США И Россия: 210 Лет Дипломатических Отношений И Международной Коммуникации USA and Russia: 210 Years of Diplomatic Relations and International Communication

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США И Россия: 210 Лет Дипломатических Отношений И Международной Коммуникации USA and Russia: 210 Years of Diplomatic Relations and International Communication УДК 930.85 НИР. Современная коммуникативистика (№ 3, 2017). 68:8–14 ОБЩИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ КОММУНИКАТИВИСТИКИ США и Россия: 210 лет дипломатических отношений и международной коммуникации USA and Russia: 210 Years of Diplomatic Relations and International Communication DOI: 10.12737/ article_58fda885671132.23223626 Получено: 13 февраля 2017 г. / Одобрено: 17 февраля 2017 г. / Опубликовано: 17 мая 2017 г. Р.О. Райнхардт R.O. Raynkhardt Канд. экон. наук, преподаватель кафедры Ph.D. (World Economy), Lecturer at the Department дипломатии МГИМО МИД России, for Diplomatic Studies Россия, 119454, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, 76, Moscow State Institute of International Relations e-mail: [email protected] (University), 76, Prospect Vernadskogo, Moscow, 119454, Russia, e-mail: [email protected] Аннотация Abstract Статья посвящена 210-летнему юбилею установления дипломати- The article is dedicated to the 210th anniversary of establishment of dip- ческих отношений между США и Россией и раскрывает историю их lomatic relations between the United States of America and Russia and развития. Рассмотрены основные вопросы российско-американ- casts light upon their genesis and development. It provides an acute insight ской повестки на протяжении более двухсот лет. При комплексном into the key issues of US-Russian agenda within a time span of more than исследовании предмета автор делает акцент на отдельных кейсах, 200 years. Along with giving a holistic picture of the subject, the author ключевых с точки зрения понимания текущей геополитической конъ- focuses on specific cases crucial for understanding the current geopolitical юнктуры, определяемой взаимодействием двух стран. Анализируя juncture shaped by the interaction of the two nations. With an emphasis on различия в их политической культуре, автор выявляет важную роль differences in political culture, he outlines the important role of cross-cultural межкультурной коммуникации в рамках соответствующих историче- communication within the framework of the respective cases. The findings ских эпизодов. Результаты исторического анализа дают почву для derived from the historical analysis give grounds for a certain degree of умеренного оптимизма относительно дальнейшего развития отноше- optimism in terms of further development of the relationship between the ний между США и Россией. US and Russia. Ключевые слова: российско-американские отношения, история ди- Keywords: US-Russia relations, history of diplomacy, Cold War, Ukrainian пломатии, холодная война, украинский кризис, межкультурная комму- crisis, international communication. никация. Good old frienemies Palmerstone [5], seems to be hardly applicable to foreign affairs. At the same time, globalization tends to make the In 2017, Russia and the United States celebrate 210 world arena too small for any two countries to disregard years since the official establishment of their diplomatic each other’s interests. Shrinking distances along with relations. The cross-cultural communication of the two growing interconnection of the key geopolitical actors nations has an even longer history and sometimes conjures make us therefore live in a global village where a clash of up the buzzword ‘frienemy’. The latter, being a portman- interests (both strategic and tactical) should not be re - teau of the words ‘friend’ and ‘enemy’ (nowadays more garded as something unusual. commonly spelled ‘frenemy’), first appeared in the US Without going too much into theory, it can be presumed press on May 19, 1953 in the article ‘Howz about calling that the bigger and more powerful the potential parties the Russians our Frienemies?’ [14]. It gained popularity to a conflict of interests are, the more often they will face even outside the political discourse and in the modern confrontation. In the case of Russia and the US such usage can refer to either an enemy disguised as a friend confrontation has so far culminated in a stage common- or to a friend who is simultaneously a competitor and ly referred to as the Cold War which used to shape the rival. In the present context, we definitely opt for the international scene for almost half a century. However, second meaning. A similarly ambivalent sense can be since then the countries in question have also gone through attributed to the word ‘coopetition’ (portmanteau of better periods in their bilateral relations. ‘cooperation’ and ‘com-petition’), also used in the pre- As for the current state of affairs in this framework, sent article. today’s political and economic juncture tends to conduce In general, almost every relationship between two concern. Successively as the situation in different parts nations, whether amicable or rather hostile, cannot but of the world, especially the Middle East and Ukraine, is have its ups and downs. Eternal friendship just as per - getting more and more complicated, doom-mongers come petual enmity, in line with a famous quote by Lord up with gloomy prophecies. Since the beginning of the 8 Общие проблемы коммуникативистики respective crises, Cassandra’s forecasts vary from the outcome, these steps might be deemed such as to merit resumption of the aforementioned Cold War to the break- the final verdict of having contributed to the signature of out (if running into extremes) of a hot one [7; 10]. On the peace treaties in 1783. the other hand, analysts who prefer to be more reserved When all relevant factors have been taken into con- in their judgments are still far from being optimistic about sideration, it would not seem totally opportune to give what at this point tends to remind a deadlock [12]. The the Russian empire credit for US independence. Still, on jury is still out, but no matter what stance one takes, mature reflection the outlined firm policy of non-inter- positive expectations and aspirations do not yet seem to ference definitely played an important and constructive be backed up by facts — even after the election of Donald role in the process of global and local dispute settlement. Trump, who enjoys the sympathy of a good part of Russian Moreover, it definitely was not the worst start for a rela- establishment and public. tionship. At any rate, there is not a shred of doubt that the above Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that Russia was problems are an issue at the top of US-Russian agenda apparently in no hurry to provide these relations with an and have a great impact on the development of the latter. official and legal basis by means of diplomacy. Shortly Whatever the future has in hold for us in terms of their after Catherine’s above mentioned declaration of 1780, possible resolution, it will most probably signify another which Americans regarded as an undoubtedly friendly benchmark for the two great powers with the largest nu- step, they sent Francis Dana as Minister (term used to clear stockpiles. But how radical can it actually be? A designate Ambassador at that time) to the Russian empire. brief look at the history makes one think of the well-known This statesman resided in Saint Petersburg till 1783 with- statement from The Inspired Writings: out being officially received at court. The next Minister “Is there any thing whereof it may be said, See, this is (Plenipotentiary) William Short, an experienced diplomat, new? it hath been already of old time, which was before us.” was appointed only 25 years later, but his mission did not (Ecclesiastes 1:10). turn out to be a success either — this time due to domes- Formulating the initial thesis in a more straightforward tic issues. Close associate of Thomas Jefferson (who would manner, one might go so far as to say that we have seen call him ‘adoptive son’), Short used to be the head of US worse. But we have also seen better. diplomatic missions in France, the Netherlands and Spain, i.e. America’s key strategic partners in Europe. His ap- Once upon a time in America pointment to Russia took place during a recess of the US Senate. While he was en route, the Senate rejected the It all started a long time ago when the United States nomination hindering him to proceed to post. of America as we know them now did not even exist. Thus, the official establishment of diplomatic relations The year 1775 as one of the momentous turning points between the Russian empire and the United States of in history was marked by the unrests braking out in America dates back to 1807. The first US ambassador to 13 British colonies of the New World. Not to put too actually present credentials to Catherine’s grandson fine a point on it, this initially internal affair of the Alexander I was none other than John Quincy Adams United Kingdom with a substantially economic under- who later became the 6th President (1825–1829) of his pinning soon turned into the American Revolutionary country. His identity and service record appear even more War with serious political repercussions at the interna - impressive compared to those of his nominal forerunners tional level. Using the modern terminology of political on the post and give an idea of the importance the US scientists, the respective events may have easily been attached to dealing with Russia. John Quincy Adams was referred to as the American spring with the Battles of the son of one of the US founding fathers John Adams, Lexington and Concord as the first military engagements who himself used to serve as ambassador to Great Britain being fought on April 19, 1775. and the Netherlands before becoming the 2nd US President As soon as it became clear that the situation was get- in 1797. The highlights of John Quincy Adams’ diplo - ting out of control, the British monarch George III began matic career are: US Minister Resident to the Netherlands looking for allies and addressed his Russian counterpart (1794–1797), Minister Resident to Prussia (1797–1801), Catherine II (the Great) asking for assistance. The Empress, Minister to Russia (1809–1814 — during Russia’s war however, turned him down flat but made considerable with Napoleon), Minister to Great Britain (1814–1817), efforts to organize peace negotiations between the bel- Secretary of State (1817–1825).
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