DOCSLIB.ORG

Erik Ljunberg Making Taxonomies of Supernatural Fauna a Cultural-Historical Investigation of the Construction of the Dwarf in Ord Og Sed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Erik Ljunberg Making Taxonomies of Supernatural Fauna a Cultural-Historical Investigation of the Construction of the Dwarf in Ord Og Sed Erik Ljunberg Making Taxonomies of Supernatural Fauna A cultural-historical investigation of the construction of the dwarf in Ord og sed Bachelor’s Thesis in Culture History 2018 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Knowledge is Culture 2 Traditionalization 4 The Source Material: Historical and Institutional Context 5 Questionnaires in Cultural Research 7 Questionnaire Nr. 22 - The Dwarf 8 Locating the Dwarf in the Replies 9 Constructing the Supernatural Beings as Characters in the Tradition 11 Conclusion 14 References: 15 Introduction “The flames, the flames are burning high in the ethnographic world!” This quote appears in Nils Lid’s foreword to his work on Christmas spirits and vegetation-demons (Lid 1933). It was first made in 1881 by Adolf Bastian, a major figure in German ethnography during the last half of the 19th century and a man who completed several trips around the world. His statement was made to lament the loss of the world’s ethnic cultures were undergoing rapid change in the face of colonization1. Norway in the early 20th century was not exactly a pre- industrial colony, but still a fundamental shift was occurring. As opposed to many other European countries, Norway was slow to industrialize its agricultural sector. Thus, in parallel with the unfolding ethnographic careers of Lid and his fellows, the commoditization of agriculture, bringing with it the powerful force of a cash-based market economy, was rapidly reshaping the contours of the Norwegian rural landscape. An old world was dying and a new one coming to take its place. Norwegian ethnographers heeded Bastian’s words and sent out a battle call urging people to salvage the last remains before they disappeared. Soon a rescue- operation came into effect. One small chapter in the history of this rescue-operation is the publication of Ord og sed, which I will say more about later. They were part of an attempt to 1 The exact quote found in Bastian’s work is slightly different: “Its burning in every nook and cranny of the ethnographic world; burning bright, fiercely, with full flame, it burns everywhere, a huge fire! And no one lifts a hand.”(Bastian 1881: 180, my translation). 1 collect as much as possible from the old way of life that was perishing. This also meant collecting information about folk-beliefs regarding supernatural beings. But merely collecting the information would not suffice; it also had to be put into a system. Organizing principles needed to be put in place which distinguished different supernatural beings from each other. Just like the animal realm had its taxonomies of different faunas, so too there had to be taxonomies of supernatural fauna. However, supernatural beings are not like other beings. They only exist in the imagination. Ways of classifying the animal realm may not function in the supernatural realm. Furthermore, classificatory systems come into being through human activity. The construction of the categories by which the world acquires coherence is an inherently social endeavor. It is subject to human needs, such as the need to prove a certain theory, or impose order and meaning on the world. We can demonstrate this by looking at the scientific treatment of the supernatural beings of folk-belief. A being whose outline was especially hard to delimit was the dwarf. By doing a close reading of questionnaire nr. 22 we can get a better idea of how the dwarf was constructed as a coherent and distinct being. The question, then, that needs to be asked is by what strategies was the dwarf constructed as a character in the folk-tradition?2 Knowledge is Culture In Plato’s Phaedo, he compares the skills of a dialectician to the skills of a butcher (Plato & Hackforth 2001: 133). A good butcher knows the animals’ anatomy well and makes his cuts right at the joints. This way he doesn’t use more energy than he needs. A good dialectician too, knows the anatomy of reality well, and when he puts his analytical scalpel to a phenomenon, he carves it right along its natural joints. Plato saw categorizing nature as a matter of discovering pre-existing divisions and naming them thereafter. The idea of a natural order which simply needs to be mapped out has remained a persistent idea in Western thought. We find the same idea embedded in Linné’s taxonomic system. However, it can be looked at in a different way. In the field of sociology of knowledge, classificatory systems are seen as inherently social products. As the sociologist Doyle McCarthy has noted; “Surely one of the singular insights of the sociology of knowledge for social scientific inquiry is to be found in its claim that social life does not stop at the “doors” of our being”(McCarthy 1996: 116). Rather, social life provides the space which structures what can be said, what is 2 Translation has been an issue in writing this thesis. There are many words in the Norwegian material that simply have no good correlate in the English language. If an approximate English phrase was available, I generally used it and noted the Norwegian term in the footnotes. Where a translation wasn’t possible, I used the Norwegian term in italics. The Norwegian word folkelivsgransking has been translated to “ethnology”. 2 considered worth investigating, and what categories knowledge shall be formulated within. McCarthy claims that knowledge is inseparable from culture, indeed, as she says, knowledge is culture. “To assert that knowledge is culture”, she elaborates, “[...] is to insist that various bodies of knowledge, such as those of the natural sciences or the social sciences, operate within culture—that they contain and transmit and create cultural dispositions, meanings, and categories”(McCarthy 1996: 116). Universities and research institutes play a special role in the creation of cultural categories, because categorization is such a fundamental part of what they do. Thus Arnfinn Pettersen says: “University subjects are a good way to understand the world, but they are also part of creating it by constructing terms and categories by which we make it meaningful” (Pettersen 1999: 74). This idea is repeated by the anthropologist Charles L. Briggs, who says: The notion that scholarly formulations are abstract analytical tools occupying a special epistemological realm that stands apart from the phenomenal world they analyze has come under increasing attack. Theories and methodologies, rather, are coming to be regarded as cultural products that are deeply embedded in the social, political and historical circumstances of their production and reception. (Briggs 1993: 387) This insight provides a good theoretical foundation to look at the questionnaires in Ord og sed, and how they attempt to approach the confusing array of entities in the fauna of folk- belief. Folklorists and ethnologists in the past had the challenging task of creating a system out of a sometimes bewildering complexity of beliefs. Kverndokk explains that “while traditional tales about the gnome, hulder, neck3 [...] and other beings are multitudinous and at times contradictory, folkloristics has developed a categorizing apparatus in order to create clear and discrete categories.” (Kverndokk 2011: 76). This especially applies to the beings in the questionnaires. More so than other aspects of folk-culture, the supernatural beings are examples of constructed categories. Ole Marius Hylland explains that the study of spirits and ghosts4 in Norwegian folkloristics has been a “character-constructing [...] enterprise” (Hylland 2011: 113). Hylland argues the folk-belief beings only appeared as characters to the degree they were constructed as such. This same problem occurred to Jochum Stattin in his doctoral work on the Swedish neck-tradition. He set out to investigate the neck-tradition, but 3 Translated from nissen, huldra and nøkken. 4 Translated from vette and gjengangere 3 was unable to subsume the material within a coherent category without distorting it. For some people, the neck was just a catch-all term for supernatural beings in general (Stattin 1984: 19). “After a while”, he says, “the neck-tradition, as well as other kinds of traditions, seemed to evaporate as soon as I put them under my magnifying glass” (ibid.)5. The neck did not appear as a differentiated and discrete being because it had a real existence in the world, but because it had been processed by the folkloristic categorizing apparatus. Science plays a part in creating the objects it studies, perhaps especially so in the cultural sciences. This is a basic premise in sociology of knowledge, and also the premise behind the claim that knowledge is culture, which we got from McCarthy6. It serves as the theoretical orientation for what will follow. Traditionalization The term tradition stood at the centre of the questionnaires. In questionnaire nr. 22 about the dwarf, tradition is used in the singular form; the tradition. Phrasing tradition in singular form implies homogeneity. One gets the idea the tradition is something stable and monolithic. Indeed, folklorists and ethnologists operated under this assumption for decades. For Herder, the spoken poetic expressions of the people defied the passing of time. Their durability through the ages made them a stable rhythm. Their unchanging endurance allowed them to become like a song that could “be sung again for as long as men wanted to sing it” (Herder 1969: 85, cited in Bauman 2004). Considering the dwarf as part of the tradition endowed it with an authority that only tradition could impose. But if, as implied earlier, knowledge is culture, then also tradition must be culture. Tradition exists within the context of social life and thus embodies its fundamental meanings and categories. This moves us away from seeing tradition as something static to something dynamic. On this topic Bauman says: “In recent years [...] there has been an emergent reorientation among students of tradition, away from this reified view of tradition and toward an understanding of tradition as a discursive and interpretive achievement[...]”(Bauman 2004: 147).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Norse Mythology
    ^^^m,'^^^' Section .tP 231922 NORSE OB, THE RELIGION OF OUR FOREFATHERS, CONTAINING ALL THE MYTHS OF THE EDDAS, SYSTEMATIZED AND INTEEPEETED. AN INTRODUCTION, VOCABULARY AND INDEX. By E. B. ANDERSON, A.M., PROFESSOR OF THE SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN, AUTHOR OP "AMERICA NOT DISCOVERED BY COLUMBUS," "den NORSKE MAALSAG," ETC. CHICAGO: S. C. GKIGGS AND COMPANY. LONDON. TRUBNER & CO. 1875. COPTKIGHT 1875. By 8. C, GRIGGS AND COMPANY. I KMIGHT St LEONARD I ELECTROTYPED BY A. ZEESE <tl CO. TO HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, THE AMERICAN POET, WHO HAS NOT ONLY REFRESHED HIMSELF AT THE CASTALIAN FOUNTAIN, BUT ALSO COMMUNED WITH BRAGE, AND TAKEN DEEP DRAUGHTS FROM THE WELLS OF URD AND MIMER, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED, WITH THE GRATEFUl. REVERENCE OF THE AUTHOR. I think Scandinavian Paganism, to us here, is more interesting than any other. It is, for one thing, the latest ; it continued in these regions of Europe till the eleventh century : eight hundred years ago the Norwegians were still worshipers of Odin. It is interesting also as the creed of our fathers ; the men whose blood still runs in our veins, whom doubtless we still resemble in so many ways. Strange : they did believe that, while we believe so differently. Let us look a little at this poor Norse creed, for many reasons. We have tolerable means to do it ; for there is another point of interest in these Scandinavian mythologies : that they have been preserved so well. Neither is there no use in knowing something about this old Paganism of our fathers. Unconsciously, and combined with higher things, it is in us yet, that old faith withal.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Bibliography for Lower Elementary [Reading]: a Suggested Bibliography for Students Grades K-3
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 369 060 CS 011 678 AUTHOR Johnson, Lory, Comp.; And Others TITLE Annotated Bibliography for Lower Elementary [Reading]: A Suggested Bibliography for Students Grades K-3. INSTITUTION Iowa State Dept. of Education, Des Moines. PUB DATE 90 NOTE 74p.; For other bibliographies in this series, see CS 011 679-681. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies; *Childrens Literature; Drama; Elementary School Students; Fiction; Folk Culture; Nonfiction; Poetry; Primary Education; *Reading Material Selection; *Recreational Reading IDENTIFIERS Iowa ABSTRACT Designed to expose young readers to a wide variety of literary genres, this annotated bibliography provides a list of over 700 recently published children's literature selections representative of the universal themes in literature. Selections are divided into sections of folklore, drama, poetry, non-fiction, and fiction (the most extensive). The annotated bibliography is designed to assist teachers and students in improving the breadth and quality of reading in Iowa's lower elementary grades. Many of the titles in the annotated bibliography were published in the 1980s.(LS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** ANNOTATE D BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR LOW ER ELEMENTARY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Moe oi Educational
    [Show full text]
  • Con!Nui" of Norwegian Tradi!On in #E Pacific Nor#West
    Con!nui" of Norwegian Tradi!on in #e Pacific Nor#west Henning K. Sehmsdorf Copyright 2020 S&S Homestead Press Printed by Applied Digital Imaging Inc, Bellingham, WA Cover: 1925 U.S. postage stamp celebrating the centennial of the 54 ft (39 ton) sloop “Restauration” arriving in New York City, carrying 52 mostly Norwegian Quakers from Stavanger, Norway to the New World. Table of Con%nts Preface: 1-41 Immigra!on, Assimila!on & Adapta!on: 5-10 S&ried Tradi!on: 11-281 1 Belief & Story 11- 16 / Ethnic Jokes, Personal Narratives & Sayings 16-21 / Fishing at Røst 21-23 / Chronicats, Memorats & Fabulats 23-28 Ma%rial Culture: 28-96 Dancing 24-37 / Hardanger Fiddle 37-39 / Choral Singing 39-42 / Husflid: Weaving, Knitting, Needlework 42-51 / Bunad 52-611 / Jewelry 62-7111 / Boat Building 71-781 / Food Ways 78-97 Con!nui": 97-10211 Informants: 103-10811 In%rview Ques!onnaire: 109-111111 End No%s: 112-1241111 Preface For the more than three decades I taught Scandinavian studies at the University of Washington in Seattle, I witnessed a lively Norwegian American community celebrating its ethnic heritage, though no more than approximately 1.5% of self-declared Norwegian Americans, a mere fraction of the approximately 280,000 Americans of Norwegian descent living in Washington State today, claim membership in ethnic organizations such as the Sons of Norway. At musical events and dances at Leikarringen and folk dance summer camps; salmon dinners and traditional Christmas celebrations at Leif Ericsson Lodge; cross-country skiing at Trollhaugen near Stampede
    [Show full text]
  • Taladas/Category/Sourcebooks
    S k i l l s & P o w e r s : T a l a d a s An Unofficial Supplement for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons game. by James O'Rance. Advanced Dungeons & Dragons and DRAGONLANCE are registered trademarks owned by Wizards of the Coast. PLAYER’S OPTION is a trademark owned by Wizards of the Coast. The owner of this work is not associated with Wizards of the Coast; no challenge to the ownership of WotC’s intellectual properties is intended by this work. This work may only be redistributed whole and unaltered. https://dragonlancenexus.com/taladas/category/sourcebooks/ Introduction This is an expansion of PLAYER’S OPTION: Skills and Powers, a volume that expanded upon character creation for the AD&D 2nd Edition game. The material presented within allows players and referees to construct PLAYER’S OPTION characters for use in the DRAGONLANCE Taladas setting. The largest change to character creation is the introduction of a character point system. Information about character points can be found in the PLAYER’S OPTION: Skills and Powers volume. In Taladas, players have more options for player character races than they have had before. In addition to the normal assortment of humans, elves, half-elves, dwarves, gnomes, and kender, Taladan characters can also be minotaurs, goblins, ogres, and bakali. Furthermore, familiar races have new and different attitudes, and in the case of the gnomes, improved abilities. Racial Requirements Players should consult the following table, which lists minimum and maximum ability scores for the player character races of Taladas. Minimum scores are listed to the left of the slashes, maximums to the rights.
    [Show full text]
  • THE COLLECTED POEMS of HENRIK IBSEN Translated by John Northam
    1 THE COLLECTED POEMS OF HENRIK IBSEN Translated by John Northam 2 PREFACE With the exception of a relatively small number of pieces, Ibsen’s copious output as a poet has been little regarded, even in Norway. The English-reading public has been denied access to the whole corpus. That is regrettable, because in it can be traced interesting developments, in style, material and ideas related to the later prose works, and there are several poems, witty, moving, thought provoking, that are attractive in their own right. The earliest poems, written in Grimstad, where Ibsen worked as an assistant to the local apothecary, are what one would expect of a novice. Resignation, Doubt and Hope, Moonlight Voyage on the Sea are, as their titles suggest, exercises in the conventional, introverted melancholy of the unrecognised young poet. Moonlight Mood, To the Star express a yearning for the typically ethereal, unattainable beloved. In The Giant Oak and To Hungary Ibsen exhorts Norway and Hungary to resist the actual and immediate threat of Prussian aggression, but does so in the entirely conventional imagery of the heroic Viking past. From early on, however, signs begin to appear of a more personal and immediate engagement with real life. There is, for instance, a telling juxtaposition of two poems, each of them inspired by a female visitation. It is Over is undeviatingly an exercise in romantic glamour: the poet, wandering by moonlight mid the ruins of a great palace, is visited by the wraith of the noble lady once its occupant; whereupon the ruins are restored to their old splendour.
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Iron Age Worldview and the Concept of 'Utmark'
    Gro Steinsland The late Iron Age Worldview and the Concept of ‘Utmark’ Our concern here is the ‘utmark’ or outfield, the outer areas of the farmstead, cultivated and explored by men. It is not the empirically experienced outfield that will be in focus, but rather the ideas and symbolism created around it. There are no obvious sources that give us immediate access to the ideology of the outfield as such. The question is whether it will be acceptable to consider the cosmological worldview of the Viking period as a doorway to the ideas of the outfield. The cosmology of the Viking period contains a mythological domain that may be characterised as a sort of ‘outfield’. Within the mythological texts, the outer sphere of cosmos is called Utgard, ‘the home/farm outside’, the areas outside the fence. The question is whether the ideas connected to that cosmological domain may be transferred to the concepts of outfield or ‘utmark’ surrounding the farmstead. In the study of the history of religion, it is commonly assumed that there are parallels between the cultural classifications on the cosmological and the empirical level. This presupposition is, however, a hypothesis that has to be further investigated. This broader task is not going to occupy us as such; it is a rather huge challenge that has to be handled in an interdisciplinary way. I will concentrate on the narrower question, whether it is possible to argue that there were some sort of parallels between the ideas of the outfield on the microcosmic level and Utgard on the macrocosmic level.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books
    ILLI N I S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Large-scale Digitization Project, 2007. Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO * GRADUATE LIBRARY SCHOOL Volume 30 DECEMBER, 1976 Number 4 New Titles for Children and Young People Aulaire, Ingri (Mortenson) d'. The Terrible Troll-Bird; by Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire. Doubleday, 1976. 75-6762. 45p. illus. $6.95. Full-color lithographs alternate with black and white to illustrate in ebullient style Ad a new (and newly illustrated) version of the d'Aulaire's 1933 title, Ola and Blakken. K-2 Ola and his three sisters encounter the huge, terrible troll-bird while larking about in the forest; the creature is intent on dining on their horse Blakken and pursues them. They reach their home, Ola shoots the bird with a silver button (Satisfaction Guaran- teed), and the community troll-bird roast and celebration attracts animals, gnomes, and hulder-maidens. The smell also attracts the troll-bird's owners, but in cliffhanger fashion the huge creatures are disintegrated by daylight's advent, and Ola and his family are spared the trolls' wrath. The story ends abruptly, with the children inves- tigating peripheral benefits: "But Ola, Lina, Sina, and Trina could not sleep. First they had to try the sturdy boat made from the troll-bird's beak. Snip, snap, snout, and now the tale is out." Lots of action, but the ending is weak, and there are too many elements crammed into the tale-for example, the brief reference to the super- natural hulder-maidens.
    [Show full text]
  • The Player's Guide to Sanctuary
    A Players Guide to Well Known Organizations............................................................. 13 The Silent ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Map of Sanctuary ............................................................................. 3 The Stranglers ............................................................................................................................... 13 The Kennel Masters of Houndshead.............................................................................................. 14 Wild Places in Sanctuary ................................................................. 4 The Burning Shroud ...................................................................................................................... 14 The Sea of Storms ........................................................................................................................... 4 The Lord’s Council ....................................................................................................................... 14 The Wyrmwood ............................................................................................................................... 4 The Pathfinder’s Guild .................................................................................................................. 14 The Devoured Lands ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alussa, Välissä Ja Lopussa Oli Käännös Autobiografinen Prosessitutkimus Sarjakuvan Itsekääntämisestä
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University Alussa, välissä ja lopussa oli käännös Autobiografinen prosessitutkimus sarjakuvan itsekääntämisestä Elli Oravainen Tampereen yliopisto Viestintätieteiden tiedekunta Monikielisen viestinnän ja käännöstieteen maisteriopinnot Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2018 Tampereen yliopisto Monikielisen viestinnän ja käännöstieteen maisteriopinnot Englannin kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen opintosuunta Viestintätieteiden tiedekunta ORAVAINEN, ELLI: Alussa, välissä ja lopussa oli käännös – autobiografinen prosessitutkimus sarjakuvan itsekääntämisestä Pro gradu -tutkielma, 70 sivua + englanninkielinen lyhennelmä 11 sivua Toukokuu 2018 Tämänhetkinen käännöstieteellisen tutkimus tukee käsitystä, että teoksen tekijä, joka on samalla itse sen kääntäjä, pystyy ottamaan käännöksen suhteen enemmän vapauksia kuin toinen kääntäjä. Lähtöoletukseni on, että myös oma käännösprosessini on erilainen, kun olen itse tuottanut alkuperäisen teoksen. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, pitääkö tämä todellisuudessa paikkansa ja jos pitää, millä tavoin prosessi on erilainen. Tavoitteena on erityisesti kartuttaa ymmärrystä siitä, miksi (itse)kääntäjä kääntää kuten kääntää. Oletan, että sekä yhtymäkohtia että eroavaisuuksia tavalliseen kääntämiseen löytyy: myös allografisen kääntämisen voi nähdä luovana prosessina, uudelleenkirjoittamisena. Tutkielman lähtökohtaisesti väistämättömän henkilökohtaisesta luonteesta johtuen sovellan autoetnografisia
    [Show full text]
  • Lokalt Kulturliv I Endring
    OLAF AAGEDAL, HELENE EGELAND OG MARIANN VILLA Lokalt kulturliv i endring Copyright © 2009 by Norsk kulturråd All rights reserved Utgitt av Norsk kulturråd i kommisjon hos Fagbokforlaget ISBN 978-82-7081-147-2 Grafisk produksjon: John Grieg AS, Bergen Omslagsbilde: «Søstrene fra Lindenau – sletter alle spor» (Marianne Skjeldal og Sissel M. Bjørkli) S-laget: Sted for samvirkekunst, juni 2009. Fotograf: Kjersti Lunde Brevig Sideombrekking: Laboremus Prepress AS Spørsmål om denne boken kan rettes til: Fagbokforlaget Postboks 6050, Postterminalen 5892 Bergen Tlf.: 55 38 88 00 – Faks: 55 38 88 01 E-post: [email protected] www.fagbokforlaget.no For mer informasjon om Norsk kulturråd og kulturrådets utgivelser: www.kulturrad.no Norsk kulturråds utgivelser omfatter skrifter som kan ha forsknings- og utredningsmessig interesse for Norsk kulturråd, for deler av norsk kultur- og samfunnsliv, og for forskere og utredere på kulturfeltet. Utgivelsene redigeres av Norsk kulturråds FoU-seksjon og utgis av Norsk kulturråd i samarbeid med Fagbokforlaget. De vurderinger og konklusjoner som kommer til uttrykk i utgivelsene, står for den enkelte forfatters regning – og avspeiler ikke nødvendigvis Kulturrådets oppfatninger. Kulturrådets forord Norsk kulturråd har et særskilt ansvar for det som er nytt i norsk kultur- liv. Dette nye kommer til uttrykk på høyst ulike måter. Det som kanskje særlig fanger oppmerksomheten, er det nyskapende i kunsten selv. Men det nye i kulturlivet kan også være nye måter å tenke om kunst og kultur på, det kan være nye samarbeidsformer mellom aktører i kunstlivet, nye institusjoner eller nye steder for visning av kunst. Å ha ansvar for det nye forutsetter at vi arbeider og tenker på måter som gjør oss i stand til å få øye på framtiden.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 33, Number 10 (October 1915) James Francis Cooke
    Gardner-Webb University Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University The tudeE Magazine: 1883-1957 John R. Dover Memorial Library 10-1-1915 Volume 33, Number 10 (October 1915) James Francis Cooke Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/etude Part of the Composition Commons, Ethnomusicology Commons, Fine Arts Commons, History Commons, Liturgy and Worship Commons, Music Education Commons, Musicology Commons, Music Pedagogy Commons, Music Performance Commons, Music Practice Commons, and the Music Theory Commons Recommended Citation Cooke, James Francis. "Volume 33, Number 10 (October 1915)." , (1915). https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/etude/618 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the John R. Dover Memorial Library at Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University. It has been accepted for inclusion in The tudeE Magazine: 1883-1957 by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ETUDE 693 THE EMERSON AUTOMATIC PLAYER PIANO Edited by James Francis Cooke not used is returned'to u's but or are to be made at least once a or July. ON SALE ) organ07his inciua d ^i™ li W £nd use~ ^ USED WORKS IN MU SENT ON EXAMINATION TO F PIANO COLLECTIONS human of Player” Piano^ "eWeSt’ m°St a“istic and accomplished :“pla“nrth‘eV keys6 ‘ “Meehan"cal touch has disappeared. It reproduces the interpreta parricular musk! “ ‘X themselves P^ed that and S'16 °f unique deIights is the ability to regulate the illustration, XSringermisar)/«-an?‘ AS Sh°Wn in mnt. With •w SstSBf ”” “ »• “EMPTY, BY Painted by Edward V.
    [Show full text]
  • Alignments of Immigrant Churchyards on Center Lines in a New Norwegian Landscape, Ca 1870-1900
    MINNESOTA RIVER MATRIX: “non-discursive” alignments of immigrant churchyards on center lines in a New Norwegian Landscape, ca 1870-1900 DRAFT March 2017 Dennis Doxtater [email protected] 51,360 words excluding References Cited 1 INTRODUCTION NORWAY • Evidence of abstract conceptions of “cosmos” in prehistoric Norway • The imposition of churches on the Scandinavian landscape • Cross symbolism and ritual practices in Norwegian farm life • Social structure of the farm landscape • The discourse of Lutheranism and Nationalism in 19th century Norway and America MINNESOTA RIVER • An eastern meridian: Palmyra – Fort Ridgely • A cardinal west from Palmyra? • East - West Norwegian Synod division 1872-76 • Formalization of the far West after 1878 • New congregations in the Yellow Medicine “Sogn” • The Hawk Creek – Rock Valle meridian in the eastern domain • Balancing the greater Hawk Creek Township center line: a second eastern meridian • Extension of the Hawk Creek-Rock Valle meridian south? • The Granite Falls meridian: a final center of centers? • Metrics of the Minnesota River Matrix INTERPRETING THE MINNESOTA RIVER MATRIX • “Discursive” and “non-discursive” processes in late nineteenth century Norway • Township center lines, meridians and cross points as New Norwegian Landscape • Integrative effects of the play between “discursive” and “non-discursive” EPILOGUE 2 Introduction “Years afterward, when the open-grazing days were over, and the red grass had been ploughed under and under until it had almost disappeared from the prairie; when all the fields were under fence, and the roads no longer ran about like wild things, but followed the surveyed section lines, Mr Shimerda’s grave was still there, with a sagging wire fence around it, and an unpainted wooden cross.
    [Show full text]