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I INTRA-PARTY POLITICS and PRIMARY ELECTIONS IN INTRA-PARTY POLITICS AND PRIMARY ELECTIONS IN PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC PARTY: A STUDY OF THE EMERGENCE OF GUBERNATORIAL CANDIDATES IN KADUNA STATE, (1999-2015) BY Aminu Kwasau MUHAMMAD, B.SC. (UDUS) 2004, M.SC. (ABU) 2011, PH.D/SOC-SCI./3299/2011-2012 SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: PROFESSOR, EJEMBI ANEFU UNOBE (CHAIRMAN) PROFESSOR YUSUF YAKUBU ABDULLAHI (MEMBER) DR. MUHAMMAD URUDDEEN MUSA (MEMBER) A PH.D. THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTORATE DEGREE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA AUGUST, 2017 DECLARATION i I, Muhammad Aminu Kwasau, with registration number, Ph.D./SOC- SCI/3299/2011-2012, do hereby declare that, this thesis has been written by me and it is a product of my research. No part of this thesis was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other institution. All quotations are indicated and the sources are specifically acknowledged by means of reference. ……………….………… ………………………….. ………………………….. Name of Student Signature Date ii CERTIFICATION This Thesis titled ―INTRA-PARTY POLITICS AND PRIMARY ELECTIONS IN PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC PARTY (PDP): A STUDY OF THE EMERGENCE OF GUBERNATORIAL CANDIDATES IN KADUNA STATE, (1999-2015)‖, by Aminu Kwasau MUHAMMAD meets the requirements governing the award of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in the Department of Political Science and International Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. …………………. ……………………….. Prof. Ejembi Anefu. Unobe Sign Date (Chairman, Supervisory Committee) …………………… ………………………. Prof. Yusuf Yakubu Abdullahi Sign Date (Member, Supervisory Committee) …………………… ……………………. Dr. Muhammad Nuruddeen Musa Sign Date (Member, Supervisory Committee) …………………… ………………….. Dr. Aliyu Yahaya Sign Date (Head of Department) …………………… ………………….. Professor S. Z. Abubakar (Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies) Sign Date iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my late father, Alhaji Aminu Abdullahi and my mother, Hajiya Halima Muhammad Inuwa and to the entire family of late emir of Zazzau, Malam Ibrahim the son of emir of Zazzau, Malam Muhammad Lawal Kwasau. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I must begin by expressing my sincere gratitude to Almighty Allah, the Omnipotent, the Omniscience, the Lord of the earths and heavens and the master of the Day of Judgment, for giving me chance to reach this time in my life and in my academic career. I must be grateful to Him for enabling me to undertake this research in a good condition of health. Again, praise is due to his Incumbent Messenger of the last revelation to wholesome Mankind. I owe my enormous intellectual and moral gratitude to Prof. Ejembi Anefu Unobe (Chairman, Supervisory Committee), Prof. Yusuf Yakubu Abdullahi (Member, Supervisory Committee) Dr. Nuruddeen Muhammad Musa (Member, Supervisory Committee), Prof. Habu Muhammad (BUK) (External Examiner), Professor Anyebe (Internal Examiner), Dr. Siddique Abubakar Muhammad (Internal Examiner), Dr. Audu Jacob (Internal Examiner), for their mentorship, dedication, commitment, patience and tireless efforts which broadened my scope of knowledge. The team of supervisors and examiners proved this by correcting the manuscript, making constructive criticisms, suggestions and recommendations in every stage of writing this thesis. Infact, their intellectual guidance and constructive criticisms have not only reduced imperfections in the work, but also embellished it. My sincere gratitude also goes to all my respected and well-deserved lecturers of the Department of Political Science and International Studies, for their academic mentorship throughout my post-graduate studies in ABU, especially Professor Paul Pindar Izah, Professor Rauf Ayo Dunmoye, Professor Ejembi Anefu Unobe, Professor Kayode Omojuwa, Professor Hudu Ayuba Abdullahi, Professor Yakubu Yusuf Abdullahi, Professor Umar Mohammed Kaoje, Dr. Mohammed Abubakar Siddique, Dr. Isah Mohammed Abbas, Late Dr. Sabo Bako, Dr. Isma‘il Shehu, Dr. Mohammed Fahl, Late. Mal. Saidu Adamu, Mal. Garba Aminu, Dr. Musa Idris (Public Admin. Kongo), Late Dr. Odofin, Dr Edgar Agubamar, Dr. Aliyu Yahaya (Head of Department), Dr. Nuruddeen Muhammad Musa, Dr. Moveh David Omeiza, (PG. Coordinator), Dr. Audu Jacob, Dr. Dayyabu Muhammad Hassan, Mal. Umaru Tanko Abdullahi, Dr. Bello Basiru Gwarzo, Dr. Lawal tafida, Dr. Bappa Habib Yahaya, Late Dr. Suleiman Sunday, Late Mr. Muftwang, Dr. Rahanatu Lawal, whose positive ideas, motivation and academic guidance during my course work, have not only broadened my scope of knowledge but also widened my political horizon. I am also very grateful to other respected lecturers of this great department whose name did not appear above, especially, Malam Hamza Auwalu Abdulaziz, Malam Abdul, Malam Isma‘il Aminu Danja, Malam Mohammed Shu‘aibu (Babangida), Malam Danladi, v Malama Fatima Mahmud Tope, Malama Bukola, Mrs. Rahila Yakubu, Malama Halima, Malama Khadija Sanusi Gumbi, Mal. Abubakar Aliyu Rafindadi, Mal. Saminu Idris, Mal. Ridhwan Abdullahi Aliyu, Mal. Ridhwan Mas‘ud Umar, and Mal. Hadiza Sarki Edwards for their interest towards seeing the success of this research. I also wish to extend my special thanks and appreciation to the members of my family especially Late Alh. Ja‘afaru Kwasau (Galadima), Late Alhaji Aminu Abdullahi Kwasau (my father), Hajiya Halima Muhammad Inuwa (my mother), Malam Muhammad Inuwa, Late Aishatu (Tauraruwa) Alhaji Mohammed Hayatuddeen (Galadima), Malam Buhari Mohammed, Malam Abubakar Aminu, Ja‘afar Aminu (Bature), Suleiman Aminu, Ahmad Aminu (Magaji), Late Hadiza (Maman Ladi), Late Hadiza (Tambaya), Hauwa‘u Adamu, (my step mother), Karimatu Abdullahi (my step mother), Safiya Sokoto (My beloved sister), Fatima (Binta), Hauwa‘u (Asabe), Aisha (Ladidi), Aisha (Allarai), Malama Salamatu (Inna uwa), Malama Maimuna, Rahinatu Khaleel (my wife), Asma‘u Salisu (my wife) Malam Lawal Umar, Late Aminu Usman Gayya, Mal. Abubakar Musa Kago, Mal. Ibrahim Jaafar, Mal. Yahaya Jaafar, Mal. Ibrahim Umar, Mal.Yahya Umar, Mal. Hamza Nuhu, Mal. Jamilu Abdulqadir and Late Mal. Adamu Muhammad Danbaba for their financial support, guidance and concern throughout my studies, and the entire families of both the Malam Abdullahi Ibrahim Kwasau and Malam Muhammad Inuwa. My appreciation will not be completed without acknowledging my gratitude to all staff of CEDDART Zangon-Shanu Zaria especially the chairman, Dr. Abubakar Siddique Mohammed, Malam Garba Wada (Chief Librarian), Khadija Adamu (Librarian), Sakina Aliyu (Librarian), Bitrus (Cleaner), my class mates, friends, and research assistants especially Mal. Usman Mohammed (Kogi State University), Mal. Shehu Usman Sani, Prof. Ntim Gyakari Esew, Dr. Patrick Peter, Dr. Tukur Abdulkadir, Dr. Yusuf Musa, Dr. Usman Mohammed, Mal. Yakubu Haruna Ja‘e, Mal. Sama‘ila Suleiman Adamu, Mal. Alidu Muhammadu, Mal. Aliyu Yero, Mal. Barakatu Sani, Hajiya Halima, Alh. Hamisu, Mal. Safiya (Secretary), Mrs. Afiniki, Mrs. Justina, Mal. Habiba (KASU), Salim Ahmed, Muhammad Kabir Mahe, Muhammad Sani Shu‘aibu, Muhammad Sani Abdullahi, Kaduna State University, PDP Secretariat Kaduna, Kaduna state Independent Electoral Commission (KSIECOM), Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) Kaduna, Transition Monitoring Group (TMG) Kaduna, Malam Sama‘ila Sani, (Kaduna State PDP Admin. Officer 1999-Date), Abdullahi Muhammad Ibrahim (INEC), Dr. Yusuf Musa (Bauchi State University), Abubakar Musa Kalgo, Mal. Hussaini Dambo (Federal University Gusau), Abubakar Liman, Mr. Shapera Simon Aondohemba, Mr. zasha Tersoo Zasha (Federal University Dutsinma), Miss Mary Edet Etim, Mal. Aminu Musa ( Federal University Kebbi), Muhammad Aminu Danjuma, Shehu Hussaini, Muhammad kabir vi Umar, Malam Kabir Musa Tukur-Tukur, Malam Yunus Abbas, Haruna Munkaila, Malam Bello A. Bello, Abdurrahman Baba Marte, Mr. Festus Okeye, Mus‘ab bn Umair Islamic School Fadama, Kaura Zaria, Mu‘az bn Jabal School for Islamic Studies and Guidance Tukur Tukur Zaria, Malam Musa Hudu, Malam Umar Shehu (Baballiya), Malam Umar Aliyu Baballe, Mal. Sani Mohammed, Mal. Mohammed Abdulkadir Tabari (Baba Karami), Baitussalam Al-Islamiyya (Dutsinma), Mal. Abubakar Hamza, Mal. Abdussalam Umar, Mal. Bashir Jaafar, Dr. Isah Sa‘idu Liman Mal. Munir Abubakar Muhammad, Mal. Abdullahi Gali, Mal. Gazali, Mal. Nuhu Ramalan, Mal. Ibrahim Magaji, Mal. Juwaratu, Mal. Hadiza, Mal. Binta Ahmed Dodo, Mal. Ibrahim Ahmed Ladi, Mal. Hajara Ado,Mr. Daniel Awuudu, Mr. Umar Garpiya, Mr. Gabriel Obute, Mal. Yahya Abdulkadir Jamfalam, Mal. Ramatu Yusuf, Mal. Ibrahim Kawule Mikailu, Mal. Ibrahim Baba Gombe and Mal. Hafiz, (FCE Zaria), Mal. Auwal Magaji (KAD-POLY) for their love, criticism, and contributions towards realization of this dream. Finally, my heartfelt gratitude also goes to Miss. Promise Eyo (Typist), Mr. Ameh, Mr. Sunday (Sunny), Miss. Ruth, Miss Pauline, Adam Harauna, Nura B. Ahmed, Umar Aliyu Barewa, Misah Café Kongo, Teku Ventures (TV) Kofar Doka Zaria, for typing this research from manuscript to a flash drive and subsequently to its present shape. God bless you all. vii ABSTRACT As a result of irregularities in the conduct of PDP governorship primaries, which has to do with the imposition of candidates, substitution of candidates‘ names in INEC some weeks to the general elections, submission of names to INEC of candidates who were defeated at the primary election, neglecting rank-and-file
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