N O R D I C M E D I A T R E N D S 1 2 A Sampler of International Media and Communication Statistics 2010 Compiled by Sara Leckner & Ulrika Facht N O R D I C O M Nordic Media Trends 12 A Sampler of International Media and Communication Statistics 2010 COMPILED BY: Sara LECKNER and Ulrika FACHT The Nordic Ministers of Culture have made globalization one of their top priorities, unified in the strategy Creativity – the Nordic Response to Globalization. The aim is to create a more prosperous Nordic Region. This publication is part of this strategy. ISSN 1401-0410 ISBN 978-91-86523-15-2 PUBLISHED BY: NORDICOM University of Gothenburg P O Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG Sweden EDITOR NORDIC MEDIA TRENDS: Ulla CARLSSON COVER BY: Roger PALMQVIST Contents Abbrevations 6 Foreword 7 Introduction 9 List of tables & figures 11 Internet in the world 19 ICT 21 The Internet market 22 Computers 32 Internet sites & hosts 33 Languages 36 Internet access 37 Internet use 38 Fixed & mobile telephony 51 Internet by region 63 Africa 65 North & South America 75 Asia & the Pacific 85 Europe 95 Commonwealth of Independent States – CIS 110 Middle East 113 Television in the world 119 The TV market 121 TV access & distribution 127 TV viewing 139 Television by region 143 Africa 145 North & South America 149 Asia & the Pacific 157 Europe 163 Middle East 189 Radio in the world 197 Channels 199 Digital radio 202 Revenues 203 Access 206 Listening 207 Newspapers in the world 211 Top ten titles 213 Language 214 Free dailes 215 Paid-for newspapers 217 Paid-for dailies 218 Revenues & costs 230 Reading 233 References 235 5 Abbreviations General terms .. Data not available - Zero or quality less than the unit shown Demographic terms Belgium North VLG, Flemish region Belgium South CRF, French Flanders region Belgium West DGB, German-speaking region CIS Commonwealth of independent states, former Soviet republics Switzerland F/G/I French, German, and Italian regions in Switzerland Economic terms CAGR Compound annual growth rate GBP British pound USD United States dollar GDP Gross domestic product PPP Purchasing power parity Technical terms DAB Digital audio broadcasting DMB Digital multimedia broadcasting DRM Digital radio mondiale DTH/DBS Direct to home satellite DTT Digital terrestrial television HSPA High speed downlink packet access iDEN Integrated digital enhanced network IPTV Internet protocol television MMDS Multichannel multipoint distribution service (wireless cable) Multichannel Various means and technologies to deliver additional television channels, commonly other than terrestrial. PDC Personal digital cellular (2G) SMATV Satellite master antenna television W-CDMA Wideband code division multiple access, also abbreviated UMTS/3G 6 Foreword The contemporary media culture raises more complex issues than ever before. Without the media and modern information technologies the globalization we speak of would not be possible. Access to a variety of media, telephony and online services is increasingly recognized as a vital factor for political, economic, social and cultural development and change. Issues of democracy and development are central, and technological advances are a prime driving force. Globalization processes force us not only to focus more on transnational phenomena in general, but also to highlight social change and difference. We have to argue for a stronger focus on global and regional inequalities and social transformation. About 60-70 per cent of the inequality that exists today is inequality between nations; two hundred years ago 90 per cent of the inequality was within countries. Thus, the gap between wealthy and poor countries has increased dramatically over the past two hundred years (Bourguignon and Morrisson 2002). Media policy is undergoing many changes today as a result of media convergence, digitization, and the emerging creative economy. Laws and standards have to be updated, and policy-making at both international, regional and national levels is becoming increasingly important and moving into new areas, for example trade. With awareness of the importance of the media and communication sector having spread to many parts of the world, there is a growing demand for knowledge and exchange of experience regarding media and media development all over the world. We need to create platforms to achieve long-term goals through national, regional and international collaboration. And, not least, we need comparative studies in order to shed light on important issues. We need to develop analytical frameworks that will guide comparative analysis of media cultures. Without comparative perspectives there is an obvious risk that certain factors will grow out of proportion. Nordicom monitors trends in the media sector in the Nordic region – Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. We compile media statistics and provide data on media ownership as well as national regulatory legislation. At the same time, Nordicom keeps Nordic users abreast of developments in the sector outside the region through the web-service Outlook International and Outlook Europe. We have often argued for the development of reliable international media and communication statistics of relevance in various global fora. The development of such resources makes it possible to follow developments in a rapidly changing field, nationally, regionally and globally. Together with indicators and other tools, statistics can follow trends and bring the emergence of new phenomena and relationships to light. There is a lack of comparative statistics on media and communication, and this is a fundamental problem. National media statistics are very poor in many countries. But some comparative statistics already available within different international and regional organisations and institutions could be much more elaborated. Still, compiling comparative media and communication statistics is not an easy task. Despite the challenges, Nordicom has made an attempt – though on a very limited scale – and the results are presented in the current publication. Nordicom has collected and compiled statistics from a large number of sources in order to provide a more comprehensive overview of international media and communication statistics, primarily concerning television and the Internet. However, developing a fully comprehensive overview requires resources that not are available for knowledge centres as Nordicom. Despite this limitation, it is our hope that the present publication will contribute to the knowledge about media and communication on a global scale and stimulate to new initiatives regarding international media and regional media and communication statistics. Göteborg in December 2010 Ulla Carlsson Director Nordicom 7 The Nordic Ministers of Culture have made globalization one of their top priorities, unified in the strategy Creativity – the Nordic Response to Globalization. The aim is to create a more prosperous Nordic Region. This publication is part of this strategy. 8 Introduction Sara Leckner & Ulrika Facht We have during the first years of the twenty-first predominantly centred towards these media and their century seen major changes in the media landscape. development. However, since most traditional media Digital technologies, and advances of media such as are redefined on the Internet, and can be accessed the Internet, have driven the development. As the through various media technologies, the borders Internet audience continues to grow worldwide, along between different media are blurring, making it with technologies such as mobile phones and increasingly difficult to clearly state the definition of broadband, these new media will continue to impact. media. This work describes the development of the In this changing media landscape, traditional media, Internet medium per se, and not specifically the such as television, radio and newspapers, remain multiple media accessible or generated through it. powerful, but their preconditions are affected. Traditional media undergo fundamental change in Due to the dynamics and complexity of the media their constellation, extending their news output to new market, compilation of contemporary statistics in a channels and functions, as well as redefining their global perspective is not an easy task to perform. Data traditional platforms through a growing number of are quickly changing and are unevenly updated, and it digital reception modes, as well as Internet-based is not always clear how such data are defined or have services. Digitalization of media has, moreover, been measured, in particular with regard to new media facilitated changes in the organization of media channels. Another difficulty is the irregularity of companies, driven the business development towards a available contemporary data across subjects and more transnational but also increasingly concentrated countries. Especially with the television market, there market with respect to both ownership and content. is a predominance of data from some regions, whereas Consequently, a truly globalized flow of information data that are up to date and validated are hard to find and communication has been made possible, opening from other regions in the world. Thus, this publication up numerous opportunities for all market actors. At does not attempt to offer a complete compilation, but the same time, this has given rise to questions such as should be regarded as an attempt to present an the digital divide, and hence the knowledge divide, overview of a complex field. As such, the present work