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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Weekly August 18, 2006 / Vol. 55 / No. 32 Imported Melioidosis — South Florida, 2005 In 2005, two cases of melioidosis (one in August, one in disease can occur years after exposure. Where melioidosis is October) were reported to the Florida Department of endemic, the case-fatality rate for cases with septicemia and Health, the first cases since reporting the disease became pulmonary involvement ranges from 20% to 50%. Reduced mandatory in Florida in 2003. In one case, Burkholderia fatality rates have been associated with improved antibi- pseudomallei was not recognized as the bacterium that causes otic regimens and supportive care (2). the disease melioidosis, which led to a delay in reporting the case to the local health department. In both cases, Case Reports delayed recognition and unsafe laboratory practices resulted Case 1: Broward County. On August 22, a man aged in laboratory workers being exposed to B. pseudomallei. This 48 years with a history of adult-onset diabetes and Guillain- report summarizes the clinical and laboratory aspects of Barré syndrome was evaluated at a local hospital for back the cases and the epidemiologic study conducted by the pain, fever (102.6ºF [39.2ºC]), and bilateral lower extrem- Florida Department of Health. The findings emphasize the ity weakness and numbness. He received a diagnosis of left need for improved laboratory recognition and reporting lower lobe pneumonia, perirectal abscess, which was of B. pseudomallei, safe laboratory handling of drained on admission, and possible recurrent Guillain-Barré B. pseudomallei, and close adherence to antibiotic regimens syndrome. He was admitted for antibiotic treatment with for treating and preventing recurrence of melioidosis. ceftriaxone and azithromycin. On August 27, B. pseudomallei Melioidosis is a potentially serious illness caused by the was identified in cultures of blood drawn on admission. gram-negative, saprophytic bacterium B. pseudomallei (for- On August 31, the patient was discharged with a prescribed merly Pseudomonas pseudomallei). Most commonly, the dis- 21-day regimen of oral levofloxacin. On September 11, he ease manifests as pneumonia, with or without septicemia, returned with severe back and left-sided pleuritic chest pain. but melioidosis also can cause abscesses, particularly of the In the emergency department, he had onset of acute bilat- skin and soft tissues. Abscesses of the internal organs are eral leg paralysis and sensation loss. Spinal magnetic reso- less common (1). Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia nance imaging revealed epidural abscesses along thoracic and northern Australia but can be found sporadically in vertebrae T6–T10. The patient underwent emergency sur- º tropical areas between latitudes 20 north and south (2). gery for spinal decompression. On September 16, In areas where melioidosis is endemic, humans become B. pseudomallei was isolated from cultures of abscess fluid. infected by inoculation and inhalation through exposure On September 26, the patient remained paraplegic and to organisms in soil and water (2); the median incubation period from exposure to illness onset is 9 days (range: 1–21 INSIDE days). Persons with type 2 diabetes are especially suscep- 876 Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance — tible to symptomatic infection; additional risk factors United States, 2003–2004 include thalassemia, renal disease, chronic alcoholism, and 879 West Nile Virus Activity — United States, liver disease (2). Human immunodeficiency virus has not January 1–August 15, 2006 been determined to be a risk factor (2). Asymptomatic 880 Notice to Readers infections can arise, and symptomatic reactivation of the 882 QuickStats department of health and human services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 874 MMWR August 18, 2006 was discharged to inpatient rehabilitation, with a prescribed The MMWR series of publications is published by the Coordinating regimen of 8 weeks of intravenous imipenem/cilastatin and Center for Health Information and Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and ceftazidime followed by 20 weeks of oral antibiotics. Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. The epidemiologic investigation determined that the Suggested Citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. patient had traveled to Honduras during July 17–August 7, [Article title]. MMWR 2006;55:[inclusive page numbers]. where he visited the city of La Ceiba (capital of Atlántida Department) and the island of Roatán. He had not been Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ill while traveling and did not recall being injured. He trav- Julie L. Gerberding, MD, MPH eled with seven family members who were not ill and had Director Tanja Popovic, MD, PhD no known contact with ill persons. In addition, the patient (Acting) Chief Science Officer reported that before his trip to Honduras, he had never James W. Stephens, PhD traveled out of the country. (Acting) Associate Director for Science Case 2: Miami-Dade County. On September 22, a Steven L. Solomon, MD woman aged 80 years was admitted to a local hospital with Director, Coordinating Center for Health Information and Service pneumonia after 4 days of fever (103ºF [39.4ºC]), head- Jay M. Bernhardt, PhD, MPH Director, National Center for Health Marketing ache, weakness, and muscle pain. She was treated with Judith R. Aguilar intravenous fluids, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. On Sep- (Acting) Director, Division of Health Information Dissemination (Proposed) tember 23, she experienced a myocardial infarction and Editorial and Production Staff respiratory complications, and on September 24, her anti- John S. Moran, MD, MPH biotics were changed to vancomycin and cefepime. She died (Acting) Editor, MMWR Series on September 24. On September 26, local public health Suzanne M. Hewitt, MPA authorities were notified that B. pseudomallei had been iden- Managing Editor, MMWR Series tified in a culture of blood drawn when the patient was Douglas W. Weatherwax admitted. The isolate was sent to the Florida Department (Acting) Lead Technical Writer-Editor of Health reference laboratory in Miami, where the Catherine H. Bricker, MS Jude C. Rutledge presence of B. pseudomallei organisms was corroborated by Writers-Editors real-time polymerase chain reaction. Beverly J. Holland The epidemiologic investigation indicated that the Lead Visual Information Specialist patient had been a resident of San Juan Pueblo in Atlántida Lynda G. Cupell Malbea A. LaPete Department in Honduras. She had arrived in Florida on Visual Information Specialists September 18 to visit family members. Quang M. Doan, MBA Erica R. Shaver Laboratory Investigation Information Technology Specialists On October 4, more than 5 weeks after B. pseudomallei Editorial Board organisms had been isolated in case 1, the Broward County William L. Roper, MD, MPH, Chapel Hill, NC, Chairman Health Department received the report from the hospital Virginia A. Caine, MD, Indianapolis, IN David W. Fleming, MD, Seattle, WA infection-control practitioner. No isolates had been saved William E. Halperin, MD, DrPH, MPH, Newark, NJ for confirmation at the state public health laboratory. An Margaret A. Hamburg, MD, Washington, DC investigation into the hospital’s reporting procedures for King K. Holmes, MD, PhD, Seattle, WA this case determined that the laboratorians handling the Deborah Holtzman, PhD, Atlanta, GA John K. Iglehart, Bethesda, MD specimens did not associate the organism B. pseudomallei Dennis G. Maki, MD, Madison, WI with the disease melioidosis, which is a mandatory report- Sue Mallonee, MPH, Oklahoma City, OK able disease in Florida. Stanley A. Plotkin, MD, Doylestown, PA Patricia Quinlisk, MD, MPH, Des Moines, IA Laboratorians from the hospitals in Broward County and Patrick L. Remington, MD, MPH, Madison, WI Miami-Dade County were contacted on October 12 and Barbara K. Rimer, DrPH, Chapel Hill, NC September 26, respectively, regarding the possibility of John V. Rullan, MD, MPH, San Juan, PR Anne Schuchat, MD, Atlanta, GA exposure while handling the specimens. Exposures were Dixie E. Snider, MD, MPH, Atlanta, GA considered high risk if isolates had been manipulated out- John W. Ward, MD, Atlanta, GA side of a biosafety cabinet or if isolate manipulation could Vol. 55 / No. 32 MMWR 875 have resulted in aerosol or droplet formation (e.g., sniffing BOX. Treatment recommendations for diagnosed melioidosis an open culture plate to detect characteristic odors emit- Initial intensive therapy (lasting >14 days) ted by certain bacteria). A total of nine laboratorians (six Ceftazidime 50 mg/kg up to 2 g Every 6 hours (IV*) from the Broward County hospital and three from the or Miami-Dade County hospital) had high-risk exposures. All Meropenem 25 mg/kg up to 1 g Every 8 hours (IV) were offered prophylaxis and anti–B. pseudomallei antibody testing. The three laboratorians in the Miami hospital or reportedly sniffed the culture plates, and all requested pro- Imipenem 25 mg/kg up to 1 g Every 6 hours (IV) phylaxis. None of the six laboratorians in the Broward and (optional) County hospital had sniffed the plates containing Trimethoprim- 8 + 40 mg/kg up to Every 12 hours (PO†) B. pseudomallei, but they all had handled the cultures out- sulfamethoxazole 320 + 1,600 mg side of a biosafety cabinet. On October 19, specimens for Eradication therapy (lasting >3 months) diagnostic serology were obtained from these six Trimethoprim- 8 + 40 mg/kg up to Every 12 hours
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