Arewa Research & Development Project M sletter 1 Maiden Edition Vo I ~ No....: 1 March 2o13

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Editor ~ in - Ch i ef 1. From the Editior-in-Chief ...... ·_. ___ . _. . 2 Dr. Kabiru S. Chafe Executive Assistant 2. Mission and Vision of ARDP. ... _. __ .. _... _...... _ 2 Mal. Usman Suleiman 3. Address by Prof. Abdulla hi Mustapha Vice Chancellor, A.B.U, Zaria __ . _. _...... _.... _.... 4 EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Usman Bugaje 4. Address by the Chief Host, His Excellency Chairman Late Governor Patrick I. Yakowa, CON_ .•••• • .... _ .• _ • . 6 Dr. Yima Sen Member 5. Our Wealth of Mineral Resources Prof. Abdullahi M. Ashafa Member by Prof. Ibrahim Garba ...... _.... ___ ...... 8

Prof. Nuhu Obaje 6. Politics and Security in the North Member By Prof. Kyari Mohammed .. _. _..... _.... __ . _____ 11 Hajiya Rabi Adamu Eshak Member 7. Energy Sources & Sustainable Development of the North .. By Prof. E.J. Bala & Dr. G.Y. Pam ...... _. . _. ______13 Mal. Isa Modibbo Member 8. Universal Basic Education in Northern Nigeria Mr. G.S. Pwul, SAN By Prof. Gidado Tahir...... _...... 16 Member 9. Security, Politics & Economy of the North By Dr. Hakeem Baba-Ahmed_ . _. _.. _... _. _.. _. _.. 27

All Enquires: 10. The North and the Nigerian Federation By Dr. Junaid Muhammad...... __ .. _... __ . 30

11. Health and Human Development Perspectives C/o Arewa House By Dr. Nasir Sani-Gwarzo, mni. .••..•..•.•.. _ ..... 33 Centre for Historical Docum entation and Research, Ahmad u Bello University, 12. Strategies to Drive the Agricultural Sector of the North No. 1 Rabah Road, Kaduna, By Prof. Sadiq Z. Abubakar: _. _. __ ...... __ . 37 Kaduna State - Nigeria 13. The Communique ______. __ .. ___ .. ___ ...... 43 GSM (Text Only) 08027865025 email: [email protected] From The Editor-in-Chief MISSION AND VISION OF THE ARDP ur mission at the Arewa House - Centre for Historical Documentation and Research­ he last dozen years of democracy in Nigeria Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna is to 0 have been particularly challenging. It not serve as a research-based reference point for the only occasioned the erosion (some would preservation and generation of new knowledge that T would be the catalyst for social, political, economic say collapse) of values and institutions that had and cultural transformation of Northern Nigeria in defined state and society, but also, and more . particular and the Nigerian nation in general. graphically, it has brought in its trail unprecedented corruption and bad governance, driving the Since its establishment in 1970, Arewa House has country to the brink. In the last few years, the developed Library and Archival collections perhaps Nigerian State has been in the throes of redefining seconds to none by any comparable research centre itself in the process of which many of the old thorny in Nigeria. It has collected thousands of ancient issues of nation-building have been exhumed. manuscripts and documents, organized international and national conferences on regional, national and Understandably, the North has been at the centre global topical issues. of these debates and many Northern politicians and personalities have attempted to respond. In 2012, the Arewa Research and 'Development These responses, however, have not been Project (ARDP) was established under its auspices anchored to veritable Northern institutions, which that has now founded ARDP Newsletter as a vehicle could harness the various efforts and ensure for disseminating knowledge-based information to continuity. Consequently, a group of about thirty the public. The aggregate objective is to aid the academics drawn from the Universities and peoples of the Northern part of the country with the scientific information that would assist them in being Independent Research Organizations across the positive change agents to their respective North came together and pioneered Arewa communities. Research and Development Project (ARDP) under the auspices of Arewa House - Centre for Historical 4 Therefore the vision of the ARDP Newsletter is to be Research and Documentation, Ahmadu Bello the forum by which members of the projed and University. other stakeholders would interact to translate The project seeks to provide a research-based cutting-edge knowledge into concrete political and content to the raging debate and to reposition socio-economic programs for the overall progress and development of the North and Nigeria. Northern Nigeria in positive terms as land of agriculture, of mineral resources, of alternative The ARDP Newsletter will be published at least bi­ sources of energy, of knowledge and stability. The monthly and will be circulated as complimentary to northern part of the country has always been a ~ all identified stakeholders by post. Readers are thus positive factor in the unity, stability and encouraged, indeed implored, to make the widest development of the country, far from the possible use of the knowledge and information opportunistic depiction as. parasitic by uninformed, contained in it. Criticism and contributions on all materials are highly solicited by all. To make the myopic and mischievous 'southern press. Since the North and Nigeria far better than we found it is a unfortunate disbandment of ICSA in 1975, there collective responsibility. has been intellectual vacuum for the . required strategic thinking to conceive and nurture the political, economic and social transformation of Northern Nigeria. This is what the Project under Dr. Kabiru S. Chafe Arewa House intends to be preoccupied with. The ~ Q'I' Arewa House ~

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Project is essentially non-partisan, non-ethnic platform and common agenda, but more and non-religious. It is not against other parts of importantly succeeded in bringing about a the country. Rather it sees the progress of the strategic alliance _and synergy with the National northern part of the country as indispensable for Assembly, an arm of government vested with the progress of the totality of Nigeria. enormous powers and clout, which can be The Project conducted the Conference on "The harnessed for the progress of th_e North, as well North and Strategies for Sustainable as the rest of the country. We clearly don't have Development" on the 5th and 6th of December all t he time in the world, it is important that t his 2012 at Arewa House, Kaduna. This Conference drew its participants from across all the relevant opportunity is seized and put to the best use and major stakeholders from all the Northern States. in good time too. The North, as the history of this The Conference was not simply another 'media country adequately demonstrates, has always ., •. • 1-· . ...~ • 1 event' but a Northern 'corporate.scientific fo~1,Jlil • kept . this . country tog~th~r often ,at gn~at ... . ., .. ... ~ . _. ' -- . ~ . ... :. . .,: . 1 . ' . .... -l .... ~ that thoroughly examine .~ . thlE' _, maJ~ _ r :- _,.; ~ sacr:jfices, . histo~y is ct:illing~ on. us on_(:e ,agai.n tp ·." . . , ~ontemporary chall~nges faci"n{the reg1~n - · an?;·~ : pro ~ i5:l~ __ tha~ le~pershi. ~)n? . ~a~\/ag~ ~,cwr . ~~Iv . -. ~ its peoples and provided the needed framewoFk · . . . . -'w· ·- - -f . . . .·. .· .. · ff .-..i· --· '.:I: - · . for the strategic thinking a·nd ~ ractical p ·~og(a ~ ~-, - ~ ' ; -COt,J!1_tf¥· - ~m~ st not a11 ;yYe c~not a.}?• _uJo,ai 1;.:· : ·, ·· ··• . . r ~ ~. Goctfo "f bid~efaiL '\, . •. - ·· - .. ·~ :~- . . ~ .. .:~ ~: to squarely address these challenges. · · -· · · · · · · Ar ewa ljouse~ whe~e this current effort is . . . • Attendance and participation ir-i . ,the ~ CoQ.ferfffTC~ .- - , . · . ·· .,. - . · '"" . · · ., ~ , . was strictly by invitation to ~; i - iow. .f6r thorough, ~ - . - ,. : ~ delib>~~~elyJqtat'.ed,wa~ · cr.~~te.(i:pre2iselvto'P,1 ~y~·: .{ - ,,~_ c •. •, . ' . : · I • '. · . tfi1$ fOle .. l(is at once an acaciemic institutibri·and ~ , · , . positive and fruitful discussions ~ PartJc;i,p~n'l:s _.. , •· ., • · . . . - ~ · · · / : · . -. . · • ·. · .. . . ' . . . asymool ofow core v~rues; pf'courage, integrity;.. ,, were drawn_from among the p ·oli~lc:al dass; . P.u~lic · · . · ,_.. . , ~ . . . • · _. , ..,_ - . · - -..·. · .... - and -private sectors, the· academia, ·the .. v·au~h, .: . . probity;_ sacr_ ifi~e, fairness ande·quity. Ho4singthe , ·. house a·1;1·a·office__ of the -g"i:ea.t 'sardauna a~d . the .. ·.· women groups, faith-based organizati~ons, ··as , ;. . F well ' as . from relevant qpinio ;~ a"nd ~o~m~~ity ~ ·: arcihfv.es.tnat kee'ps ·in -store tj1e records of our . .. leaders across all parts of Northern Nigeria:, · , · gYeatn~ss; ·- ~rewa Halls~ .. is . th~rr= to inspir~, ?·ur At this meeting academics and experts»iii _the leaders, provide the scale as well as the stan~ard · different fields made presentations providing the- ·. ..to measure _our p(ogress and guide our steps, alternative sustainable options forthe North. The especially at these difficult time_s. Arew'(l House idea was not only to substantiate and do~umenf has:~ - .historic duty to harmonize and create ~ the North's competitive advantages .but~ als0 .. · unified reference point to aU the_variety of groups ~ ~ . ,. : . .. enrich the proposa.1 with. public servic-e . Of people. from the North as they confr9nt the experiences and dimensions and to collectively. ongoing propaganda, blackmail_and conspiracies resolve what the North should do in the _ against the North and - its peoples. · Above all circumstances. The conference had five panelsAf A~ewa House needs to provide that institutional two hours each. In each of the two days, there continuity and quality control which the North were plenary discussions on the issues raised. requires to whither the current and future The final panel of two hours was devoted to the " political storms. way forward, precisely on the next steps and directions, and the conference came up with clear action plan and time lines. This December 2012 Conference was a unique Dr. Usman Bugaje, opportunity not only brought all the visible Coordinat8r, ARDP Northern groups together, pooling our human and material resources behind a common p ent Project News'lettetl mr F.I Vice Chancell or, ABU, Zaria •• n the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most resources, of alternative sources of energy, of Merciful. I am delighted to welcome all knowledge and stability. To achieve all these, there is Iparticipants to this very important conference the imperative need for the intellectual resources to on "The North and Strategies for Sustainable strategically conceive and nurture the political and Development." It is my singular honour and socioeconomic programmes needed for the privilege to welcome the leaders and citizens of transformation of Northern Nigeria, which has the North, particularly those who had accepted to always been a positive factor in the unity, stability participate in this a n d conference in development various capacities - of the country either· physically or ~t am also deHAted as whole. bx proxy. ; ln the ~" The North same· vein, we stands more extend our regards with the geriesis aY\d than what its to all those well'­ detractors meaning ~Rdividuals co~c-ept of this.C orif ererice. would want who Would have to depict it. wished to be That is, it is based ori the Yet, in a world physically present where one here today but must blow its either sent in patr~otic coricems.of group trumpet, only r ,epr~sentations or northerners apolc:i'gi·es ··due to -of academics dr4wn frowi must stand to other circumstances defend the beyond their north. I am control. the Universities and Independent happy that I am also delighted the Arewa with the genesis and Research OrgaY\ii.ations who are House not concept of this only availed• Conference. That is, piloting a non-partisan, non-ethY\ic and itself as usual it is based on the on anything patriotic concerns of that affects group of academics Y\OY\-religious AREWA RESEARCH AND the North, as drawn from the a Centre for Universities and DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (ARDP) Historical Independent Documentati R e s e a r c h under the auspices of Arewa House. o n a n d Organizations who Research, it are piloting a non- was originally partisan, non-ethnic founded as a and non-religious Northern AREWA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPROJECT · Nigeria History Project to anchor and harmonize (ARDP) under the auspices of Arewa House. And disparate views of northerners on the North and the . that this project seeks to provide research-based Nigerian state in a manner as to ensure not only programmes and strategies to reposition continuity but also stability of the region and the Northern Nigeria as land of agriculture, of mineral . · nation. This role that Arewa House is doing has not been a coincidence. It has been a centre that was initially most cases it ends up being mere jamboree of designed for strategic thinking to nurturing the med ia events, or what may be regarded as talk­ politico-economic and socia l integration and shop, when some people would also come to harmony of Northern Nigeria. All the years, the tongue-la sh some respect able leaders of the North North has been identifying with the noble for their omission or commission. I am however intellectual role of this Centre of Historical satisfied with the organization of t oday's Documentation and Research. For this, I must conference for not being one of those business-as-­ commend Arewa House and al l those that have usual conferences especially that it is in supported it in one way or the other in making this partnership with a non-partisan, non-ethnic and a conference a great success we see today. & non-religious group, which shares vision for the Of recent, our dear and only country has been progress of the North as indispensable for the experiencing certain challenges. We need to make progress of the entire country. sacrifices to weather the storm of these No wonder the content of this conference is challenges. And this requires courage, which the 'Sustainable Development' and we must do all that North and northerners are well-known for. I am it takes to sustain the effort. To do this, I must say happy that we have an institution in Arewa House, that all the stakeholders that matter in the North should never shy away from the responsibilities providence has put on them in leading, guiding and the North has been. perfecting the strategic roadmap for the North, iden.tifyin.g with the especially in these trying times. I call upon all to identify with this noble cause. It is for this that n.oble in.tellectu.al role posterity will in turn pay them their due and deserving honour in the "near future. On my part, of this Cen.tre of Historical you should count me as one of those who sees ana Docu.W\en.tation. an.d Research. supports the NQ.rth as very central to the stability, continuity an'd ,d~velopment of this great country, For this_, I Mu.st which deserves'"Clll that is required to continue to coW\W\en.d Arewa make it a positive factor in the transformation of Nigeria. On the part of the ABU under my Hou.se an.d all leadership, we will continue to do all we can to support Arewa House in its noble cause for the those that have su.pported stability and development of the nation. It is for it in. ·on.e way or the this that I will call on the Governments and the leadership in the country to support such noble other in W\aking this cause in whatever way they can. Your Excellencies, distinguished guests, ladies and confer-enc~ a great gentlemen, while we remain steadfast to making su.ccess we see today. the North central to peace, stability and continuity of this country, I wish you successful deliberations and pray that the end result will bring the North which inspires us to be courageous. It is in better than it is today and the country much recognition of such community service the ABU stronger and unrted. I also wish all of you safe has been rendering all these years that journey to your various destinations. emboldened us to celebrate the 50 years of the University, which we concluded with a special convocation ceremony. One thing I noted with well-intentioned gatheri~g of this nature is that in Thank you. 5 ADDRESS BY HIS EXCEllENCY, LATE SIR PATRICK IBRAHIM YAKOWA CCDNJ, TH£EXEC.UTIVE'GOVERNOR Of KADUNA STATE, Protocol: development.

am glad to be here today to witness the Having ·understood the concept behind this very o.pening ceremony_of the with . conferen~e important conference; I have realized that the theme: "The North and strategies for I central message is how the North as an entitywould Sustainable Development" organ ized by no other respond to certain challenges in the circumstances, than the Arewa Hosue Centre for Historical it now found itself. From the issues I have heard so Do_cumentation and Research of the Ahmadu far, ·I have come to realize that the conference is not Be,tlo University. · .. just on how to merely respond to the challenges the r - • .. >\:- ; - • .. • ' ,.. ~_;:'... ~ (·~: __ • ·. ·'f#'.o:rttl:-_ •s- -. facing today, but do~ng so on Le,t me start by congratulatip·g ·the ·_ Vice _-- resea'rch-based,findings that would reposition the Ch.an c e 11 or, " . North positively .· Ahiliadu Bello and adequately. ·ur\iversity for the good work The research for that Arewa sustainable House has been development is doing as a m o r e research centre comprehensive for the North and better and its p.eople achieved in an · o_n one .• hand, . ' atmosphere of anc:f for the democracy and by generality of democrats. N i r i a a n d g.e Sustainable Nigerians on development is the other hand. the bedrock for I must also consolidating our. commend the democratic Board of enterprise in an Trustees and atmosphere of Management freedom and in · team of the appreciating our · Arewa House diversity as a for its foresight people in a nation. a n d As people's ~ thoughtfulness servants elected in sustaining all w i t h thatthe country responsibilities and especially that are the North a cc o 'u n tab Le stands to before man and benefits from. God, we are committed to · 1 see this working assiduously to ensure that sound conference as an attestation.of patriotism on the democratic principles are upheld in the country. part of the Arewa House: As an Admiriistration, we shall always encourage and support such It was in the light of this that last Saturday, we in enterprise that dwells on s.ustainable A 1 RG P - Arewa Resear ~·en t Proj ect ' Newsletter

Kaduna State, conducted one of the freest and economic, political and social landscape of the fairest Local Council elections in our history. We North and by extension Nig_eria in a proactive way. judged this as a big success not only because it A leade~ that insists on the diversification of the were rancor free and been equally applauded, economy of ihe Nor~h. A leadership that looks but because in the true sense of the word, our beyond the present heavy reliance on petroleum. people were mobilized in appreciating and using A leadership that re-invents the wheel to bring back their voting power to elect those that would take the groundnut and cotton pyramids of yesteryears care of their affairs at the Local Governments in a creative, imaginative and inventive ways. A level. leadership that mobilizes resources to put pressure on the relevant stakeholders in the We must give credit to Nigerians and to God that Nigerian project to put solid mineral resources Nigeria still remains a country, albeit beleaguered under more imaginative scrutiny for the by towering insecurity challenges. In this difficult betterment of the north. A leadership that explore time, we must work assiduously to adequately and exploit the tourism potentials in many parts of address the tolerance level among our people, if Northern Nigeria. we must succeed collectively. Nigeria, as a multicultural and multilingual nation of diverse The presence of these leadership traits is a step people, with more than 250 distinct languages · toward having a sustainable development that will and ethnic groups, cannot continue to behave as create an enabling environment for better services, a group of irreconcilable religious and ethnic, better infrastructure and education; build on nationalities, contrary to the 'One North One sound moral values and respect to human dignity. People' bequeathed to us by no other than the We should stop encouraging religious and ethnic late Sardauna, Ahmadu Bello. intolerance. We should, on the contrary, work hard to transform the mindset of the average Nigerian The North has been a catalyst for the unity, and guide it into positive channels. stability and development of the country. The c~untry has been relying for direction from the Nigeria must be great again. She must start tapping North. This is contrary to what some out there its diverse human and natural resources to the would want the world to belief about the North. fullest which God has endowed the country with History has shown that the unity and strength of and which we . are not adequately taking _full the North, with a collective sense of purpose and advantage of. focus has been the bastion for the unity and strength of Nigeria. We must do everything to Your Excell_encies, Distinguished Guest, Ladies and sustain this responsibility bestowed on us by Gentlemen, · may I conclude by posing some providence. pertinent questions, whose answers I expect the conferees to ponder on and provide answers to. My candid believe is that the outcome of this How can we get the North more united? How can conference will rather reinforce this fact of we manage our diversity better? How can we history. As people with responsibilities to our cultivate trust and confidence not only between ~ electorates, we are working tirelessly to our different ethnicities but also between the strengthen the country by building on the solid government and the governed? How do we cr_eate structures laid by the past Nigerian leaders, such hope for the next generation? as Herbert Macaulay, Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe, Sir AbubakarTafawa Balewa, Sir Ahmadu Bello, Chief We hereby call upon the conferees to look at these Obafemi Awolowo, Sir Michael Okpara and Chief questions seriously but passionately and to come Anthony Enahoro among others. up with an articulated agenda to recreate a new North for a new Nigeria, to the satisfaction of the They have laid a foun dation for us to transform founding fathers, the present and future ourselves into visionary leaders. Leaders with generations and t6 the greater glory of God. We 'positive pictures in their minds all the time. A strongly believe these are possibilities. leadership t hat is preoccupied on changing the -- -...., - Arewa Research & Deve lopme nt Proj ec t Newsletter

MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE NORTH jf.ji MINERAL STATE Gold Zom faro. Koduno. Lim e stone Sokoto. Ke bbi, Gombe . Ke bbi. Nigc r .Kogi. Gyps um Adomowo. &orno. Yohe, Kworo, Sokoto. Benue . Kotsina. K ono. FCT Mica Nasarawa. FCT, K oduna. Iron ore Kogi. Zamfara. Kogi Manganese Kaduna. Ke bbi. All States Sokoto. Katsino. Kaolin1Clays Jigawo, Yobe, Baryte Nasarowa. Be nue.Yobe, Nas orawa Plate a u. Bauchi. Gombe. Adamowa. Zomforo Columbite~Tontalite Na:JQrawo. Kogi. FCT. Wolframite Koduno. Zamforo. Phosphate Sakata DEFINITIONS Niger. Kwara Tin & Columbite Plcrte au. Nasaraw a . Talc Kagi. Koduncr. Nige r Kano. Kod uncr.Bouchi. Kogi. Borner. Kcrduno. Mineral/Dre Deposit Jigawa. Katsino Feldspar Kono. Nosorowo, FCT Bauchi. Gombe. Kono, Lead-Zinc - Copper FCT, Noso rowo, Ko g i, Plate ou. Koduno. Marble • A mass of naturally occurring mineral material, Kwora Zom foro. Benu e. Nasarowa G e m stones Koduna. Plate au. FCT usuallyofeconomicvalue. Kono. Tarobo. Plate au. Uranium Dimension Stone Kano. Kaduna.Bouchi. Bouchi, Adamawo, FCT • A naturally occurring mineral or rock from which a .. Gombe Kogi. Benue .Gombe. Zomfora. Koduno Coal Chromite Ado m ower valuable or useful substances, especially a metal can Silica Sand Kono. Jigaw a be extracted ata reasonable cost. PAST MINERAL PRODUCTION FROM THE NORTH Mineral Resource/Reserve • Early 1900s-1972 Nigeria was the world's largest • Through exploration mineral deposits (prospects) exporter of Columbite, accounting for about 95% of can be converted to resources and subsequently to total world supply-100% NORTH reserves depending on the level of detail of the • World's 6'h largest producer of Tin (Cassiterite) - exploration and the degree of economic viability. 99%NORTH • Ultimately only those minerals in the Reserve Important exporter of Coal- 20% NORTH category, which have passed all economic viability • Widespread Gold production- 90% NORTH tests are considered mineable. • Substantial Wolfram and Lead~Zinc production and • Therefore all Resources must be converted to export- 100%, 50% NORIH Reserves before mining can take place profitably. • The transformation of prospects to THE NIGERIAN MINING INDUSTRY Resources/Reserves requires expenditure and time. • Declined since the early 1970s and never recovered, The whole process ensures decrease from high risk to due to low~st possible risk to justify mining. • Low metal prices • Depleted alluvial reserves (of tin and THE GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK columbite) • Geology constrain the location of mineral deposits. • lndigenization of the industry • The more diverse the geology (in age and setting) • "Oil boom" the more possibilities. • Inefficient State-owned corporations • All the components of Nigerian geology are • Unfavourable enabling mining investment represented in the North. climate • Other regions are not so endowed. • Widespread corruption and speculation of • Cf. the Southwest, the South East and South South. mining titles • Prevalence of illegal mining MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES OF NIGERIA • Lack of adequate and reliable geoscience data Other than oil and gas (Petroleum) . · • GOLD WHAT DRIVES MINING INVESTMENT • COLUMBITE-TANTALITE (COLTAN) Geological potential (Endowment) • COAL(+ LIGNITE) • Security of tenure- Enabling Environment • IRON ORE(± MANGANESE) • . Metal (and mineral) prices are the principal drivers • TAR SAND (BITUMEN) X of global exploration expenditures, and they tend to rise • LEAD-ZINC(± COPPER) and fall together. • TIN, COLUMBITE, WOLFRAM • The share directed to a given jurisdiction reflects the • . INDUSTRIAL(+AGRO-MINERALS) MINERALS attractiveness of its investment climate, including • GEMSTONES perceived mineral potential. • DIMENSION STO NES (GRANITES AND MARBLE) ATTRACTING INVESTMENT IN MINING IN THE NORTH

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GOLD AND COLUMBITE-TANTALITE would be the Granite Province in the order of 140,000 and 70,000 most valuable minerals that can attract investment. tonnes, respectively. • TIN, NIOBIUM, LEAD-ZINC and URANIUM would be next in importance. IRON ORE • IRON ORE deposits are also important targets. • The basis of in~ustrial development. • COAL can be the most important source of energy 98% of m ined.iron ore is used to make steel. for electricity generation and smokeless briquettes More integral to the global economy than any other that offer substitute to fire wood. commodity, except perhaps oil. Widespread INDUSTRIAL MINERALS and Huge iron ore deposits exist in Nigeria, almost wholly DIMENSION STONES offer huge opportunities for located in the North (central Nigeria). Local and International Industrialists. Both banded and oolitic types are abound. • The possibility of NATURAL GAS reserves offer. a Over 1.25 billion tonnes of iron ore are estimated on new frontier for exploration and development. the Agbaja plateau, near Lokoja. Received attention since 1950s. The ltakpe deposits contains more than 200 million tonnes proven iron ore resource.

IRON ORE

ARTISANAL GOLD MINING IN NIGERIA ·\'\'.' •,,... · 1 ,/ / ,, • .r '.'(' . J.• Y° I • ... _,,,.. - n--e !/ NIGERIAN COAL RESOURCES • There are at least 11 significant known coal deposits in Nigeria, mostly located in the eastern flank of the Anambra Basin in south central Nigeria, that appear to contain the largest and most economically viable coal TIN AND COLUMBITE IN NIGERIAN ECONOMY resources. Nigeria used to be among the six largest producers • Behre Dolbear (2006) has developed a s.hort list of 4 of tin and the l~ading producer of columbite in the properties that appear to have the highest economic world. potential for development in conjunction with coal-fired Production of cassiterite was of the order of 10,000 power plants. tonnes annually for many yea rs, and was the mainstay • These are : Ogboyega (Kogi), Okaba (Kogi), Owukpa of Nigeria's mineral industry, until overtaken by (Benue) and Ezimo (Enugu). petroleum. Other coal deposits with potential for development • Production declined during the 1970s, to a little for power generation include: Onyeama (Enugu), over 3,800 tonnes in 1979, and was less than 3,200 Okpara (Enugu), Ogwashi-Asaba (Delta), lnyi (Ana mbra), tonnes in 1983. Afuze (Edo), Afikpo (Ebonyi), Lafiya-Obi (Nasarawa), Production of columbite was much less than that of Maiganga (Gombe), Lamja (Adamawa). cassiterite, and fluctuated between about 1,000 and There are also reported coal occurrences in Sokoto, 2,000 tonnes annually until the mid-1970s, after Niger and Plateau States. which it declined considerably, to less than 400 tonnes in 1981, falling still further in subsequent years. PROJECTED COAL M INING AND POWER It has been estimated that cassiterite and DEVELOPMENT co lumbite resources still exist in the Nigerian Younger 3 coal concessions on the eastern flank of the .., _ _ o:l =p Arewa Research & Development Project New6ktte

Anambra Basin can each produce at least 8 million WHY STILL NO MINING INDUSTRY?? tonnes of coal per year which is adequate to power • Negative perception of endowment relative to 2,000-2,500 MW generating plant. neighbouring countries and regions in Africa. • The coal can be mined and delivered to a mine­ • Poor mining sector governance, despite excellent mouth power plant at a cost of a bout$ 2 7/tonne. provisions in mining laws ar:id regulations- widespread • The estimated capital costs for mining and power corruption and lawlessness! plant generating complex with the capacity to • Weak federal structure and diversity of land tenure produce 2,500 MW are estimated to be$ 5.6 billion (N systems. 840 billion). • 'Resource Curse' from the oil boom.

THE CHALLENGE OF DESERTIFICATION THE CONSEQUENCIES • In many African countries, combating • No investment in the sector( both foreign and local). desertification and promoting development are • No significant mineral production. virtually one and the same. • Widespread, dangerous and irresponsible artisanal • When people live in poverty, they have little choice mining-affecting lives, health and environment. but to over-exploit the land. • No additional and alternative sources of revenues. • When the land eventually becomes uneconomic • No additional and alternative employment avenues. to farm, the people are often forced into internal and • Missed opportunity from global mineral/metal price cross-border migrations, which in turn can further boom. strain the environment and cause social and political • Total re liance on imported raw materials and tensions and conflicts. finished goods. • No significant contribution of mining to GDP. THE MISFORTUNE OF NORTH • Political and social instabilities. • STALLED DEVELOPMENT THE STAGES THE CHALLENGE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ,. • Mineral Resources would underpin the economic survival and well-being of the North - as source of revenue, agricultural integrity and employment generation. • The North has comparative advantage over all other regions in land expanse and geological diversity, which COAL BRIQUETTES vs WOOD gives more mineral resource possibilities. • The country's increasing large population creates a • The diversity of its mineral resources also offers the growing demand for wood and charcoal, thereby north diverse opportunities and sustainabili.tv of its increasing the rate at which wood is being harvested devel9pment and economic well-being. for these purposes. • The mineral resource types range from precious • Deforestation is clearly recognised as a threat to metal and gemstones, ferrous and non-ferr.ous, base the country's well being. and rare metals, industrial and energy minerals. • The demand for wood is causing serious • All Northern States have important mineral deforestation problems and encroachment of the resources for development. Few states stand out as de~ert in the northern parts of Nigeria.Coal briquettes most endowed, i.e., Zamfara, Kogi, Kaduna, Kano, have gross heating values in the range 11,200-11,400 Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau, in order of importance. Kcal/Kg, compared to wood fuels, which typically have • The ·North had sustained past Nigerian mineral values in the range 3,300-3,600 Kcal/Kg. production beforethe advent of oil and gas. • When used with properly designed briquette • The possibility of oil and gas discovery and stoves, the "Usage Efficiency Factor", i.e., the production in the North offer a new opportunity for the recovery of heat available in the briquettes, is approx region's development and competitiveness. ,, . 5 times that of wood burned in typical open fires. • The Coal deposits in the North, if explored and • In general, when a kg of briquette coal is developed can provide solution to energy deficit, contrasted to a kg of wood, it has the potential to desertification, forced migration and communal deliver> 20 times the heating value. conflicts.

~~n· • ~ ~-,~ """"'4~1f;.;_~~

-~::; -:r;~ . ------~- - -- - AArewa r P Resear :\..~~ --11-·· N~oject

There are many other documented cases of physical POLITICS AND SECURITY violence and insecurity visited on the people of the North. If we add to this mix the structural violence IN THE NORTH inflicted on them for years manifesting in abject poverty, By Prof. Kyari Mohammed squalor and degrading living conditions, the widespread anger and disenchantment becomes understandable. The northern states are the poorest both in absolute and entre for Peace and Security Studies, Modibbo relative terms in Nigeria. Adama UniversityofTechnology, Vala C Incidence of Poverty acro ss Nigeria's Six Geo-Pqlitical Zones by Different Indicators

Introduction Zore Food Poor Absolute Poor Relative Poor Dollar per Day

The current security challenges facing Nigeria is the Ncrth Central 38.6 59.5 67.5 59 .7 most severe crisis, threatening its corporate N0t1hEast 515 69. 0 76.3 69.I existence, since the end of the civil war in 1970. The Nath West 51.8 70.0 77.7 70.4

Boko Haram (BH) insurgency and many other criminal Sooth East 41.0 58.7 67.0 59.2 activities attributed to it have put serious strain and Sooth South 355 55.9 63.8 56. I stresses on the Nigerian state and its security Sooth We;t 25.4 49:8 59.I 50. 1 apparatuses. The Nigerian state is increasingly unable Surra:: NBS Natioml Po'crty Profile, Jamuy 2012 ' to guarantee the lives and property of its citizens, which is its primary and most important Politics of Insecurity responsibility. In fact the security agencies cannot The current insecurity is directly related to! and even provide security for its persnnnel or defend its influenced by, the warped practice of politics. The places of work and abode. unwillingness of politicians to subject themselves to the The security failures have continued to deteriorate basic tenets of democracy such as periodic free primarily due to the inability of the police to prevent elections, rule of law, transparency and accountability in or arrest and prosecute criminals. Armed bandits who governance are all factors that conduce to the operate at will, political thugs who assassinate production of insecurity. The various political gangs such opponents, religious zealots who ki.11 people of as Ecomog, Sara Suka, Yan Daba, Kalare, etc. were set up different persuasion or faiths in the name of religion, a.nd funded by politicians to advance their political oil thieves, as well as security officials who violate the interest against those of their opponents. Let us human rights of citizens all go scot-free. It is this illustrate this with developments in Borne state which incapacity to respond effectively to crime and led to the open confrontation between the state and the criminality, as all perpetrators who successfully leave BH. the scene of crime are invariably never apprehended Even though couched in religious terms, the basic that adds to the rise in crime and criminality. Similarly, message of BH was political. Their narrative was a the impunity with Which armed security officials kill rejection of secularism, liberal democracy, partisan innocent citizens extra judicially, and also get away politics, corruption and bad governance all of which are with it. All these are further fuelling the spira·1 of associated with westernization and western education. violence and feeding into the insurgency. For them the government of Ali Modu Sheriff, with the No part of Nigeria is immune to the spiraling violence flawed elections that brought it to power, corruption, and insecurity. However, the North but especially the arbitrariness and stench represented "democracy" as north eastern states are worst affected. Before the practiced by the "educated elites". Muhammad Yusuf's onset of the current insurgency, which brought pungent and unceasing criticism of the corruption, rot in insecurity to the fore, there were other forms of governance and the conspicuous consumption of the violence such as armed banditry in which whole elite in the midst of abject poverty resonated with his communities were sacked by armed criminal gangs; followers and angered the state governor. The governor village markets were raided and toll collected on took these attacks as personal and deployed state market days; while the relatively well to do such as security and resources to counter the challenge. This traders and livestock owners were made to pay fixed was the beginning of the militarization of the BH . ransom. The FGN led by a president who had run his presidential campa ign on sectional, regional and religious platform in

11 ~.-, p ,

rr--_ -; · ~-?'- · - =~ ArAewa Res ear .~ 0 e . ent Pr oject N~alettfn'

the 2011 elections perceived the insurgency as having lost the confidence of the very people they were northern reaction to, or rejection of his mandate. The charged to defend. They should only guard sensitive argument canvassed not so subtly was that the installations. They no longer intervene when citizens are insurgency was an attempt to make Nigeria attacked by BH as long as they are not attacked even if ungovernable by defeated politicians of Northern they are within sight. The cold-blooded murder of extraction. Admittedly, the processes that produced General Mamman Shuwa is still unresolved as BH have ·the president both within his party and the general dissociated themselves from the killing, while the JTF elections were flawed. This led to widespread post­ have killed one lbn Saleh Ibrahim forthe act. election violence across the northern states. Even Second, decision-making about security matters should though these were reactions to a perceived rlggec:I' be democratized and not left to the military high election, the Goodluck Jonathan camp inter~reted command alone in a democracy. The military should be that as rejection by the Muslim north. The GEJ truly subordinated to civil authority, communities campaign polarized northerners along religious lines, should be involved in their operations and their excesses with Christians in the north massively supporting should be investigated and culprits punished. him. This, and the perception that the BH is a regional Third, the Nigerian military should b~reoriented from its problem, is responsible for the Federal government's colonial mentality of perceiving civilians as enemies and non-challance. This kind of approach, massive troop inferior, be trained in counter insurgency, and rules of build-up, intensified extra judicial killings, massive engagement and human rights, complying with . dragnet arrests, assassinations, creates a sense of international laws be taught in theirtraining institutions. abandonment and feeds into the insurge1;1cy. Fourth, The BH should be engaged in dialogue. This is Beneficiaries because each time a window of opportunity for dialogue Who benefits from this widespread insecurity? There is opened, it is as quickly closed, creating the impression are as many beneficiaries as there are different that the government is not willing to consider that · · '-· shades of BH. The security agencies deployed to fight option. All options for ending the insurgency should be the insurgency are the obvious beneficiaries. Security pursued to their logical conclusion. As a first step gulped N923 billion in th~ 2012 budget which must be confidence-building measures should be put in place, spent. This is in addition to the N300 million that the including unilateral cease-fire and release of detainees Barno state ·government spends on these agencies _ for which the government cannot prosecute due to lack every month to support their operations. This level of of evidence. Illegal arrests, dragnet arrests, collective insecurity puts the military in charge of governance, punishment and reprisal killing of innocent civilians in spite of the oft repeated mantra ?f their , should cease. The military approach of brute force and subordination to civil authority. more boots on !he ground will only prolong the fight and The national leadership of CAN seems to fuel the hards~iip. . . ' crisis. Fortunately Christian leaders in the North Fifth, the BH should reciprocate this gesture and enter especially Bishop Mathew Hassan Kukah and Bishop into negotiations with government. The governments of ldowu :Fearon have continuously called for restrain Barno, Yobe, Bauchi, Kano and other states with serious against reprisal attacks. Bishop Kukah in his message cases of insurgency should be involved in the peace . at this year's Pentecost condemned the "grand negotiations. standing, demagoguery, rave and rant" by some Sixth, the polity should be truly democratized. Elections " religious leaders. He asked rhetorically: should decide who emerges as leader rather than When Christians or Muslims claim self defense, are through rigging and thuggery. The role of money should they replacing the Commander-in-Chief of (all) the be discouraged in our politics and values enthroned. The Armed Forces of Nigeria? Do these religious leaders rule of law rather than rule of men should guide the who make such calls have a judiciary to try suspects, conduct ofour affairs. Politicians must rise above narrow or a Barracks/Posts to hold suspects? Do these selfish interest as ifthere is no tomorrow and act in their religious leaders believe they can resolve political and enlightened self-interests, otherwise there truly may be administrative problems of law enforcement and no tomorrow. justice? Or are they calling on their people to take the *Being paper delivered at the Conference on "The North laws into their hands? and Strategies for Sustainable Development" organized by the Arewa House, Kaduna, between 5th - 6th Way Forward December, 2012. First, the JTF should be removed from the townships· 12 ~~~~~~~~~-"""~~~~ §.: =::

ENERGY SOURCES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTH

!. INTRODUCTION & COUNTRY PROFILE A nation's development is largely determined by its political and economic visions. While, the latter is derived from the former, the attainment of the economic vision is largely driven by modern energy supply in the economy - electricity, fuel and heat; all other things being equal. Nigeria's Energy Supply and The Economy

Elc.:1ricitygcncr..cion 22.03 23.9 24.22 2 1.n 20.8 (bil!it>11kWh) (503)· (562)* ( !0.695 )0 ns,tJ03r•

2. E ncrg~'Cons ump1 io npc r 15 U 125..5 U 2.6 87.J S l .4 81). )1 Capiml (680)• (670)• (lgOOCapicaJ ( l.780) .. ( 1.830 ) ..

Ekclri.:i ty 174.6 167.6 1t;1.2- Consumptionica11i1 (56) )• (.'5 7J)• a (kWh/Capi1u) ( 2.'5'}())U (2782)0

GOl'ICapita 65!\.0 826.3 1030.J 1286.3 LI0(1.8 {USSiCapi1 <1) (23 14)• (254lW (8.4'12)u (<}5.'5 0j••

Encrgy lntcnsily(kgoci 0. 161 0.085 0.067 0Jlfi3 0.0 75 USS) c0 .294)• (0.21>4 )• (0.2 11)) U I0.192>'*

G D l'GrowthRatc( ~ O) fi .O 6 .7 3. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION Sources; CBN (2()()5 -2010), NCC, 05agbo (2009), •Africa Averag" - /EA ( 2007, 2010} a) Hydropower ~• wo rld Avf!rage · /EA {2007, 201D) Nigeria with a hydro power potential of · a~out 2. ENERGY RESOURCES & INFRASTRUCTURE 15,000MW has about 2000MW only exploited. A large

a) Fossil Energy Re sources and Nuclear Energy Sources unexploited potential therefore exists that needs to be SIN Resources Reserves Production Domestic Utilization (2010) (2010) developed fully, especially in the northern part of the · · te~ Crude Oil 37 .2billion barrels 0.896billion 0, 164blllion ba rrels country. For example, the Z!Jngeru, the Mamb1la, the barrels

Natural Gas 187 Tscf 2.392Tscf 75.7%- Fuel, Gurara II, the Dadin Kowa dam, the Tiga Dam, the Industries, re-injection and gas lift. Kasimbila and many other small hydro powersi 24.3% - gas flare

Coal 2. 7 billion tonnes Negligible

Tar Sands 31 billion barrels of oil 0.224 million tonnes equivalent

Nuclear Yet to be quantified 30kW experimental nuclear reactor Source: NNPC{2010), CBN {2010}

b) Renewable Energy Resources

Sino Reso urce Reserve Utilization Level Largo hydro p ower. 11,250MW 1,972MW Small Hydro power · 3,SOO MW 64.2MW Solar Energy 4.0kWhlm'Jday -Abo ut 15MW solar PV stand­ alo n e 6. SkWh/m1/day ·No solar thermal electricity 2 4 m /s a t 10m height 2 x2.SKW electrlcity generator; , 10MW w ind farm in Kats ina Penstock bifurcation into the 150 kW power house at Waya Dam, Bauchi·State Fu el woo d 11 millio n hectares o f forest and 43.4milllontonnesof woodlands · firew ood/yr b) Solar Energy: Biom ass Municipal -18.3 million tonnes In 2005" & about 30 million tonnes/yr now - 243 million l'lssorted animals in 2001 Solar energy has the greatest potential to Energy Crop s - 28.2 million h ectare s of A rable land 8.5%eult ivated and agric contribute enormous amount of low carbon energy in w aste Nigeria through solar PV and solar thermal process. It Source: REMP (ZOOS} " FM EMV may be transformed directly into heat using solar collectors or directly to electricity using solar PV cells. It is estimated that when 1% qf Nigeria's land area is covered with a solar technology of 5% efficiency, about 33\480MW of electricity may be produced at abc:ut 26% capacity factor. This electricity generation capacity will be more than enough for the country, up to 2050, ... that will convenie~tly - support 11% - B% economic ~ - growth rate as envisioned by vision 20:2020. Source: J. 'o. Ojosu (1 990) .. Figure 3. Solar Radiation Distribution in Nigeria (kWh/ m2/ day) 13 SOLAR PV SYSTEM

Solar Pv At ltu. Mbuzo, Abia State

Solar PV mini-grid in a village in Sokoto, So.koto State

2.5 MW Solar PV, in Sal, Cape Verde 5 MW Solar PV, in Sal, Cape Verde Commissioned November 2, 2010 Commissioned October 11 2010

Source: ECREE (2011)

SOLAR WATER HEATER

Solar Water Pumping for Student in Sokoto, Sokoto State

. ~I

Pilot Water Heater at UDUTH by SERC, Sokoto

Soiar Street Lighting in Uyo, Cross River State Solar Water Heater developed by NCERD

14 c) .Wind Energy d) Biomass/biogas/biofuel Nigeria's wind resource of 2-4m/s at lOm • Power generation from rice husk(SMW in Ebonyi height is cons idered low for wind farm electricity state) generation using conventional wind generations. • Biagas genera!ion.for heating & power generation However, there may be localized areas with greater • Municipal waste-to-power wind speeds, where reas?nable electricity could be • Biofuels (ethanol &biodiesel) from Sugarcane, generated there from. Jatropha & _ 'Lignocellulolistic feedstocks - use of ElO & B20 .approved Fuelwood lots development.

e) Nuclear Energy: With an Atomic Energy Commission and a Nuclear Regulatory Authority, nuclear power has a good potential in meeting the electricity needs of our country · and the north.

lSOMW Osario Wind Farm, Brazil f) Natural Gas: · With the hydrocarbon . potentials in the northern inland basins of Bida, Sokoto, Chad, Benue trough and Gongola/Yola, natural gas therefrom .can be utilized for power ~e~eration and other uses.

305 MW Wind Farm at Zanfrana, a Ion~ the Red Sea, Egypt _

414 MW Natural Gas Fired Power Plant, Geregu, Kogi State-NIPP

g) Clean Coal Technologies Seven(7) out of 14 States with coal potentlal-s in the country are in the northe.rn part. The exploitation of

SkW aero generator in Sayya Gidan Gad a, Sokoto State · coal in these states for electricity generation, industrial /I heating and domestic applications using clean coal technologies wou Id bring a lofof etonom ic benefits

Dra g Type wind Turbine.for Water Pumping

15 -~

~;:;;:::_:;;: 4. OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES UNIVERSAL BASIC EDUCATION IN a. Opportunities NORTHERN NIGERIA: WHERE WE ARE, • National · En ergy Policy (NEP) encourages the CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES utilization of all reliable energy resources to diversify FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT the energy supply mix for secured every supply with By Prof. Gidado Tahir the active pa rticipation of t he private sector; . • Electric power Sector Reform Act of 2005 sector; 1.0. INTRODUCTION • Strong electricity regulatory Commission, NERC, • What is UBE established; • Why UBE? • A Bulk Electricity Marketer established for signing • _Focus of the presentation: . PPAs; a) Where we are • FGN & World bank guarantees on power PPAs; b) What challenges exist • Power tariff. that allows cost recovery plus c) What opportunities are there reasonable margin & Feed-in tariff established since • · Before these, we need to appreciate an earlier effort June 2012{MYTO IJ); at revamping education in the North and how successful • Unhindered repatriation of profit; . had that been. • Pioneer status .for new power companies (five yeartaxholidayetc); / 2.0 ANTECEDENT • Zero import duty for power components; • . The Northern States Education Summit organized by ". . ~ • On going reforms in the petroleum sub-sector Arewa House which took place on Saturday 29 January, through the draft Petroleum lndustryBill (PIB) 2000 was a watershed. • · Largemarket • Our leaders examined the condition of education in the northern states and came to a conclusion that it had b. Challenges reached a crisis-point and called for urgent action. • Risk of inconsistency in implementing energy The Crisis was characterized by: sector reform agenda . a. . decay of the infrastructure particularly ·· • High initial investment cost for RE and Energy at the primary school level. Efficiency (EE) systems b. Funding was grossly inadequate. • Inadequate incentives to drive demand side for c. Shortage of qualified teachers. Renewable Energy & EE · d. Lack of transparency in the management of • .Inadequate local human and infrastructural educational institutions, which was li'nked to capacities poor leadership with resultant poor academic • Weak rule-of-Law/Impunity. performance and non-attainment of institutional goals. S. CONCLUSION Major stakeholders in education in the north Nigeria has varied energy resources that include suggested to· political leaders that there was urgent solar, wind, hydro, biomass, oil, natural gas, coa l, tar need to rehabilitate, transform and strengthen the · sands. Some of t hese energy resources are available sector in the northern states so that the region could in the northern part of the country. These can be take its rightful position in the 21" ce_ntury Nigeria. ,, transformed into final energies ~f electricity, fuels • "Agenda For Action", as their collective vision was and heat usi.ng appropriate technologies to drive the officially referred to, proffered the wayfc:ir~g s thus: economy in a sustai_nable manner through the active a. Massive rej1abilita t~e-n--=ari·d - expansion pa rticipation of the private sector. of education infrastructure and services • High level human capacity development, skills b. Raise enrolment, especially of the female acquisition on these technologies and infrastructural gender development need to be deepened. · c. Embark on massive recruitment of Policies, laws and incentives are imperative to teachers, improve their condition of service, attract private investment in the energy sector. and strengthening their capacities, as well as Ruie of law should be strengthened. their training institutions d. . Massive procurement of text books such thattherewould be a pupil book ratio of 2:1 in primary and 1:1 in secondary schools

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e. En ge nd er partnership w ith vo luntary participation in the formal sub-sector and agencies, individuals and priva te sector ·substantial decline over the years in literacy and f. Set annual targets for t he eradication of post-literacy programmes in the northern illiteracy (5ml adults/ an num) states. g. Revamp an d equip the Inspectorate b. In 199g' participation in primary schooling by Service zone was as follows: h. Develop librari es and gu idance and NC 2,829,085 million cou nsell ing services in schools NE 3,467,230 million i. Transfor m Qur'an ic and ls lamiyya NW 3,316,112. million sc hools an d integrate them with the Total 9,613,427 million co nventional school system. c. Sli ghtly over t en years lat er the ra te of j. Act ively involve traditional rulers an d pa rticipation stood as: communityleadersin · enrolment a nd NC 3, 291,372 mil lion retention dri ve , supervis i o n an d NE 3,168,392 million en lightenment; among others. NW 6,496,701 million • The Agenda was accepted by the governors and Total 22,568,892 million t hus became a roadmap towards educational renewal d. The figures do not really tell t he whole story. It is in the North. important to examine the proport ion of t hose • Things went on well as state governors restrategize who were out of school by state and level of basic to address the challenges. This was revealed by the education in order to appreciate the extent o'f conclusions of their annual strategy meetings hosted pa rticipation in 2010. by Arewa House and the monitoring reports of the N.C Pri mar'J' JSS Northern Education Research Project of the same Benue 19% 11% Arewa House. Kogi 8.6% 29% • Each state developed its plan based on its Kwara 23% 6.9% circumstances but · located within the general Nasarawa 22.7% 18.1% framework of the Agenda for Action. Niger 50% 53.3% However, as from 2003, things began to change as the Plateau °14.5% 15.3% usual apparent cohesion and understanding among the leaders began to wane, and the high tempo of N.E. Primar'J' JSS educational development as encapsulated in the Adamawa 32.9% 30% Agenda for Act ion could no longer be sustained. Bauchi 58.2% 65.4% Barno 73.4% 69.4% 3.0 BASIC ED UCATION IN THE NORTHERN Gombe 38.6% 41.3% STATES TODAY Taraba 31.9% 27.7% • Using access, equity and quality as key indicators it Yo be 63.5% 63.3% is possible to see the extent to which the region fairs in educational development. N.W. Primar'J' JSS • Scope of basic education in Nigeria has always Jigawa 61.6% 64.5% been broad to include such entities as: Kaduna 32.2% 22.3% ' a. ECCDE Kano 40% 44% b. Out-of-school basic education Katsina . 55% 63 .9% i. literacy Kebbi 69% 67.6% ii . Post-literacy Sokoto 65.3% 68.9% iii. Continuingeducation . Zamfara 76.2% 65.5% c. Six years of primary d. Three years of junior secondary · e. In the area of basic literacy, the entire country education. has not been performing well. As of today there are less than 52% Nigerians who can read, write 3.1 ACCESS and perform basic arithmetic functions. a. Generally there has been steady increase in f. As would be expected the northern states are

17 ~"" =- =.c-~·-~= ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ worse-off, as can be seen from the figures school population, followed by the almajiri. below: e. Gender parity is a good indicator used to determine the degree of gender balance in North-Central: Population of illiterates= 10,995,139 education. or56% i. Only Kogi State records more girls in ECCD, % of illiterates while the rest of the 18 states have more boys Benue 54.9 than girls. Kogi 52.5 ii. Lack of parity in favour of boys is more Kwara 50.7 glaring in primary schools. Nasarawa 58.1 * Parity has been achieved in Kogi State. Niger 62.5 * The rest of the 18 ·states have indicated Plateau 53.4 varying degree of inequity in access in favour of boys. North-East: Population of illiterates = 13,426,151 or * It is more severe in Niger, Yobe, Barno, 67% Zamfara, Katsina, Jigawa, Kebbi and Sokoto % of illiterates states. Ad;:imawa 59.5 ii i) None of the 19 States has exhibited gender Bauchi 65.9 parity in JSS. Borno 85.5 f. In terms of staffing gender parity has not been Gombe 60:7 achieved in most of the states of the region. Taraba 76.7 * In Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto and Yo be 73.4 Zamfara states, for every one female teacher, there are at least 15 male teachers. North-West: Po'pulation of illiterates= 24,160,303 or g. Another set of learners who is usually excluded 58% in educational participation are those with % of illiterates special needs. Below is the extent to which Jigawa 75.8 basic education has been extended to them on Kaduna 70.7 the basis of programme type. Kano 52.1 Kats in a 78.3 N.C. Primary JSS Kebbi 74.7 Benue 599 721 Sokoto 69.9 Kog( 286 1,068 Zamfara 66.9 Kwara 301 478 Nasarawa 3,236 22 g. The NW and NE zones continue to be Niger 308 107 high burden zones inthe north in basically all Plateau 934 155 aspects of access to basic education. N.E . Primar'L JSS 3.2 ·EQUITY Adamawa 1,827 761 ~ a. One of the fundamental object ives of basic Bauchi 358 202 education programme is to ensure equity in Barno 122 63 access regardless of one's circumstances. Gompe 925 148 b. Inequalities exist on the basis of gender, Taraba 1,030 205 geography, rural/urban and other Yo be 1,771 1,918 circumstances. c. Nigeria has the highest number school age N.W. Primary JSS childr~nthat are out of school in th.eworld. Jigawa 568 374 * o·ne out ..of every .three school-age Kaduna 975 1,755 children, one child is out of school Kano 3,029 43 (estimated to be over 10 million), and most Katsina 1,233 236 of them are ii) the northern states. Kebbi 1,187 1,200 d. Girls constitute large proportion of out-of- Sokoto 580 308 are roughly 30,000 classrooms without Zamfara 778 Nil learners. h. Sizeable number of special need children d. Large number of teachers in the north have no opportunity to participate in basic continue to b_e either unqualified or under­ education in the northern states due mainly qualified. to non-availability or limited number of e. More than 50% of teachers in ba sic education facilit ies meantfortheireducation. in the north have no national minimum i. Furthermore opportunity to transit .from teaching qualification of NCE. primary to JSS is also very limited. j. Until recentiy the Almajiri ed ucation initiative ECCDE and Primar~ wa s neglected, because there was no North-Central - 65% Qualified coherent policy on it. 35 % Unqualified I. This system and the conventional one North-East 41% Qualified operate as separate entities with no · 59% Unqualified , possibility for interphasing. North-West 34% Qualified ii. Th ere is an attempt now to mainstream 66% Unqualified Almajiri education with basic education, so that the 9,523,699 out-of-school Almajiri JSS would actively engage in the national North-Central 91% Qualified universal basic education programme. 9% Unqualified ii i. Adamawa, Bauch i, Gombe and Yobe in North-East 80% Qualified the North-East; Niger in the North-Central 20% Unqualified and all the seven states in the North-West North-West 77% Qualified have started benefiting from the UBE 23% Unqualified intervention of nearly N4.3 billion. iv. The impact of this policy is too early to 4.0 KEY CHALLENGES judge. Meanwhile large number almajiri • There are still many children who are not in continue to roam about the streets in the schools in the northern state. northern towns and cities. • Large number of girls and specially - challenged k. Only 24% of Muslim children and youth children are not able to access basic education in the attend formal schooling and Qur'anic north.

education, while 25% of them neither attend • Nomadic and Adult and Non-Formal Education rare" - " Qur'anic nor formal bas ic education. neglected by states and local governments in the I. Generally 48% of children between the ages north. of 12 - 17 attend secondary school in the • Teacher quality and quantity are in short supply. urban north compared to 29% in the rural • Teacher accountability is worse because it is areas. ineffective as performance evaluation and plan for professional development are non-existent. 3.3 QUALITY • Capacity of staff at the ministry and local • Challenges are great in the area of quality in the government education levels is weak. ~ north as well. • Planning does not seem to be institutionalized at a. There are seri ous shortages in classroom the ministry and agency levels. facilities and other instructional resources. • Lack of synergy exists among the line ministries b. It is only at primary school level where some and agencies involved in implementing t he different fair level of improvement has been components of basic education. reco rd ed, with only 54.95% shortfall in • Schools are generally under-resourced. facil ities and other resources as compared • Fund ing gap is very wide at t he ECCDE, nomadic toJSS (70.63%) and ECCE (94.37%). and adult and non-formal education levels in this c. General analysis of class size shows thatthere region. is on the average 100 learners per class, • Limited political will by some ·states hamper the although in the N.E. and N.W. zone~ there rapid development of education at the basic level in

19 the northern states. Government. • Some northern state govern ments have no ii. At the Zonal level - Bauchi, Gombe, Kano, budgetary provisions for counterpart contribution in Kogi, Niger, Taraba and Zamfara states were basic education. similarly recognized and incentivized. • Budget tracking is hard to pursue due to lack of • Positive change of attitude by the political leadership transparency in managing UBE funds. toward basic education is gradually improving. A number of states in the region operate an • Funding in the sector is also slowly increasing. opaque and unaccountable procurement arrangements. 6.0 PROGNOSIS • Community participation in basic education • It would appear that our collective aspiration as activities is still weak in many of the states of the encapsulated in the Agenda For Action as far as basic north. education is concerned is not realizable within the time • The general insecurity in some of the states in the frame stipulated in the document. region hamper the • Contemporary basic growth of basic education statistics and education and !DPs information on the avoid such states as In spite of the not northern states do npt well. lend support to any emergence of quality 5.0 PROSPECTS so encouraging statistics and the basic education for all, • In spite of the not as a viable strategy for so encouraging sµstainable statistics and the impending challenges there are certain development of the impending region in the near challenges there are future. certain cheering cheering observations about • Relevant basic observations about education institutions the performance of and programmes basic education in already exist. What is this region. the performance of basic required is a little push • A number of to activate them so that states are striving they can perform hard to address some education in this region. optimally and produce of these challenges nece~sary result that in their different will change the basic ways with positive A number of states are striving hard to education fortune of results. ou r region fo r • S i nce the sustainab l e inception of · UBE address some of these challenges in thei1 development ~ programme of Good • T h i s Performance in notwithstanding, we 2006, 12 of the 19 different ways with positive results. have a long way to go. northern states have Unless dra stic action is won one or more taken to ad dress all the national and zonal deficits and gaps recogn itions. especially by massively i. Nationally investing in basic education as well as changing our attitude - Adamawa, Jigawa, Katsina and Kebbi as a people, we shall continue to be a source of worry to states were recognized for doing very well the Nigerian Federation. and accordingly incentivized by the Federal

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FACES AT THE CONFERENCE ON THE NORTH AND STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AT AREWA HOUSE, KADUNA, 5TH - 6TH DECEMBER, 2012

Late Governor Patrick I. Yakowa of Kaduna State who was Chief Host of the Conference being welcomed by Dr. Usman Bugaje and Dr. Kabir Chafe to the Venue

L-R Former Vice President Alh. Atiku Abubakar, late Governor Patrick I. Yakowa, Alh. Alika Mohammed and others stanoing for the National Anthem

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General Abdulsalami Abubakar (rtd) with Dr. Kabiru Chafe and Speaker Hon. Aminu Tambuwal sitting next

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Former Vice President Alhaji Atiku Abubakar, ··Late Governor Patrick L Yakowa and Alhaji Alika Mohammed

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General Abdulsalami Abuba_ka'r (rtd) discussing with General John Shagaya (rtd) and' Hon. AminuTambuwal

Mallam Ibrahim Shekarau, former Kano State Governor discussing with Senator Adamu Aleiro

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Late Governor Patrick I. Yakowa of Kaduna State delivering his address :at-the occasion

Clurl tlo··l ~:~ ~~~~~lBRAlll M YAKOW/< EHC\l\lvo Governor ol Kaduna St..i tti .

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Speaker Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, Senator George Akume and Dr. Usman Bugaje

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Bishop (Dr. ) ldowu Fearon making his Presentation at the Conference

Dr. Mairo Mandara of PACKARD Foundation making her contribution at the occasion

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Barrister Solomon Dalung making his contribution at the occasion

Hajiya Sa adatu Abdullahi making her contribution at the occasion

------. "~~~;-""_-::..- ., .~,~r;;; ------Yusuf's group emerged. Its attempt to withdraw from the social system which it felt had repudiated it or had reneged on promises was curtailed by its reliance on state resources to operate. Evidence that it was arming itself in readiness for some form of conflict with state abound, but the decisive Introduction confrontation between the group and the state, in his paper will seek to explore the linkages which he lost his life was a significant turning point. between current security situation in the The conflict itself revealed a well-armed group T North and Nigeria, the political context in willing to defend itself against a state with little which it occurs and the economic implications of qualms over murdering citizens. both. It does not claim expertise or specialized Since 2009, the Jamaatu Ahlil Sunnah Lidda'awati knowledge over the security situation beyond Wal Jihad (JASLIWAJ) embarked upon spectacular what is generally available as information, campaigns against the Nigerian state, and a conjectures, and analyses. It is also substantially systematic campaign pf intimidation around the predicated on projections which are capable of local population. Goals of the group appear to be to: being challenged by the highly dynamic nature of i. Engage the Nigerian state in violent conflicts developments in the northern political economy, with the goals of discrediting its capacity and the tendency for partisan and narrow and . interests to assert their own worldview. integrity; Since 1999, the dominance of two parties in the ii. Enhance its image among Nigerian Muslims North, the ANPP and the PDP have deepened the as traditionally plural political environment in the defenders of their rights and dignity; region. Although the two parties defied strict iii. Engage in violent acts against non-Muslims boundaries of previous political tendencies, in to the north-east in particular, the competition reduce their numbers in "Muslim" areas between the ANPP and PDP had been most through relocation; and triggering conflicts intense, and had reinforced the historic faultlines between Muslims and non-Muslims which around religious sects and ethnic affiliation. The will extensive reliance on cleric and traditional further polarize the ... two in spatial and authority, as well as supportfrom young people political armed and mobUiz~d by both parties made terms; political competition in the region particularly iv. The creation of substantial influence over a volatile. physical part of the Nigerian state in which Opportunistic pandering to groups with some Islamic laws and practices govern private influence in religious matters and the centrality and of the issues around expanding the scope for public lives of the people. , Sharia created a closer relationship between ANPP governments and groups such as those led The JASLIWAJ had suffered major setbacks and by Muhammad Yusuf. The weakening influence recorded spectacular successes. Primarily, it has of traditional structures and the Ulaama »succeeded in pinning down the bulk of the security foreclosed an effective challenge to the recourse · ,- assets and infrastructure of the Nigerian state, and to fringe groups by politicians, and the conduct of has attracted ·and retained attention and visibility, politics and the desire for expansion by two key aims of terror. It has also suffered stresses ambitious clerics began to merge. Violence and fragmentation. Its losses in leadership, became central to the acquisition and retention manpower and expertise and .morale had been of political power all over Nigeria, and in many substantially made up by intensification of parts, such as the south-east, south-south and measures of control over areas where it had north-east, armed youths were used extensively strategic advantages. The government has made to fight the opposition and rig elections. credible incursions into its rank and file, Growth of JASLIWAJ accumulating valuable intelligence which however This was the context in which Muhammad does not appear to have been productively utilized.

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There is evidence that the original JASLIWAJ ha s of a sophisticated political level within ·the spawned one or t wo groups which appear to insurgency. It appears to have no exit st rategy, and function with t otal or substantial autonomy. Its no credible and sustained attempts to engage in loose structure and decentralized command and discussing options and capitalizing on successes. control give !ts operations flexibility and reach; Th e group(s) waging war against the Nigerian state but it has also suffered mass ive infiltration of appear to believe tha_t they can win this war in the people w ith varying levels of commitment to its long run, or at least avoid defeat and total collapse. goals. The spread of IEDs technology, as well as The state has also been poorly se rved by its ava ila bility of small arms and · capacities to ela borate institutions and capacities which could acquire loca l intellige nce and utilize the cover of have been mobilized to bring this conflict to an end, the communit y have all co ntribut ed in creating a or limit its da mage. M assive financial resources movement w ith many variants capable of deployed t oward s t he threat ma ke its sustenance sustaining its hostility for a long t ime t o co me. beneficial to t hose who benefit from spending Although there is no direct evidence t hat the funds for purchase of equipment, training and state is involved in paym ents fo r operat ional activit ies which ape or expenses. The Nigeria police further the goals of the appears to have collapsed in t he JAS LI WAJ, there i s "The Nigerian state face of the multiple threat5·' t o strong suspicion that ;?.~:;, ,- law, order and security. i n t e r ests with the The North's preparations capabi lities of the has been t owards the 2011 election and JASLIWAJ andvyith goals it s reaction to the outcome whic h include consistent in its were disast rous. The hype given · prolonging the conflict to attempts t o procu re a and weakening the northern candidate for the PDP social structures of strategy of fighting created t he impression that pa rticularly northern there was popular consensus states are also active in the insurgency by the behi nd the northern PDP · this conflict. The candidature in the North. loca l ization o f the Jonathan relied on the nort hern conflicts in . and around deployment offorce" governors to secure a w in towns and cities in Yobe against hostility by a large and Barno suggests that section of the northern political the presence of the establishment mostly in the Joint Task Force is both impactjng on the PDP and a grassroots clamour for a Buhari operations of the group, as well as intensifying· presidency. A spontaneous reaction to t _he the strategic imperative of retaining control and perception t hat the presidential elections were influence by the group. rigged reinforced t he image of a Muslim north The Nigerian state has been consistent in its which harbours bitter hostility towards a Jonathan strategy of fighting the insurgency by the presidency. deployment of force. Against a foe with a variety Scenarios ~ of tactics and targets, this strategy has been The most practical scena rio is one which foresees basically a failure. Attempts t o engage the another Jonatha n cand idature towards 2015 i nsurgency in dialogue failed because of amidst a raging war against variants of . an insufficient political will, and the powerful insurgency and a substantially weakened Nigerian influence of security interests. A political state. This will be made even worse if efforts are narrative which ha_s defined the insurgency a? a made t o rig the 2015 elections afte( dangerous resistance against the Jonathan administration sentiments around faith and region would have has also been a strong disincentive to engaging been tapped into. politicians in discussing opt ions and strategies. I. The most important task for the north now A significant factor in this conflict is the absence

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' ~ ~ . , ~ • ' • • • ' ' •-,. -, I:~~' is to put out the fire started by JASLIWAJ, and piety of politiciar)S, whether Muslim or which is now destroying it economically Christian shou ld be a key element in terms of and politically. A politically weak and the criteria for voting them into office. divided north is an advantage to People whofearGod will not fear others, will Jonathan's amqitions, and while.he may not deceive citizens to win elections, and are be obliged .as president to tackle this less likely to subvert the rule of law. This · threat, his record so far suggests he won't forum could create such platform. change his approach. So, this forum iv. There is a need for strategic rethinking in the should resolve to set up a team of credible manner the North engages the rest of Ulaama, politicians and elders to engage Nigeria. The most important requirements the insurgency. The for the north are forum should also a committed and prevail on northern h o n e s t governors and leadership arid a President Jonathan state with to move beyond e n o. u g h their current resources to po,sitions and ''A politically weak address at least e x p I o r e· n e w - the basic needs initiatives. of citizens. It ii. A platform should:", should demand, be c re at e.d t 6 " ·and divided north is riot beg for what enable northern . , belongs to it as M u s I i m-s · a n d - · of right fr.om resources ~i~c~~: ~~: ~~re~t~ an advantage to Jonathan's located far from they· all face from it, but it should the insurgency and also be more other criminal . aggressive in activities. It is vital . ambitions, and while·he ta p p i n-g i n t o that this platform what God gave operates with it. The North sufficient faces the autohomy from may be obliged as presideht possibility that it e x i s t i· n g will provide the organizations battlefront and which claim to the casualties in represent the to tackle this threat" the build-up to interests of the 2015 Muslims and elections and its Christians. Its. goal aftermath. should be to The next two years will engineer effective test the resilience of the bridges across Muslim and Christian Nigerian. state, and ·the capacity of northerners to communities in the north, and improve bounce back. Right now, the JASLIWAJ insurgency is northern unity; eating it up like a cancer, and it will require bold iii. The quality of people to vie for elective initiatives by northerners to find a solution by offices in the north should be rad ically influencing both the_ insurgency and · the improved. The existing power structures ·government. This will have to be done by people in should be completely overhauled. Faith this hall who feel the pain most.

29 en t Proje ct ~. THE NORTH AND THE NIGERIAN FEDERATION:AN APPRAISAL OF THE NIGERIAN FEDERAL STRUCTURE &THE LOCUS OF THE NORTH WITHIN IT By Dr. JUNAID MUHAMMAD

he North is that part of the Nigerian unapologetically that whatever else they may be, FederaHon bound by the following they are Northerners, with a world view which is T. latitudes and longitudes: Lat 6°20N and uniquely Northern. 14°; longitudes 2°15' and 14° 30'. The North Students of the Sokoto Caliphate will recall the constitutes 72% of the Nigerian land mass and murder of Su ltan Attahiru, by the British shortly Northerners constitute 60% of the Nigerian after Kano was overrun in 1903. Attahiru was population. From the advent of colonialism to killed in Bu rmi, near Gombe on the flight or · date no headcount, o r census by any 'Hejira' to Mecca on 15th March 1903. Other methodology using latest ava.ilable expertise at scholars prefer to blame or "praise" the Berlin the time of its conduct, has changed this basic Conference of 1885 and t he subsequent reality of Nigeria's nationhood. The last census "scramble for Africa" which facilitated the (2006) using experts and technology from the UN emergence of most colonial boundaries in sub­ Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), has re­ Saharan Africa, more or less to this day. The ratified this trend. beneficiary European powers were the convener Unlike the South of Nigeria, the North is more States of Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, · ·~. than a geographical expression, a demographic Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands. In a few cluster writ large or an irredentist jingoism. years betwe~n the _Be rlin Conference and the .. Thanks to the existence of scholarly research on death of:Attahiru, the run of the caliphate was al l < _the preexisting Hausa states and Kanem Bornu, but over. Peoples and communities that were for the Kororofa Kingdoms, pre-Adamawa generations contiguous, with same cultures and "waves/empire" etc. the North is a particularity, · mores, suddenly found themselves subject to not an abstraction. The North predates the Fulani different colonial masters with artificial borders Caliphate of Usman Dali fodio, which only foisted where none had existed. became a consolidated reality around 1808. The Given the historical sketches outlined above, it is c9liphate was in turn replaced by the fair to conclude that Northern Nigeria or the proclamation of British Ru le and claim of a British protectorate by Lord Luga rd, on l 't January 1900. Same Lugard was to proclaim the whole North and South asthe British protectorate of Nigeria in ,, aiven. the 1914. Distinct from the earlier Hausa states, Kanem historical sketches Bornu, Adamawa and Kororrofa; the Sokoto Caliphate, historians agree broadly, can be dated ou.t lin.ed above,, at 200years. ·1n fact there were plans to celebrat e the bicentenary of the caliphat e last year 2011, 1 it is fair to con.elude but had to be postpor:i ed because of t he violently rigged, mismanaged and discred ited elections of March/April that year. The Hist orica l North in t he that Northern. Nigeria past 300 to 350years has become more t han t he sum of its parts. But t he North included and or the "North" .I . encompasses diverse areas w ith diverse histories, languages and cu ltures. The Nort h has has been. 9overn.ed now be,come a value embod iment and something of a value system. An idea subscri bed pre an.d post Caliphate" to by tens of millions of Nigerians, who say

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- o:-_""£:-=-~~; ~~~"===-~~~i;.$ •• ~~~,,..-~- "North", has been governed pre and post such a meager and recalcitrant environment, the Caliphate more or less as a single "area of res'U lt is inevitable. The people divide a small return, influence" - economic, social, cultural, etc, plus all are therefore poor. or minus some peripheral but contiguous areas If Japan was a poor country, its' supposed poverty in the Sahel or East of the Camerounian would be explained along the lines just given. As a Mountain range for around 350years; before or country, Japan is a mountainous cluster of offshore simultaneously with Hausa states, Kanem Bornu, islands with very little good soil, few minerals, no oil, etc. The Fulani Empire was, already a but many educated and productive people. Japan's consolidated reality by December, 1808, or by catastrophic natural endowment goes unmentioned 1810, when Dan Fodio, effectively split the or.ily because it is rich. Same would be said of Taiwan caliphate into East and West, between Sultan and Korea, if their people were poor. Since the Mohammad Bello and His (Dan Fodio's) younger Second World War, a number of hitherto poor brother Ma lam Abdullahi Gwandu. communities have enjoyed great and sustained Our identities, problems and much else, must be increase in widely distributed income. One is subject to rigorous and objective analysis, to Taiwan, the others are Hong Kong. South Korea ascertain where we are and why in less than one makes the list post 1953 and Malaysia and Singapore and half decade, we find ourselves in such post 1964/1965. pathetic decline. The starting point for analysis What has had to be said about poverty and political must be determined by our history, an honest decline in the North has to be said in context, analysis of our culture, and its relation to our because our problems or some of them, can be history; some of it recent and some of it not so traced to political developments or if you like, to recent. self-governing democracy gone awry, or rendered Poverty as Destiny perverse by its practitioners. Based on available Poverty in the North is being reluctantly data, in 1960, the poverty rate in Nigeria was 63%, accepted as undeniable fact by Nigerians, but its with levels of poverty in the North higher than the explanations are subject to a.II sorts of bizarre, South. But in spite of hugely enhanced oil based ethnically driven explanations; even though in of revenues from 1970, and despite theoretical themselves, these 'explanations' are not new, advances and best practices available to be.learned and have been discredited by social science from China, India, Malaysia, Uganda and Ghana, etc, (economics), biology (genetics) and history in tackling the poverty affliction, the improved elsewhere. When other Nigerians including literature. and enhanced best practices claims and other northerners offer them, ad nauseum, exhortations arising from them, poverty rate in these explanations only confirm the stubborn Nigeria is today over 75%, and in the North over nature of primordially determined sources of 90%! Contrary to current thinking in certain historical, political and socio-economic error, quarters, the poverty in the. .North needs not be the over generations and millennia. As a rule, ethnic. counterweight to prosperity in the South or vice explanations of poverty are unsatisfactory and as versa. The two major component parts of Nigeria a rule, they are subject to contradiction by must develop together in peace. practical experience; sometimes these Effective government is absolutely necessary. No explanations so called, tend to confuse cause country that has industrialized in modern times, not with consequences. Japan, Taiwan, China, Brazil, Russia, Mexico or Iran One of the most common explanations of and Korea, has done so without intervention and poverty, offered at all levels of professional support by the state. The basic essentials in such sophistication in many countries daily, is that a intervention and support are also reasonably community, usually a country or region is certain: "naturally poor"! This has reference to physical 1. · There must be adequate security for people endowments; the soil is rocky, and or against physical threat to life, of persons and insufficient, there are few minerals, no oil and or their property, against property other hydrocarbons or other exploitable natural expropriation and predacious taxation. resources. When too many people struggle with 2. There must be a basic and reliable system of - ~ ~. • ., .~ · New1letter

body of values, beliefs and attitudes shaped chiefly roads, ports, electric power supply, and . by environment, religion, language and vagaries of communications, in one word history that are passed on from generation to infrastructure. generation chiefly through chi ld rearing practices, 3. There must be a supply of capital in religious practice, the education system, the media practice much of . it from outside the and peer relationships. Culture is powerfully country in form of -foreign direct influenced by religion, and sometimes cultures are investment (FDI), for onward investment defined at broad levels of generalisations, by the to private and public borrowers, and an predominant religion or ethical code: Protestant, intelligent and honest organization for Catholic, Orthodox Christian, Jewish, Islamic, receiving and passing on such loans. Confucian, Hindu and Buddhist. 4. There probably need to be some publicly Governments cannot decree their people's values, sponsored industries e.g. pilot fish indeed, governments and their actions are partly industries that, formed by national cultures have the peculiar and values. Governments merit of bringing can, however, influence others in their culture through leadership wake. "For the purpose and example, and by 5. _ Steel industry if shaping education and - the country is pedagogy, incentive large enough. of-this exercise, structures in society and Nigeria most use of the media. Moreover definitely by influencing values, they qualifies. culture is the can affect the path of 6. Chemicals or development. petrochemicals, Economic development including body of values, makes democracy possible; fertilizer political leadership ma kes it : production are real. For democracies to possible come into being, future examples. beliefs artd attitudes political elites will at· a 7. Training and minimum have to believe s p e c i ·a I i z e d that democracy is the least education. shaped chiefly by worst form of government For over two centuries for their societies and for industrialization has themselves. They will also been the proven and eJ-tvi roJ'lMeJ-tt; reli9 i OJ'l, have to have the skills to verifiable counterpart of bring about the transition the success of release to democracy against from poverty. For radicals and "sit-tight" " governments that are laJ-t9ua9e,, st and patters who inevitably inherently weak and will exist, and who will where elite political attempt to undermine their consensus as in Nigeria efforts. Democracy will i s I a c k i n g, w h at' i s spread and consolidate in suggested here is not minimal. To satisfy the t he world to the extent that those who exercise instinct for industrial progress, t he foregoing power in the world and in individual countries want agenda items should be pu rsued as gu ides to it to sp read. Sloganeering by dishonest and morally action by governments. ba nkrupt leaders does not guarantee democracy's Does Culture Matter? survival. For the purpose of this exe rci se, cu lture is t he

. - - .,, .. ·-- ~ ···-··-·•·'~!;\;$\l!~!L'":

- - ~------Health and Human Development Perspectives By: Dr. N. Sani-Gwarzo HEALTH process of income generation and gainful employn;ient. "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence ofdisease NIGERIA BACKGROUND AND DEMOGRAPHICS or infirmity. " • Federal system: FGN, 36 States, FCT Abuja, 774 LGAs ...... World Health Organization's (WHO's) definition and 9,555 wards of"health" • Population (2011proj):168 million At the Preamble to the Constitution of the • Annual Pop. Growth rate: 3.2% World Health Organization as adopted by the • · Life Expectancy: 47 yrs (female); 46 yrs (male) International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 • GDP (PPP): $292.6 billion (2007) June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the • GDP (per capita): $1, 754 (2007) representatives of 61 Sta_tes (Official Records of the • GDP growth: 2.5% (1990's)to 6% (2004-2007) World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered • Unemployment: 25.5% into force on 7 April 1948. The Definition has not been • Poverty: 54.4% live in poverty. amended since 1948. • Rural population: over 60% • Young population with a median age of 17 years HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? Source: Census,2006, NDHS 2008, UNDP HOR 2008-09, CBN 2008 The core capacities for human development are: Report • Enjoying a long and healthy life • Being educated NIGERIA:,WHY RAPID POPULATION GROWTH? • Access to resources that enable people to " Young age population structure: 43% of the current live in dignity population are under 15 years • Being able to participate in decisions that • Persistent high national fertility rate: 5.7 /woman: affect their community 7.5 NW and 7.3 NE, while 4.3 SW, and 4.8 SE Therefore: " Childhood mortality figures are dropping, Infant, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS: DEVELOPMENT OF THE Under-5, Child. PEOPLE FOR THE PEOPLE BY THE PEOPLE • Attractive destination for neighbours

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES: BUT A WORRYING DEPTH OF POVERTY Six Main Considerations: - (RELATIVE POVERTY: NBS,2010) Equity: Equal opportunities for all. Special emphasis is placed on equity of human development between men and women and various social groups. • Empowerment: Freedom of the people to 1980 27.2 65 17.1 influence, as the subjects of development, decisions 1985 46.3 75 34.7 t hat affect their lives. 1992 42.7 91.5 39.2 • Cooperation: Participation and belonging to 1996 65.6 102.3 67.1 communities and groups as a means of mutual 2004 54.4 126.3 68.7 enrichment and a source of social meaning. 2010 6.9.0 163 112.5 Sustainability: Meeting the needs of today without BUT WHY SO MUCH POVERTY AND compromising the ability of satisfying the same by UNDERDEVELOPMENT? uture generations. • An infrastructure bias: more public funds for Security: Exercise development opportunities buildings than Human Capital Development reely and safely with confidence that they will not • Lack of Fiscal and Technical Accountability, isappear suddenly in the future. • Lack of demand for Accountability Productivity: Full participation of people in the " Bad Governance?

33 DISEASE BURDEN NORTH-SOUTH DISPARITIES HIV PREVALENCE BY STATE (HSS 2010)

• Malaria !!i\i>:ln\J

A'lbll~l Leprosy ~lf(!)~ R)~ · Rl~il:J• ~.n.vj i • M eningitis lf,t, r :;.i bl_~l 6\!1'1•11'111 • Cholera lfd~ it- • · ·~ • V,J:ll 1 1&~1:! 1 '..! n n\~ I Vaccine Preventable Di se ases, e.g.: Poliomyelitis, 5' 11 .:•v.~ 601"'1·ft1:.,,• -- Measles, Pertussis, m!1""""'9)i.'11 Alc!tl;;w1to;ioxi:•.11 !(;'..:l'1 n"1>'1 ·- 11'.:ll:il:!:•·"~" Sl<-l!>!l NIGERIA (Ol,;" il'!'i llf\di •tl <.T\ -..... z.~• 111 rf.:ilrl,~1 -.... L°'.;lll;Jna 53.ll 'i'l"..:>1)'¢' -.­ I)~) 1.:12 @ 1 Ei\J'<.:1-.lt-~(l'llrer v·1ra ill: []_;c-~-r~r; ~ ~D ~~tb~1 ~ ~Wll> 1'31'?Dl!l 1% 1\IC£ 33D 2 ...... Tw.'fJr~lli %D ~ 315 '"...,'~:ir:i~ ~ Cl1!>er3 32D .!,IDS 1!E l_!~,.i,s HD TOTAL TB CASES NOTIFIED IN 2011 (}~~ D3!i I tm-t:L11.•ffit~ 1 . ra 1j D ~·$ D3D l!Jierwl%s 13D DISAGGREGATED BY STATE

NATIONAL HIV PREVALENCE TREND 1991- 2010 "'~""' ""'Og~ H"i I 7 ~----­ ""'"- - 1 p 6 De'"lta ...... -

fn u g ~ e 4 4J '""" 1~ v e 3 _._ a .... z 1% 1 ___.__ e 0 --+ n 9\ 9"1 f'V:; 9"1 ~.., &}'; ~ ~q, ·- ~ . -~ 9'> ~ 'V f f f "C# · c {' - ""rcr Year --- -- HIV PREVALENCE BY ZONE (HSS 2010) YEAR 2011 TB CNR/100,000POP DISAGGREGATED BY ZONE 8.0 - 7-9------7.0 80 _, . "" " e 6.0 v t--5·9------11: I 5.0 60 - !"'! 53 ['; - 4g- - -- ~ - -· I- - 4.0 so .... - ~ I"! ~ -- 41l!i - 3.0 40 j, · • CNR/100.000po p 2.0 !~ c 30 , ,..- f,; u LO +- t-- - ~ r-- f1 r-- 20 - H r~ % 0.0 - - r--- t-- 1-- ,- '·' JO ~ l NW SW NE SE SS NC National t·: ~ t-- 1--;7 Zone ~ · ':": ~- NC NE NW SS SE SW

· --- -.:0~ ~""~' ,_ ,

------~------~~- - -~--- HIV AND TB DUAL EPIDEMIC DISTRIBUTION OF CSM CASES BY STATES/LGAS, WKOl-52, 2011 !HVV rewlence lly Slate(ilSs Zli16l CNR/100,000 pop ""''"" .J;t;r.~ 'l.X ~~~~~~~~~~··~· li}-U~>'l'

(;y f··-1• •u.111 ... ·~...... ,~· t ~~ ~~ .~----911" •ow I»• ...... [ :i,y/ --­ k(..'(:;~.,,._ ~,...~ ...,~ c .. - Gf.W ...... ~-- -..· t~""~ t~~ LGAs affected = 167 -->mu~ # States affected =24 --~~.. ~

ii;; ;11 '~ fY U tJ O U.IJ lU om =="-._-+----1--1---4-----i """'"""' go 100 HQ 140

NIGERIA POLIO CASES AS AT NOVEMBER 23, 2012 Malaria in Children by Zone Percentage of clltldren age 6-59 months who tesred ______..., osmw 0 1 malarta by m1Croscopy • As at November 23, 2012 Nigeria has 103 cases of wild poliovirus in 11 States compared to 55 cases in 8 States for the same period in 2011 • 1 new WPVl case was reported this week in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. • Nigeria contributes 95% to the polio burden in AFRO

• As at November 16, 2012 Nigeria has 6 cVDPV2 cases in 2 States compared to 34 cases in 10 States •There is one case ohVOPV2 from Edo State for the same period in 2011.

The 2010 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS)

ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEW LEPROSY CASES IN CSM HIGH-RISK STATES IN NIGERIA NIGERIA IN 2011

1400 "

1200 •Nigeria has a total population 6f 169, 019 328, distributed in 36 1000 states+ FCT

•The Meningitis belt in 800 Nigeria involves 26 States (+ FCT) in the I Totalnewca m oflepro~y country 600

•Huge CSM outbreak in 44 2009/2010 ' C:msath'c a~cn t fo r 400 the epldcmk wus predomluu.ntlr f:L. ~A . 200

NC Total NE Total NW Tota! SE Total SS Total SW Total NIGERIA: CHOLERA CASE~, aY STATES/LGA, WKOl- Policy development process is mostly influenced by 52, 2011 external Needs-identification Policy Reform process, often not evidence-based • Lack of Strategic direction in Policy, e.g.: • HRH Development Process; production, deployment, management, retention and motivation Health Systems Infrastructure, (no harmonization or regulation

CHALLENGES IN HEALTH POLICY -2 • Availability of Development Assistance often guides priority setting Poor Government funding (including Counterpart funding) Weak multi-sector coordination:- Non-health sector impact on health, e.g. . • LGAs affected 203

#of States affected= 26 cholera, lead poisoning and perennial floods, Reported Cholera Cases= 23377, Deaths= 742 • Weak coordination of Health Sector Partners/ Stakeholders.

RECOMMENDATIONS MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO (MMR) HOSPITAL FGN DATA The H&HD Situation in Northern Nigeria • Barno 727per100,000 live-births requires a deliberate, bold and peculiar Enugu 809per100,0_00 live-births attention, Plateau 846per100,000 live-births ACF Cross River 2977per100,000 live-births Establish a 'Shadow' Administrative, •. Lagos 3380per100,000 live-births Monitoring and Advisory Outfit to provide Kano 3523per100,000 live-births pressure on Sustainable Development (Sources: Society of Obstetric and Gynecology of Nigeria-SOGON, 2009) (including H&HD) in the entire Northern Region State Governments NATIONAL DISPARITIES IN WATER COVERAGE States to Re-strategize and establish in HD­ Access in the North East zone is less than 50% in all focused approach to Development the states. It ranges from 51-100% in the South West. Northern Civil Society Organizations to support good North Eastern zone has the lowest access, governance especially Gombe, Taraba and Adamawa. Individually: Everyone has something to offer .... Start now! 1. CHALLENGES IN LEADERSHIP Public health leadership is very transient in Nigeria, 47% of Ministers' tenure is one year or .Less (1984-2011) • Weak Institutional Memory/Lack of Continuity Unstable Management Teams: Permanent Secretaries, Directors, Program Managers Although Health is on the concurrent list, Events at National Level affect all other levels

2. CHALLENGES IN HEALTH POLICY --~W-eak Policy Environment: Ni~eria at 52: First Health Bill Approved at SO;'but still in Col'.ltention 36 IY!&\fifsC@fXJ&rt STRATEGIES TO DRIVE THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTH AND NIGERIA By: Prof. Sadiq. z . Abubakar, FNIAE, FNSE, MASABE, MAESON

fo rce to the urban centers-decline in agric production. • Ag ri culture is a key component of Nigerian economy, currently contributing 42% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) against 13% foroil. • Crop production accounts for 85% of this GDP, livestock 10%, fisheries4% & forestry 1% • The Sector Emp loys 66% of the active population • The sector is Performing be low its Potential. CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRIC SECTOR (1) • Out of 79 m ha of arable land, only 32 m ha (40 %} are • Landmass of 923, 768 sq km and shoreline of nearly cultivated. 900km in the south • More than 90% ~ of Agric Qutput is accounted by • A Tropical Climate that supports cultivation of a households cultivating less than 2ha. large number of species and breeds of crops I livestock I fish, and forest resources, · CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRIC SECTOR(3) • Estimated and projected water use for the agric • Post harvest losses ranges between 30to 50% sector is current 2.612km3/year and would be at • Typical farm size ranges from 0.5 to 4.0ha. 3.216km 3/year by 2025 accounting of r over 50% of • 30% of Livestock slaughtered come from the total water demand and exerting huge stress on neighboring countries. the resources • The daily animal protein in take of lOg per caput per • The country is the most populous in Africa with an day compared to FAO's .,recommendation of 36g is estimated population of about 176 million in 2011, . grossly inadequate. , . ·" • A growth rate of 3.2% per an~um. • Fish national demand in 2008 was' estimated at 2.6 • The Economy has a large rural sector, mostly million MTs while local supply was only 600,000 metric agrarian based and contains more thari two-thirds (85 tonnes. %) of the poor. · • An estimate of 700,000 MTs worth $500 million is imported annualJy. · "' • Producers yields are far below the research yield potentials ·- .-- ...

-...~_ - ...... CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRIC SECTOR(2) a In 1996, 65% of Nigerians- were- living below poverty line & the figure dropped to 62.5% by 2009 THE KEY SUB-SECTO!lS OF NIGERIAN AGRIC • In 2009, Nigeria was classified as one of the a Oil Seed Crops (G/Nut, Castor, Sesame, etc} poorest countries of the world with more than 70 % of • Fiber Crops (Cotton, Jute, etc},. the population below the poverty line of $1 a day. • Tree Crops (Cocoa, O/Palm, G/Arabic, Rubber} • Poverty is more prevalent in the rural areas & is • Horticultural Crops (Fruits, Vegetables, etc} further accentuated by the migration of the labour • Livestock (diary, beef, hides, skin, etc} • Poultry (broiler, layers, etc Fisheries (fish/she rims, etc) NIGERIA'S LOW AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY - Forest/Wildlife (Bees, silk, etc) YIELD PER HECTARE

Comparison of Nigeria's yields across all crops versus other ..... leading agricultural countries Key takeaways Annu• l1rowthrates •Yield per Hectare isthedrlverof lndexoluopylelds1elatlvet0Nigeri•'syieldsin1961' 1961 - 2008 Meawre:Aelatiiregrowthincropyi~ld> agricultural competitiveness.

1 Nigeria's yield per hectare is 20%to 50% of that obtained in similar developing 4 i . TNJand ' countries. ' 1 ~ lfldol'les1a 3 I 2.3% 'In 1961, Indonesia's yields were lower 1.6% than that of Nigeria. ln20yearslndonesia :i ~ :: 1 1.2% increased itsyie!d3ti;;es. ! -- 0 ifttl.i.14W1Mifti 1961 1970 !9

NIGERIA IMPORTS OVER 1 TRILLION NAIRA IN WHEAT, Our forme r glory in the global Nigeria's dominance was ecl ipsed by China, USA and trade of groundnut- Circa 1961 Argentina RICE, SUGAR AND FISH EVERY YEAR

Share ofworld'sshelltdgroundnu1uportslnl961' ~======eri1'1 exportvolurrm(ompared t ogkl~I export volumufor shelled 1roundnut 1961 - 2008' Mea .ure: %ofwo'1dtr!de a;ure:Thou1and1ofmttr~ton1 Nigeria's imports Key takeaways

1 f Nl~t<"i.1 1 Exports GIGb1I b:ports •Nigeria's food import bill is exceptionally high. The top Nigeria's top 4 food imports • fou r imports consume over 1 trilli on naira in foreign Measure: Annual food imports in billions of naira l excha nge every yea r. Othe~ l Nigei-~ Whl!at I World's largest importer • Nige ri a's food imports areg rowing at an unsustainable ofUShardredandwhite 635 rate of 11% per annum C 19611970198019902:0002008 1G6t 111701QSO 199(12001>2008 winter Wh eat • Relying on the import of expensive food on global •ourcompetitorsmaintainedtheir Global m ~ 1ket-1hue trtnd ofshtlled groundnut amongl::ty prtldums'" markets fuels domestic inflation. dominanceduetostrongmarketing Me rn1re: Perc e nt o f glolli1 l radeo !1he l~ edGr ou nd n ut Rice organizationsthatlinkedthefarmersto World's#2lmporter •Nigeria is importing what it can produce in abundance . ... markets and herice were able to meet new strictsanitaryandphytosanitary requirements, particulartyforAfratoxin,a • Import dependency is hurtiilg Nigerian farmers , serious food toxin. displacing local production and creating rising • Newtechnologies,Aflasafe, have been Sugar .,u_nemp\oyment. developed to enable Nigeria meet the new stnctsamtaryand phytosamtary •Jmportdependencyisnot acceptable,norsustainable requirements. *FAO ** Doreo Analysis, FAO fisca11y,economical!yorpolitica!ly. Fish

'CBN NIGERIA'S LOST GLORY IN THE WORLD TRADE OF COTTON NIGERIA'S UNEMPLOYMENT CHALLENGE

Our former position in global Nigeria's dominance was eclipsed by Mali and Burkina fJigeria's unemployment rate is spira ling upwards, growing at 11%per year. The youth of the nation are the most impacted, with a youth trade of cotton - Circa 1961 unemp!oyment rate th atisover50%. Faso Nigeria's spiraling Unemployment Key unemployment Shmoftheworlii'scottonexporuJn1961• 1gena s e~port volumes comp;irtd to global exportvol~mts 1961 ~ 2008' breakdown youth & region takeaways MmurnThomndsofmetncton1 Measure:%ofwo rldtrade ~~~~~~~~~~~- Re&ionalunemploymentrates' •Our unemployment rate is spiraling , driven at16%peryear• Measure: % f N11ena'snports Globalexporn by the wave of 4 Million young people M"~""' ' .· entering the workforce every year with only a small fraction able to fi nd formal :l1l.O employment. r- . llH1'7 IOIG ~ ~m 1.U 1U , 20,0 IM l~. D ll • Agriculture has demonstrated an ability to 19 I.JM~,~ I solve this challenge, as can be seen by the LLI JJ_...... 1 J_lll. fact that the breadbasket region i.e. "North l L:.. ..: I ll __ . Central", has the lowest unemployment 1!!6111101!11illlll\l:IOOll~I 111!11lf01!!6i111!1J10002008 rate in the country.

• ln 1961, Nigeria was the major West African G!obalmarliet·slli1e titndofCottonamol\RkeyWestAlriYnproductr;"' cotton exporter, however, its prominence Measure:Ptrcemolgtobal trade ofCotton has been eclipsed by Mali and Burkina Faso. Mati •Our competitors maintained their aurkina domi nance due to strong marketing Fa10 organizations,thatlinkedthefarmersto marketsandprovidedsupportintheform Nigi':ria ofimprovedplantingmaterialsandferti!izer andtheabilitytomeetqualitystandards.

'FAO **Doreo Analysis, FAO

38' SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE AGRIC SECTOR (1) Deve lopment and Use of Fa rm Tools & Machineries Strength: matching the available Fa rm _P ower for higher output • Large expense of landmass Development and Use of Farm Infrastructure to • Large volume of Surface & G/water Resources support the production, processing, preservation, • Diverse and favourable Climate packaging, handling and ma rketing of crops, t rees, • Abundant Biodiversity (crops, animals, fishes, animals, poultry, fisheries, forestry products for forest, etc) competitive marketing • Active Population dwelling in Rural Areas Development and Use of improved Techniques and • Huge markets (Internal and External) Practices for improved productivity and efficiency Development and Use ofTechniques and Practices to SWOT ANALYSIS OF T l::'~- AGRIC SECTOR(2) conserve environment, natural resources and Weakness: biodiversityfor_sustainability Low qu-alityJandmass (declini.ngfef.tiHty) "( •• ··.:, -.· ".':5~ • ' ~}~ ~· • • ' . Low applkation of tech to optimize water Res · GOALS AND EXPECTE D OUTCOMES FOR THE AGRIC Poor rural population with no access to credit SECTOR • Weak Agric Extension Service Delivery System Increasing food and nutritional security, • Low uptake of improved tech/practices amongst Increasing ru ral income growth, users improving agricultural export earnings, • Culture of Individualism and personal enterprises Reducing food importdeper\dency, · • Weak linkage with Industry Employment and job creation, • Continuous decline in the No of Secondary Provision of Policy, regulatory, extension, financial, Industries to absorb the produce of agric/primary etc services

SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE AGRIC SECTOR(3) PROMOTING AGRICULTURE AS AGRIBUSINESS - Opportunities: • lnputsupply/lmport, • Abundant and active Productive Labour • handling, storage • Abundant Natural and Renewable Resources • Agro-processing, • Diverse Climate Marketing/Trading, Huge Internal & External Markets Produce/Products export, • Competitive advantage (temporal & Spatial) • Agricultural distribution/retailing for food, fibre and • Continuous and· !11assive turn over of industrial crops. educated/skillful yout~s ~ • Robust R & D and Training system EXAMPLES OF PRODUCT VALUE CHAIN • Comprehensive Extension Service Framework • Primary processing: Operations on natural produce, · such as cleaning, sorting, grading,-dehusking, SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE AGRIC SECTOR(4) • Secondary processing: Simple modification of Threats: natural produce, such as dehydration/drying of crops, • Collapse of basic rural infrastructure hydrogenation of edible oils, canning of whole fruits, • Unskilled labour force on Agric enterprises • Tertiary processing : Advanced modification to the • Mass drifting of active labour out of agric Sector natural produce to transform them ir;ito edible products • Aged skilled labour without replacement such as ketchup from tomatoes, .cheese from dairy • Net . importer and consumer of agric (food products, etc. insecurity) • Decline of secondary industry (sp Agro-allied) Roles of Key Devef.opment Institutions .. Absence of organized & structured market Legislative ref~rm to actualize the spirit of placing • Weak&dis-organized rura l institutions agriculture on the concurrent list in the constitution • Lack of access to credit facility by the rural poor Development of realistic and forward looking agricultural policy that would give emphasis to: REQUIREMENT TO DRIVE NIGERIAN AGRICULTURE Irrigated agriculture, Mechanized • Development and Use of Farm Power _to Provide agriculture, the Needed Energy Financial, regulatory and agric

39 '.:" p

extension service provision Development and empowerment of , '-----' farmer organizations ./ • Development and promotion of 1 agric commodity per community to the point of branding Provision offunctional education to support value chain development for key commodities .. Sustainable support to R&D Centres

ROLES OF TRAINING INSTITUTIONS Promotion of functional education in tertiary institutions, Non formal Entrepreneual '" Degrees/Diplomas in Universities and Polytechnics NCEs in FCEs/Colleges of Agric, Animal Husbandry, fisheries, Horticulture, Pasture, Irrigation, Wildlife, .. Advanced Skills in Farmer Academies and other specialized facilities, " First time Skill Acquisition and Development in Centers on specific Agric trades/Enterprises

ROLES OF RAND D CENTERS '" Maintenance of genetic resources of crops, li\,'.estock, fisheries, poultry, forest resources " Development of improved varieties/b· n~~ds, practices, labour saving devices, etc for maximum COMMON NEEDS: PROVISION OF AFFORDABLE · productivity and market competitiveness TRANSPORTATION FOR AGRIC PRODUCTS FROM " Development of practices to harness the.abundant PRODUCERS TO MABKETS natural resources like soil, water, solar, biomass, as • ~ .j. well as raw materials for both industries and export, " Carry out farming system r~search for quick adoption of improved innovati6r:is -&y- diverse end users Plan, coordinate and supervise the functioning and performance ofREFILS " Establishment of model agric villages with a particular product for branding to meet global standards, Example: Apples in Mambila, Acha in Jos, etc " Establishment of specific cottage and small scale industry for specific commodities Deliberate promotion of secondary industries directly linked to specific Agric Value Chains

COMMON NEEDS: LACK OF POWER FOR

40 COMMON NEEDS: DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

COMMON NEEDS: PROCESSING, PACKAGING AND MARKETING OF HIGH VALUE FRUITS AND . VEGETABLES

..

41 CONCLUSION (2) In most development models: ' Modern industry is the cutting edge of economic growth, ' Agriculture plays the role of a resource reservoir which can be drawn on for supplies of food, labor, and finance to fuel the growth of urban activities. ' This is both a logical necessity and a matter of · historical experience, illustrated by the case of Japan, Brazil, Malaysia, etc.

CONCLUSION (1) It is our contention that \ is needed in the sense of simultaneous efforts to promote agricultural and industrial development. ' We recognize that there are severe ·limitations on the capacity of a country like Nigeria to do everything at once. ' But it is precisely this consideration which underscores the importance of : I. Developing agriculture in such a way as CONCLUSION (3) to both minimize its demand on ' We can once again rise up and develop the agric resources most needed for industrial potentials obtain in virtually the 774 LGAs development and 1 We can have 1community1 agric product policy ii. Maximize its net contribution required 1 We can develop agric products for: for general growth Home market ,. Regional Market ' International Market • We have the resources to invest into this venture • I am sure IF we have the political will to pursue this vital necessary vision to save the next generation now, • We have capacity and the resources to do this • We pray that something would wa,ke us up to do the right thing at the right time /

42 COMMUNIQUE ISSUED AT THE END OF A lWO·DAV CONFERENCE ON THE NORTH AND STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT HELD ON THE STH AND 6TH OF DECEMBER,2012 AT AREWA HOUSE, KADUNA

he Arewa Research and Development efforts by other groups and individuals to Program (ARDP) under the auspices of solve the problems of the region through TArewa House - Centre for Historical sustained, strategic engagement. and Research and Documentation, Ahmadu Bello development of implementable policy University, Kaduna, organized a two-day options in partnership with the National conference on the North and Strategies for Assembly, ACF Northern G,overnors Forum 1 Sustainable Development on the Sh and 6 h and indeed all other groups with similar December 2012. mission. The conference drew participants from a broad The conference notes and expresses concern that: spectrum of concerned northerners comprising The weakening nature and perhaps the of former Heads of State, Vice President, failure of the Nigerian State to protect lives Governors, onetime .Ch.ief Justice of the and property as well as its inability to Federation, Speaker, FE;?derc11 House of provide basic social services and guarantee Representatives, academics of the top range in freedom and rights of citizens cumulatively their respective fields, erstwhile ministers, accounts for the current state of siege in Federal and State Permanent Secretaries, Retired which the North now find itself. Generals and Police· Chiefs, Serving heads of The systematic erosion of cherished values federal and state agencies; businessmen, women and youth groups. of honesty, tolerance and integrity that The conference was declared open by Governor were once the hallmark of public service in of Kaduna State, Sir Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa, CFR, the North have resulted in bad governance, while the Chairman of the Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF} Alhaji Alika Mohammed stood in for General Yakubu Gowon, GCFR as the Chairma·n of "The systeMatic erosion. the occasion. The vice Chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria was the host. of cherished values The objectives of the conference are: ., To bring all the disparate groups working of non.esty, toleran.ce an.d in different directions but all with the aim of promoting northern interests within a in.te9rity .that greater Nigeria under one platform. To complement and harmonize all efforts were On.Ce tne naltW\ark of being made by long existing groups, . northern elders and the Northern public service in. Governors Forum with a view to creating a formidable, all inclusive Pan- Northern the North platform to tackle the problems of the nave resulted in. bad north in particular and Nigeria in general To build the requisite confidence and 9overn.an.ce, disre9ard assurance amongst the diverse peoples of the north, that the present challenges for the rule of law an.d can be surmounted but only if all the people do come together. aen.eral decaden.ce'> To assure the North and its friends that this initiative will draw lessons and experiences from past and ongoing 43 ~ft 1 p - ~ i · -- .. ArewaA Resear.Ri D el 11-me nt Projec t N

disregard for the rule of law and general return the reg ion to its erstwhile leading decadence. position as the food basket of the nation. Social indicators and statistics for all 2. That human capital development being the human development perspectives show key to enhanced living standard must be the dismal crises in education, health, given special attention to addres_s the water and sanitation services thereby northern peculiarities in the pnmary, placing the region far below its secondary and vocational education as well counterparts in well as the provision of the country r equired trained The effect of the manpower for primary current insurgency That with over 72% of the national hea Ith ca re to give of Jama'atu Ahlas landmass and special priority to the Sunna Ii dawa'ati eradication of all walJihad and other favorable climatic condition for both preventable diseases in forms ofinsecurity rain-fed and irrigation farming, the region have impacted 3. That leadership at II negatively on the millions of livestock and other sundry levels must be open, socio-economic, transparent and political and the agricultural endowments, the north has accountable. religious life of the to modernize its agriculture 4. That the federal people. Economic f government in liaison growth and with all the with state governors, the development, affected communities, commerce and priority attention required · religious leaders should trade in both to return the region get together to formal and genuinely dialogue with informal sectors of to its erstwhile leading position the insurgents with the the northern as the food basket of the nation. view to ending the the states are being insecurity in the north. stifled with 5. That there is the multiplier on the , . urgent need to explore and exploit the larger national and African sub-regional abundant mineral resources existing all over economies north in order to generate more revenue in The general conduct of the· JTF and how support of the developmental needs of the the fundamental rights of the citizens of region. the north are being violated in clear 6. That there is need to harness all sources of breach of the rules of engagement It is energy in the north to meet the domestic expected that the JTF to strictly abide by and industrial requirements of the region . the professional terms of engagement in 7. That this current initiative be sustained the interest of peace. through the development of a common The Conference therefore resolves as follows: vision which would be consciously agreed 1. That with over 72% of the national upon by all groups with clear landmass and favorable climatic implementation strategies and timelines condition for both rain-fed and irrigation forthe actualization of this common vision. farming, millions of livestock and other 8. That the Northern Region will create a sundry agricultural endowments, the strong and united platform to address the north has to modernize its agriculture current security situation and the politics of with all the priority attention required to the North with particular reference to 2015 elections. 44