Identifying Changes in Sediment Texture Along an Ephemeral Gravel-Bed Stream Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography 2D and 3D
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Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020
Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Supported by Surveyed by © Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 4 Contents Foreword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5 3.15 Netherlands 76 Methodology 6 3.16 Norway 77 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.17 Poland 78 3.18 Portugal 79 SECTION 1 3.19 Romania 80 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9 3.20 Slovakia 81 3.21 Spain 82 SECTION 2 3.22 Sweden 83 Further Analysis and International Comparison 33 3.23 Switzerland 84 2.1 How and Why People are Paying for Online News 34 3.24 Turkey 85 2.2 The Resurgence and Importance of Email Newsletters 38 AMERICAS 2.3 How Do People Want the Media to Cover Politics? 42 3.25 United States 88 2.4 Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: 3.26 Argentina 89 Problems Mount for Regional and Local News 47 3.27 Brazil 90 2.5 How People Access News about Climate Change 52 3.28 Canada 91 3.29 Chile 92 SECTION 3 3.30 Mexico 93 Country and Market Data 59 ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE 3.31 Australia 96 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.32 Hong Kong 97 3.02 Austria 63 3.33 Japan 98 3.03 Belgium 64 3.34 Malaysia 99 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.35 Philippines 100 3.05 Croatia 66 3.36 Singapore 101 3.06 Czech Republic 67 3.37 South Korea 102 3.07 Denmark 68 3.38 Taiwan 103 3.08 Finland 69 AFRICA 3.09 France 70 3.39 Kenya 106 3.10 Germany 71 3.40 South Africa 107 3.11 Greece 72 3.12 Hungary 73 SECTION 4 3.13 Ireland 74 References and Selected Publications 109 3.14 Italy 75 4 / 5 Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) The coronavirus crisis is having a profound impact not just on Our main survey this year covered respondents in 40 markets, our health and our communities, but also on the news media. -
The Role of the Media in Greek-Turkish Relations –
The Role of the Media in Greek-Turkish Relations – Co-production of a TV programme window by Greek and Turkish Journalists by Katharina Hadjidimos Robert Bosch Stiftungskolleg für Internationale AufgabenProgrammjahr 1998/1999 2 Contents I. Introduction 4 1. The projects’ background 5 2. Continuing tensions in Greek-Turkish relations 5 3. Where the media comes in 6 i. Few fact-based reports 6 ii. Media as “Watchdog of democracy” 6 iii. Hate speech 7 4. Starting point and basic questions 7 II. The Role of the Media in Greek- Turkish relations 8 1. The example of the Imia/ Kardak crisis 8 2. Media reflecting and feeding public opinion 9 III. Features of the Greek and Turkish Mass Media 11 1. The Structure of Turkish Media 11 a) Media structure dominated by Holdings 11 i. Television 11 ii. Radio 12 iii. Print Media 12 b) Headlines and contents designed by sales experts 12 c) Contents: opinions and hard policy issues prevail 13 d) Sources of Information 13 e) Factors contributing to self-censorship 13 f) RTÜK and the Ministry of Internal Affairs 15 g) Implications for freedom and standard of reportage 16 2. The Structure of the Greek Media 17 a) Concentration in the Greek media sector 17 b) Implication for contents and quality of reportage 18 IV. Libel Laws and Criminal charges against journalists 19 V. Forms of Hate speech 20 1. “Greeks” and “Turks” as a collective 20 2. Use of Stereotypes 20 3. Hate speech against national minorities and intellectuals 22 4. Other forms of hate speech 22 a) Omission of information/ Silencing of non-nationalist voices 22 b) Opinions rather than facts 23 c) Unspecified Allegations on hostile incidents 23 3 d) False information – a wedding ceremony shakes bilateral relations 24 e) Quoting officials: vague terms and outspoken insults 24 f) Hate speech against international organisations 25 VI. -
N°116 June 2013
N°116 June 2013 Black screens in Athens, blue ones in Marseille... In the history of television it’s a sad first: the sudden closure, by a government, of an entire public broadcasting service. On June 11th at 8.00 p.m. GMT the Greek national broadcaster, ERT, brought down the shutters. Which just goes to show how much the PriMed discussion on June 21st, about public service broadcasting in the Mediterranean, will be at the very heart of what’s happening in the Mediterranean Broadcasting Landscape. What’s more, the discussion will be held in the presence of most of the chairs of the Mediterranean television companies, coming to Marseille for a summit meeting. What future, what ambitions for these public broadcasting companies? Blue screens in Marseille: on June 17th we launch the 17th PriMed in Marseille: the Mediterranean in images and from every angle. You can watch it on primed.tv, so do not miss it under any circumstances: screenings and awards for the best documentaries, news films and web-documentaries. Also in this issue, a report on the first PriMed event – the MPM Averroès Junior Award in partnership with Espaceculture_Marseille; an exclusive interview with Rémy Pflimlin, head of France Télévisions; a close-up on Films du Soleil; and all the usual items. François JACQUEL Managing director of the CMCA Méditerranée Audiovisuelle-La Lettre. Dépôt Légal 29 janvier 2013. ISSN : 1634-4081. Tous droits réservés Directeur de publication : François Jacquel Rédaction : Valérie Gerbault, Julien Cohen CMCA - 96 La Canebière 13001 Marseille Tel : + 33 491 42 03 02 Fax : +33 491 42 01 83 http://www.cmca-med.org - [email protected] Le CMCA est soutenu par les cotisations de ses membres, la Ville de Marseille, le Département des Bouches du Rhône et la Région Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur. -
Must-Carry Rules, and Access to Free-DTT
Access to TV platforms: must-carry rules, and access to free-DTT European Audiovisual Observatory for the European Commission - DG COMM Deirdre Kevin and Agnes Schneeberger European Audiovisual Observatory December 2015 1 | Page Table of Contents Introduction and context of study 7 Executive Summary 9 1 Must-carry 14 1.1 Universal Services Directive 14 1.2 Platforms referred to in must-carry rules 16 1.3 Must-carry channels and services 19 1.4 Other content access rules 28 1.5 Issues of cost in relation to must-carry 30 2 Digital Terrestrial Television 34 2.1 DTT licensing and obstacles to access 34 2.2 Public service broadcasters MUXs 37 2.3 Must-carry rules and digital terrestrial television 37 2.4 DTT across Europe 38 2.5 Channels on Free DTT services 45 Recent legal developments 50 Country Reports 52 3 AL - ALBANIA 53 3.1 Must-carry rules 53 3.2 Other access rules 54 3.3 DTT networks and platform operators 54 3.4 Summary and conclusion 54 4 AT – AUSTRIA 55 4.1 Must-carry rules 55 4.2 Other access rules 58 4.3 Access to free DTT 59 4.4 Conclusion and summary 60 5 BA – BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 61 5.1 Must-carry rules 61 5.2 Other access rules 62 5.3 DTT development 62 5.4 Summary and conclusion 62 6 BE – BELGIUM 63 6.1 Must-carry rules 63 6.2 Other access rules 70 6.3 Access to free DTT 72 6.4 Conclusion and summary 73 7 BG – BULGARIA 75 2 | Page 7.1 Must-carry rules 75 7.2 Must offer 75 7.3 Access to free DTT 76 7.4 Summary and conclusion 76 8 CH – SWITZERLAND 77 8.1 Must-carry rules 77 8.2 Other access rules 79 8.3 Access to free DTT -
International Media and Communication Statistics 2010
N O R D I C M E D I A T R E N D S 1 2 A Sampler of International Media and Communication Statistics 2010 Compiled by Sara Leckner & Ulrika Facht N O R D I C O M Nordic Media Trends 12 A Sampler of International Media and Communication Statistics 2010 COMPILED BY: Sara LECKNER and Ulrika FACHT The Nordic Ministers of Culture have made globalization one of their top priorities, unified in the strategy Creativity – the Nordic Response to Globalization. The aim is to create a more prosperous Nordic Region. This publication is part of this strategy. ISSN 1401-0410 ISBN 978-91-86523-15-2 PUBLISHED BY: NORDICOM University of Gothenburg P O Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG Sweden EDITOR NORDIC MEDIA TRENDS: Ulla CARLSSON COVER BY: Roger PALMQVIST Contents Abbrevations 6 Foreword 7 Introduction 9 List of tables & figures 11 Internet in the world 19 ICT 21 The Internet market 22 Computers 32 Internet sites & hosts 33 Languages 36 Internet access 37 Internet use 38 Fixed & mobile telephony 51 Internet by region 63 Africa 65 North & South America 75 Asia & the Pacific 85 Europe 95 Commonwealth of Independent States – CIS 110 Middle East 113 Television in the world 119 The TV market 121 TV access & distribution 127 TV viewing 139 Television by region 143 Africa 145 North & South America 149 Asia & the Pacific 157 Europe 163 Middle East 189 Radio in the world 197 Channels 199 Digital radio 202 Revenues 203 Access 206 Listening 207 Newspapers in the world 211 Top ten titles 213 Language 214 Free dailes 215 Paid-for newspapers 217 Paid-for dailies 218 Revenues & costs 230 Reading 233 References 235 5 Abbreviations General terms . -
Digital Television Policies in Greece
D i g i t a l Communication P o l i c i e s | 29 Digital television policies in Greece Stylianos Papathanassopoulos* and Konstantinos Papavasilopoulos** A SHORT VIEW OF THE GREEK TV LANDSCAPE Greece is a small European country, located on the southern region of the Balkan Peninsula, in the south-eastern part of Europe. The total area of the country is 132,000 km2, while its population is of 11.5 million inhabitants. Most of the population, about 4 million, is concentrated in the wider metropolitan area of the capital, Athens. This extreme concentration is one of the side effects of the centralized character of the modern Greek state, alongside the unplanned urbanization caused by the industrialization of the country since the 1960s. Unlike other European countries, almost all Greeks (about 98 per cent of the population) speak the same language, Greek, as mother tongue, and share the same religion, the Greek Orthodox. Greece has joined the EU (then it was called the European Economic Community) in the 1st of January, 1981. It is also a member of the Eurozone since 2001. Until 2007 (when Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU), Greece was the only member-state of the EU in its neighborhood region. Central control and inadequate planning is a “symptom” of the modern Greek state that has seriously “infected” not only urbanization, but other sectors of the Greek economy and industry as well, like for instance, the media. The media sector in Greece is characterized by an excess in supply over demand. In effect, it appears to be a kind of tradition in Greece, since there are more newspapers, more TV channels, more magazines and more radio stations than such a small market can support (Papathanassopoulos 2001). -
The Development of Digital Television in Greece Seems to Have Followed a Similar Path
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL TELEVISION STYLIANOS IN GREECE PAPATHANASSOPOULOS Abstract 108 - The development of digital television in Greece is in Stylianos Papathanassopoulos its infancy. In eff ect, there is no digital cable TV, while the is Professor at the Faculty of public broadcaster, ERT, has only recently started digi- Communication and Media tal transmissions on the terrestrial frequencies. On the Studies at the National and contrary, digital satellite television has presented some Kapodistrian University of development, but this is due to the only pay-TV operator Athens; e-mail: in Greece, Nova – after a wounded digital war with an early [email protected]. competitor, Alpha Digital. However, total pay-TV penetra- tion, both analogue and digital, is less than nine per cent of TV households, one of the lowest pay-TV penetration rates in Europe. This paper will try to discuss the develop- ment of digital television in Greece. It will trace the players, the economics and the politics associated with this new television medium, and it will argue that the domestic Vol.14 (2007), No. 1, pp. 93 1, pp. (2007), No. Vol.14 market, due to its size and peculiarities, is diffi cult to create the needed economies of scale of the development of digital television. 93 Introduction Political, social and economic conditions, population and cultural traits, physical and geographical characteristics usually infl uence the development of the media in specifi c countries, and give their particular characteristics. An additional factor, which may need to be considered for a bett er understanding of media structures, is that of media consumption and the size of a market. -
October 2003
We’re all going on a summer holiday, we’re going where the sun shines brightly, we’re going where the sea is blue, we’ve seen it in the movies, now let’s see if it’s true. HAPPY HOLIDAYS! Circom Report CIRCOM Regional NewsmonthlylCR is the European Association of 380 Public Regional TV Stations in 38 countriesl Aug 2003/No 46 SEE Satellite TV Channel BSEC Public Broadcasters South East Europe conf. in Varna under the spotlight Centre for minority It seems that the spotlight during the coming months is on South East Europe, where the CIRCOM Report correspondents inform us of important newsworthy stories breaking all the time. First of all a SEE Satellite TV Channel is to be launched by the end of 2003. The 3rd media in Croatia conference of the Public Broadcasters from B SEC takes place in Varna, Bulgaria, Sept. 3- 7. A centre for minority media will open by SEEMO in Croatia. The 28th Golden Chest th Festival is to be held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Oct. 19-27. The 36th meeting of the Balkan TV The 4 PRIX Circom Magazine consortium members will be hosted by ERT3 in an Olympus mountain resort. The 2003 PRIX Circom Programs Festival returns for the 4 th consecutive year early October in Thessaloniki. Festival in Greece Former CR President Harald Boe The 28th Golden passes away Harald Boe, former CIRCOM Regional President, passed away, August 1. He was very Chest Festival ill for the last weeks, “but nearly up to the end he was the good old Harald” writes Grethe Haaland. -
Bug #2942 Decryption Errors on Certain BISS Channels Without CAID 2015-06-13 20:33 - Adam W
Tvheadend - Bug #2942 Decryption errors on certain BISS channels without CAID 2015-06-13 20:33 - Adam W Status: Fixed Start date: 2015-06-13 Priority: Normal Due date: Assignee: % Done: 0% Category: Descrambling Estimated time: 0.00 hour Target version: Found in version: 4.0.4-14~ge653de1 Affected Versions: Description When trying to watch certain BISS channels (ERT on 3.1°E satellite, was NERIT) which have no CAID set, there are errors in the video stream as if there is bad reception (but there isn't). The channels are as described in this previous bug - https://tvheadend.org/issues/2379 I have set the CAID to 0x2600 in the channel settings, then added a DES Constant codeword client for each service in the CAs section. The channels clear but with errors as shown in the attached screenshot. The errors reported by TVHeadend are like this: 2015-06-13 19:19:56.177 TS: Eutelsat 3B/12734V/ERT1: H264 #138 Continuity counter error (total 1149) 2015-06-13 19:20:07.067 TS: Eutelsat 3B/12734V/ERT1: H264 #138 Continuity counter error (total 1190) 2015-06-13 19:20:19.010 TS: Eutelsat 3B/12734V/ERT1: H264 #138 Continuity counter error (total 1228) 2015-06-13 19:20:31.680 TS: Eutelsat 3B/12734V/ERT1: H264 #138 Continuity counter error (total 1268) 2015-06-13 19:20:42.047 TS: Eutelsat 3B/12734V/ERT1: H264 @ #138 Continuity counter error (total 1305) I don't know if this is to do with the lack of CAID (but surely the CAID being forced should make no difference) or something weird with the transmission itself. -
Greece: Media Concentration and Independent Journalism Between
Chapter 5 Greece Media concentration and independent journalism between austerity and digital disruption Stylianos Papathanassopoulos, Achilleas Karadimitriou, Christos Kostopoulos, & Ioanna Archontaki Introduction The Greek media system reflects the geopolitical history of the country. Greece is a mediumsized European country located on the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. By the middle of the nineteenth century, it had just emerged from over four centuries of Ottoman rule. Thus, for many decades, the country was confronted with the task of nationbuilding, which has had considerable consequences on the formation of the overextended character of the state (Mouzelis, 1980). The country measures a total of 132,000 square kilometres, with a population of nearly 11 million citizens. About 4 million people are concentrated in the wider metropolitan area of the capital, Athens, and about 1.2 million in the greater area of Thessaloniki. Unlike the population of many other European countries, almost all Greeks – about 98 per cent of the popu lation – speak the same language, modern Greek, as their mother tongue, and share the same Greek Orthodox religion. Politically, Greece is considered a parliamentary democracy with “vigorous competition between political par ties” (Freedom House 2020). Freedom in the World 2021: status “free” (Score: 87/100, up from 84 in 2017). Greece’s parliamentary democracy features vigorous competition between political parties […]. Ongoing concerns include corruption [and] discrimina- tion against immigrants and minorities. (Freedom House, 2021) Liberal Democracy Index 2020: Greece is placed in the Top 10–20% bracket – rank 27 of measured countries (Varieties of Democracy Institute, 2021). Freedom of Expression Index 2018: rank 47 of measured countries, down from 31 in 2016 (Varieties of Democracy Institute, 2017, 2019). -
Prix CIRCOM 2010 Jury Report
http://www.circom-regional.eu Prix CIRCOM Regional 2010 Jury & Team 2 PRIX CIRCOM REGIONAL 2010 WINNERS´CITATIONS and JUDGES´ COMMENTS Chairman of Judges David Lowen 2010 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE JUDGES .............. 6 AWARD CATEGORIES ............................................... 16 JUDGES................................................................... 18 AWARD CRITERIA .................................................... 18 RULES OF ENTRY ..................................................... 23 GRAND PRIX CIRCOM REGIONAL 2010 The winner of the Grand Prix is announced at the Prix Gala Evening at the Circom Regional Conference in Malta on Thursday 6 May. DOCUMENTARY ..................................................... 26 WINNER................................................................... 27 COMMENDATIONS..................................................... 27 OTHER ENTRIES........................................................ 28 MAGAZINE AND NEWS MAGAZINE ........................ 40 WINNER................................................................... 41 COMMENDATION....................................................... 41 OTHER ENTRIES........................................................ 42 SPORT..................................................................... 46 WINNER................................................................... 47 COMMENDATION....................................................... 47 OTHER ENTRIES........................................................ 48 4 report -
Old, Educated, and Politically Diverse: the Audience of Public Service News
Old, Educated, and Politically Diverse: The Audience of Public Service News Anne Schulz, David A. L. Levy, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen REUTERS INSTITUTE REPORT • SEPTEMBER 2019 Old, Educated, and Politically Diverse: The Audience of Public Service News Anne Schulz, David A. L. Levy, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Published by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford with support from Yle. Contents About the Authors 6 Acknowledgements 6 Executive Summary 7 Introduction 9 1 Does Public Service News Reach the Whole Public across Offl ine and Online Off ers? 12 2 Does Public Service News Reach Young Audiences? 15 3 Does Public Service News Reach Audiences with Limited Formal Education? 20 4 Does Public Service News Reach Audiences across Left –Right Political Views? 23 5 Does Public Service News Reach Both Populist and Non-Populist Audiences? 26 Discussion 29 Appendix 34 References 36 5 THE REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM About the Authors Dr Anne Schulz is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Her doctoral work focused on populism, media perceptions, and news consumption. She is researching questions surrounding news audiences and digital news. Dr David A. L. Levy is a Senior Research Associate of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, where he was Director 2008–18. An expert in media policy and regulation, he was editor of the Reuters Institute Digital News Report between 2012 and 2018, and joint author or editor of several other publications at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ).