan Meuleman, jou dank ik vooral voorhe t overnemen van de taken die ik liet liggen tijdens het schrijven van ditproefschrift . Ook de andere collega's die taken overnamen ben ik daarvoor dankbaar. Guus Tergast,Kare n den Outer enEll y Faber, jullie wil ik vooral bedanken voor deprettig e en correcte wijze waarop jullie mijn werk ondersteunen. Ind e langeperiod e van onderzoek hebben 44 doctoraal studenten en een 10-talpraktijkstudente n aan onderwerpen gewerkt die samenhingen met ditonderzoek . Ikhe b metplezie r met allen samengewerkt en ben dankbaar voorhu n inzet. De student-assistenten Leo van Geel, Henk van Dongen,Fran s Reumkens en Bertva n 'tOoste r ben ik dankbaar voorhe tmake n van enhe t werken methe t simulatieprogramma. Jullie hebben mij veelwer k uithande n geno­ men. Vooral Bertdan k ik voor zijn steun in de avonden en nachten achter de terminal. Van demedewerker s van de sectie Meet-,regel -e n systeemtechniek van de vakgroep Natuur- enWeerkund e wil ik metnam e bedanken Alexander Udink ten Cate en tevens zijn oud collega's Jimmy Lengkeek,professo r van Dixhoorn en Gerritva n Zee.Voo r de steunbi j computerwerk en signaalanalyse ben ik tevens Dimitri van denAkke r enWille m Driessen dank verschuldigd. Ditonderzoe k zounie t mogelijk geweest zijn zonder debijdrag e van diverse instellingen enbedrijve n zoals Fa. Sperry New Holland Fa. Van Driel &va n Dorsten Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeerpolders Instituutvoo r Mechanisatie,Arbei d en Gebouwen Technische en Fysische Dienst voor de Landbouw De vakgroepen Informatica,Wiskunde ,Landbouwplantenteel t en grasland- kunde,he t rekencentrum van de Landbouwhogeschool en de ir.A.P .Minder - houdhoeve. Tenslotte wil ik voor de vormgeving van ditproefschrif t gaarne bedanken: Eef van Donselaar voor de figuren;mr . Smith Hardy voor de correctie vanhe t Engels;Han s Sytsma voor vertaalwerk; Karen den Outer,Cisk a den Herder en mevrouw L.J. Müller voorhe t typen van de diverse concep­ ten en Jakke van der Sluisvoo r het typen en afwerken van de gedrukte versie. Lieve Jannie,zonde r jouw steunwa s ditwer k niet tot stand gekomen; lieve Geertje enJa nWillem , zonder jullie geduld washe t nietklaar - gekomen; lieve vader en moeder,zonde r jullie opvoedingwa s ik er niet aanbegonnen . Wageningen, 29 augustus 1983 Contents text appendix Listo f symbols 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. General 1 199 1.2. Literature 2 205 1.3.Ai m of the study 5 1.4.Metho d of the study 6 1.4.1.Optimisatio n criterion 6 1.4.2.Th e reason for simulation 13 1.4.3. Formulation of the optimisation problem 14 2. SYSTEM MODELS 21 2.1. Model approach 21 2.1.1. Introduction 21 2.1.2. General aspects 22 2.1.3.Metho d used in this study 26 2.2. Costmode l 26 2.2.1. Variable costsproportiona l to theharveste d area 27 215 2.2.2.Variabl e costsproportiona l to theworkin g time 27 215 2.2.3. Fixed costs 28 216 2.2.4. Costs ofmachin e losses 29 216 2.2.5.Cost s of the extrawea r of the threshing cylinder 30 217 drive 2.2.6.
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