A Complementary

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Complementary LIFE LESSONS OF HISTORY: OUR ANCESTORS AND ANCIENT EGYPT Los Angeles Sentinel, 02-28-08, p. A-7 DR. MAULANA KARENGA At the center of our celebration of our men and women and our worthiness of the history is recognition of the fruitful re- promise of eternal life. sources it offers us in both learning and life We understood these core principles as and our conscious commitment to pay right- the practice of the Christianity of our people. ful hommage to our ancestors, those un- For we thought that, although they used the buckling bridges of righteous, resistant and same name, Whites did church, religion and resourceful men and women who carried us human relations differently for their own over troubled and treacherous waters and unchristian reasons of race and culture. But gave us the foundation and framework to go we never knew, as I would later learn and as forward and flourish. Here it is important to America’s pioneering Egyptologist would realize that our history and the awesome concede, that “It is now quite evident that legacy our ancestors left us do not begin in the ripe social and moral development of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia or even New mankind in the Nile Valley, which is three England, but in ancient Africa, home of the thousand years older than that of the He- elders of humanity and the fathers and brews, contributed essentially to the forma- mothers of human civilization. In this re- tion of the Hebrew literature we call the Old gard, Cheikh Anta Diop has taught us the Testament,” and of course, the New Testa- importance of recovering and reconstructing ment also. Indeed he said, “our moral heri- the legacy of ancient Egypt, Africa’s pre- tage, therefore, derives from a wider human mier classical civilization, in order to “rec- past enormously older than the Hebrews, oncile African and human history, create a and it has come through the Hebrews to us new body of human sciences and renew Af- rather than from them.” As his study reveals rican culture.” and Diop’s work reaffirms in scholarly de- Of all the contributions ancient Egypt tail, the central source from which this heri- has made to the disciplines of human tage evolves is the ancient African civiliza- knowledge, none is more important and en- tion of Kemet (Egypt). during than the moral and spiritual legacy it Thus, in spite of the unjust and relent- has left us and the world. It is of value to less religious demonization of ancient Egypt note, however, that I am ever mindful and and parallel willful and grossly uninformed profoundly appreciative of the moral and denials of its vital contribution to the intel- spiritual foundation our father and mother lectual and moral development of human- gave our brothers and sisters and me. It is kind, Kemet has provided the world with our parents, who first taught us the non- some of its most important moral and spiri- negotiable need and ethical obligation to tual concepts. And it is always good to re- speak truth, do justice, shun evil and share member and reflect on them and engage good, and be kind and considerate, espe- them in addressing our most important and cially to those less capable, less fortunate urgent issues. and less favored. Indeed, they taught us it Indeed, in these times and this society was how we treated each other and again where dogs have become children of choice especially “the least among us” that deter- and troubled and alienated youth slaughter mines our worthiness before God and among each other in streets, schools and on college campuses, and many parents play only the LIFE LESSONS OF HISTORY: 2 OUR ANCESTORS AND ANCIENT EGYPT Los Angeles Sentinel, 02-28-08, p. A-7 DR. MAULANA KARENGA limited role of doting ATM’s, Kemet’s In a country where poverty is blamed teachings on our obligations to our children on the poor, and where hurricane victims of and future generations offer needed moral a devalued and inconvenient color are left to insight and instruction. The Husia, the sa- die or rescue themselves from flooded cred text of ancient Egypt, says that we houses, buildings, streets, rooftops, over- should cherish our children, but also chal- passes and overcrowded “holding pens” lenge them to do Maat (rightness, good) in called coliseums while those in charge go the world, that we should “teach them the off to dinner and ask not to be disturbed, the righteous ways of the ancestors” and “do for ancient African teaching that the moral them all that is good.” Moreover, it says measure of society is how we treat the most “Everyone teaches as s/he acts.” Therefore, vulnerable among us offers a much-needed “Set a good example; Uphold Maat and your alternative understanding and way of being children will thrive.” Indeed, “the result of human in the world. Indeed, the Husia doing good deeds is a fortune which chil- teaches that we are to give “food to the hun- dren will find afterwards.” gry, water to the thirsty, clothes to the naked In this context where official killing is and a boat to cross over to those who have passed off as capital punishment and still none.” We also are to be “an advocate for considered civilized, and a president prac- the wretched, a protector of the weak, a sup- tices and tries to legalize torture and wages porter of the poor and an ally of the op- war based on fantasies of chosen race and pressed.” religion and an imperialistic addiction to su- Finally, in a world where genocide in perpower thuggery and theft, Kemet’s teach- Darfur, the bludgeoning of Haiti, and the ing on the dignity of the human person, the brutal collective punishment and imprison- sanctity of life and the rightness and reward ment of the whole Palestinian people is met of peace are refreshing. It is ancient Egypt, with shameful and self-indicting silence, the in the Husia, who first taught that humans Husia teaches us that we must “stand up in are bearers of divinity and dignity, that the midst of silence,” injustice and oppres- “humans are the images of God” and that sion in the world, and “bear witness to truth they have an inherent worthiness which is and set the scales of justice in their proper transcendent, equal and inalienable. And place (especially) among those who have no concerning taking life or experimenting on voice.” Moreover, we are to “seek after that humans, “It is not permitted to do such which is good for the future,” striving con- things to the noble flock (images) of God.” stantly to repair and remake the world (se- Furthermore, the Husia says “Do not terror- rudj ta), ever mindful in all we do that “eve- ize people” or plunder. Rather, “speak truth, ryday is a donation to eternity and even one do justice” and “plan to live in peace and hour is a contribution to the future.” what is to be given (or shared) will come of itself.” Dr. Maulana Karenga, Professor of Black Studies, California State University-Long Beach, Chair of The Organiza- tion Us, Creator of Kwanzaa, and author of Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture, [www.Us- Organization.org and www.OfficialKwanzaaWebsite.org]. .
Recommended publications
  • Darulfunun Ilahiyat, 30(1): 171–186
    darulfunun ilahiyat, 30(1): 171–186 DOI: 10.26650/di.2019.30.1.0004 http://ilahiyatjournal.istanbul.edu.tr Submitted: 21.04.2018 Revision Requested: 27.06.2018 darulfunun ilahiyat Last Revision Received: 19.07.2018 Accepted: 17.01.2019 RESEARCH ARTICLE / ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESI Published Online: 20.05.2019 Redefining al-Mahdi: The Layennes of Senegal Thomas Douglas1 Abstract Limamou Laye (1844-1909) redefined the concept of the Mahdi with his proclamation. Though the concept of Mahdi has a history of variations across the Islamic world, Limamou Laye added a previously unknown characteristic: Mahdi as reincarnation of Muhammed. This article explores the history of the concept of the Mahdi focusing on the Sunni and Shi’a traditions. On the 24 May 1883, Libasse Thiaw (later known as Limamou Laye) proclaimed himself the Mahdi. His proclamation went on to say that he was the Prophet Muhammed returned to earth. Studying this event historically begs the question, why was this particular detail added to an honored Islamic messianic tradition? The answer lies in the history and geographical positioning of the Lebu, the ethnicity to which Libasse Thiaw belonged. I argue that three cultural influences helped shaped the Lebu expression of the Mahdi. The first influence was the Lebu traditional religious belief system. The second was Islam as expressed and practiced in the Senegambia. The third was the Christianity that the French brought with them to the area. Keywords Mahdi • Layennes • Senegal • Limamou Laye • Lebu Mehdi’yi Yeniden Tanımlamak: Senegalli Layeciler Öz Limamou Laye’nın (1844-1909) mehdilik iddiası ‘mehdi’ kavramının yeniden tanımlanmasına neden olmuştur.
    [Show full text]
  • Submission to the University of Baltimore School of Law‟S Center on Applied Feminism for Its Fourth Annual Feminist Legal Theory Conference
    Submission to the University of Baltimore School of Law‟s Center on Applied Feminism for its Fourth Annual Feminist Legal Theory Conference. “Applying Feminism Globally.” Feminism from an African and Matriarchal Culture Perspective How Ancient Africa’s Gender Sensitive Laws and Institutions Can Inform Modern Africa and the World Fatou Kiné CAMARA, PhD Associate Professor of Law, Faculté des Sciences Juridiques et Politiques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, SENEGAL “The German experience should be regarded as a lesson. Initially, after the codification of German law in 1900, academic lectures were still based on a study of private law with reference to Roman law, the Pandectists and Germanic law as the basis for comparison. Since 1918, education in law focused only on national law while the legal-historical and comparative possibilities that were available to adapt the law were largely ignored. Students were unable to critically analyse the law or to resist the German socialist-nationalism system. They had no value system against which their own legal system could be tested.” Du Plessis W. 1 Paper Abstract What explains that in patriarchal societies it is the father who passes on his name to his child while in matriarchal societies the child bears the surname of his mother? The biological reality is the same in both cases: it is the woman who bears the child and gives birth to it. Thus the answer does not lie in biological differences but in cultural ones. So far in feminist literature the analysis relies on a patriarchal background. Not many attempts have been made to consider the way gender has been used in matriarchal societies.
    [Show full text]
  • From Scattered Data to Ideological Education: Economics, Statistics and the State in Ghana, 1948-1966
    The London School of Economics and Political Science From Scattered Data to Ideological Education: Economics, Statistics and the State in Ghana, 1948-1966 Gerardo Serra A thesis submitted to the Department of Economic History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, January 2015. Declaration I, Gerardo Serra, certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis, including footnotes but excluding references, consists of 97,090 words. 2 Abstract This thesis analyses the contribution of economics and statistics in the transformation of Ghana from colonial dependency to socialist one-party state. The narrative begins in 1948, extending through the years of decolonization, and ends in 1966, when the first postcolonial government led by Kwame Nkrumah was overthrown by a military coup d’état. Drawing on insights from political economy, the history of economics and the sociology of science, the study is constructed as a series of microhistories of public institutions, social scientists, statistical enquiries and development plans.
    [Show full text]
  • Abdias Nascimento E O Surgimento De Um Pan-Africanismo Contemporâneo Global Moore, Carlos Wedderburn
    Abdias Nascimento e o surgimento de um pan-africanismo contemporâneo global Moore, Carlos Wedderburn Meu primeiro encontro com Abdias do Nascimento, amigo e companheiro intelectual há quatro décadas, aconteceu em Havana, em 1961, quando a revolução cubana ainda não havia completado três anos de existência. Eu tinha 19 anos, Abdias, 47. Para mim, esse encontro significou o descobrimento do mundo negro da América Latina. Para ele, essa visita a Cuba abria uma interrogação quanto aos métodos que se deveriam empregar para vencer quatro séculos de racismo surgido da escravidão. E se me atrevo a prefaciar este primeiro volume de suas Obras, é apenas porque no tempo dessa nossa longa e intensa amizade forjou-se uma parceria política na qual invariavelmente participamos de ações conjuntas no Caribe, na América do Norte e no Continente Africano. As duas obras aqui apresentadas tratam de eventos acontecidos no período de seu exílio político (1968-1981) e dos quais fui testemunha. É, portanto, a partir dessa posição de amigo, de companheiro intelectual e de testemunha que prefacio este volume, sabendo que deste modo assumo uma pesada responsabilidade crítica tanto para com os meus contemporâneos quanto em relação às gerações vindouras. Duas obras compõem este volume. O traço que as une é o fato de os acontecimentos narrados com precisão de jornalista em Sitiado em Lagos decorrerem diretamente das colocações políticas e da leitura sócio-histórica sobre a natureza da questão racial no Brasil que se encontram sintetizadas em O genocídio do negro brasileiro. Essas obras foram escritas da forma que caracteriza o discurso "nascimentista" - de modo direto, didático, e num tom forte, à maneira de um grito.
    [Show full text]
  • Ali a Mazrui on the Invention of Africa and Postcolonial Predicaments1
    ‘My life is One Long Debate’: Ali A Mazrui on the Invention of Africa and Postcolonial Predicaments1 Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni2 Archie Mafeje Research Institute University of South Africa Introduction It is a great honour to have been invited by the Vice-Chancellor and Rector Professor Jonathan Jansen and the Centre for African Studies at the University of the Free State (UFS) to deliver this lecture in memory of Professor Ali A. Mazrui. I have chosen to speak on Ali A. Mazrui on the Invention of Africa and Postcolonial Predicaments because it is a theme closely connected to Mazrui’s academic and intellectual work and constitute an important part of my own research on power, knowledge and identity in Africa. Remembering Ali A Mazrui It is said that when the journalist and reporter for the Christian Science Monitor Arthur Unger challenged and questioned Mazrui on some of the issues raised in his televised series entitled The Africans: A Triple Heritage (1986), he smiled and responded this way: ‘Good, [...]. Many people disagree with me. My life is one long debate’ (Family Obituary of Ali Mazrui 2014). The logical question is how do we remember Professor Ali A Mazrui who died on Sunday 12 October 2014 and who understood his life to be ‘one long debate’? More importantly how do we reflect fairly on Mazrui’s academic and intellectual life without falling into the traps of what the South Sudanese scholar Dustan M. Wai (1984) coined as Mazruiphilia (hagiographical pro-Mazruism) and Mazruiphobia (aggressive anti-Mazruism)? How do we pay tribute
    [Show full text]
  • Diggin History Assessment An
    A Sign Of The Times of the Carolinas 2015 - Diggin’ History Through Music and Dance I. Pre / Post Assessment (Before presentation ) (After presentation ) Diggin’ History Questions? Answers Answers 1. 2. 3. II. Kwanzaa / Black History - Suggested Reading List Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family Community and Culture MaulanaKarenga The African American Holiday of Kwanzaa MaulanaKarenga Selections From the Husia MaulanaKarenga Million Man March Day of Absence: Mission Statement MaulanaKarenga Reconstructing Kemetic Culture MaulanaKarenga Maat The Moral Idea of Ancient Egypt MaulanaKarenga To Your Journey (http://www.creative-interchange.com/about/) Ahmad Daniels The Signs & Symbols of Primordial Man Albert Churchward Blues People Amiri Baraka Blueprint for Black Power Amos N. Wilson Black-on-Black Violence Amos Wilson The Falsification of Afrikan Consciousness Amos Wilson The Development Psychology of the Black Child Amos Wilson The Maroon Within Us Asa G. Hilliard III African Power Asa G. Hilliard III SBA:The Reawakening of the African Mind Asa G. Hilliard III Nile Valley Contributions to Civilization Anthony T. Browder Psychopathic Racial Personality Bobby Wright The Ruins of Empires C.F. Volney The Mis-Education of the Negro Carter G. Woodson The Destruction of Black Civilization Chancellor Williams The Rebirth of African Civilization Chancellor Williams Echoes of the Old Darkland Charles Finch The Star Of Deep Beginnings Charles Finch Introduction To African Civilization: Myth or Reality Cheikh Anta Diop Civilization or Barbarism Cheikh Anta Diop Precolonial Black Africa Cheikh Anta Diop Cultural Unity of Africa Cheikh Anta Diop Towards African Renaissance Cheikh Anta Diop David Walker’s Appeal David Walker "Wonderful Ethiopians of the Cushite Empire" Drusilla Dunjee Houston From Columbus to Castro Eric Williams The Isis Papers Frances Cress Welsing Stolen Legacy George James Claiming Earth Haki R.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Peuplements De Poissons Des Milieux Estuariens De L'afrique De L
    Thèses et documents microfiches Les peuplements de poissons des milieux estuariens de l’Afrique de l’Ouest : L’exemple de l’estuaire hyperhalin du Sine-Saloum. THESE présentée à I’U-NIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER II pour l’obtention du Diplôme de DOCTORAT SPECIALITE : Biologie des populations et écologie FORMATION DOCTORALE : Biologie de l’évolution et écologie ECOLE DOCTORALE : Biologie des systèmes intégrés Papa Samba DIOUF Soutenue le 29 avril 1996 devant le Jury composé de MM - -_ G. LASSERRE Professeur, UM II, Montpellier Directeur de Thèse J.-J. ALBARET Directeur de Recherche, ORSTOM, Montpellier Directeur de Thèse . C. LEVEQUE Directeur de Recherche, ORSTOM, Paris Rapporteur R. GALZIN Professeur, EPHE, Perpignan Rapporteur J.-L. BOUCHEREAU, Maître de Conférences, UM II, Montpellier Examinateur no156 3 microfiches Thèses et documents microfichés Orstom, l’institut frayais de recherche scientifique pour le développement en coopération La loi du ler juillet 1992 (code de la propriété intellectuelle, première partie) n’autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l’article L. 122-5, d’une part, que les « copies ou reproductions stricte- ment réservées à l’usage du copiste et non destinées a une utilisation collective » et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans le but d’exemple et d’illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa ler de l’article L. 122-4). Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon passible des peines prévues au titre III de la loi précitée.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Pan-African Brain Circulation
    Pan-African Brain Circulation • 15 1. Pan-African Brain Circulation Cynthia Lucas Hewitt* Abstract This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the relationship between the number of immigrants from a country and the amount of U.S. direct investment into that country, showing a direct relationship supportive of the emerging brain-circulation model, and discusses the possible use of this model to assist in bringing about the goals of Pan-Africanism. The principles underlying Pan-Africanism are considered in respect to the outcomes of the movement, given the recent political economy of capitalism. Brain circulation provides one focused approach to designing policies and projects for sustainable development in Africa that will impact the lives of Africans there and glob- ally. The transnationalism paradigm, which provides analysis of immigrant communities’ identification and allegiance both with their homeland and their U.S. communities, is useful in highlighting factors important to the global Pan-African net- working that is required for a successful African/African Amer- ican brain circulation. INTRODUCTION This article provides statistical evidence supporting the brain-circulation thesis, and suggests ways in which the transnational movement of Pan- Africanism can adopt effective brain-circulation strategies for African socioeconomic development. It also reviews the historical background of Pan-Africanism and presents an analysis of the socioeconomic structures that present challenges to successful development. Brain circulation is a newly developing sociological framework for modeling the best practices of transnational communities promoting development in semiperiphery and periphery countries. This study investigates the processes whereby migration of substantial numbers of migrants from a developing country * Morehouse College, Department of Sociology, Atlanta, Georgia.
    [Show full text]
  • IN MEMORIAM: CHEIK ANTA DIOP by Ntongela Masilela There Are, In
    Untitled Document IN MEMORIAM: CHEIK ANTA DIOP BY Ntongela Masilela There are, in contrast, real works of art translated from the Peul and Wolof dialects of Senegal, and I have found great interest in following the linguistic studies of Cheik Anta Diop. -Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks The recent passing away of Cheik Anta Diop has undoubtedly not only impoverished African historiography which he himself had assisted in establishing by clearing large sections of its landscape which had been hidden by the then dominant colonial historiography, but it has also in many ways weakened and debilitated the strong foundations of African intellectual culture. For Cheik Anta Diop belonged with, among many others, Frantz Fanon, Alioune Diop and Aime Cesaire, to that generation whose task it was to liberate Africa from imperial and colonial domination, and to define culturally and politically the historical uniqueness of Africa in a culture of nations. The historical works of Diop, the political works of Fanon, the poetry of Cesaire and the founding of Presence Africaine by Alioune Diop belong together in the historical effort to recover the strong forces of the African genius whose expressiveness and originalness had been silenced and traumatized by three hundred years of colonial domination. Consequently, the contribution of Diop through his historical works should not be seen only in and of itself, in isolation from the contributions of other great and outstanding African intellectuals, but should be seen as part of a historical movement around the Negritude poetic school. The colossal nature of the historical works of Diop demand their being situated within the comparative perspective of black historiography which has recently flourished in Africa and in the African diaspora.
    [Show full text]
  • Terànga and the Art of Hospitality: Engendering the Nation, Politics, and Religion in Dakar, Senegal
    TERÀNGA AND THE ART OF HOSPITALITY: ENGENDERING THE NATION, POLITICS, AND RELIGION IN DAKAR, SENEGAL By Emily Jenan Riley A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Anthropology - Doctor of Philosophy 2016 ABSTRACT TERÀNGA AND THE ART OF HOSPITALITY: ENGENDERING THE NATION, POLITICS AND RELIGION IN DAKAR, SENEGAL By Emily Jenan Riley Senegal, a Muslim majority and democratic country, has long coined itself as "le pays de la terànga" (Land of Hospitality). This dissertation explores the central importance of terànga– the Wolof word which encapsulates the generous and civic-minded qualities of individuals – to events such as weddings and baptisms, women’s political process, as well as everyday calculated and improvisational social encounters. Terànga is both the core symbol, for many, of Senegalese nationalism and collective identity, and the source of contentious and polarizing debates surrounding its qualities and meanings. The investigation of terànga throughout this dissertation exposes the complexities of social and gender ideologies and practices in Senegal. In addition, this dissertation aspires to investigate the subjectivities, and conditions of Senegalese women as well as their contributions to the social, religious, and political realities of contemporary Senegal, and Dakar more specifically. This dissertation focuses on how terànga is debated, talked about, and performed by several groups. First, it investigates the public discourses of terànga as a gendered symbol of national culture and its central importance to the construction of female subjects in their navigation of courtship, marriage, and family relations. Second, an exposé of family ceremonies and the women who conduct them, demonstrates generational shifts in the interpretation and value given to the process of terànga in a contemporary moment where daughters are redefining its meaning from that of their mother's generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Pan-Africansim for Liberation: an Afrocentric Analysis of Contemporary Travel Discourses by African Americans Visiting Modern Egypt
    DIGITAL PAN-AFRICANSIM FOR LIBERATION: AN AFROCENTRIC ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY TRAVEL DISCOURSES BY AFRICAN AMERICANS VISITING MODERN EGYPT A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Christina Harris December 2019 Examining Committee Members: Molefi Kete Asante, Dissertation Advisor, Africology & African American Studies Ama Mazama, Africology & African American Studies C. Amari Johnson, Africology & African American Studies Aaron Smith, Africology & African American Studies Christel Temple, External Member, University of Pittsburgh ABSTRACT Utilizing Afrocentric thought, this dissertation examines digital Pan-Africanism as a new theory that demonstrates the liberatory potential of digital technology including internet- based writing and businesses. Focusing on the burgeoning Black travel industry, it specifically considers contemporary travel narratives written by African Americans visiting Egypt and includes a thematic analysis of travel blog posts. It highlights the role technology plays in making international travel more accessible to African Americans and the potential that diasporic travel has in creating and strengthening inter-cultural bonds between African people throughout the diaspora. To this end, this dissertation advocates utilizing digital platforms as a tool for increased diasporic travel and Pan- African activism. It conceptualizes this new theory, discusses its implications within and outside of the travel industry, and offers a model to demonstrate its effectiveness and applicability. ii DEDICATION To my Grandmother, Mary Will Burnett, My first student and one of my many teachers 1938-2019 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank the Creator, my ancestors and my parents, Kim Burnett who was entirely responsible for my formative education, and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    IALS Conference: Effective Teaching Techniques About Other Cultures and Legal Systems _____________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ...............................................................................................................................3 Program Session Reading Material LOCAL EXPERIENCES: SIX DELEGATE REPORTS ON EFFECTIVE TEACHING TECHNIQUES FATOU KINÉ CAMARA ...............................................................................................................................15 Delegate Papers BULGARIA ALEXANDER VODENITCHAROV..............................................................................................................33 BRAZIL FLÁVIA PIOVESAN ......................................................................................................................................37 COLUMBIA ERNESTO LUCENA ......................................................................................................................................41 INDONESIA HENDRA TANU ATMADJA.........................................................................................................................45 ITALY ELENA IORIATTI ..........................................................................................................................................49 SOUTH AFRICA MUSTAQEEM DE GAMA.............................................................................................................................55 TURKEY SIBEL HACIMAHMUTOGLU ......................................................................................................................59
    [Show full text]