DOCSLIB.ORG

The Female Reproductive System: Hormonal Packet #31

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Female Reproductive System: Hormonal Packet #31 PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Ryan Barrow Blanche Ely High School C H A P T E R 27 The Female Reproductive System: Hormonal Packet #31 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Female Reproductive System – Hormonal Regulation & Aspects Related to Hormonal Control • The ovaries – pp104 – 1042 • The endometrium – p. 1044 • The mammary glands – pp. 1047 – 1048 • Physiology of the female reproductive system – pp. 1049 – 1058 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Female Anatomy Front View Side View Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Female Reproductive System 1. Breast – mammary glands 2. Ovaries and follicle development Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. THE BREAST & MAMMARY GLANDS Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mammary Glands I • Modified sweat glands consisting of 15–25 lobes • Areola: pigmented skin surrounding the nipple • Suspensory ligaments: attach the breast to underlying muscle • Lobules within lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mammary Glands II • Milk lactiferous ducts lactiferous sinuses open to the outside at the nipple Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. First rib Skin (cut) Pectoralis major muscle Suspensory ligament Adipose tissue Lobe Areola Nipple Opening of lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct Lobule containing alveoli Hypodermis (superficial fascia) Intercostal muscles (a) (b) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.15 Breast Cancer: Detection and Treatment • 70% of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors • Early detection via self- examination and mammography • Treatment depends upon the characteristics of the lesion: • Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery followed by irradiation and chemotherapy Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Mammogram procedure Malignancy (b) Film of normal breast (c) Film of breast with tumor Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.16 Breast Cancer • Usually arises from the epithelial cells of small ducts • Risk factors include: • Early onset of menstruation and late menopause • No pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life • Family history of breast cancer • 10% are due to hereditary defects, including mutations to the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. OOGENESIS Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Oogenesis • Production of female gametes • Begins in the fetal period • Oogonia (2n ovarian stem cells) multiply by mitosis and store nutrients • Primary oocytes develop in primordial follicles • Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in prophase I Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovaries (Oogenesis II) • Follicle • Immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by • Follicle cells (one cell layer thick) • Granulosa cells (when more than one layer is present) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Follicles (Oogenesis III) • Several stages of development • Primordial follicle: squamouslike follicle cells + oocyte • Primary follicle: cuboidal or columnar follicle cells + oocyte • Secondary follicle: two or more layers of granulosa cells + oocyte • Late secondary follicle: contains fluid-filled space between granulosa cells; coalesces to form a central antrum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovaries (Oogenesis V) • Vesicular (Graafian) follicle • Fluid-filled antrum forms; follicle bulges from ovary surface • Ovulation • Ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle • Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tunica albuginea Oocyte Granulosa cells Late secondary follicle Degenerating corpus Cortex Mesovarium and luteum (corpus blood vessels albicans) Germinal Vesicular epithelium (Graafian) Primary follicle follicles Antrum Oocyte Ovarian Zona ligament pellucida Theca Medulla folliculi Ovulated oocyte Corpus luteum Developing Corona corpus luteum radiata (a) Diagrammatic view of an ovary sectioned to reveal the follicles in its interior Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.11a Oogenesis VI • Each month after puberty, a few primary oocytes are activated • One is selected each month to resume meiosis I • Result is two haploid cells • Secondary oocyte • First polar body Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Oogenesis VII • The secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and is ovulated • If penetrated by sperm the second oocyte completes meiosis II, yielding • Ovum (the functional gamete) • Second polar body Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Meiotic events Follicle development Before birth in ovary Oogonium (stem cell) Follicle cells Mitosis Oocyte Primary oocyte Primordial follicle Growth Infancy and Primary oocyte Primordial follicle childhood (arrested in prophase I; (ovary inactive) present at birth) Each month from puberty to Primary follicle menopause Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Secondary follicle Spindle Vesicular (Graafian) follicle Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month in response to LH surge) Secondary oocyte First polar body (arrested in metaphase II) Ovulation Sperm Meiosis II of polar Ovulated secondary body (may or may oocyte not occur) Meiosis II In absence of completed (only if fertilization, ruptured sperm follicle becomes a Polar bodies penetration corpus luteum and Second Ovum (all polar bodies occurs) Degenating ultimately degenerates. polar body degenerate) corpus luteum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.17 OVARIAN CYCLE Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovarian Cycle • Monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg • Two consecutive phases (in a 28-day cycle) • Follicular phase: period of follicle growth (days 1–14) • Ovulation occurs midcycle • Luteal phase: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Follicular Phase • Primordial follicle becomes primary follicle 1. The primordial follicle is activated • Squamouslike cells become cuboidal 2. Follicle enlarges to become a primary (1) follicle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Theca folliculi 3 4 2 1 Primary oocyte Zona pellucida Antrum Secondary 5 oocyte 8 6 1 Primordial Secondary oocyte 7 Corona radiata follicles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (1 of 7) Theca folliculi 3 4 2 1 Primary oocyte Zona pellucida Antrum Secondary 5 oocyte 8 6 2 Primary Secondary oocyte 7 Corona radiata follicle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (2 of 7) Follicular Phase 3. Primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle • Stratified epithelium (granulosa cells) forms around oocyte • Granulosa cells and oocyte guide one another’s development Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Follicular Phase 4. Secondary follicle becomes a late secondary follicle • Connective tissue (theca folliculi) and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens • Zona pellucida forms around the oocyte • Fluid begins to accumulate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Theca folliculi 3 4 2 1 Primary oocyte Zona pellucida Antrum Secondary 5 oocyte 8 6 Secondary oocyte 3 Secondary 7 Corona radiata follicle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (3 of 7) Theca folliculi 3 4 2 1 Primary oocyte Zona pellucida Antrum Secondary 5 oocyte 8 6 Secondary oocyte 4 Late secondary 7 Corona radiata follicle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (4 of 7) Follicular Phase 5. Late secondary follicle becomes a vesicular follicle • Antrum forms and expands to isolate the oocyte with its corona radiata on a stalk • Vesicular follicle bulges from the external surface of the ovary • The primary oocyte completes meiosis I Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ovulation • Ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte with its corona radiata • Mittelschmerz: twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation • 1–2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized, results in fraternal twins Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Theca folliculi 3 4 2 1 Primary oocyte Zona pellucida Antrum Secondary 5 oocyte 5 Mature vesicular 8 6 follicle carries out Secondary oocyte meiosis I; ready to 7 Corona radiata be ovulated Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (5 of 7) Theca folliculi 3 4 2 1 Primary oocyte Zona pellucida Antrum Secondary 5 oocyte 6 Follicle ruptures; 8 6 Secondary oocyte secondary oocyte 7 Corona radiata ovulated Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (6 of 7) Luteal Phase • Ruptured follicle collapses • Granulosa cells and internal thecal cells form corpus luteum • Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Luteal Phase • If no pregnancy, the corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans in 10 days • If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over at about 3 months Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Theca folliculi 3 4 2 1 Primary oocyte Zona pellucida Antrum Secondary 5 oocyte 7 Corpus luteum 8 6 Secondary oocyte (forms from 7 Corona radiata ruptured follicle) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.18 (7 of 7) Establishing the Ovarian Cycle • During childhood, ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH • As puberty nears, GnRH is released; FSH and LH are released by the pituitary, and act on the ovaries • These events continue until an adult cyclic pattern is achieved and menarche occurs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Establishing the Ovarian Cycle • During childhood, until
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Differential Studies of Ovarian Endometriosis Cells from Endometrium Or Oviduct
    European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016; 20: 2769-2772 Differential studies of ovarian endometriosis cells from endometrium or oviduct W. LIU1,2, H.-Y. WANG3 1Reproductive Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, Anhui, China 3Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, the West Branch of Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: To study the promi- In most cases, EMT affects ovary and peritone- nent differences between endometriosis (EMT) um, and as a result a plump shape cyst forms in cells derived from ovary, oviduct and endometri- the ovary. The cyst is called ovarian endometrio- um, and to provided new ideas about the patho- sis cyst (aka ovarian chocolate cyst) which usually genesis of endometriosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: contains old blood and is covered by endometrioid From June 2010 1 to June 2015, 210 patients diagnosed with en- epithelium. In 1860, Karl von Rokitansky studied dometriosis were enrolled in our study. Patients the disease and observed retrograde menstruation were treated by laparoscopy or conventional in nearly 90% of child-bearing women, and later surgeries in our hospital. Ovarian chocolate proposed “retrograde menstruation implantation cyst and paired normal ovarian tissues, fimbri- theory”. However, this theory explained endo- ated extremity of fallopian and uterine cavity en- metriosis in the abdominopelvic cavity does not domembrane tissues were collected, prepared 2 and observed by microscope. PCR was used for explain endometriosis outside of enterocelia . Lat- 3 4 amplification of target genes (FMO3 and HOXA9) er on, Iwanoff and Meyer proposed “coelomic and Western blot was used to evaluate FMO3 metaplasia theory” which stipulated that endome- and HOXA9 expression levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Luteal Phase Deficiency: What We Now Know
    ■ OBGMANAGEMENT BY LAWRENCE ENGMAN, MD, and ANTHONY A. LUCIANO, MD Luteal phase deficiency: What we now know Disagreement about the cause, true incidence, and diagnostic criteria of this condition makes evaluation and management difficult. Here, 2 physicians dissect the data and offer an algorithm of assessment and treatment. espite scanty and controversial sup- difficult to definitively diagnose the deficien- porting evidence, evaluation of cy or determine its incidence. Further, while Dpatients with infertility or recurrent reasonable consensus exists that endometrial pregnancy loss for possible luteal phase defi- biopsy is the most reliable diagnostic tool, ciency (LPD) is firmly established in clinical concerns remain about its timing, repetition, practice. In this article, we examine the data and interpretation. and offer our perspective on the role of LPD in assessing and managing couples with A defect of corpus luteum reproductive disorders (FIGURE 1). progesterone output? PD is defined as endometrial histology Many areas of controversy Linconsistent with the chronological date of lthough observational and retrospective the menstrual cycle, based on the woman’s Astudies have reported a higher incidence of LPD in women with infertility and recurrent KEY POINTS 1-4 pregnancy losses than in fertile controls, no ■ Luteal phase deficiency (LPD), defined as prospective study has confirmed these find- endometrial histology inconsistent with the ings. Furthermore, studies have failed to con- chronological date of the menstrual cycle, may be firm the superiority of any particular therapy. caused by deficient progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum or failure of the endometrium Once considered an important cause of to respond appropriately to ovarian steroids.
    [Show full text]
  • The Woman with Postmenopausal Bleeding
    THEME Gynaecological malignancies The woman with postmenopausal bleeding Alison H Brand MD, FRCS(C), FRANZCOG, CGO, BACKGROUND is a certified gynaecological Postmenopausal bleeding is a common complaint from women seen in general practice. oncologist, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales. OBJECTIVE [email protected]. This article outlines a general approach to such patients and discusses the diagnostic possibilities and their edu.au management. DISCUSSION The most common cause of postmenopausal bleeding is atrophic vaginitis or endometritis. However, as 10% of women with postmenopausal bleeding will be found to have endometrial cancer, all patients must be properly assessed to rule out the diagnosis of malignancy. Most women with endometrial cancer will be diagnosed with early stage disease when the prognosis is excellent as postmenopausal bleeding is an early warning sign that leads women to seek medical advice. Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is defined as bleeding • cancer of the uterus, cervix, or vagina (Table 1). that occurs after 1 year of amenorrhea in a woman Endometrial or vaginal atrophy is the most common cause who is not receiving hormone therapy (HT). Women of PMB but more sinister causes of the bleeding such on continuous progesterone and oestrogen hormone as carcinoma must first be ruled out. Patients at risk for therapy can expect to have irregular vaginal bleeding, endometrial cancer are those who are obese, diabetic and/ especially for the first 6 months. This bleeding should or hypertensive, nulliparous, on exogenous oestrogens cease after 1 year. Women on oestrogen and cyclical (including tamoxifen) or those who experience late progesterone should have a regular withdrawal bleeding menopause1 (Table 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Gynecologic Pathology Grossing Guidelines Specimen Type
    Gynecologic Pathology Grossing Guidelines Specimen Type: TOTAL HYSTERECTOMY and SALPINGO-OOPHRECTOMY (for TUMOR) Gross Template: Labeled with the patient’s name (***), medical record number (***), designated “***”, and received [fresh/in formalin] is a *** gram [intact/previously incised/disrupted] [total/ supracervical hysterectomy/ total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy, hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy]. The uterus weighs [***grams] and measures *** cm (cornu-cornu) x *** cm (fundus-lower uterine segment) x *** cm (anterior - posterior). The cervix measures *** cm in length x *** cm in diameter. The endometrial cavity measures *** cm in length, up to *** cm wide. The endometrium measures *** cm in average thickness. The myometrium ranges from *** to *** cm in thickness. The right ovary measures *** x *** x *** cm. The left ovary measures *** x *** x *** cm. The right fallopian tube measures *** cm in length [with/without] fimbriae x *** cm in diameter, with a *** cm average luminal diameter. The left fallopian tube measures *** cm in length [with/without] fimbriae x *** cm in diameter, with a *** cm average luminal diameter. The serosa is [pink, smooth, glistening, unremarkable/has adhesions]. The endometrium is tan-red and remarkable for [describe lesion- location (fundus, corpus, lower uterine segment); size (***x***cm in area); color; consistency; configuration (solid, papillary, exophytic, polypoid)]. Sectioning reveals the mass has a [describe cut surface-solid, cystic, etc.]. The mass extends [less than/ greater than] 50% into the myometrium (the mass involves *** cm of the wall where the wall measures *** cm in thickness, in the [location]). The mass [does/does not] involve the lower uterine segement and measures *** cm from the cervical mucosa. The myometrium is [tan-yellow, remarkable for trabeculations, cysts, leiyomoma- (location, size)].
    [Show full text]
  • The Uterus and the Endometrium Common and Unusual Pathologies
    The uterus and the endometrium Common and unusual pathologies Dr Anne Marie Coady Consultant Radiologist Head of Obstetric and Gynaecological Ultrasound HEY WACH Lecture outline Normal • Unusual Pathologies • Definitions – Asherman’s – Flexion – Osseous metaplasia – Version – Post ablation syndrome • Normal appearances – Uterus • Not covering congenital uterine – Cervix malformations • Dimensions Pathologies • Uterine – Adenomyosis – Fibroids • Endometrial – Polyps – Hyperplasia – Cancer To be avoided at all costs • Do not describe every uterus with two endometrial cavities as a bicornuate uterus • Do not use “malignancy cannot be excluded” as a blanket term to describe a mass that you cannot categorize • Do not use “ectopic cannot be excluded” just because you cannot determine the site of the pregnancy 2 Endometrial cavities Lecture outline • Definitions • Unusual Pathologies – Flexion – Asherman’s – Version – Osseous metaplasia • Normal appearances – Post ablation syndrome – Uterus – Cervix • Not covering congenital uterine • Dimensions malformations • Pathologies • Uterine – Adenomyosis – Fibroids • Endometrial – Polyps – Hyperplasia – Cancer Anteflexed Definitions 2 terms are described to the orientation of the uterus in the pelvis Flexion Version Flexion is the bending of the uterus on itself and the angle that the uterus makes in the mid sagittal plane with the cervix i.e. the angle between the isthmus: cervix/lower segment and the fundus Anteflexed < 180 degrees Retroflexed > 180 degrees Retroflexed Definitions 2 terms are described
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence That Serotonin Affects Female Sexual Functioning Via Peripheral Mechanisms
    Physiology & Behavior 71 (2000) 383±393 Evidence that serotonin affects female sexual functioning via peripheral mechanisms P.F. Frohlich, C.M. Meston* Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA Received 2 August 1999; received in revised form 11 May 2000; accepted 20 July 2000 Abstract A review of the literature indicates that serotonin is active in several peripheral mechanisms that are likely to affect female sexual functioning. Serotonin has been found in several regions of the female genital tract in both animals and humans. In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin acts primarily as a neurotransmitter, but in the periphery, serotonin acts primarily as a vasoconstrictor and vasodilator. Since, in the periphery, the principal component of sexual arousal is vasocongestion of the genital tissue, it is likely that serotonin participates in producing normal sexual arousal. In addition, serotonin administration produces contraction of the smooth muscles of the genito-urinary system and is found in nerves innervating the sexual organs. Taken together, this evidence suggests that peripheral serotonergic activity may be involved in the normal sexual response cycle. In addition, exogenous substances that alter serotonin activity, such as selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the atypical antipsychotics, can produce sexual dysfunction. It is possible that sexual side effects seen with these drugs may result, at least in part, from their action on peripheral mechanisms. D 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: 5-HT; Sexual physiology; Antidepressants; Vascular; Female sexuality; Peripheral nervous system Research examining the relationship between serotonin Clearly, serotonin may mediate some aspects of sexual and sexual functioning has focused primarily on central functioning almost entirely within the CNS.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 16 (10E).Pdf
    Chapter 16 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Choose the following statement that is NOT accurate concerning the female reproductive system. A.Fimbriae are fingerlike projections over the ovaries. B.The uterus is shaped like an inverted pear C.The lining of the uterus is called the mesometrium. D.The fertilized ovum is called a zygote. E.All of the choices are correct. 2. The tightly coiled tube in which maturation of sperm occurs is the: A.testis B.epididymis C.prostate 3. Some hepatitis viruses can be acquired through drinking contaminated water. A.True B.False 4. Progesterone is produced by the: A.follicle B.corpus luteum C.anterior pituitary D.posterior pituitary 5. Which of the following is also called the "morning after pill" because it is used to prevent pregnancy after intercourse has occurred? A.RU-486 B.Depo-provera C.mifepristone D.both RU-486 and mifepristone are correct 1 6. Which of the following surrounds the urethra and contributes to seminal fluid? A.acrosome B.scrotum C.prostate D.epididymis 7. Which of the following methods of contraception involves placing a device in the uterus to prevent implantation? A.IUD B.diaphragm C.contraceptive sponge 8. Congenital syphilis is caused by bacteria: A.in the birth canal B.crossing the placenta C.in the oviducts D.in the uterus 9. Blindness in newborn infants is most often associated with which disorder of the mother? A.diabetes B.gonorrhea or syphilis C.yeast infection D.chlamydia 10. Which type of hepatitis is most associated with sexual transmission? A.hepatitis A B.hepatitis B C.hepatitis C D.hepatitis D E.hepatitis E 2 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Infertility: an Overview
    AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE Infertility: An Overview A Guide for Patients PATIENT INFORMATION SERIES Published by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine under the direction of the Patient Education Committee and the Publications Committee. No portion herein may be reproduced in any form without written permission. This booklet is in no way intended to replace, dictate, or fully define evaluation and treatment by a qualified physician. It is intended solely as an aid for patients seeking general information on issues in reproductive medicine. Copyright © 2017 by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE Infertility: An Overview A Guide for Patients, Revised 2017 A glossary of italicized words is located at the end of this booklet. INTRODUCTION Infertility is typically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse. If you have been trying to conceive for a year or more, you should consider an infertility evaluation. However, if you are 35 years or older, you should consider beginning the infertility evaluation after about six months of unprotected intercourse rather than a year, so as not to delay potentially needed treatment. If you have a reason to suspect an underlying problem, you should seek care earlier. For instance, if you have very irregular menstrual cycles (suggesting that you are not ovulating or releasing an egg), or if you or your partner has a known fertility problem, you probably should not wait an entire year before seeking treatment. If you and your partner have been unable to have a baby, you’re not alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Comparative Diagnostic Efficacy of HSG & Laparoscopy In
    Jemds.com Original Research Article Study on Comparative Diagnostic Efficacy of HSG & Laparoscopy in Infertility Shyamali Dutta1, Palash Mazumder2, Dimple Mishra3, Jhantu Kumar Saha4 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Tubal occlusion is one of the most frequent causes of infertility in women. The Corresponding Author: evaluation of the fallopian tube is necessary in female infertility. The two most Dr. Palash Mazumder, Akshara Lotus Garden, important diagnostic procedures for evaluation of tubal patency are Block No. 3, Flat 1A. F/F2, hysterosalpingography (HSG) and laparoscopy. We wanted to compare the Hatiara Road, Kolkata-700159, diagnostic efficacy of HSG & diagnostic laparoscopy in evaluation of tubal patency in West Bengal, India. infertility. E-mail: [email protected] METHODS DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2020/202 A hospital OPD based prospective study was conducted among fifty patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria who attended the OPD for treatment of Financial or Other Competing Interests: None. infertility in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata from 1st January 2016 - 31st December 2017. After taking proper How to Cite This Article: history, thorough examination and basic investigations for infertility work-up, HSG Dutta S, Mazumder P, Mishra D, et al. and Laparoscopy were performed. Study on comparative diagnostic efficacy of hsg & laparoscopy in infertility. J. RESULTS Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2020;9(12):937- Analysis showed that most of the patients were in the age group of 30 to 35 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer: the Origin and Targeted Therapy
    cancers Opinion Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer: The Origin and Targeted Therapy Kosuke Murakami , Yasushi Kotani, Hidekatsu Nakai and Noriomi Matsumura * Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan; [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (H.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-72-366-0221 Received: 22 May 2020; Accepted: 22 June 2020; Published: 24 June 2020 Abstract: Endometrial cysts (ECs) are thought to be the origin of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). A hypothesis that the oxidative stress of iron in cysts causes “malignant transformation of ECs” has been proposed, but this has not been verified. Several population-based studies showed that endometriosis was a risk factor but did not reflect the “malignant transformation of ECs”. A review showed that most patients were diagnosed with EAOC early in monitoring following detection of ECs, and that these cases might have been cancer from the start. Epidemiologically, EAOC was reduced by hysterectomy rather than by cystectomy of ECs. Gene mutation analyses identified oncogenic mutations in endometriosis and normal endometrium and revealed that the same mutations were present at different endometriotic lesions. It was also shown that most of the gene mutations found in endometriosis occurred in normal endometrium. Taking together, EAOC might be caused by eutopic endometrial glandular epithelial cells with oncogenic mutations that have undergone menstrual blood reflux and engrafted in the ovary, rather than by low-risk ECs acquiring oncogenic mutations and becoming malignant. This review discusses the mechanisms of EAOC development and targeted therapy based on genetic variation in EAOC with a focus on eutopic endometrium.
    [Show full text]
  • Genital Tuberculosis Is Common Among Females with Tubal Factor Infertility: Observational Study
    Alexandria Journal of Medicine (2015) 51, 321–324 HOSTED BY Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine Alexandria Journal of Medicine http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ajme Genital tuberculosis is common among females with tubal factor infertility: Observational study Abdulhakim Ali Al eryani a, Ahmed Saleh Abdelrub b, Abdelrahman H. Al Harazi c,* a Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Sana’a University, Al Thawra General Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen b Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Al Kwait University Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen c Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Thamar University, Al Thawra General Hospital, PO Box 25244, Yemen Received 17 September 2014; accepted 27 November 2014 Available online 2 January 2015 KEYWORDS Abstract Background: Genital tuberculosis is mostly asymptomatic and infertility is a common Genital tuberculosis; presentation. The study objective was to identify the rate of genital tuberculosis among women with Infertility; tubal factor infertility in non endemic area and to assess the outcome after administration of anti- Polymerase chain reaction tubercular therapy. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study in Al Thawra General Hospital (from March 2012 to February 2014). Of a total 151 women who had tubal factor infertility, 61 cases were investigated for genital tuberculosis. Women who were found to have the disease were treated by antitubercular therapy and the outcomes were analyzed. Results: We found that 31.1% (47/151) of cases had genital tuberculosis contributing to infertility. Of these, 55.7% (34/61) were positive by histopathology, and 44.1% (15/34) were positive by poly- merase chain reaction. Fallopian tubes were affected in almost all cases and the endometrium was involved in 82.9%.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Molecular and Cell Biology Insights
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Molecular and Cell Biology Insights 1, , 1, 2 3 Antonio Simone Laganà * y , Simone Garzon y , Martin Götte , Paola Viganò , Massimo Franchi 4, Fabio Ghezzi 1 and Dan C. Martin 5,6 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, Piazza Biroldi 1, 21100 Varese, Italy; [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (F.G.) 2 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, D-48149 Münster, Germany; [email protected] 3 Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136 Milan, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, AOUI Verona, University of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy; [email protected] 5 School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; [email protected] 6 Virginia Commonwealth University, 907 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-39-0332-278111 Equal contributions (joint first authors). y Received: 2 October 2019; Accepted: 7 November 2019; Published: 10 November 2019 Abstract: The etiopathogenesis of endometriosis is a multifactorial process resulting in a heterogeneous disease. Considering that endometriosis etiology and pathogenesis are still far from being fully elucidated, the current review aims to offer a comprehensive summary of the available evidence. We performed a narrative review synthesizing the findings of the English literature retrieved from computerized databases from inception to June 2019, using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) unique ID term “Endometriosis” (ID:D004715) with “Etiology” (ID:Q000209), “Immunology” (ID:Q000276), “Genetics” (ID:D005823) and “Epigenesis, Genetic” (ID:D044127).
    [Show full text]