35 Residential Self- Selection and Travel

SUSTAINABLE URBAN AREAS 35 Residential self- selection and travel The relationship between travel-related attitudes, built environment characteristics and travel behaviour Wendy Bohte Delft Centre for Sustainable Urban Areas Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology Residential self-selection and travel The relationship between travel-related attitudes, built environment characteristics and travel behaviour PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.Ch.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 2 november 2010 om 15.00 uur door Wendy BOHTE doctorandus in de sociale geografie geboren te Amsterdam Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof. dr. G.P. van Wee Dr. C. Maat, copromotor Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof. dr. G.P. van Wee, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Dr. C. Maat, Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. dr. M.J. Dijst, Universiteit Utrecht Prof. dr. ir. P.J.M. van Oosterom, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. ir. H. Priemus, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. E.M. Steg, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Prof. dr. G. Wets, Universiteit Hasselt Residential self-selection and travel The relationship between travel-related attitudes, built environment characteristics and travel behaviour Wendy Bohte The series Sustainable Urban Areas is published by IOS Press under the imprint Delft University Press IOS Press BV Nieuwe Hemweg 6b 1013 BG Amsterdam The Netherlands Fax +31 20 6870019 E-mail: [email protected] Sustainable Urban Areas is edited by Delft Centre for Sustainable Urban Areas C/o OTB Research Institute for the built environment Delft University of Technology Jaffalaan 9 2628 BX Delft The Netherlands Phone +31 15 2783005 Fax +31 15 2784422 E-mail [email protected] http://www.otb.tudelft.nl The author wishes to acknowledge the (financial) assistance of the Dutch government through the Habiforum Program Innovative Land Use and Delft University of Technology through the Delft Centre for Sustainable Urban Areas, the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Falk, the municipality of Amersfoort, the municipality of Veenendaal and the municipality of Zeewolde. Design and dtp: Cyril Strijdonk Ontwerpburo, Gaarnderen Cover photo: Hollandse Hoogte – Rob Huibers Printed in the Netherlands by Haveka, Alblasserdam ISSN 1574-6410; 35 (print) ISBN 978-1-60750-655-3 (print) ISSN 1879-8330; 35 (online) ISBN 978-1-60750-656-0 (online) NUR 755 Legal notice: The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. © Copyright 2010 by Wendy Bohte No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the copyrightholder. Contents Preface 1 Introduction ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim, research questions and approach of the study ............... 6 1.3 Outline ........................................................................................ 10 References ................................................................................... 11 2 Measuring attitudes in research on residential self-selection and travel behaviour ........................................ 17 A review of theories and empirical research Wendy Bohte, Kees Maat and Bert van Wee (2009), Transport Reviews 29 (3), pp. 325-357 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 17 2.2 The inclusion of attitudes in travel behaviour models .......... 20 2.3 Attitudes, built environment characteristics and travel behaviour in empirical studies on residential self-selection............................................................................... 27 2.4 Measurement methods in studies on residential self-selection and travel behaviour .......................................... 41 2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................. 47 References ................................................................................... 50 3 Deriving and validating trip purposes and travel modes for multi-day GPS-based travel surveys ................... 57 A large-scale application in the Netherlands Wendy Bohte and Kees Maat (2009), Transportation Research Part C 17, pp. 285-297 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 57 3.2 Literature review of GPS-based methods for the collection of travel behaviour data........................................... 60 3.3 Architecture of the GPS-based system ................................... 64 3.4 A case study ................................................................................ 71 3.5 Conclusion and discussion ...................................................... 76 References ................................................................................... 78 4 Cause or effect? An analysis of the role of travel-related attitudes to identify residential self-selection concerning travel behaviour ........................................................................ 81 Wendy Bohte, Kees Maat and Bert van Wee. Submitted. 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 81 4.2 Literature ..................................................................................... 84 4.3 Methodology and data ............................................................... 86 4.4 Results ......................................................................................... 91 4.5 Conclusions and recommendations ...................................... 103 References ................................................................................. 105 5 Travel-related attitudes, beliefs and residential self-selection ............................................................................ 111 A focus on trip distances and mode choice Wendy Bohte, Kees Maat and Bert van Wee. Submitted. 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 111 5.2 Literature review ...................................................................... 114 5.3 Data description ....................................................................... 118 5.4 Data analyses and results ....................................................... 121 5.5 Conclusions and recommendations ..................................... 133 References ................................................................................. 137 6 Conclusions and discussion .................................................. 143 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 143 6.2 Overview of the results ........................................................... 144 6.3 Reflections................................................................................. 150 6.4 Policy recommendations ......................................................... 153 References ................................................................................. 155 Samenvatting ........................................................................... 157 Appendix 1 Questionnaires Internet questionnaire version Amersfoort .......................... 167 Evaluation GPS survey ............................................................. 193 Curriculum vitae ...................................................................... 197 Preface The research theme of residential choice and daily travel choices is, quite lit- erally, one that is ‘close to home’. This tangibility was one of the aspects of my PhD projects that I valued the most. Everyone has to choose a place to live and this will always affect their daily travel choices in some way or another. This meant that it was not difficult to explain my research to other people, including the participants in my fieldwork, although concepts such as residential self-selection, travel-related attitudes, GPS and GIS techniques are less easy to grasp. Although residential and travel choices are relevant for everyone, my personal life made them especially so for me during my PhD years. Just as I started my research by relocating, I will also end my time as a PhD student with a move. Having had two children in the last two years, I almost decided to buy a car very recently. But contrary to the expectations of ‘some’ people, we still prefer to live without this ‘status symbol’. Maybe if we ever live further from metro and tram services, we will (finally) change our attitudes towards car use? Another consequence of working on my PhD at this stage in life has been a severe shortage of time. I therefore am extra grateful for all the support that has been forthcoming from those around me. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors Professor Bert van Wee and Dr Kees Maat. When I first submitted my unsolicited application to the OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment, I could not possibly have imag- ined that they had written a research proposal that corresponded so close- ly with my interests. Kees was always willing to discuss my research with me – even when I needed to discuss my theoretical framework because I had got stuck for the

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