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Sarasvati Civilization, Script and Veda Culture Continuum of Tin-Bronze Revolution
Sarasvati Civilization, script and Veda culture continuum of Tin-Bronze Revolution The monograph is presented in the following sections: Introduction including Abstract Section 1. Tantra yukti deciphers Indus Script Section 2. Momentous discovery of Soma samsthā yāga on Vedic River Sarasvati Basin Section 3. Binjor seal Section 4. Bhāratīya itihāsa, Indus Script hypertexts signify metalwork wealth-creation by Nāga-s in paṭṭaḍa ‘smithy’ = phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office, keeper of all accounts, registers’ Section 5. Gaṇeśa pratimā, Gardez, Afghanistan is an Indus Script hypertext to signify Superintendent of phaḍa ‘metala manufactory’ Section 6. Note on the cobra hoods of Daimabad chariot Section 7 Note on Mohenjo-daro seal m0304: phaḍā ‘metals manufactory’ Section 8. Conclusion Introduction The locus of Veda culture and Sarasvati Civilization is framed by the Himalayan ranges and the Indian Ocean. 1 The Himalayan range stretches from Hanoi, Vietnam to Teheran, Iran and defines the Ancient Maritime Tin Route of the Indian Ocean – āsetu himācalam, ‘from the Setu to Himalayaś. Over several millennia, the Great Water Tower of frozen glacial waters nurtures over 3 billion people. The rnge is still growing, is dynamic because of plate tectonics of Indian plate juttng into and pushing up the Eurasian plate. This dynamic explains river migrations and consequent desiccation of the Vedic River Sarasvati in northwestern Bhāratam. Intermediation of the maritime tin trade through the Indian Ocean and waterways of Rivers Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween, Ganga, Sarasvati, Sindhu, Persian Gulf, Tigris-Euphrates, the Mediterranean is done by ancient Meluhha (mleccha) artisans and traders, the Bhāratam Janam celebrated by R̥ ṣi Viśvāmitra in R̥ gveda (RV 3.53.12). -
An Overview of the Stone Bead Drilling Technology in South Asia from Earliest Times to Harappans
An Overview of the Stone Bead Drilling Technology in South Asia from Earliest Times to Harappans V.N. Prabhakar1 1. Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, VGEC Campus, Ahmedabad – 382424, Gujarat, India (Email: [email protected]) Received: 10 September 2016; Accepted: 01 October 2016; Revised: 08 October 2016 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 4 (2016): 47-74 Abstract: The Harappan Civilization is one among the four Bronze Age Civilizations of third millennium BCE that flourished for nearly 700 years (c. 2600 – 1900 BCE) in the river valleys of Indus- Ghagger-Hakra in modern India and Pakistan. The overall site count is well over 2500 now belonging to all the three phases, viz., early Harappan, Harappan and late / post-urban Harappan. The Harappan Civilization is characterized by well-planned out cities, always with a fortification, often with more than two divisions individually fortified, standardized ceramic tradition, weighing system, seals and sealing and a wide variety of craft activities. The knowledge of copper, gold, silver, lead and bronze was widespread and the Harappans exploited more than two-dozen raw material. The beginnings of stone bead manufacturing in Indian sub-continent can be traced to Upper Palaeolithic and Microlithic traditions in South Asia, say some 35000 years ago. It is from the Neolithic Period from Mehrgarh (from 7th millennium BCE) we get evidence of exploitation of various exotic raw materials from distant regions and perforations made using another hard stone. The technology slowly developed during the succeeding Chalcolithic Period before reaching its zenith during the Harappan Civilization. The Harappans gained access to several raw material sources spread around the Indus valley and its tributaries and it has been estimated that they exploited to around 40 minerals for manufacturing jewels and ornaments. -
Harappan Civilization: Emerging Picture in Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan
Pawar et al. 2013: 475‐485 Harappan Civilization: Emerging Picture in Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan Vikas Pawar1, Narender Parmar2 and Appu Sharan1 1. Department of History, M.D. University, Rohtak – 124001, Haryana (Email: [email protected]) 2. Rajiv Gandhi Government College for Women, Bhiwani, Haryana Received: 04 October 2013; Accepted: 18 October 2013; Revised: 29 October 2013 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1 (2013): 475‐485 Abstract: This paper presents the results of village to village survey conducted in entire Hanumangarh district during 2008 to 2012. During this survey, a total of 574 sites were visited and it revealed a number of new sites in the catchment area of major urban sites like Kalibangan, Sothi and Nohar. The results of the survey can provide vital contributions to our understanding of the rise and fall of Indus Civilization as a whole. Keywords: Hanumangarh, Rajasthan, Kalibangan, Civilization, Early Harappan, Mature Harappan, Late Harappan Introduction The District Hanumangarh came into existence by carving out from Ganganagar district on July 12, 1994 as the 31st district of Rajasthan state. The district covering a total geographical area of 9656.09 sq. km (DGB 2007: 2) is located between 28°46ʹ30’’ to 29°57ʹ20’’ North latitudes and 73°49ʹ55’’ to 75°31ʹ32’’ East longitudes(Ram and Chauhan 2002: 200).It is surrounded by Ganganagar district in the west, Bikaner district in the south‐west, Churu district in the south, Sirsa district of Haryana in the east and Firozepur district of Punjab in the north (Figure 1). The Hanumangarh town was earlier known as Bhatner. In the year 1805, Maharaja Surat Singh of Bikaner seized Bhatner after conquering Bhatis and as the day of his victory was Tuesday which is known as the day of god ‘Hanuman’, Bhatner was renamed as Hanumangarh by him (Hooja 2006: 721). -
Environmental Factors in the Decline of the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization
132 The Environment and Indian History 6 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE DECLINE OF THE INDUS–SARASVATI CIVILIZATION Michel Danino* Abstract It is now widely accepted that climatic and environmental factors played a significant part in the decline of the Indus-Sarasvati civilization. While climatic studies from the 1970s to 1990s tended to support the view that a marked trend towards aridity had set in even before the civilization’s urban or Mature phase, more recent studies have pushed this shift to the end of the second millennium BCE, which coincides with the end of the Mature phase (2600-1900 BCE). This is also the time when, in the east, the Sarasvati dwindled to a minor seasonal river, while floods appear to have been caused by a shifting Indus in the west. Other possible causes include the pressure put on remaining forests by intensive industrial activities. In any case, the archaeological evidence records the abandonment of hundreds of Harappan sites in the Sarasvati’s basin (which includes today’s Cholistan), and an eastward movement of Late Harappan settlements. Background The decline and disappearance of the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization in its urban form has been an enduring object of speculation. In the absence of any corroborative archaeological evidence, barbarian (and generally “Aryan”) invasions have been firmly ruled out as a potential cause. Alternative scenarios include political, socioeconomic or environmental * Guest Professor, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Author of “The Lost River : On the Trail of the Sarasvati“ (Penguin India, 2010), This paper is an adaptation and revision of two earlier papers on the same theme. -
Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia
Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Felicitation Volume Edited by Dennys Frenez, Gregg M. Jamison, Randall W. Law, Massimo Vidale and Richard H. Meadow Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 917 7 ISBN 978 1 78491 918 4 (e-Pdf) © ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente, Archaeopress and the authors 2018 Front cover: SEM microphotograph of Indus unicorn seal H95-2491 from Harappa (photograph by J. Mark Kenoyer © Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Back cover, background: Pot from the Cemetery H Culture levels of Harappa with a hoard of beads and decorative objects (photograph by Toshihiko Kakima © Prof. Hideo Kondo and NHK promotions). Back cover, box: Jonathan Mark Kenoyer excavating a unicorn seal found at Harappa (© Harappa Archaeological Research Project). ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 244 Palazzo Baleani Roma, RM 00186 www.ismeo.eu Serie Orientale Roma, 15 This volume was published with the financial assistance of a grant from the Progetto MIUR 'Studi e ricerche sulle culture dell’Asia e dell’Africa: tradizione e continuità, rivitalizzazione e divulgazione' All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by The Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Jonathan Mark Kenoyer and ISMEO – Occasions in Continuum ....................................................................................v Adriano V. -
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PPAALLAAEEOOCCHHAANNNNEELLSS OOFF NNOORRTTHH WWEESSTT IINNDDIIAA:: RREEVVIIEEWW AANNDD AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT REPORT OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE TO REVIEW AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON PALAEOCHANNELS 15th OCTOBER, 2016 NEW DELHI PALAEOCHANNELS OF NORTH WEST INDIA: REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT Summary Remnants of once active rivers or streams are described as palaeochannels. Some of the channels lie buried under the cover of younger sediments. They are parts of misfit rivers and streams representing channels abandoned by migrating rivers as they shift their courses and cut new ones. In the context of prevalent dryness over larger swathes of our country and the exponentially growing need of water for a variety of purpose, the palaeochannels hold good promise as rich repositories of ground water. For, they are proven as a dependable source of supply in many parts of the world. In the dry western part of the Indian sub-continent encompassing Haryana, southern Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat, numerous palaeochannels have been identified and comprehensively investigated since early nineteenth century by geomorphologists, geologists, geophysists, geohydrologists, archaeologists and remote-sensing specialists using high-end techniques. Large number of exploratory wells dug along the palaeochannels in these states to establish extensive networks of surface and buried palaeochannels constituting potential water-bearing aquifers in multiple groups covering the entire plain of the drainage system. The quality of groundwater in these palaeochannels is generally good. The aggregate length of the palaeochannels of all - in parts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat - is of the order of more than 2200 km. Water is available in quite many of them. More importantly, almost all of them can be artificially recharged and replenished with water. -
Crux Notes of Standard Books Writetobeias.Com Art and Culture
Crux Notes of WriteToBeIAS.com Art and Culture Standard books INDEX Sr Topics Page No. no. PART A: VISUAL ARTS 1. Indian Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery 3 2. Indian Paintings 19 3. Indian Handicrafts 34 4. UNESCO‘s List of Tangible World Heritage Sites in India 42 PART B: PERFORMING ARTS 5. Indian Music 44 6. Indian Dance Forms 58 7. Indian Theatre 66 8. Indian Puppetry 72 9. Indian Circus 74 10. UNESCO‘s List of Intangible Cultural Heritage 75 PART C: CULTURE OF INDIA 11. Languages in India 77 12. Religions in India 83 13. Indian Literature 96 14 Budhism and Jainism 101 15. Schools of Philosophy 108 16. Indian Cinema 112 17. Science and Technology through the Ages 117 18. Calendars in India 121 19. Fairs and Festivals of India 124 20. Awards and Honours 136 21. Law and Culture 139 [email protected] Contact- +91-9711500808/0120-7179266 Crux Notes of WriteToBeIAS.com Art and Culture Standard books 22. Martial Arts in India 141 23. Cultural Institutions in India 144 24. Coins in Ancient and Medieval India 149 25. Indian Culture Abroad 152 26. Looking history through the eyes of foreign travellers 157 [email protected] Contact- +91-9711500808/0120-7179266 Crux Notes of WriteToBeIAS.com Art and Culture Standard books PART A VISUAL ARTS CHAPTER 1- INDIAN ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE AND POTTERY Architecture Derived from the Latin word ‗tekton‘ which means builder Refers to construction and designing of buildings Depends primarily on on engineering and measurements a mixture of various types of materials Sculpture Derived from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root ‗kel‘ which means ‗to cut or cleave Refers to smaller 3 dimensional works of art Focuses more on imagination and aesthetics a single type of material Classification of Ancient India Medieval India Modern India Indian Architecture Harappan Art Delhi Sultanate Indo-Gothic style Mauryan Art Mughal Art Neo-Roman style Post-Mauryan Art Gupta Age Art South Indian Art Harappan Art On the banks of river Indus. -
Origin, Development and Decline of the First Urbanization in the Upper Saraswati Basin
Origin, Development and Decline of the First Urbanization in the Upper Saraswati Basin Narender Parmar1 1. Department of History and Archaeology, Central University of Haryana, Jant‐Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India (Email: [email protected]) Received: 17 August 2014; Accepted: 24 September 2014; Revised: 05 November 2014 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 2 (2014): 865‐882 Abstract: The archaeological records clearly suggest that the upper Saraswati basin witnessed emergence of the first urbanization (the Harappan Civilization) in South Asia. The first farming communities of this region laid foundations of an ideal socio‐economic structure which was mainly based on agricultural practices, advanced technology, trade networks, craft activities and ritual customs. Over a period of time, the region has ample evidences that throw light on the growth and transformation of early pastoral and village communities into the ancient cities of the first urbanized civilization. This paper highlights the evidences of this urbanization (Harappan Civilization) in the upper Saraswati basin. Keywords: First Urbanization, Harappan Civilization, Upper Saraswati Basin, First Farming Community, Advanced Village Society, Sothi‐Siswal, Eastern Hakra Introduction The earlier settled life in the upper Saraswati basin can be traced to near about the beginning of the Holocene period. The ecological conditions of the upper Saraswati basin played a significant role in the origin and development of settled way of life for earlier farming communities, which ultimately led to the foundation of the first urbanized civilization (the Harappan Civilization) (Fig. 1). Geographically, the region represents a combination of the Indo‐Gangetic plains and Siwalik and Aravalli hill systems. The region has a large concentration of alluvial deposits. -
Palaeochannels of North West India: Review and Assessment
PPAALLAAEEOOCCHHAANNNNEELLSS OOFF NNOORRTTHH WWEESSTT IINNDDIIAA:: RREEVVIIEEWW AANNDD AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT REPORT OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE TO REVIEW AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON PALAEOCHANNELS 15th OCTOBER, 2016 NEW DELHI PALAEOCHANNELS OF NORTH WEST INDIA: REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT Summary Remnants of once active rivers or streams are described as palaeochannels. Some of the channels lie buried under the cover of younger sediments. They are parts of misfit rivers and streams representing channels abandoned by migrating rivers as they shift their courses and cut new ones. In the context of prevalent dryness over larger swathes of our country and the exponentially growing need of water for a variety of purpose, the palaeochannels hold good promise as rich repositories of ground water. For, they are proven as a dependable source of supply in many parts of the world. In the dry western part of the Indian sub-continent encompassing Haryana, southern Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat, numerous palaeochannels have been identified and comprehensively investigated since early nineteenth century by geomorphologists, geologists, geophysists, geohydrologists, archaeologists and remote-sensing specialists using high-end techniques. Large number of exploratory wells dug along the palaeochannels in these states to establish extensive networks of surface and buried palaeochannels constituting potential water-bearing aquifers in multiple groups covering the entire plain of the drainage system. The quality of groundwater in these palaeochannels is generally good. The aggregate length of the palaeochannels of all - in parts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat - is of the order of more than 2200 km. Water is available in quite many of them. More importantly, almost all of them can be artificially recharged and replenished with water. -
Echnical Branch-Kunal Excavation Noc Tigrana
K Dr. Ravindra N. Singh CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDV Professor, Department of AIHC & Archaeology Deputy Coordinator(CAS) & Bananas Hindu University Principal Investigator (India) Varanasi-221005, India BHU-Cambridge Project in Archaeology Ph. No.;(0542), 6702111 ema//s:ravl [email protected] [email protected] Dairy The Superintendent CFWIS No:- Dated; 3 T' August, 2020 c/o The Principal Secretary, Archaeology & Museums, Government of Haryana, St/L Art and Design Building, Sector-10, Chandigarh-160011 ^4/7 Subject: : Application for Excavations at Khanak, Bhiwani, HaryaflS'xJ^^^ Dear Sir, m Please find enclosed herewith the application for the Excavations at Khanak, Bhiwani, ■ Haryana during the Field Season 2020-2021 for the kind approval and NOG by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Haryana.. Another set of the application has been sent io\The Director (EE), Archaeological Survey ofIndia, Government ofIndia, 24 Tilak marg. New Delhi- 110001 for the kind considerations of the Standing Committee of the Archaeological Survey of India. In this context, I would like to bring to your kind notice that same proposal was approved by your Department and the ASI but work could not be undertaken due to to Covidl9. I request you to forward your kind approval & NOG to the Archaeological Survey of India at your earliest. Yours sincerely;, R.- Nb- (E.rpf,,R,N.Singh - Professor & Deputy Coord/nafor(CASJ j Centre of Advanced study | Bhiwani, Haryana. Sanaras Hindu University. I H APPLICATION FOR CARRYING OUT EXPLORATION I EXCAVATION AT' ^ AREAS OTHER THAN PROTECTED FOR[THE FIELD SEASON 2020-21 1. Name of the Pfoject {Exploration/ Excavation): Excavations at Khanak. -
Ayodhya (1995-2005) - B.R
TITLE INDEX PURATATTVA (VOLS. 35-48) Shampa Chakraborty A Decade of Crumbling Heritage: Ayodhya (1995-2005) - B.R. Mani. 37, 2006-07, pp. 139- 141. A Fragmentary Brahmi Inscription from Banavasi - Uthara Suvrathan. 43, 2013, pp. 247- 251. A Fresh Investigation at Poompuhar: The Port City - B.R. Mani, V.K. Swarnkar, M. Saxena and P.P. Pradhan. 40, 2010, pp. 120-126. A Fresh Light on Chakra Purusha from Kakuni - Ambika Dhaka. 45, 2015, pp. 309-311. A Group of Temples at Kalna - S.S. Biswas. 36, 2005-06, pp. 132-136. A Newly Discovered Early Iron Age Settlement at Chachondi, District Amravati, Maharashtra - Jason D. Hawkes, Riza Abbas, Gurudas Shete and Michael Willis. 46, 2016, pp. 114- 125. A Note on Faunal Remains from Kiari, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir - P.P. Joglekar, P.K. Thomas and S.B. Ota. 46, 2016, pp. 192-196. A Note on Sothi Pottery - Tejas Garge. 37, 2006-07, pp. 218-225. A Note on the Enigmatic Triangular Terracotta Cakes - J. Manuel. 37, 2006-07, pp. 199-204. A Preliminary Report of Faunal Remains from Madina, Rohtak District, Haryana - P.P. Joglekar, Manmohan Kumar and V.S. Shinde. 38, 2008, pp. 222-228. A Preliminary Report on the Archaeozoological Studies of the Harappan site at Bhirrana, District Fathebad, Haryana - Arati Deshpande-Mukherjee. 42, 2012, pp. 202-211. A Preliminary Report on the Discovery of Kharoshthi Inscriptions at the City-Site of Kampyrtepa (Uzbekistan) - E.V. Rtveladze. 38, 2008, pp. 127-135. A Preliminary Report on the Excavation at Wakav, Solapur District, Maharashtra (2010-2011) - P.P. -
Harappan Settlement Pattern on the Desert Margin with Special Reference to Hanumangarh District
Indian Journal of Archaeology Harappan Settlement Pattern on the Desert Margin with Special Reference to Hanumangarh District Dr. Vikas Pawar Dr. R.N. Singh Dr. Cameron Petrie Dept. of History Dept. of AIHC & Archaeology Department of Archaeology MD University, Banaras Hindu University, University of Cambridge Rohtak Varanasi Cambridge CB2 3DZ, Haryana, India-124001 Uttar Pradesh, India-221005 United Kingdom Ph. No. +91-9813257268 Ph. No. +91-9415270188 Ph. No. +00447910990959 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] The District Hanumangarh came into existence by carving out from Ganganagar district on July 12, 1994 as the 31st district of Rajasthan state.1 The district covering a total geographical area of 9656.09 sq. km2 is located between 28°46'30’’ to 29°57'20’’ North latitudes and 73°49'55’’ to 75°31'32’’ East longitudes.3 It is surrounded by Ganganagar district in the west, Bikaner district in the south-west, Churu district in the south, Sirsa district of Haryana in the east and Firozepur district of Punjab in the north. The district derives its name from its headquarters in Hanumangarh town which is located at a distance of 64 km south-east of Ganganagar on the Sadulpur-Hanumangarh branch line of the northern railways. It is well connected also by road. The town was earlier known as Bhatner. In the year 1805, Maharaja Surat Singh of Bikaner seized Bhatner after conquering Bhatis and as the day of his victory was Tuesday which is known as the day of god ‘Hanuman’, Bhatner was renamed as Hanumangarh by him.4 Previous Work Not much exploration was done in the area under study.