DOCSLIB.ORG

THE BATTLE of KADESH: the CHARIOT FRIEZE at ABYDOS Author(S): Anthony Spalinger Source: Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE BATTLE of KADESH: the CHARIOT FRIEZE at ABYDOS Author(S): Anthony Spalinger Source: Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, Vol THE BATTLE OF KADESH: THE CHARIOT FRIEZE AT ABYDOS Author(s): Anthony Spalinger Source: Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, Vol. 13 (2003), pp. 163-199 Published by: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23788657 Accessed: 21-03-2018 13:10 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23788657?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Austrian Academy of Sciences Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant This content downloaded from 138.16.128.0 on Wed, 21 Mar 2018 13:10:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE BATTLE OF KADESH: THE CHARIOT FRIEZE AT ABYDOS By Anthony Spalinger The Abydos reliefs of the battle of Kadesh have yet to left (north) against which the now lost camp scene be published in exemplary form by Egyptologists. was carved. The manner of carving is unique Notwithstanding the useful plates in the second vol- among the Kadesh depictions.3 Sunken relief was ume of Wreszinski's monumental Atlas, and the ear- employed, as we have come to expect, but the lier detailed line drawings of Edouard Naville, this details are far better rendered than in the reliefs of battle presentation remains unanalyzed from an art the other temples. The intricate internal carvings of historical viewpoint.1 The latter statement may first the hieroglyphs of the Poem parallel this. They too appear to be overly critical, especially in light of the are well sculpted, rendered also "Classical" in their recent studies of Marcus Müller and Susanna Heinz, layout and structure. For example, the nearby Ded both of whom have devoted much attention to the icatory Inscription of Ramesses II on the portico of New Kingdom depictions of war. Nonetheless, a Seti's temple presents a poor showing in compari detailed study concentrated upon one self-contained son to the Kadesh Poem at Abydos insofar as the series of pictorial reliefs has much to offer, especially former shows a more schematic outlook, perhaps when we exclude the other exemplars from the rapidly executed as well.4 Ramesseum, Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel. In this At Abydos, the divisions of the "phases" are more light it is interesting that Naville, who was the first to solidly presented. The three portions of the battle understand the historical progression of the Aby- are well separated from each other, and even dene representations, was also the first to pay atten- though much of the scenes has been lost owing to tion to the "beauty of the hieroglyphic signs" of the time, the static quality of what remains cannot be Poem that concludes the entire representation.2 overlooked.5 Indeed, as only the lowest portions of The scenes commence on the west or rear wall the walls remain, we are faced with the inherent bias of Ramesses IPs temple at Abydos. This entire wall of not being able to examine the actual battlefield is occupied with Phase I of the Kadesh battle in encounter between the Egyptians and the Hittites. which the Nacarn troops are seen marching to the Notwithstanding this situation, the presentation at 1 There is a useful summary of these reliefs and the Most others recently, see the short analysis on the Abydos tem (Abu Simbel, Ramesseum, Luxor, and Karnak) inple G. of A. Ramesses II by Mansour el-Noubi, ArOr 67 Gaballa, Narrative in Egyptian Art, Mainz am Rhein (1999) 1975, 21-44. One awaits the final publication of K. P. 113-19. The standard editions of the scenes are: W. Kuhlmann. Wreszinski, Atlas zur altägyptischen Kulturgeschichte Naville, II, Details releves, 23 (pis. XXIII-XXV). They may Leipzig, 1935, pis. 16-24; Charles Kuentz, La bataille be seen de in photographs on pis. I-V of Kuentz's work; pi. Qadech, Cairo 1928-34, pis. XVTI-XXIII; and E. VINaville, presents facsimiles of certain hieroglyphic signs. Details releves dans les ruines de quelques temples égyptiens, I will follow the standard analysis first drawn up in exem Paris 1930, pis. V-XXII (his drawings are sometimes plary fashion by Kenneth A. Kitchen: KRIII125-8. inaccurate in fine details). In addition, I have consulted As I am at present engaged in a study of the Dedicatory my detailed photographs made in 1982. Inscription, I shall leave my comments here to a mini Recently, there have been detailed studies of mum.the war The old edition of Auguste Mariette, Abydos. scenes of the New Kingdom: M. Müller, Die Thematik Descriptions der desfouilles exercutées sur l'emplacement de la ville Schlachtenreliefs, MA Dissertation, Tübingen 1985, I, Paris79-80 1869, pis. 5-9 is somewhat useful. Nonetheless, I in particular, and his most recent work, Der König must als Feldthank Prof. John Baines of Oxford University for herr, PhD. Dissertation, Tübingen, 2001; and Susannaallowing me to obtain a series of excellent photograph Constanze Heinz, Die Feldzugsdarstellungen des ic Neuenreproductions of this key hieroglyphic text. Reiches, Vienna 2001. The reader should consult As theiris well known, virtually all of the upper rows of detailed analyses as both of the authors' works stonescomple have been lost. In fact, some portions of the two ment this presentation, and I will refer to them walls only recorded by Naville are not to be found on where my specific details correspond to their work. Wreszinski's photographs. This content downloaded from 138.16.128.0 on Wed, 21 Mar 2018 13:10:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 164 Anthony Spalinger Abydos reveals a more static, regular and structured There, the male deity Thoth presides and speaks, set-up than any of the other representations.6 Despite this "intervention" it is readily discernable I believe that this aspect is partly to be explained that the arrangement of the wars at Ramesses II's by the use of the blank wall space available to the Abydene temple can be compared effectively with artists. Both the west wall and the north wall were only those at Medinet Habu, with the Ramesseum employed for the Kadesh conflict. Phase II com- standing aside, mainly owing to its very poor condi mences exactly at the extreme right hand side of the tion (Note, however, that on the south wall there north wall, right next to the cornice. There, we see was the expected calendar). the battle itself, or to be more precise, what is left of In other words, owing to the architectural layout it. The third act (Presentation) is located about two- of Abydos, its early date in the reign of Ramesses II, thirds farther on with a doorway effectively forming and the free use of blank space, this temple parallels the end. To the left the opening portion of the Poem the mortuary edifice of Ramesses III, with, of course, can be found. The entire system of layout parallels revealing many differences in scenic presentation, that of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu.7 There, the The great complex at Karnak as well as the temple rear or west wall was occupied by three so-called "fie- of Luxor provide no useful comparison. At best, a tive" battle scenes located in Nubia (south side). table of contrasts can be made. These buildings Then come three scenes devoted to the commence- were not begun under the first years of a monarch ment of the First Libyan war of year 5. Turning the or the final ones of a preceding Pharaoh. Their corner, three more reliefs cover the same encounter. design, as well, did not follow the standardized set Following them is the Sea Peoples' encounter of year up of mortuary temples to the west, and we must 8. Six scenes, neatly divided by a royal line hunt remember that Seti I's as well as Ramesses II's edi exactly in the middle, complete this series of depic- fices at Abydos were Hwf s, exactly as those funerary tions as the campaign concludes at the second pylon. complexes on the left bank at Thebes.9 Finally, moving forward to the east we reach the Sec- Last but not least, Abu Simbel with its com ond Libyan War, the final conflict of the king. There, pressed arrangement (owing to space) as well as the the representations run around to the western or absence of the Poem can be brought into the discus rear portion of the first pylon. The southern wall is sion.10 The entire interior northern wall of Room F is mainly devoted to the calendar. A similar arrange- devoted to the battle. Two registers divide the phases ment can be seen at Luxor if only because the blank of the conflict: Phase I occupies the lowest one walls at the west, located between the colonnade of whereas Phases II and III are carved above. (One Tutankhamun and that of Amunhotep III, were also moves from the front to the rear, or to be more pre filled with the Kadesh scenes. eise, II is located to the left or west whereas I is to the On the south wall at Abydos will be found the right or east.) A few portions of the less important temple calendar.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Linguistics Development Team
    Development Team Principal Investigator: Prof. Pramod Pandey Centre for Linguistics / SLL&CS Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected] Paper Coordinator: Prof. K. S. Nagaraja Department of Linguistics, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute, Pune- 411006, [email protected] Content Writer: Prof. K. S. Nagaraja Prof H. S. Ananthanarayana Content Reviewer: Retd Prof, Department of Linguistics Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007 Paper : Historical and Comparative Linguistics Linguistics Module : Indo-Aryan Language Family Description of Module Subject Name Linguistics Paper Name Historical and Comparative Linguistics Module Title Indo-Aryan Language Family Module ID Lings_P7_M1 Quadrant 1 E-Text Paper : Historical and Comparative Linguistics Linguistics Module : Indo-Aryan Language Family INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE FAMILY The Indo-Aryan migration theory proposes that the Indo-Aryans migrated from the Central Asian steppes into South Asia during the early part of the 2nd millennium BCE, bringing with them the Indo-Aryan languages. Migration by an Indo-European people was first hypothesized in the late 18th century, following the discovery of the Indo-European language family, when similarities between Western and Indian languages had been noted. Given these similarities, a single source or origin was proposed, which was diffused by migrations from some original homeland. This linguistic argument is supported by archaeological and anthropological research. Genetic research reveals that those migrations form part of a complex genetical puzzle on the origin and spread of the various components of the Indian population. Literary research reveals similarities between various, geographically distinct, Indo-Aryan historical cultures. The Indo-Aryan migrations started in approximately 1800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of the Light, Horse-Drawn Chariot in the Near-East C. 2000-1500 B.C. Author(S): P. R. S. Moorey Source: World Archaeology, Vol
    The Emergence of the Light, Horse-Drawn Chariot in the Near-East c. 2000-1500 B.C. Author(s): P. R. S. Moorey Source: World Archaeology, Vol. 18, No. 2, Weaponry and Warfare (Oct., 1986), pp. 196-215 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/124615 Accessed: 06-11-2015 06:35 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to World Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 141.211.4.224 on Fri, 06 Nov 2015 06:35:53 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Tlhe emergence of the light, horse-drawn chariot in the Near-East c. 2000-1500 B.C.* The recent appearance of three richly documented monographs assembling the diverse and often complex evidence for riding and traction in the pre-classical societies of the Near East and Europe (Littauer and Crouwel 1979: Crouwel 1981: Piggott 1983) provides an opportunity for reassessing a number of critical issues in the earliest history of the light, horse-drawn chariot, whose arrival in many ancient communities has long been seen as a source of significant change in politics and society.
    [Show full text]
  • M. Witzel (2003) Sintashta, BMAC and the Indo-Iranians. a Query. [Excerpt
    M. Witzel (2003) Sintashta, BMAC and the Indo-Iranians. A query. [excerpt from: Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia] (to appear in : Sino-Platonic Papers 129) Transhumance, Trickling in, Immigration of Steppe Peoples There is no need to underline that the establishment of a BMAC substrate belt has grave implications for the theory of the immigration of speakers of Indo-Iranian languages into Greater Iran and then into the Panjab. By and large, the body of words taken over into the Indo-Iranian languages in the BMAC area, necessarily by bilingualism, closes the linguistic gap between the Urals and the languages of Greater Iran and India. Uralic and Yeneseian were situated, as many IIr. loan words indicate, to the north of the steppe/taiga boundary of the (Proto-)IIr. speaking territories (§2.1.1). The individual IIr. languages are firmly attested in Greater Iran (Avestan, O.Persian, Median) as well as in the northwestern Indian subcontinent (Rgvedic, Middle Vedic). These materials, mentioned above (§2.1.) and some more materials relating to religion (Witzel forthc. b) indicate an early habitat of Proto- IIr. in the steppes south of the Russian/Siberian taiga belt. The most obvious linguistic proofs of this location are the FU words corresponding to IIr. Arya "self-designation of the IIr. tribes": Pre-Saami *orja > oarji "southwest" (Koivulehto 2001: 248), ārjel "Southerner", and Finnish orja, Votyak var, Syry. ver "slave" (Rédei 1986: 54). In other words, the IIr. speaking area may have included the S. Ural "country of towns" (Petrovka, Sintashta, Arkhaim) dated at c.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages and Migrations in Prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe Summer Seminar
    Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–12 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark & the University of Copenhagen Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–10 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark Festsalen Ny Vestergade 10 Prinsens Palæ DK-1471 København K 11–12 August 2018 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Humanities (KUA) Multisalen (Room 21.0.54) Emil Holms Kanal 6 The Roots of Europe Summer Seminar Preface The Roots of Europe Research Center has its origins in a so-called Programme of Excellence funded by the University of Copenhagen and hosted by the De- partment of Nordic Studies and Linguistics. The founding members were a group of historical linguists specializing in Indo-European Studies, a disci- pline that goes back two centuries at the University of Copenhagen, to the days when the linguist and philologist Rasmus Rask (1787–1832) carried out 2 his ground-breaking research. The programme marked a new epoch in modern-day Indo-European stud- ies in that it began to incorporate the findings of archaeology and genetics in its quest to understand the prehistorical spread of the Indo-European lan- guages. This was not the first attempt to relate the many branches of the fam- Preface ily tree to material cultures and, indeed, genes. However, previous attempts were abandoned, after the field was, figuratively speaking, taken hostage by a nefarious alliance of pseudoscientific researchers and politicians around the turn and first half of the 20th century. After the Second World War, collaborations between archaeologists and linguists became rare and generally frowned upon.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Conquests of Canaan
    ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Maketh the Clouds His Chariot: the Comparative Method and The
    LIBERTY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF RELIGION WHO MAKETH THE CLOUDS HIS CHARIOT: THE COMPARATIVE METHOD AND THE MYTHOPOETICAL MOTIF OF CLOUD-RIDING IN PSALM 104 AND THE EPIC OF BAAL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF LIBERTY UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES BY JORDAN W. JONES LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA APRIL 2010 “The views expressed in this thesis do not necessarily represent the views of the institution and/or of the thesis readers.” Copyright © 2009 by Jordan W. Jones All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To Dr. Don Fowler, who introduced me to the Hebrew Bible and the ancient Near East and who instilled in me an intellectual humility when studying the Scriptures. To Dr. Harvey Hartman, who introduced me to the Old Testament, demanded excellence in the classroom, and encouraged me to study in Jerusalem, from which I benefited greatly. To Dr. Paul Fink, who gave me the opportunity to do graduate studies and has blessed my friends and I with wisdom and a commitment to the word of God. To James and Jeanette Jones (mom and dad), who demonstrated their great love for me by rearing me in the instruction and admonition of the Lord and who thought it worthwhile to put me through college. <WqT* <yx!u&oy br)b=W dos /ya@B= tobv*j&m^ rp@h* Prov 15:22 To my patient and sympathetic wife, who endured my frequent absences during this project and supported me along the way. Hn`ovl=-lu^ ds#j#-tr~otw+ hm*k=j*b= hj*t=P* h*yP! Prov 31:26 To the King, the LORD of all the earth, whom I love and fear.
    [Show full text]
  • Empires Text PROOF4 PAGES Copy
    TWELVE GREAT BATTLES IN ANTIQUITY STONE TOWER BOOKS AN IMPRINT OF LAMPION PRESS SILVERTON, OR When Empires Clash Copyright © 2015 Patrick Hunt All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review. Lampion Press, LLC P. O. Box 932 Silverton, OR 97381 Paperback ISBN: 978-1-942614-12-8 Hardback ISBN: 978-1-942614-13-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015956932 Formatting and cover design by Amy Cole, JPL Design Solutions Maps by A. D. Riddle, RiddleMaps.com Front cover illustration: “Battle of Marathon,” (“Schlacht bei Marathon”) by Karl von Rotteck (1842), akg-images.co.uk, Used with permission. Printed in the United States of America Table of ConTenTs Preface ............................................................................................1 ChApTER 1 The Battle of Kadesh (1274 BCE) .................................7 ChApTER 2 The Battle of Nineveh (612 BCE) ................................19 ChApTER 3 The Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) ..............................31 ChApTER 4 The Battle of Issus (333 BCE) .....................................45 ChApTER 5 The Battle of Trebbia (218 BCE) .................................63 ChApTER 6 The Battle of Cannae (216 BCE) .................................77 ChApTER 7 The Battle of Cartagena (209 BCE) .............................95 ChApTER 8 The Battle
    [Show full text]
  • Autochthonous Aryans? the Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts
    Michael Witzel Harvard University Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts. INTRODUCTION §1. Terminology § 2. Texts § 3. Dates §4. Indo-Aryans in the RV §5. Irano-Aryans in the Avesta §6. The Indo-Iranians §7. An ''Aryan'' Race? §8. Immigration §9. Remembrance of immigration §10. Linguistic and cultural acculturation THE AUTOCHTHONOUS ARYAN THEORY § 11. The ''Aryan Invasion'' and the "Out of India" theories LANGUAGE §12. Vedic, Iranian and Indo-European §13. Absence of Indian influences in Indo-Iranian §14. Date of Indo-Aryan innovations §15. Absence of retroflexes in Iranian §16. Absence of 'Indian' words in Iranian §17. Indo-European words in Indo-Iranian; Indo-European archaisms vs. Indian innovations §18. Absence of Indian influence in Mitanni Indo-Aryan Summary: Linguistics CHRONOLOGY §19. Lack of agreement of the autochthonous theory with the historical evidence: dating of kings and teachers ARCHAEOLOGY __________________________________________ Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7-3 (EJVS) 2001(1-115) Autochthonous Aryans? 2 §20. Archaeology and texts §21. RV and the Indus civilization: horses and chariots §22. Absence of towns in the RV §23. Absence of wheat and rice in the RV §24. RV class society and the Indus civilization §25. The Sarasvatī and dating of the RV and the Bråhmaas §26. Harappan fire rituals? §27. Cultural continuity: pottery and the Indus script VEDIC TEXTS AND SCIENCE §28. The ''astronomical code of the RV'' §29. Astronomy: the equinoxes in ŚB §30. Astronomy: Jyotia Vedåga and the
    [Show full text]
  • In the Kingdom of Alexander the Great Ancient Macedonia
    Advance press kit Exhibition From October 13, 2011 to January 16, 2012 Napoleon Hall In the Kingdom of Alexander the Great Ancient Macedonia Contents Press release page 3 Map of main sites page 9 Exhibition walk-through page 10 Images available for the press page 12 Press release In the Kingdom of Alexander the Great Exhibition Ancient Macedonia October 13, 2011–January 16, 2012 Napoleon Hall This exhibition curated by a Greek and French team of specialists brings together five hundred works tracing the history of ancient Macedonia from the fifteenth century B.C. up to the Roman Empire. Visitors are invited to explore the rich artistic heritage of northern Greece, many of whose treasures are still little known to the general public, due to the relatively recent nature of archaeological discoveries in this area. It was not until 1977, when several royal sepulchral monuments were unearthed at Vergina, among them the unopened tomb of Philip II, Alexander the Great’s father, that the full archaeological potential of this region was realized. Further excavations at this prestigious site, now identified with Aegae, the first capital of ancient Macedonia, resulted in a number of other important discoveries, including a puzzling burial site revealed in 2008, which will in all likelihood entail revisions in our knowledge of ancient history. With shrewd political skill, ancient Macedonia’s rulers, of whom Alexander the Great remains the best known, orchestrated the rise of Macedon from a small kingdom into one which came to dominate the entire Hellenic world, before defeating the Persian Empire and conquering lands as far away as India.
    [Show full text]
  • Fik Meijer, Chariot Racing in the Roman Empire (Translated by Liz Waters)
    Fik Meijer, Chariot Racing in the Roman Empire (translated by Liz Waters). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. Pp. xiv, 185. ISBN- 13:978-0-8018-9697-2 (HB). $29.95 (pb). This book is an accessible and interesting introduction to the topic, which for the most part is grounded in good scholarship. Meijer’s introduction brings to life the Roman love of chariot racing exhibited by both elites and the common people. Just as successful in this regard are Chapters 5 (“A Day at the Circus Maximus”) and 7 (“The Spectators”). In the former, translated passages from Ovid and Sidonius Apollinaris put the reader in a seat in a Roman circus, while the latter deals with other aspects of the spectators’ experience: for example, their communications with the emperor, their fanatical identification with the colors of the four racing factions, curse tablets inscribed by fans asking demonic gods to harm opposing charioteers and horses, gambling, and crowd violence. Chapters 3 (“The Circus Maximus”), 4 (“Preparation and Organization”), and 6 (“The Heroes of the Arena”) complete his discussion of the Circus Maximus. Chapter 2 (“Chariot Races of the First Century BC and Earlier”) begins with the military use of chariots by the Egyptians, Hittites and Mycenaeans. M. points out that it is not clear whether these peoples ever used chariots for racing. He then proceeds to the first unambiguous appearance of the sport, in archaic Greece (Homer and the Olympic Games), and finishes with the earliest evidence for it at Rome from the regal period down to the late Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology Et Al: an Indo-European Study
    B061717 The University of Edinburgh Archaeology School of History, Classics and Archaeology Archaeology dissertation: Archaeology et al: an Indo-European study ARCA10040 2017 – 2018 Supervisor: Dr Catriona Pickard 12, 257 words Date of submission: 11th April 2018 1 B061717 Table of Contents List of figures Page 3 Acknowledgements Page 4 Introduction Page 5 Chapter I – An Introduction to Indo-European Studies Page 6 Chapter II – Theoretical Context Page 8 Chapter III – The Anatolian Hypothesis Page 10 Chapter IV – The Steppe Hypothesis Page 21 Chapter V – Discussion Page 42 Conclusion Page 47 Appendix I Page 48 Appendix II Page 51 References Page 53 2 B061717 List of figures Figure 1 – Diagram: All Indo-European languages stem from Proto-Indo-European. Page 6 Figure 2 – Map: Current spread of Indo-European languages, location of Steppe and Anatolia. Page 7 Figure 3 – Map: The Anatolian peninsula. Page 10 Figure 4 – Map: ‘Expansion of farming in Western Eurasia, 9600-4000 BC’, with regional Page 12 variations in material culture. Figure 5 – Map: The origins of Celtic as per the Hallstatt hypothesis. Page 13 Figure 6 – Map: Sheridan’s view of the spread of the Passage Grave tradition. Page 14 Figure 7 – Map: One version of the development of Indo-European into Celtic. Page 15 Figure 8 – Diagram: European population history. Page 16 Figure 9 – Diagram: Levels of admixture in prehistory and today. Page 17 Figure 10 – Map/Diagram: ‘Distribution of PIE terms referring to wheeled vehicles’. Page 19 Figure 11 – Map: Pontic-Caspian steppe. Page 21 Figure 12 – Map: Early Neolithic population movement into Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Flight of the Falcon: the Immigration of the Indo-Aryans Into Northwestern South Asia
    M. Witzel, ICABS, July 10, 2018 Beyond the Flight of the Falcon: The immigration of the Indo-Aryans into Northwestern South Asia • why this title? • upari śyena/upairi saēna (para-uparisaēna = Greek paropanisos) Indo-Aryan migration: from Russian steppes near Ural mountains to India “Arya” is the self-designation of Iranians and Northern Indians: King Darius 519 BCE, Kauṣītaki Āraṇyaka 8.9 yatrāryā vāg vadate * multidisciplinary approach is needed: archaeology, linguistics, population genetics (DNA), early Vedic texts * Problem of dating oldest Veda: Ṛgveda c. 1200 BCE (see below) § 1. ARCHAEOLOGY End of the Indus (Harappan) civilization at 1900/1300 BCE; for 1300, only small area studied, Cemetery H etc. • with new pottery designs, shift to cremation / urn burial: homunculus • overlap between Harappan and Vedic civilizations is not clear • no use: recently found burials at Sinauli, with 2 wheel-ox cart, 1800-2000 BCE(?), Vedic people were semi-nomadic: pastoral, with a little barley agriculture, leave little evidence behind • extensive communication of local post-Indus sedentary and pastoral ethnicities (many loan words!) Heated current discussion in India: Indus civilization as “Aryan”… Example: question of horses and chariots. • Horses imported into Ancient Near East and early India only around 1900/1700 BCE • “chariot” was a light-weight (30 kg), horse-drawn vehicle, with two spoked wheels, one or two riders (rathin, ratheṣṭha) -- unlike Sinauli carts • First proto-chariots (*ratha) in Ural area (Sintashta) c. 2000 BCE • In India: Gandhāra Grave Culture? — Swat Immigration path via Inner Asian Mountain Corridor/ North Afghanistan (Bactria): high mountain grazing grounds (c. 3000 BCE--) like modern Kirgiz § 2.
    [Show full text]