CNG/LNG Hybrid Electric

10/31/2016

Natural Gas Hybridization

NGVTF Gas Technology Institute Ted Barnes

GTI Company Overview

> Independent, not-for-profit, established in 1941 > Over 300 employees (~100 in CA) > 350 active projects > 1,200 patents; 500 products

1 10/31/2016

Reasons for Heavy Duty Hybrids

• Heavy Duty Truck Hybridization – Why? • Critical environmentally sensitive areas looking for “zero emission” options; natural gas hybrids allow for near- term, at scale, real-world applications • Increased range, smaller battery pack, ability to keep same duty cycle as diesel • Fuel economy and low-end torque improvements can be substantial • Allows for zero tailpipe emissions in critical areas for limited range or through overhead (or rail) power transfer • NOx emissions already “near-zero” for natural gas but GHG needs constant improvement (diesel-hybrid and biodiesel have significant NOx issues) 3

Current GTI Hybrids Projects

• Energy Commission – Hybrid Trucks • US Hybrid and UC Riverside major technology partners • Two projects with natural gas Class 8 trucks • US DOE – SCAQMD – ZECT Program • BAE and Kenworth major technology partners • Drayage truck with natural gas “genset”, BAE Hybrid Drive propulsion, Plug-in, Pantograph for zero-emission operation

2 Abas Goodarzi, Ph.D., P.E. & Farzad Ahmadkhanlou, Ph.D., P.E. NGVT Forum 2016

Integrated NaturalElectric, Gas Vehicle Fuel Technology Cell and Forum Hybrid 2016 Meeting Powertrain Components Powering Clean Mobility US Hybrid © 1

US Hybrid Group

www.ushybrid.com www.usfuelcell.com www.magmotor.com

US Hybrid US FuelCell Magmotor Corporation HQ: Torrance, CA South Windsor, CT Worcester, MA

Year Year 1999 2013 Year Established Established 1876 Established (Acquired by US Hybrid in 2008)

Electric Powertrain for Core Servo Motors and Drives Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Core Fuel Cell Core Competency Automation, Robotic and Cell Heavy Duty Vehicles Competency Power Plant Competency Semiconductor Mfg.

Torrance, CA

South Windsor, CT Worcester, MA

Torrance, CA

Honolulu, HI

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 2

1 Business Focus is Commercial Vehicles

Business Focus is Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicles

Class 6 7 8 Category Medium Heavy Heavy Weight 19,501- 26,001- Range >33,000 26,000 33,000 (GVWR)

Shuttle Bus Delivery Transit Bus

Bucket Constructions Drayage

Examples

Municipality Agriculture Refuse

Mining

Monorail Sao Palo Brazil KL Malaysia Mumbai, India

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 3

US Hybrid Time Line

We have been making and operating Hybrid Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicles for decades

1999 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Utility Van Near Zero Emission Powertrain FC BOP Parallel Hybrid Battery Electric 240kW PM-APU 200kW 320kW Drayage Truck

Parallel Hybrid Monorail Traction Series Hybrid PHEV Hybrid FC BOP to UTC PHEV NG Hybrid

Self Powered Carts EV & FC Scooter PHEV-Turbine Parallel Hybrid Series Hybrid Series Hybrid PHEV Electric

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 4

2 Transportation Engineering; Decoupling Traffic

More than 50% of energy is wasted due to traffic

GVWR GVWR GVWR GVWR 36,300 kg 29,545 kg 1,800 kg 20,450 kg 80,000 lbs. 65,000 lbs. Stop/Go (Traffic) 45,000 lbs. Constant 14 8 40 Idling lost Drag 100% Braking Acceleration Hotel load 7 Drag 35 90% 12 Rolling Braking (lost) Acceleration 80% Drag 6 Rolling 30 10 Acceleration 70% 59% 47% 57% 25 Delivery Transit Bus Rolling 5 60% 8 Speed Speed 7 mph 19 mph Speed 20 50% 9 mph 4

6 (kWh) Energy

Energy (kWh) Energy 15

40% 3 Energy Energy (kWh) 30% 4 10 2

20% Municipality Agriculture Energy per unit distance (kWh/mile) distanceunitper Energy 5 10% 2 1 Speed Mining 0% Ave. 7 mph 0 0 0 UDDS 10 mph 20 mph 40 mph 60 mph Drive Cycle: UDDS US06 J45 UCR 5 mph 10 mph 15 mph Monorail Regular Drive CycleRamp OCTA Regular Ramp 32 kph 80 kph 23 kph 5 mph Sao Palo Brazil

Denver Drive Cycle 15 mph 15 Ave Speed: mph 10 20 mph 50 mph 14 mph Drive Cycle KL Malaysia

Mumbai, India West Virginia West

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 5

LNG or CNG?

Volumetric Ratio: LNG=1.7 DGE CNG=3.8 DGE

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 6

3 Class-8 Truck Powertrain System Configuration

LNG/CNG Hybrid Electric

SAE J2601 Standard LNG/CNG Plug-in Hybrid Electric Fuel Cell, 80kW 25 kg, 350 BAR

Fuel Cell Electric Fuel Cell Electric Class-8 Truck Powertrain System Configuration Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 7

LNG/CNG Plug-in Hybrid Electric Powertrain

Enabling Near Zero Goods Movement Double Power, Torque and Fuel Economy, 80% less NOx

Li-Ion Battery 80kWhr On-board High Voltage Distribution 20-kW Charger EVSE-TTSI interface

BMS Controller iDrive Telematics Electro-Hydraulic Steering Electro-Air System DC-DC: 200A, 27.6V

Peterbuilt LNG Truck • Model 384 with ISL-G engine • Wheelbase was 189”

• Suspension, spring front and air rear. Electric Motor Auto Transmission • Stock weight is 13,360lbs. Cummins ISL-G Clutch 300 hp

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 8

4 LNG/CNG Hybrid Electric Powertrains

 Electric Regen Braking  Electric only operation during que and traffic  Idle control (Engine off operation)  Manages low duty engine operation

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 9

Specs of Electric Motor and Engine

1800 1400

1600 1200

1000 1400 800 1200 600

Torque (N.m) Torque

Torque (N.m) Torque 1000 400 800 1700 N.m @ 1500 RPM 1365 N.m @ 1300 RPM 200

600 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 500 1000 1500 2000 Speed (RPM) Speed (RPM) 300 250

250 200 240 kW 200 150 150 260 kW 350 hp 100

Power(kW)

Power(kW) 100

50 50

0 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 500 1000 1500 2000 Speed (RPM) Speed (RPM) Electric motor ISL-G 320 Engine (8.9 Liters)

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 10

5 Double Power and Torque

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 11

Modeling and Simulation

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 12

6 Conventional versus EV and HEV Speed 80

60 Conventional-Loaded 40 Conventional-Unloaded EV-Loaded EV-Unloaded Speed(mph) 20 HEV-Loaded HEV-Unloaded 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Time (s) Acceleration 4 Conventional-Loaded

) 2 3 Conventional-Unloaded EV-Loaded EV-Unloaded 2 HEV-Loaded HEV-Unloaded 1

Acceleration(m/s

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time (s)

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 13

Speed and Acceleration

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 14

7 Torque and Power

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 15

Drive Cycle 1: Port 710-110

Composite of Drayage and Highway

Speed(mph) 20

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Time (s)

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 16

8 Battery Energy and SOC

Battery Energy Available 80 Charge Depleting Charge Sustaining 60 EV Mode HEV Mode

40 Unloaded Loaded

Energy (kWh) Energy 20

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Distance (mile) Battery SOC 100

60 Unloaded 40 Loaded

SOC (%) SOC

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Distance (mile)

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 17

Simulation Results

PHEV Conventional Parameter Loaded Unloaded Loaded Unloaded

Torque Tmax (N.m) 2856 1517 1354 1304

Power Pmax (kW) 478 303 239 239

Power Pave (kW) 140 79 144 96 EV Range (miles) 19.5 39.7 0 0 MPG (Diesel Equivalent) 5.0 9.2 4.1 6.8 Fuel Efficiency Increase +22% +35% - -

Considering the idling time, the fuel economy is doubled

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 18

9 Drive Cycle 2: Drayage Port-Ware Houses

Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 2016 Meeting US Hybrid © 19

Battery SOC

Battery Energy Available 80

40 Unloaded Loaded

Energy (kWh) Energy 20

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Distance (mile)

Charge Sustaining Charge Depleting HEV Mode EV Mode

10 Simulation Results

PHEV Conventional Parameter Loaded Unloaded Loaded Unloaded

Torque Tmax (N.m) 3012 3003 1356 1356

Power Pmax (kW) 478 474 239 238

Power Pave (kW) 74 33 78 34 EV Range (miles) 22.7 58.6 0 0 MPG (Diesel Equivalent) 5.8 13.0 4.7 10.3 Fuel Efficiency Increase +23% +26% - -

Considering the idling time, the fuel economy is doubled

Hybrid Electric LNG/CNG Class 8 truck Commercially viable Near Zero Goods Movement Hybrid Electric ISL-G at the same cost as ISX-15G with double the range/fuel economy

Li-Ion Battery 28kWhr

iDrive Controller Telematics Electro-Hydraulic Steering Electro-Air System DC-DC: 200A, 27.6V

Peterbuilt LNG Truck • Model 384 with ISL-G engine • Wheelbase was 189” • Suspension, spring front and air rear. • Stock weight is 12,000 lbs. Electric Motor Automated Cummins ISL-G 200 hp Transmission

11 LNG/CNG Hybrid Electric Powertrains

LNG/CNG Hybrid Electric Vehicle

12 LNG/CNG Hybrid Electric Specification

Fuel Cell Electric Heavy duty Powertrain

Zero & Near Zero Emission Road map SAE J2601 Standard Fuel Cell, 80kW 25 kg, 350 BAR

Plug-in Hybrid

Battery

Electric

Hybrid Electric

Fuel Cell Electric Fuel Cell Electric Class-8 Truck Powertrain System Configuration

13 Charge Fueling Time and Convenience

Limitation of Battery Electric MD/HD Trucks Miles per minute of Charging 5 Tesla/Leaf/Volts 4 Transit Bus (18T) Semi-Truck (37T) 3

2 Miles per minute of Refueling 1 35 Charger Size (kW) Miles per minute charging/fueling Miles minute per 0 Semi-Truck 0 60 120 180 240 30 Transit Bus 25

5 Miles per minute per minute charging/fueling Miles

0 CNG Gasoline H2 Diesel Fueling Type

Conclusions

• Plug-in Hybrid Electric with 30 miles Battery range (dual battery)

• Hybrid Electric with 5 miles, 30 minutes Port queuing battery operation (single battery)

Hybrid NG Electric, Commercially feasible, Commercial Delivery: Q2-2017, taking orders now

- Take up more space - Refueling takes considerably longer

+ Safety advantage in the case of a leak + Lower cost to produce and store + Double the range (miles) with Hybrid + No need to fuel twice a day  saves time

14 Thank you!

Abas Goodarzi, Ph.D., P.E. President [email protected]

Farzad Ahmadkhanlou, Ph.D., P.E. [email protected]

www.ushybrid.com www.usfuelcell.com