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A IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Published by UNDP Europe and the CIS, Bratislava Regional Centre

In cooperation with the Institute for Public Affairs

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) expresses its gratitude to the Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs and Family of the Slovak Republic for financial support and collaboration in implementation of this project

© UNDP 2013 ISBN: 978-80-89263-17-2

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in all forms by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise prior permission.

Technical editing, graphic arrangement and production: Valeur, s. r. o., Slovak Republic

The opinions and recommendations formulated in this publication do not always have to correspond unconditionally with the official position of the United Nations Development Program. Author of the report is: Jarmila Filadelfiová

Field research was conducted by a team of researchers of IVO: Jarmila Filadelfiová, Oľga Gyárfášová, Miroslava Hlinčíková, Martina Sekulová In the preparation of the methodology, field work and elaboration of the report cooperated Daniel Škobla The following provided expert reflections and remarks on the text: Jan Grill, Sylvia Porubänová, Marek Szilvási, Richard Filčák The broader research plan was discussed among the UNDP team, consisting of: Andrey Ivanov, Jaroslav Kling, Ben Slay, Daniel Škobla

Thank you to the following people for their help with data collection: Alena Adamková, Štefan Babindák, Adrian Berky, Magda Berkyová, Barbora Bučková, Ján Čekeľ, Ľubica Čillagová, Mária Demeová, Peter Dobrík, Eva Doktorová, Ladislav Duda, Igor Dužda, Valéria Džmurová, Slavomír Gajdoš, Peter Gonda, Peter Gomolák, Iva Grejtáková, Irma Horváthová, Monika Horváthová, Karol Horváth, Ivan Horváth, Zuzana Kollárová, Janette Knapeková, Ingrid Kosová, Erika Kušická, Tomáš Palenčár, Natália Príhodová, Dana Pustulková, Vladimír Sendrei, Monika Sendreiová, Juraj Štofej, Marián Trišč

3 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 6

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 13 1.1. The wider framework of the survey and of the submitted study ...... 13 1.2. Focus of the study and methodology used ...... 14 1.3. Structure of the surveyed households from marginalised Roma settlements by basic classifying attributes ...... 16

2. MEDICAL CARE: NEED, ACCESSIBILITY AND APPROACH ...... 21 2.1. Which member of a family saw a doctor and with what kind of problem ...... 21 2.2. Spatial distance from medical services and strategies for overcoming it ...... 26 2.3. Financial accessibility of a medical examination: total costs and the choice of medicines ...... 32 2.4. Social accessibility of medical care: tending to other children and the approach of healthcare personnel ...... 39 Appendix to chapter 2: Last time seeing a doctor ...... 49

3. HOUSING AND POSSIBILITIES OF MODIFYING A DWELLING ...... 60 3.1. Type of dwelling, its status and evaluation of living conditions ...... 62 3.2. Quality of dwellings by size and technical equipment ...... 66 3.3. Modifications to a dwelling: types of repairs and costs expended ...... 70 Appendix to chapter 3: Last repair ...... 86

4. MEALS: MEAL PLANS AND FOODS FROM DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW ...... 94 4.1. Eating before social benefits and after them ...... 95 4.2. Disparity between favourite foods and most common foods ...... 107 Appendix 1 to chapter 4 ...... 116 Appendix 2 to chapter 4 ...... 134 Appendix 3 to chapter 4 ...... 142

5. INDEBTEDNESS OF ROMA HOUSEHOLDS FROM EXCLUDED SETTLEMENTS ...... 158

6. NEEDS AND DESIRES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FAMILY AND SETTLEMENTS ...... 165 6.1. Desires for own family ...... 165 6.2. Desires focused on local habitation ...... 172 Appendix 1 to chapter 6: Desires for the family ...... 180 4 Appendix 2 to chapter 6: Requested improvements in communities ...... 182 7. BASIC FINDINGS ...... 189

APPENDIX: ACCESSIBILITY OF BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES FOR RESIDENTS OF MARGINALIZED ROMA COMMUNITIES ...... 196 Structure of the sample of surveyed settlements by territory and type of spatial exclusion ...... 196 Distance of surveyed settlements from the home municipalities and centres ...... 197 Surveyed Roma settlements by furnishing with basic infrastructure ...... 199 Surveyed Roma settlements by spatial accessibility of basic services ...... 204 Surveyed Roma settlements by possibilities of transport ...... 210 Community work in a settlement ...... 212 Summary ...... 213 MRC SETTLEMENTS – LIST (name of village or town – district) ...... 216

LITERATURE ...... 219

5 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

SUMMARY

The goal of this research activity was to determine household segmented into five areas: it tracked the how much effort excluded Roma households must type of household by work activities and family expend for resolving common situations and what structure; dwelling by type, living conditions and kinds of obstacles and barriers they run up against – official status; the size of the dwelling and its including financial barriers. The research was very ownership status; the furnishing of a household with closely linked to the quantitative research of the UNDP basic infrastructure; and finally the structure of the on the living conditions of Roma households which household by individual statuses of each family was the first empirical input to the surveyed member. The size of the sample was set arbitrarily at environment of Roma communities carried out in the 200 selected units. scope of the resolved project. In the methodological sense the goal of this research activity was to develop MEDICAL CARE: the findings of questionnaire survey in greater detail NEED, ACCESSIBILITY AND APPROACH and to capture more specifically the form of reality in the life of this group of citizens of Slovakia, especially In Roma communities medical care for children is its excluded part. The task was to provide a more given priority over adults. Adult members of specific image of what it means to live on social a household see a doctor usually only with more benefits and what form such a life take can in real life. serious illnesses, and they do not consult a physician At the same time the view was narrowed to the most with common illnesses such as colds or stomach basic needs; if measures which could help overcome problems. Aside from colds and respiratory illnesses, exclusion and deprivation are to be found and problems with the digestive system, such as, for properly set, it is necessary to look in more detail at example, stomach ache, vomiting and diarrhoea, are how housing, nutrition and care of health appear in also among the common illnesses in Roma children. excluded households. Preventive check-ups and vaccinations are almost solely a matter for children in excluded settlements; For the recording of the selected situations from daily adults predominately go for control only upon the life and wishes and needs a special type of research finding of more serious illnesses. Among the more instrument was prepared – a logbook with serious illnesses in child patients congenital diseases the possibility of a free and as detailed recording of and the need for controlling their progress were selected situations as possible. The logbook was found, infectious diseases such as jaundice, for supplemented by two short questionnaires for example, but also oncological diseases of children, identification data. The first one contained a battery with marked impacts on the financial situation of the of questions which related to the different family. A story in which the health problem of a child characteristics of the specific place of housing: aside was a consequence of hunger was also found. from the type of settlement, it captured the distance from the home community and district centres, the In relation to adult members of excluded Roma barriers between the settlements and the home households, these very often do not seek out medical community, the basic infrastructure in the village and attention with common colds or digestive problems; in the marginalised settlements, the spatial distance their reasons for seeing a doctor are longer-term and to basic facilities and services, the possibilities of more serious illnesses, most often, for example, transport and the presence of community centres and cardiovascular diseases and high blood pressure, an assisting NGO in the settlement. The second followed by motor diseases, diabetes or injuries of 6 questionnaire contained the characteristics of the different types. Adult residents of excluded Roma communities who have common illnesses go only Overall, the sum expended for the most recent trip to rarely to a doctor and few undergo preventive see a doctor was significantly differentiated: it moved examinations. from zero expenditure up to 250 euro (the fee for an abortion), though sums over 30 euro occurred only in Aside from the subjective reasons specified as an occasional cases. Several households complained in “irresponsible approach to their own health”, the general that for them this was a lot, and they feel abnegation of health care consultations and check- these expenditures to be a financial burden, ups by specialists may be a result of the inaccessibility especially if they are linked with more distant or worsening accessibility of such services. specialist examinations or with repeated health care Only approximately one-quarter of households had problems. The most common way that excluded Roma primary medical care, a paediatric or general physician households overcome the deficit in financial and dentist, located within one kilometre of their resources necessary for fees associated with home; the largest portion (half) had it in a range from examinations by a physician are loans. Most often one to five kilometres, and for more than one-fifth of members of the broader family help – a sister, surveyed excluded households were more than five a mother-in-law, an uncle – but primarily parents. kilometres from a physician. Seeing a doctor, then, Solidarity among relatives is very intensive during with a large portion of excluded households assumed illnesses and in Roma communities the network of the overcoming of a certain spatial distance and did so relatives takes a great share in ensuring health care. not only with settlements outside of village lands; The lack of financial resources in the family budget of sometimes medical care was distant even within a households from excluded settlements doesn’t just town. Households used different strategies for have as a consequence only partial, delayed or no overcoming the distance – according to the seriousness taking of prescribed medicines. Some surveyed of the health problem, the financial situation of the households from excluded Roma settlements simply household and other circumstances of family life. give up medical care completely due to problems with paying for medicines. The provision of mandatory vaccinations or check-ups can mean in the absence of public transport from Family roles are rather strictly divided in Roma settlements or with insufficient financial resources for communities, and the predominating model of travelling a walk of several kilometres to the doctor and a family is based on one provider – the man; a Roma back. And in addition to overcoming the distance, it is woman is confined to the domestic sphere. Sometimes often necessary to ensure care of other children in the the need for alternative care in the case of the main household – they must make the trip together with the care provider seeing a doctor means on one hand mother or remain in the care of someone else. involvement of Roma men in household care, but in the strictly divided “family world” this can also mean The monitoring of incomes and expenditures showed for the care-providing parent a loss of other a notably stressful budget in the relatively large opportunities, for example, the loss of an opportunity portion of excluded Roma households reliant on social to bring some work income into the family. Seeing benefits. Low total incomes at the same time mean a doctor for a large proportion of households from surviving most of the month with very small sums of excluded settlements also complicates or limits the available financial resources. For the given need to provide care for other children in the circumstances making decisions on household household. The large problems found for excluded consumption is markedly limited, and the covering of households that are predominately reliant on social basic needs or unexpected basic expenditures, benefits for financially covering transport to a doctor including the provision of necessary health care, can and health care services, including the securing of be also be threatened. medicines, suggests the question of whether the 7 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

entire system of health care support for people in environments, further by building a dwelling in such material need shouldn’t be built in a completely settlements or by inheriting a house, by occupying an different way than it is currently, with the two-euro abandoned dwelling, but also by allocation of housing co-payment for health care added to the benefit in from a village or town. Households which got their material need. current dwelling from the village or town had the highest share in the scope of separated settlements on the edge of a community. The findings indicate HOUSING AND POSSIBILITIES that local governments not infrequently located flats OF MODIFYING A DWELLING for the socially weak outside of a village. In households from excluded communities, living in The situation from the viewpoint of the type of poor quality dwellings, which often complicates the dwelling, methods of acquiring it and the ownership hygienic situation of households, adds to the image relation regarding a dwelling seem to be of their living conditions. According to a subjective very disparate in excluded settlements. With many of evaluation walled family houses and housing units in the surveyed households the formal status of the excluded settlements are of varying quality – from lived-in flat or dwelling was not clear, which in and of excellent to very poor for life – and non-standard itself does not create a good starting point for dwellings are almost always linked with housing stability and the quality of life for household disadvantageous conditions. The monitoring of the members. The subjective evaluation of living official status of a dwelling also indicated that the conditions, which were the most unfavourable for deeper the spatial exclusion of the place of residence, segregated settlements and non-standard dwellings, the higher the occurrence of unofficial buildings. is also telling in this regard. At the same time, unofficial so-called “black” Roma households from excluded settlements often buildings significantly more often take the form of inhabit non-quality dwellings, and the situation gets dwellings of non-standard building materials, and in worse for segregated settlements. Not only are non- the case of walled houses they are less frequent in standard dwellings – shacks concentrated in excluded settlements. segregated settlements, but they often remain Unofficial buildings arise more easily in segregated without the most basic facilities. Cases were not settlements; at the same time these are not homes of unusual in which deficiencies were combined the standard type and the residents of such dwellings together, for example, over crowdedness with themselves don’t see their living conditions in undersized technical facilities, etc. The quality of a positive light. The linking of these three aspects housing of many households from excluded indicates that the building of a non-standard dwelling settlements showed marked deficits and lagged in segregated environments is for its residents significantly behind the common standards of a starting point for calamity. This is for many poor housing in Slovakia. households from an excluded environment the only The majority of EU countries have accepted some type way they are able in the given financial and social of housing policy which should support the situation to ensure a “roof over their head” and to development of housing on the whole, its accessibility thus fulfil one of the most basic of living conditions. for different groups of residents and ensure a certain The ways of acquiring a dwelling are different quality of housing defined through minimal according to the type of settlement and the type of standards. Many of the conditions of housing found in dwelling. This means that the processes leading to excluded settlements decidedly do not satisfy ethnic segregation or separate housing are in reality standards. The unavailability of water in dwellings 8 different. It occurs by buying a dwelling in excluded and the absence of sewerage, problems with energy and methods of heating lag far behind any standard – population and regarding the growing need for flats even minimal standards. Over-crowded housing and for the growing trend in the number of newly limited space reduces its residents’ chances at any established families and their slender chances of development. The frequent occurrence of a situation obtaining housing themselves. when each member of a household not only does not One of the most important factors influencing have his or her own room, but not even his or her own methods of housing in the Roma population in general bed, is alarming. is their territorial distribution, or the measure of their The recorded stories of the last modification to concentration in individual regions. But an a dwelling pointed to three basic associations: inseparable part of their housing is also the character maintenance of a dwelling predominated over more of the settlement – whether of the settlement or principle improvements in the quality of dwelling; for urban type. The characteristics of housing for the many households even basic maintenance of a flat or Roma are as follows: the concentration of Roma house is financially inaccessible; an absolute majority of residents in the objectionable, old housing fund in the housing modifications are done by the households ownership of the state; segregation practices of themselves, or with the help of relatives and friends, villages; forced segregation, impossibility of renting while paid services are used only exceptionally. Even the a flat in another location due to racial prejudice of the latest modifications carried out in the current dwelling owners; the origin of ghettoes; illegal occupancy of did not show a stronger trend toward improving the flats, housing in flats without a rental contract. existing quality of the housing in excluded settlements, Stories of the latest modifications to a dwelling not although a few positive changes were recorded. only brought the form, story and circumstances of this situation closer – maintenance predominated over Questions relating to social housing or integration improving the standard of the housing, the do-it- play a key role in the social policy of the EU. The yourself performance of modifications, the giving up Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union in of modifications all together – they at the same time Chapter IV article 34 states: “In order to combat social also gave strong testimony regarding the diversity of exclusion and poverty, the Union recognises and the quality of housing in excluded communities, respects the right to social and housing assistance so especially in regard to the marked deprivation in the as to ensure a decent existence for all those who lack housing of Roma households. The European Union sufficient resources, in accordance with the rules laid Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC) down by Community law and national laws and monitors among the indicators of deprivation in practices”. In association with housing the central housing deficiencies of lighting and the humidity in governments of states, which develop their own a flat, the absence of a bath and a toilet. The findings housing policies, are primarily responsible. Slovakia indicated that for dwellings in excluded environments faces many challenges in this regard, for example, this type of deprivation has such a clear-cut form that how to renew the housing fund, how to plan and a combination of a higher number and other variables resolve the expansion of towns and villages, but also describing the state of housing would be required. how to help the young and disadvantaged groups. Many households from excluded settlements decidedly belong to a disadvantaged group, as NUTRITION: MEAL PLANS AND MEALS indicated by all of the monitored parameters of housing quality. The findings cry out for principle Many of the meal plans recorded showed that poverty measures in the interest of correcting the existing and material deprivation in this environment is status, especially taking into account the a widespread phenomenon. The daily fare of many of demographic development of this part of the the surveyed households does not conform to the 9 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

nutritional value needed for healthy development. monitoring this aspect were diverse, from The deprivation of many of the surveyed households is permanently deficit up through permanently connected with their exclusion from consumption, standard, a relatively large group combine in the even from the consumption of foods. This means that month a longer period of deficit eating with “normal” in regard to the social consequences of long-term eating after the acquiring of incomes, particularly in unemployment in this environment not infrequently households reliant exclusively on social benefits. there is a dramatic lowering of their level of living. Even the view through the monitoring of favourite and Minimally in a certain period of the month before most common meals identified closer the orientation benefits come the characteristics of absolute poverty to cooking heavy and non-quality meals in excluded were indicated, when deprivation comes near to a Roma settlements. The research probe thus confirmed certain “physiological threshold”, beneath which the and in sample individual meals showed the dining most basic need, such as food, is not satisfied. Several habits in this environment. of the meal plans were very poor and monotonous; sometimes very uncertain and bordering on hunger. A comparison of favourite and most common meals indicated that the observing of consumption or the At the same time the research probe showed that relinquishing of the original range of needs in the area nutrition of Roma households from excluded of nutrition is in the surveyed environment widespread settlement is on the whole not of very good quality. and grows along with spatial exclusion. Residents of Their daily menus contain a limited number of meals segregated settlements are successful at preparing per day, not many diverse foods and with less focus on commonly favourite meals only to a small measure. fruits and vegetables or dairy products. Non- nutritious or then calorific meals predominate in meal The tendency predominated in the eating habits of plans, while healthy foods are more rare to households that the more demanding favourite meals exceptional. were – mainly if they are meat-based meals – then households can only afford them occasionally in the After benefits, the variety of meals in most of the course of the month, and commonly cannot afford surveyed households increased, but these are mainly them at all. Generally, they prepare a favourite meal calorific and meat dishes that are added to meal only one time each month and do so after arrival of plans. Although with the arrival of finances to the incomes into the family. The main meal on the meal household a great many change their daily meals, plan in the period after benefits and the favourite a large portion of them give priority to unhealthy and meal were in the majority of cases identical. Through heavy foods, or social incomes are not sufficient for most of the month they experience limitations in food other types of meals. The situation before and after consumption which also acquires the form of clear-cut benefits is diverse in households, but a change of deprivation in nutrition. eating habits predominated, and a shift was recorded especially in segregated settlements in the compared two time periods of the month. INDEBTEDNESS OF ROMA HOUSEHOLDS An overall view at both meal plans showed that no Empirical data from different empirical sources great “feast” occurred after benefits, but meal plans confirmed in terms of averages the stressed or deficit in essence, at least after benefits, came close to financial budget of excluded Roma households. The normal eating. A missing number of meals per day small incomes to these households cause a low level of were supplemented; children received standard food expenditures and do so even with expenditures items; some households afforded themselves covering the most basic needs, such as food and a favourite food – meat – and they ate a bellyful. housing. A large portion of households have problems 10 Although the modes of food consumption found upon paying for basic needs for its members and some of them are unable to do this despite frequently At the same time, it was shown that a large portion of borrowing money. The worst balance was recorded in these households has a payment calendar worked up households without a working member, those with at for the liquidation of their debts. But as research least one young child and in multi-member assistants in the field pointed out, in several households. respondent households having a payment calendar, many families are unable to observe it. The research From a comparison of total incomes and expenditures probe also recorded a certain group of families which of excluded Roma households which managed to get had a special recipient for a portion of their social recorded during one month, it followed than on benefits. In some households an executory average they are more or less equal. The remainder proceeding was imposed upon their inability to pay from the entire sum of incomes after subtracting total debts; in the end this occurred in several households. expenditures came out low (44.61 euro per The chances of some families getting out from under household), and if a sum borrowed during the course their debts in some realistic time period was in of the month is not included in the total incomes the practically negligible. remainder is even much smaller (10.32 euro per household and not even 2 euro per one member). But if households were not indebted and didn’t have to make loan repayments, the remainder of incomes NEEDS AND DESIRES IN THE PERSPECTIVE would be 60 euro higher, or excluded Roma households OF THE FAMILY AND SETTLEMENTS could increase their other expenditures by this sum. Work was found among the desires for the family in The amount of income influences the principle way of the responses of Roma households not only the most managing households and the “width” of the period of often but was inclined from different sides. Once the the month through which they have financial content and character of the work was emphasised, resources available in a certain volume. The low its spatial accessibility or formal work contract; overall incomes at the same time means surviving other times the result of work – a work income. most of the month with very small sums of disposable A large portion of Roma households perceived a work financial resources. With households with the lowest income as one path to better living conditions and to incomes this means more than half a month with a minimal life security. Many of the families also a sum lower than 10 euro per one member. With such specified the use of potential work incomes – they financial resources decisions on household would like to invest into improving their housing consumption are markedly limited, and covering basic conditions and strengthening their life security, needs and unexpected basic expenditures can also be families with children to their education and the endangered – households go into debt in an attempt future. to provide them. The “work” desires to a larger or smaller measure The research probe into excluded settlement indicated confirmed all of the existing knowledge regarding the that households from excluded Roma settlements are work activates in excluded communities. We recall the indebted to a high degree. Their debts originate huge unemployment, the instability of jobs which are differently; often the way is unpaid rent for housing available to them, the absence of job opportunities in or for services or energy associated with housing. But the nearby surroundings, the inaccessibility of they also borrow for the securing of necessary health permanent places for the unqualified labour force and care, for making modifications to a dwelling or for the the like. The desire to find a job is in the surveyed purchase of food. Typically, debts for these household environments strong with the parental generation, arise due to satisfying basic needs or at least minimal and also has an important place in the dreams of the consumption. future for children. 11 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Excluded Roma households devoted a great deal of same time exclusion from the labour market for them attention to different aspects of housing – their means exclusion from loans and mortgages; several desires were very often linked with this particular area respondents emphasised that without work – stable of life. This means that deprivation in housing in the work – they can’t get loans. surveyed environments is exceptionally strong. A general desire for health of family members and an For many from the households the vicious circle improvement of the financial situation and the living closed: exclusion from the labour market and the level were also found to be frequent personal family absence of normal work opportunities; even simple desires. The absolute predominance of apparent physical survival on social benefits – securing food – desires had the character of common, basic items is problematic. Exclusion from the labour market (not necessary for life; certain above-standard desires infrequently despite a skill or completed education) at were really only exceptional (a car, a PC for the the same time squanders the possibilities of adult children). children to become independent and establish their own household. This subsequently expands the Desires aimed at improving life in the settlement of parental family and leads to further overcrowding in inhabitation were relatively varied; however, the already overcrowded dwellings. The capability of adult specific things lacking in the settlement were children to become independent is in excluded predominately among them. Great emphasis was environments slim. What must happen in the next placed on job opportunities in the surroundings and generation, when the housing space will still further flats for young families; they wanted a more peaceful narrow, is a difficult to predict. and cleaner environment within the settlements, desired the completion of its technological Although families cumulate resources and make up infrastructure – primarily roads and sidewalks, but insufficient resources with self-help and mutual relief, also sewerage, a water main and the like. these are not enough for overcoming the deficit. A considerable group of desires associated with Despite the willingness and skilfulness regarding self- children: they felt the need for leisure-time facilities help solutions, the deep deficit of work incomes also or furnishings for children, like playgrounds and other closes off this possibility. Therefore, it is not equipment for games; nursery schools in the surprising that housing was found to be the second settlements were often requested. In addition, most common area of wishes for one’s family and the a variety of requests were recorded for services – desire for housing for children in the settlement of according those missing in the settlement. Roma residence also ended up relatively strong. residents from excluded settlements were also lacking Many excluded settlements lack standard in cultural events, and they expressed through desires technological infrastructure, and this begins with an interest in improving relations with the majority. roads and pavements. The lack of roads and transport Many desires of Roma households implicitly gave make spatial exclusion still deeper. On one side the testimony about the poor conditions of housing and request for improved hygienic relations in excluded their ties to the labour market. Exclusion from the settlements is talked about, but the existing labour market at the same time means exclusion from technological infrastructure often doesn’t create even the possibilities to improve housing. Many surveyed the basic foundations for change. When searching for households live in very disadvantageous conditions solutions it is not necessary to forget about variety – and there are too few solutions to their housing each environment is different and requires different situation. They do not have the financial resources for priorities. The desire to live otherwise and the desire the purchase of a flat or house – exclusion from the to work is, despite the situation of long-term 12 labour market closes off such a possibility. At the unemployment, also still present. 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. The wider framework of the survey interventions should be carried out on the regional and and of the submitted study local level which would help improve the situation of the Roma. In the document the European Commission states The so-called Roma question in Slovakia over the last that “Many of the estimated 10-12 million Roma in two decades has become one of the key subjects of Europe face prejudice, intolerance, discrimination and political discussions, a target of public policies and social exclusion in their daily lives. They are has also become a subject of interest to the European marginalised and live in very poor socio-economic Union and foreign observers. Roma as a group are conditions.” The Communication further states that: threatened by poverty and social exclusion. Many “Determined action, in active dialogue with the Roma, is surveys identify Roma as the group most threatened needed both at national and EU level. While primary by poverty and social exclusion (e.g. Vašečka – responsibility for that action rests with public Repová – Džambazovič, 2000; Poverty of the Roma.., authorities.” According to the European Commission the 2002; UNDP, 2006; UNDP, 2012) and many strategic social and economic integration of the Roma is a two- government documents, for example, National Action way process, “which requires a change of mindsets of Plan for Social Inclusion (NAPs/INCL) 2004 – 2006, the majority of the people as well as of members of the National Report on Strategies for Social Protection and Roma communities. First of all, Member States need to Social Inclusion 2006 – 2008, National Report on ensure that Roma are not discriminated against but Strategies for Social Protection and Social Inclusion treated like any other EU citizens with equal access to all 2008 – 2010. These materials point to the fact that fundamental rights as enshrined in the EU Charter of aside from regional disparities in the measure of Fundamental Rights.” (EU, 2011). On the basis of the poverty, unemployment, average wages and mentioned communication, Slovakia developed its indicators of education and health status in Slovakia, Strategy of the Slovak Republic for Integration of the inequalities also appear between the standing of the Roma up to 2020 (ratified by the Slovak government on majority population and that of socially excluded and 11 January 2012), in which a large role is included for marginalised groups of Roma population. “monitoring and evaluation on the level of programmes, policies and projects” with the goal to “utilise synergy A prerequisite for removing poverty and social exclusion through partnership with other state administration is ensuring access for all people to the resources, rights bodies, international organizations, scientific and services necessary for participation in society, institutions and the Roma civil society”. (Strategy of the combating all forms of discrimination which lad to SR..., 2012: 63) exclusion. A new framework and opportunity for the prevention of social exclusion and for integration of the The UNDP project Statistical Monitoring of Living Roma population in Europe was created by (on the basis Conditions of Selected Target Groups of the Slovak of the Communication from the Commission to the Republic, carried out with the support of the Slovak European Parliament, the Council, the European Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family in the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the years 2010 – 2015, which maps the living conditions Regions) the EU Framework for National Roma Integration of socially excluded groups of Roma population in Strategies up to 2020 from 6 April 2011. The national Slovakia, stems from an understanding of social strategies, worked up by governments of member exclusion as a complex, multi-dimensional, multi- states, created a framework which links the question of layers and dynamic phenomenon. It comprises several basic human rights and the question of human research components, in the scope of which attention development. In such a framework specific is given to all key areas of inclusion of the Roma, such 13 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

as housing, health, education, the labour market, the under the situation of insufficient financial resources household income situation and material deprivation. for securing food for the household, were followed; an accompanying aim was the effort to record recipes for 1.2. Focus of the study frequent and favourite meals in marginalised Roma communities. The monitoring of selected situations and the methodology used from everyday life was supplemented by the needs and The contents of this report are the result of desires of residents of marginalised Roma a qualitative examination with the working name settlements, who were affected on two levels. On one “situational accounts”, whose aim was to find out how hand, the wishes and desires in relation to their own much effort excluded Roma households must expend family or household were surveyed; on the other for resolving common living situations and what kinds hand, proposals and needs for changes in the place of of obstacles and barriers they run into – including inhabitation – in specific settlements. financial barriers. The research is very closely tied to the quantitative UNDP survey on the living conditions For the recording of selected situations from everyday of Roma households (UNDP, 2012), which was the first life and the wishes and needs a special type of research empirical entry into the surveyed environments of instrument was prepared – a logbook with the Roma communities carried out in the scope of this possibility of free and as detailed as possible recording project. In the methodological sense the goal of the of the selected situations. The logbook was presented research was to develop the findings of a supplemented by two short questionnaires for questionnaire survey into greater detail and to identification data. The first one contained a battery of capture a more specific form of the reality of the life questions related to different characteristics of the of this group of citizens in Slovakia, especially its specific settlement of the domicile: in addition to the excluded portion. The task was to provide a more type of settlement, it captured the distance from the specific image about what it means to live off of social home community and district centres, barriers between benefits and in reality what form such a life can take. the settlement and the home community, the basic At the same time the view was narrowed down to the infrastructure in the village and in the marginalised most basic needs; if measures are to be found and settlements, the spatial distance from basic facilities properly set which could help overcome exclusion and and services, the possibilities of transport and the deprivation, it is necessary to look over in more detail presence of community centres and NGOs assisting in how housing, nutrition and care for health appears in the settlement. The second questionnaire contained excluded households. the characteristics of the household divided into five areas: the type of household was monitored by work The research focused primarily on monitoring the activity and family structure; the dwelling by type, course and resolution of selected situations from living conditions and official status; the size of the everyday life. During preparation of the research, dwelling and its ownership status; furnishing of the everyday situations, such as seeing a doctor, housing household with basic infrastructure; and lastly the and modifications to a dwelling, the range and depth structure of the household by individual status of each of household indebtedness and its resolution, were household member. gradually singled out on the basis of interviews with experts. But the greatest emphasis was placed With the combination of these three research primarily on the area of nutrition, for which the instruments the possibility was created to monitor at differences in eating between the periods before least the framework differences between the individual benefits and after benefits arrive, the differences groups of Roma households from excluded settlements. between favourite meals and the most commonly The research thus took the form of a combined survey: a 14 prepared meals, the methods of providing sustenance qualitative survey linked with a certain possibility of quantifications – of a mutual comparison of individual and September (46.9%), as determined by the project groups of Roma households defined by attributes plan for field work. During October, the characterising the settlement or household. supplementing of missing households was carried out (8.8%), during which the regions of Slovakia were Also in this research, the research sample was made considered: geographic regions which remained up of Roma households living in excluded settlements uncovered by the survey were given preference; at the of different types: in segregated settlements, in same time, emphasis was placed on the regions of settlements separated on the edge of a community eastern Slovakia. and in concentrated settlements within a community. Only one type of household was selected from one In the end result, a total of 192 logbooks were excluded settlement and only in exceptional cases collected from Roma households living in excluded were two households chosen (if the settlements were settlements. From this, 100 represented households non-homogeneous in terms of living conditions). monitoring incomes, expenditures and selected The size of the sample was set arbitrarily at 200 consumption, and 92 were from households from 2 selected units, from this one group was made up of other marginalised Roma settlements. All of the households assigned to monitoring incomes, collected logbooks representing the three types of expenditures and consumption of selected types of excluded settlements were included in the analysis foods (the logbook of the situational accounts and of selected daily situations, because during identification questionnaires were added to a logbook the check no serious doubts were found regarding for monitoring the movement of finances and the their being filled out. The one deficiency was that consumption of foods); the same number of not every household gave an answer to all of the households from other marginalised Roma monitored situations; the number of analysed cases settlements were meant to make up the other for individual situations therefore differed in sample.1. The reason for such a solution was partially numbers – the analysis was thus conducted only on an attempt at creating the possibility of linking data those households that responded. and information from the monitoring of incomes, The submitted report is divided by the individually expenditures and consumption of food with monitored types. After a basic description of the information from the situational accounts (the sample, the use and accessibility of health care and financial possibilities of the project enabled the very experiences with the approach of healthcare costly financial and consumer monitoring in the given personnel begins; this is followed by a description of 100 households); the second reason was an attempt housing and the possibilities and types of to capture the daily life situations and methods of modifications to dwellings and an overview of the consuming meals in the widest circle possible within indebtedness of Roma households. A chapter devoted excluded Roma settlements (therefore, expansion by to eating habits then follows – it offers an overview of an equal number of selected units were involved). meal plans from different angles of view and different The majority of the data collection for this research aspects, and a special output is a collection of recipes ran in the year 2011 in the months of August (44.3%) of favourite or the most commonly cooked dishes. The

1 The selection of 100 households which were a part of the monitoring of incomes, expenditures and consumption took place on the basis of quotas (for more details, see Chapter 2) determined on the basis of results of a quantitative surveying of the living conditions or Roma households from 2010 (UNDP, 2012), which was a part of this project. The selection of an expanded sample of 100 additional households was a random affair (not in the sense of a random selection). Research assistants were to search for in the surroundings of their own income-monitored household additional excluded Roma communities which were not yet covered by the survey and to find typical households within them. The territorial distribution was also observed: the goal was to expand the research to additional uncovered regions in the interest of obtaining the final sample of Roma households from the widest possible circle of spatially excluded communities. 2 Thus, to the overall planned number of 200; eight logbooks were missing, as their collection was not possible due to time reasons (the data collection had to finish by the end of October, in order to gather information from the relatively same period, in relation to society-wide conditions and legislative definitions). 15 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

chapter ends with a presentation of the needs and Graph 1: desires from the family perspective and from the Structure of the sample of 192 Roma households perspective of the lived-in settlement. by region (in %)

1.3. Structure of the surveyed 4,1 households from marginalised Roma settlements by basic 3 classifying attributes Western 26,6 Slovakia According to the distribution in geographic space of the final 192 households which were analysed in the Central scope of this research, eastern Slovakia had the 69,3 Slovakia highest representation in comparison with the Eastern western parts of the country.4 The total sample for Slovakia the survey of situational accounts of Roma households from excluded settlements consisted of 69.3% units representing the eastern region (Graph 1), with the Košice Region making up 40.1% Note: Overall for the selection of households for this survey and the Prešov Region 29.2%. Central Slovakia was no quotas were set according to these indicators. represented in the sample by 26.6% (Banská Bystrica Region) and western Slovakia by 4.1% (Trnava and Nitra Regions). Slovakia by 38 settlements and the east by 88 settlements (a list of settlements is given in The research sample of Roma households Appendix 1). representing excluded settlements covered a total of 25 districts of Slovakia. From them, 3 districts fell According to the type of spatial segregation of administratively in the territory of western Slovakia, settlements the sample of 192 analysed households in 9 districts represented the central Slovakia region the scope of the survey of situational accounts was and 13 were in eastern Slovakia. In relation to also distributed relatively equally, similarly as with specific settlements, the final sample included the previous two research activities. On the basis of households from 132 excluded Roma settlements (in classification of researchers5 30.2% of the surveyed the case of settlements with a large differences in households were located in segregated settlements, the living conditions between groups of households another 39.6% were from separated settlements on living in the given settlement, two typical the edge of a community and the remaining 30.2% of households could be selected). From this, Western surveyed Roma households belonged to concentrated Slovakia was represented by 6 settlements, central settlements within a community (Graph 2).

3 The description of the sample in this case does not have the character of a check of its representativeness; it serves exclusively for the presentation of the representation of the individual groups of households in the created sample. Analysis during the description of the final sample of Roma households from excluded settlements shows, despite its small sample size, percentage values in the tenths of numbers; with meritorious subjects it is rounded to a whole number. We note that the goal of the research was to record in as much detail as possible the course of and solutions to individual situations, not quantitatively measure them. The presented numerical values serve exclusively for comparative purposes (a comparison of the differences between differently defined groups of Roma households); they decidedly to not correspond to the quantitative range of the give value indicator in excluded Roma communities. 4 This is a result primarily of the real distribution of marginalised Roma settlements in Slovakia as well as the research preference to primarily cover during selection settlements from missing areas in the eastern Slovakia regions. 5 As is presented in part 1 of this report, researchers classified visited settlements into individual types of housing according to subjective consideration; they did not 16 have available exactly determined and specific criteria for classification. Distance from the home community for segregated Graph 3: and separated settlements ranged from 200 metres Structure of the sample of 192 Roma households to 5 kilometres. The most commonly found distance by number of working members (in %) was 1 kilometre (more than 18% of all the surveyed households), then 0.5 km (nearly 15%) and after 4,7 0,5 this a distance of 2 km (approximately one-tenth of 15,6 the research sample). The average distance from the home community with settlements labelled as segregated settlements was 1.65 km, and for settlements separated on the edge of a community 1.09 km. 0 members 1 member In the structure of the surveyed Roma households 79,2 from excluded settlements by the presence of 2 members a working member of members households without 3 members work activity greatly predominated. As can be seen in Graph 3.3, the share of households without a working member was 79.2% and the share of households with at least one working member was 20.8%. From them Note: Overall for the selection of households for this survey no quotas were set according to these indicators. the most households were those where only one member worked – nearly 16% – while less than 5% of households had two working members; households And in the case of this sample, with spatial segregation with three working members made up just 0.5% of the the share of households without a working member total sample. decreased: among segregated they made up nearly 90%, for concentrated households less than 70%. With expression through the average number of working Graph 2: members per household, the differences came out as Structure of the sample of 192 Roma households follows: 0.12 working for households living by type of housing (in %) segregated; 0.25 for separated on the edge of a community; and 0.43 for households living in settlements concentrated within a community. In relation to recording situations of common life, the size and structure of a household can contribute to 30,2 30,2 segregated set- differences. In the research this was monitored tlements through the total number of members as well as the separated number of children in different definitions. The real on the edge of number of persons making up a household came out to a community be very diverse – from 1 member to 19 members living 39,6 concentrated in one dwelling. The most abundant category was in within the end households with five members (25.5%), a community followed by households with four members (19.8%) and then seven members (14.1%). About one-tenth of Note: Overall for the selection of households for this survey no the sample was made up of households with six and quotas were set according to these indicators. with three members, and other sizes were less 17 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Graph 4: Number of working household members by type of housing (in %)

0 20406080100

89,7 0 members 80,3 67,2 8,6 1 member 14,5 24,1 1,7 2 members 5,3 6,9 0 3 members 0 1,7

segregated settlements separated on the edge concentrated within a community

Note: Households with 2+ working members made up only 5.2% of the total sample.

represented (Graph 5). Together households with 1-2 edge of a community was a moderately higher average members made up not quite 8%; on the other hand, recorded (5.7 members versus 5.2 members for households with eight or more members achieved segregated and concentrated households). nearly 12%. The average number of members for one As is presented in part 2 of this final report, the surveyed household came out to be 5.4 persons, and number of children living in a household in the among households on the basis of type of housing the research conducted was specified in different way. Not differences were not larger; only in separated on the only was the total number of children monitored but also the number of young children (children too young to attend school), the number of school-attending Graph 5: children and the total number of dependent children Structure of the sample of 192 Roma households (young and school-attending children together). by number of members (in %) In the final sample the total number of children in 0,5 1 member households (i.e., the number of children without regard 8,2 7,3 to status in relation to preparation for a profession – 2 members 3,6 9,4 not only young and school-attending children but also 3 members children with completed school attendance who were up to 25 years old, if they had yet to start their own 14,1 4 members family) was very diverse: it moved from no children up 5 members to 11 children (Graph 3.6). The most common category 19,8 6 members was three children in one household (more than 27% of the surveyed sample of households); the second most 11,5 7 members numerous group was households with two children 8 members (nearly 23%) and the third one was households with 25,5 9+ members five children (more than 14%). Households without children obtained a share of 7.3% and on the other Note: Overall for the selection of households for this survey no hand, those with more than five children 8.3%. On 18 quotas were set according to these indicators. average 3.1 children were present per one household, Graph 6: household, the most in segregated settlements and Structure of the sample of 192 Roma households separated settlements (1.2 and 1.1 young children), and by total number of children (in %) for households living concentrated within a community, the average was lower (0.7 young children).

7,3 The presence of school-attending children among the 8,3 0 children household members divided the surveyed sample into 10,9 not quite a third without a school-attending child and 1 child 14,1 more than two-thirds with at least one such child. In the 2 children structure of the sample of households, on the basis of 3 children the number of school-attending children who attended 9,4 elementary school or a higher level of education, the 22,9 4 children group with two school-attending children predominated 5 children with 26%, and behind them were households with three school-attending children with a share of 17.7% while 6+ children 27,1 households with one such child achieved not quite 15%. Nearly 10% of the research sample of households had more than three school-attending children. The average Note: Overall for the selection of households for this survey no number of school-attending children per one household quotas were set according to these indicators. was for the entire sample 1.7 children; with the smallest appearing for segregated settlements (1.6 children) and the highest for separated on the edge of a community the most for separated on the edge of a community (1.8 children). (3.2 children) and the least for households living The majority of the surveyed households combined within a community (2.9 children). young children and school-attending children; the According to the number of young children 45.8% of total number of dependent children in household households assigned to the analysis of situational came out to be from 1 to 11 children, while those accounts did not have even one such child, 26.6% of without a dependent child at all made up 15.1% of the surveyed households had one young child, 14.6% two sample. Households with 3 dependent children had young children and in 13% of households there were the highest representation within the research sample three and more young children (Table 1). On average (nearly 28%), followed by those with two dependent almost exactly one young child was present per children (approx. 23%); 12% of households had

Table 1 Structure of the sample of 192 Roma households by number of children of different definitions (in %)

Young children School-attending children Dependent children total 0 children 45.8 31.8 15.1 1 child 26.6 14.6 8.3 2 children 14.6 26.0 22.9 3 children 8.9 17.7 27.6 4 children 3.1 6.3 12.0 5 or more children 1.0 3.6 14.1 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: Overall for the selection of households for this survey no quotas were set according to these indicators. 19 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

4 dependent children and just over 14% had 5 or more When searching for differences between households dependent children. The average for dependent the analysis also uses classifying attributes according children per household for the entire research sample to the context of the individually monitored was 2.7 children; households separated on the edge of situations, such as, for example, spatial membership a community had the most on average (2.9 children) to a town or village, distance from a paediatrician or and those living concentrated within a community had general practitioner, the type of dwelling and its size, the least (2.3 children). For households from and others. The structure of the sample on the basis of segregated settlements the average number of these characteristics is presented in the text dependent children was 2.7 per one household. concurrently upon their being used.

20 2. MEDICAL CARE: NEED, ACCESSIBILITY AND APPROACH

The Report on the Living Conditions of Roma Households segments, were sufficient reasons for the aspiration in Slovakia 2010 (UNDP, 2012), which is the first output for deeper knowledge of this particular side of life in of this project, observed a higher occurrence of excluded communities. The use of and access to chronic illnesses in the Roma population in comparison medical care is therefore classified among the with the general population geographically close to situations monitored in the framework of the Roma communities with increasing age: although the expanded research activities of a qualitative youngest generation recorded approximately the same character. Specifically, the situational analysis singled level, in the middle and older generations chronic out the last time seeing a doctor, and for this the illnesses were more common in the Roma population. specific forms this situation can take in excluded At the same time, the report, based on a quantitative Roma communities were surveyed. Assistants research questionnaire, recorded approximately the providing contact with respondent households same occurrence of common illnesses in the Roma and entered into the logbook in as much detail as possible general population, but seeking out a doctor with such the story of the last time seeing of a doctor. In the health problems was significantly less frequent for the story they were to write which member of the family Roma sub-sample – especially among households last saw a doctor and with what kind of health living in segregated and separated environments. And problem, the method of transport to see the doctor, among the reasons found for not seeing a doctor in the picking up of possible prescribed medicines at a both compared groups was the subjective conviction pharmacy, the total resources expended in association that it was not necessary, and in the Roma population with seeing a doctor, the approach of the healthcare waiting for a spontaneous improvement in the health personnel and the securing of care for other children problem but also the fact that they could not afford to when going to see a doctor. see a doctor for financial or still other reasons. While avoiding trips to see a doctor with common illnesses was in the Roma and general population caused 2.1. Which member of a family saw predominately by a “natural” attempt at managing the a doctor and with what kind of problem6 problem with one’s own power, in the Roma population Together a total of 184 descriptions of last seeing financial and other limitations entered into this a doctor managed to get recorded; 8 respondent decision a great deal more often. At the same time it households did not list any such story. According to was shown that in the Roma population not picking up the cases found, members of surveyed Roma prescribed medicines was also more frequent, and that households from marginalised settlements most often this deepened in the direction toward segregation; saw a doctor when they accompanied a child to an with this the reason was again very often a lack of examination. Of all the presented situations for last money (UNDP, 2012, pgs. 77-87). seeing a doctor the illness of a child was the reason in The higher occurrence of chronic illnesses 57% of cases; another 3% of the collected stories were ascertained, the lower measure of seeing a doctor and devoted to a situation when a child of higher age saw the stronger barriers in access to medical care in the a doctor himself or herself; an identical 3% of stories Roma population, especially its spatially excluded described a common visit of the entire family seeing

6 We recall a note from the introductory section: from the character of the research it follows that the presented numerical values serve exclusively for comparative purposes – for comparing differences between differently defined groups of excluded Roma households; they decidedly do not correspond to the quantitative range of the given value attribute in excluded Roma communities. 21 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Graph 7: Last time seeing a doctor by household member needing this service and the type of household (in %)

0 20406080100

Head of household 34 30 or partner 84 60 Child accompanied 64 or alone 0 3 3 Entire family 8 Grandparents 3 3 or other relatives 8

Total Households with children Households without children

Note: In the scope of recorded stories on the most recent trip to see a doctor (n = 184) households with children made up 93% and households without children 7%.

a doctor or offered a general expression of the Anyway, we adults don’t go to the doctor, I can’t experience with medical care for the entire family. remember when we last went. Oh, when I gave birth to Thus, overall more than three-fifths of the determined Gabika, but we don’t go for examinations. During the situations with seeking out healthcare services fully or winter I go several times with the children to see the doctor, in the summer less. We go by bus, round-trip partially related to child patients. The share of such it‘s 1.70 euro. I can’t say anything bad about the visits when the head of the household or a partner doctor or even the nurse. went to see the doctor with a healthcare problem achieved only one-third (34%) of all recorded Well, thank God, we haven’t had to go see the doctor situations, and in the remaining 3% of the stories for a long time now. My husband doesn‘t go at all: even when he is ill, he says that it will pass. We go grandparents or some other member of the household more often with the children, but mostly in the spring. went to see a doctor. I go often by car with my brother-in-law – it’s cheaper As the comparison of the group of households with than by bus. The nurse is very nice; I’ve known her for a long time now. children and without children indicated, for households with children the share of seeing a doctor with a child patient was even higher; adult members According to the reason for seeing a doctor, overall of such excluded Roma households (those with a a relatively broad scale of common and serious child) went to see a doctor with their own health illnesses was found. Most often in the answers were problem still more rarely than was the result for the common illnesses such as colds or a temperature, or entire sample of recorded cases. Alongside the higher problems with the digestive tract (stomach ache, probability (with a higher number of children than diarrhoea, vomiting), which obtained 45% of the total adult members in a household a higher probability situations found. The remaining 55% was divided exists that the last recorded time seeing a doctor will among more serious illnesses and specialist or control be with a child) the preference for seeking out medical examinations, or were trips to the emergency room or care in the case of the health problem of a child also a dentist; further found were injuries, preventive played a part in the result found. Several recorded check-ups, visits to the baby clinic or vaccination, or 22 stories mentioned such a preference explicitly: gynaecological problems or examinations. A comparison between individual groups of children; the difference, however, with these two households showed that common illnesses were a reasons for seeking medical help was not very much more frequent reason for last seeing a doctor for striking. Preventive check-ups, as with going to baby households with children, and excluded Roma clinics and vaccinations, again related exclusively households without children do not see a doctor at all only to households with children. with such common illnesses or only in exceptional cases. On the other hand, a more serious illness and The giving of preference to children in the case of different specialist examinations connected with the common illnesses and preventive check-ups or control of development of health status were again vaccinations is also indicated in a comparison of the a great deal more frequent in households without reasons for seeing a doctor by the person involved – children: while they obtained a share of 16% (serious that is, the patient. From all of the stories of the last illness) and 12% (specialist or control examinations) seeing of a doctor with a common illness, only in not overall, for households without children their share quite one-fifth of the cases was an adult member of nearly doubled (together over 46%). A similar trend a household involved; in more than four-fifths the was manifested with seeing a dentist – the last time patients were children. Similar proportions were seeing a doctor occurred a lot more often in the form found with going to baby clinics or vaccinations (75% of a dental check-up in the case of households without with children) or with preventive check-ups (63% with children than for households with children (14% to children); the surveyed households also went to 4%). Injuries and going to emergency rooms were also emergency rooms most often with ill children (82%). more frequent on the side of households without On the other hand, specialist and control

Graph 8: Last time seeing a doctor by reason and the type of household (in %)

0 1020304050

45 47 common illness 8 16 14 serious illness 23 4 Total injury 4 8 12 Households professional examination, control 11 23 with children 4 preventive check-up 5 0 Households 6 without emergency room 6 8 children 5 dentist 4 14 4 consultation and vaccination 5 0 4 gynaecological and pregnancy 4 8

Note: In the scope of recorded stories on the most recent visit to a doctor (n = 184) households with children made up 93% and households without children 7%. 23 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Graph 9: Last time seeing a doctor by reason and the person who went as the patient (in %)

0 102030405060708090100

common illness 18 82 0

serious illness 45 33 11 11 injury 25 50 12 13 specialist examination, control 70 21 09 preventive check-up 25 63 0

emergency room 18 82 0

dentist 78 11 11 0 baby clinic and vaccination 25 75 0

gynaecological and 71 29 0 pregnancy

Head of the household or partner Child (accompanied or alone) Entire family Grandparents or other relatives

Note: For the composition of recorded cases of last seeing a doctor by the person who went on the visit, see Graph 7.

examinations, as well as serious illnesses and dental disease, were found in children with a significant check-ups related more often to adult members than impact on the financial situation of the family. One to children (from 50% to 75%). story was found in which the health problem of the child was a consequence of hunger: According to the type of illness with which excluded Roma households last sought out medical help, in the The daughter (nine years old) was hospitalised, case of children colds or flu or a sore throat – that is, because she fainted. An ambulance came for her and illnesses of the respiratory passages – were very often she was in hospital for three days. It was found that listed.7 However, digestive problems occur relatively she fainted because she had not eaten anything in often in excluded Roma households: stomach ache, the morning; but she had a weak concussion from the diarrhoea or vomiting in the case of child patients are fall. After being released she supposedly didn’t get any medicine; they paid 10 euro at the hospital. She widespread in the environment, or are the reason for went home with her mother by bus, and the deciding to see a doctor. From more serious illnesses grandmother watched the other children in the in child patients, congenital diseases and the need to meantime (four other children from 5 to 16 years). control their development, infectious diseases, such The behaviour of the nurses and doctors was said to as, for example, jaundice, as well as oncological be normal.

24 7 For more details regarding the reasons for seeing a doctor, see Appendix 3.2. In relation to adult members of excluded Roma consequences be manifested in worsened health households, those with common colds or digestive status and can lead to the origin of chronic or long- problems very often do not seek out medical help; term illnesses. Monitoring their occurrence in their reasons for seeing a doctor are longer-term and individual groups of residents indicates such a link – more serious diseases, most often, for example, in excluded Roma communities for the older age cardiovascular diseases and high blood pressure,8 group the spreading of chronic diseases was found in then diseases of the locomotive organs, diabetes or an a significantly larger range (UNDP, 2012, pg. 78). injuries of different types. From another point of view, according the causes of such an approach to one’s own health, the question of Comparisons between groups of excluded Roma accessibility of medical care for some groups of households in the framework of this research probe citizens shifts to the centre of attention. In addition confirm the finding known from other research and to the subjective causes specified as an “irresponsible monitoring activities carried out in marginalised Roma approach to one’s own health”11 the resignation of communities. Adult residents of excluded Roma consultations and control of health status by communities go only rarely with common illnesses to professionals may also be the result of inaccessibility see a doctor and few also go in for preventive check- or worsening access to such services. ups.9 If they see a doctor with their own problem, it is likely for a more serious illnesses or when they have Reports and analysis dedicated to surveying the a long-term condition which requires regular specialist health status and accessibility of healthcare pointed examination and repeated controls of health status. partially to hindered spatial accessibility of More often the reason for seeking out a doctor by adult healthcare facilities for residents of some excluded patients was also a toothache and obviously settlements but also to the problem of financial gynaecological examinations. With common illnesses, accessibility of healthcare – picking up medicines and adult members of excluded Roma households only fees for treatments and travel, as well as to limitations rarely seek medical care, but they do see a doctor if following from the need to ensure the care of other children have common childhood illnesses.10 children during trips to see a doctor. The recorded Ignoring common health problems and preventive empirical cases describing the last time seeing check-ups in general can from the viewpoint of a doctor indicated that for each of the mentioned

8 Several other sources have pointed out the high occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in the Roma population: aside from the cited medical reports, for example, doctors working directly in the field. As is presented in the article „Zdravie Rómov – katastrofa“ [“The Health of the Roma – catastrophe”] which was published by the newspaper SME on 12 Decembre 2008, a general practitioner from Kežmarok gathers statistics on illnesses and causes of death among his patients, according to which: “Up to 43 percent are consist of problems of the circulatory system. The reason is the consumption of foods with a high content of animal fats, the increased occurrence of overweight and obesity, smoking and the giving up of seeing a doctor.” (for more, see: http://primar.sme.sk/c/4220164/zdravie-romov- katastrofa.html#ixzz2DzGYoQGG). 9 See, for example, the Evaluation Report on the Results of the 1st Stage of the Programme for the Support of Health of Disadvantaged Roma Communities for the Years 2007 – 2008 (Bratislava, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic 2008, pg. 11); Programme of Health Support of Disadvantaged Communities in Slovakia for the years 2009 – 2015 (Bratislava, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic 2009, pg. 9); UNDP, 2012; ETP Slovakia, 2009; and many others. Also pointing out this problem are the in-depth interviews with representatives of different aid professions carried out in the framework of this project (Part II. of this final report). 10 The preference for healthcare examination in the case of children was also confirmed in the research of the non-profit organisation Quo Vadis from a Central Slovakia mapping the situation of Roma women (Image..., 2012). According to the empirical findings of this survey the bad economic situation in many cases leads to the resignation of Roma women of medical examinations. When due to a lack of money in the household they cannot pick up prescribed medicines, they consider seeing a doctor as pointless; but at the same time several of the Roma women emphasised, they always try to see a doctor with children, when this is necessary. At least two statements will speak for all: “It happens, yes. Sometimes not even for medicine, that’s how it is. In relation to us (adults – author’s note), so why should I go when I don’t have the money. But when it is a child, and you go to the doctor, then you get the medicines! But only for ourselves later... (unemployed Roma women with SOU and four children, place – separated environment).” “... and often enough (there are no finances for a doctor – author’s note). Or I don‘t go a doctor, because why should I, when I don’t pick up the medicine?! And again this is an obligation, a woman actually to put up with a terrible lot of feelings and would rather let herself be sick, rather than a child or husband.” (Roma woman of middle age with a university degree working in an NGO, separated town environment). 11 But such behaviour through the media or through healthcare reports presented as “an irresponsible approach to one’s own health” is in its essence likewise the consequence of objective, external factors. Let us mention at least some: relinquishing responsibility for one’s own health from the side of society to an individual or his/her family without regard to individual prerequisites for fulfilling such a competence; a lack of awareness of some groups of citizens regarding care of their own health; a lack of information about healthcare services; the small space for informed choice; deficiencies in prevention and health education and the like. 25 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

barriers a portion of residents of excluded Roma the stories about calling for emergency medical communities was found for which the given aspect of services (EMS) or travel to see a doctor by bicycle were accessibility of medical care represented a larger or mentioned. The method of transport used, however, smaller problem. primarily depended on the spatial distance of the healthcare facilities from the place of habitation – 2.2. Spatial distance from healthcare from an excluded settlement. As Graph 3.9 shows, for marginalised settlements lying at a certain distance services and strategies for overcoming it from the home municipality the share of those going The surveyed Roma households from excluded to see a doctor on foot came out higher and public communities of different types were differentiated by transport was used less; they listed the calling of distance to basic medical care, while an emergency emergency medical services for the most recent room and hospital were for many of them more distant medical problem in the household more often. still. Only approximately one-quarter of households A more detailed look at the stories found of seeing had basic medical care, a paediatrician or a local a doctor indicated even larger differences in the doctor and dentist within a distance of less than one methods of transport used to travel to see a doctor by kilometre; the largest portion (45 to 50%) had it from distance from the doctor. If the person who needed one to five kilometres distant, and for more than one- healthcare was a child, the method of transport fifth of the surveyed households the distance was differed significantly by the distance from a more than five kilometres. Seeing a doctor, then, paediatrician. With distances of a paediatrician from presupposed in a large portion of households the the place of habitation smaller than one kilometre 59% overcoming of a certain spatial distance and did so of recorded cases went on foot to see the doctor, 36% not only with settlements outside of municipal lands; used public transport and 5% went by a car other than sometimes medical care was distant even within a their own. With a distance of a paediatrician from the town (households from communities lying in the residence in the range from 1 to 5 km the situation with territory of a village or town made up 39% of all transport changed markedly. On one hand going to see recorded cases of seeing a doctor). a doctor on foot was reduced, although 44% of cases In relation to the method of transport to a medical even with this higher distance went to see examination, from the total sample of recorded a paediatrician in this way; on the other hand, stories of last seeing a doctor 43% used public passenger cars were used more often for transporting transport when seeking medical treatment and nearly children to the doctor, and the share of public transport three-fifths (57%) went to see a doctor in some other remained approximately the same (and this probably way. Exactly one-third of them went to see a doctor on depended on the availability of public transport to the foot, another 19% travelled by car, and most often place of residence). If the paediatrician was more than this was not their own car. From the other methods in 5 km distant from the excluded settlement, cases of not

Table 2 Structure of the sample of Roma households by distance from basic medical services (in %)

Up to 1 km 1 – 5 km More than 5 km Paediatrician 26 45 29 Local doctor 28 50 22 Dentist 26 45 29

Note: In the scope of the recorded stories of the last time seeing a doctor (n = 184) households from communities which were a part of 26 the home municipality made up 39% and households living in settlement at a certain distance from the home municipality was 61%. Graph 9: Last time seeing a doctor by method of transport and distance from the village (in %)

0 102030405060

33 on foot 27 37 Total 43 51 public transport 38 Settlement 7 part of the 9 own car 6 home 12 municipality other car 12 12 3 Settlement 0 EMT – ambulance 5 distant from the home 1 0 bicycle 1 municipality 1 other 1 1

Note: In the scope of the recorded stories of the last time seeing a doctor (n = 184) households from communities which were a part of the home municipality made up 39% and households living in settlement at a certain distance from the home community was 61%. using some form of transport and seeing a doctor on Similarly, with adult household members seeing foot no longer occurred: for the given conditions public a doctor, the method of transport changed according transport dominated, and the share of transporting to distance from a general practitioner. In the group a child to see a doctor by a car other than one’s own less than one kilometre distant from a local doctor, grew notably, as did calling on emergency medical going on foot to see the doctor predominated, or services for a child patient. travel by public transport; the other methods of

Graph 10: Last time seeing a doctor by method of transport and distance from a paediatrician (in %)

0 10203040506070

59 44 on foot 0 36 35 to 1 km public transport 57 0 1-5 km 6 own car 7 5 6-19 km other car 15 29 0 0 EMT – ambulance 7

Note: In the scope of recorded stories of the last time a child patient saw a doctor, 26% of households were less than one kilometre distant from paediatrician; 45% were from one to 5 km away, and 29% were more than 5 km distant. 27 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Graph 11: Last time an adult household member went to see a doctor by method of transport and distance from the local doctor (in %)

0 1020304050607080

71 36 on foot 0 29 36 to 1 km public transport 59 0 1-5 km 8 own car 10 0 6-19 km other car 12 21 0 8 EMT – ambulance 10

Note: In the scope of recorded stories of the last time an adult member saw a doctor 28% of households were less than one kilometre distant from paediatrician; 50% were from one to 5 km away and 22% were more than 5 km distant.

transport to an examination did not occur at all. With of other children in the household is common – they more distant basic medical care the use of passenger have to make the trip together with the mother or cars and calling EMT services were added, in addition remain in the care of some alternate person: to an increase in the use of public transport. They last went to see the doctor for the vaccination of a child. The mother went on foot (4 km) to the Even a simple comparison on the basis of the spatial neighbouring village to see the doctor. Since the child distance of medical care (of basic – with more serious was not ill, the vaccination ran just fine and was free professional interventions requiring specialised of charge. She also took older child with her to the medical help or hospital facilities medical care was doctor; she had no one to leave him/her with. even further) from the place of residence points to The twelve-year-old daughter appeared in the company problems in the accessibility of healthcare for of the mother for a summons to a local doctor for an residents of spatially distant settlements. Distant examination. They went on foot (1.5 km), and didn’t healthcare is a problem primarily for those have to pay the doctor anything. The visit went settlements which do not have public transport in without problems; the other children (three children of their vicinity. Households use different strategies for ages 5, 9 and 11 years) remained at home with an overcoming distance – based on the seriousness of older sibling (a 16-year-old daughter). the health problem, the financial situation of the However, even ill children from excluded settlements household and other circumstances of family life. not infrequently had to go on foot to see a doctor The recorded stories of seeing a paediatrician from a some kilometres distant, not only those fulfilling settlement more than one kilometre distant took compulsory check-ups or mandatory vaccinations. many different forms. The securing of a compulsory And mothers living on the margins of large towns are vaccination or check-up can mean in the absence of also familiar with going a long way on foot for medical public transport from a settlement or with a lack of treatment. Although in such a case medical care is financial resources for travelling, a walk of a few located within the home municipality, a large town kilometres and back to see a doctor. And aside from can mean a walk of several kilometres for medical care 28 overcoming distance, the need to arrange for the care from the marginal parts of Roma communities to a healthcare facility. Such was the story of a mother of the mother and father – they went there on foot a three-month old baby with bronchitis or a twelve- (within the village). The behaviour of the doctor and year-old child with a fever and cough: nurse was appropriate. The sister was with a small three-month old baby at The youngest daughter (two years old) had a fever; the emergency room – the baby had bronchitis. The the mother went with her to see a doctor (this is sister came on foot to the hospital emergency room 4 kilometres; three minor children remained at (more than 3 km within the town) and paid 2 euro for home). She didn’t pay for the doctor, but she paid the examination. On that day she picked up the 6 euro for medicine. prescription at the pharmacy for 7 euro; this was two The youngest daughter (two years old) had a sore syrups. The nurse asked after the baby, how chubby throat; I went with her on foot (approx. 3 km) with the she is, what does she like to eat, how many months old mother (two other minor children at home). They paid he was – she was nice. The doctor was not mentioned; only for medicine, 5 euro, she was happy with the the mother of the child was accompanied to the doctor examination. by her sister. A mother went with her twelve-year-old daughter on Sometimes the trip to a medical examination took the foot to see a doctor; the bus is too expensive (from the form of the lone pilgrimage of a child with a painful edge of the regional capital to the centre). The girl injury or with medical problems. Obligations to care had a fever and cough. They paid only for the medicine for other children in the household didn’t allow the – approximately 7 euro. Sometimes the father also child to be accompanied to the doctor: goes with the daughter to see the doctor. The behaviour of the personnel was agreeable. The daughter (twelve years old) broke her arm and went on foot to the doctor (1.5 km from a settlement on the edge of a village). This was perhaps three Several stories described a several-kilometre walk to months ago. She doesn’t remember how much she the doctor from a segregated settlement to the home paid for the examination. She was in a cast for about or a neighbouring municipality. For example, with an two and a half months; seeing the doctor was without ill son who had a temperature and vomited they had to problems. walk four kilometres there and back; or to go from The last time seeing a doctor was due to a skin rash, a separated settlement on the edge of a village with which the oldest daughter had (sixteen years old). She three children with a temperature, vomiting and went on foot alone to the doctor (3 km) because the a stomach ache, to see a paediatrician; in yet another mother had nowhere to leave the other children (six situation a mother with a small child in fever walked children from age 2 months to 14 years). A tincture was from a segregated settlement to a doctor in the prescribed that cost 2.50 euro, and she picked it up. village, when other children in the household waited The behaviour of the doctor and the nurse was normal. for them at home. The field collection of empirical Problems with the trip to a distant doctor, obviously, material ran during the summer (August and did not only relate to child patients; adult members September 2011), thus the question here arises how of households also went to see a doctor on foot ill children from an excluded settlement get to without accompaniment for their own illnesses or a doctor during the winter months or during a health problem: unfavourable weather: Mama: a month ago I needed to go see a doctor with They went on foot to see a doctor; this is perhaps inflammation of the back, pain up to my eyes. I went 3-4 km. The son was ill with a temperature and to see the doctor alone, on foot to the opposite side of vomiting. They paid 2 euro for medicine. The nurse town (an estimated 3 km). She wrote me was edgy because one lady quarrelled with her; the a prescription for 5 euro (Veral, Dorsiflex). I didn’t pay doctor was normal. anything at the doctor – when they examine, you don’t Three sons had a temperature, vomiting and pay, thank God; only when you go to the emergency a stomach ache. They saw a doctor accompanied by room you pay 2 euro. The children were home with my 29 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

oldest son (twenty-year-old son, the other five We last went to see a doctor with our thirteen-year-old children aged 5 to 16 years). The doctors were good; daughter, who complained of a stomach ache. She I waited about an hour for the examination. I can’t went to see the doctor with mother; they went by push to the front like an ´Olah´. When a person is ill, mass-transit bus without a ticket, because they didn’t it has to happen that the Olahs jump the queue ahead have money for a ticket. An auntie stayed with the of us, they also scolded the doctor. other children, because the father had to go to an activation activity. The medical examination was The standard method of overcoming distance to problem-free. They gave the daughter an injection and a medical examination is the use of public transport. prescribed some medicines. We didn’t pick these up In the case of excluded settlements a total of 43% of from the pharmacy, because it was necessary to pay perhaps 5 euro and we didn’t have the money. The the surveyed cases travelled this way; with a distance pain eventually went away. covered greater than five kilometres, this was up to 57%. The assumption is that public transport actually A bicycle is sometimes used to deal with the lack of runs between the place of residence and the financial resources for public transport in the case of healthcare facility, which was not a general a great distance of the place of habitation from phenomenon (transport doesn’t go through some healthcare services. One ill six-year-old child went communities and some do not lie in the vicinity of several kilometres by bicycle for a medical examination transport corridors). But even with the existence of from a segregated settlement to a neighbouring village transport from the side of many surveyed households without her mother, who stayed home to care for five noted the problem of paying for travel, and due to other siblings. This story, like several others (see stress in household’s financial budget even a few Appendix 2), pointed at the same time to the problem of cents or euro was a big burden, especially with repeated seeing of a doctor. An ill child must survive not repeated trips to see a doctor or when the illness only the journey to see a doctor and then back but also occurs in the period shortly before benefits come. the repeated overcoming of distance for care during the Households often had to borrow money to go see process of treating an illness and regular controls of its a doctor, and travelling “black”, that is, without development: a travel ticket, was also found: My husband went with the little girl (6 years) on a Jóžika (two-year-old son) has a respiratory illness; bicycle, because we didn’t have money for the travel we’ve already been to town to see a doctor two times tickets (5 km). She is well now. The doctor didn’t give us this month (5 km). Through the autumn and winter we the tablets immediately and after we had to go back. went to see a doctor every month. When we don’t have money to travel, we borrow 4.20 euro from a neighbour (a white woman, but we like her a lot, she Approximately one-fifth of recorded cases of seeing a always helps us) for the round trip. I always take my doctor took place via a passenger car. One’s own car in son to see the doctor; the nurse and the doctor have excluded settlements is only used rarely (7% of cases; praised us many times (medicines were about see Appendix 3.2); usually a car owned by another 11.30 euro). household in the community is used. Two basic ways The youngest son (five years old) was the last to see are used in relation to a car. The first is mutual a doctor; he is often ill. He went to see the doctor in neighbourhood help with transport by car to see a town 8 km distant by bus with his mother. They had to doctor, which in the surveyed environment occurred borrow for the bus tickets because this was before relatively often. Seeing a doctor with one’s own benefits. The doctor was said to be nice. They didn’t health problem was connected with a journey by the pay for the medical service; the medicines would have cost a lot, but they didn’t pick them up. The trip cost car of another household to a determined place; both them 1.20 euro, and they got home by bus, too. The households went to see a doctor together or they took other children were in the care of grandparents and them along the way on journey of the car owners to go 30 older siblings. shopping: I last saw a doctor perhaps a half-year ago when my The five-year-old son swelled up after being stung by son had a fever. I waited in line at the doctor’s office; an insect. The mother went with her son to the she examined him, where she explained the process of emergency room in town (5 km); their neighbour took treatment and wrote a prescription. I didn’t pay them for 10 euro because it was the weekend and the anything there, or for the journey, because bus stops near the settlement only if someone is a neighbour with a motor vehicle, who was also seeing getting off. The fee for the emergency room was 2 a doctor, took me there and back. The doctor and the euro. After the examination on Sunday, they picked up medical personnel behaved well toward me; I had my the medicine on Monday: they paid 3.40 euro for an daughter with her granddad at the time. ointment. They went to the paediatrician on Monday and also to the pharmacy, again by car for 15 euro – to The daughter (two years old) had a cold – a runny and the district town (25 km). There was a problem with stuffed up nose. She went to see a doctor with her the connection, and therefore, she had to make it mother by the car of another family, who went food home on time, because she was nursing (she had five shopping. She didn’t pay for the journey, but she paid children at home from 9 months to 6 years old). at first 2 euro for the medicine and a week later Because she stated that the sting occurred on Friday, approximately 3 euro. She chose the medicine herself the paediatrician shouted at the mother for not – recommended by the family. The trip back was again bringing the child to her sooner to the hospital. by car with a family from the settlement. The other children were home alone (four children between 2 and 17 years old). Seeing the doctor was without any In such cases of “hiring a car” costs for travel are problematic behaviour. often relatively high; the respondents, however, evaluate this solution as cheaper than transport by The youngest son (one year old) had a high fever. We ambulance or taxi. Due to a lack of financial resources went to the doctor by bus (6 km). The trip cost us 3 euro, and we paid 6 euro at the pharmacy. The doctor this method of transport to see a doctor has and the nurse are very nice; we don’t have any consequences in the form of another family problems with them. We got home by car, our friend indebtedness family or disruption of the budget took us but we still had to go 2 km on foot. needed for buying food. One case was also found when costs for transport by car from the neighbourhood The second method of using another’s car for had, for example, to be worked off: transport to see a doctor was by a paid services – Control examination with a neurologist – a mother a family paid the owner of the car for transport to with a one-year-old son who was born prematurely the examination. The surveyed households from with a weight of 1.5 kg by Caesarean section. The trip excluded Roma communities used the renting of to a more distant town by car for the examination cost 30 euro, the fee for the neurological examination was another’s car in the absence of other possibilities of 4 euro (for the ultrasound). The father was at home transport and in acute cases, when rapid medical with the children (the other four children from 4 to 12 care was sought after: years), and couldn’t go on a work brigade, and so lost Our eleven-year-old son was last ill. He had a earnings of 10 euro for the whole day (plus food and temperature, and we had to go with him to the cigarettes). emergency room one afternoon. We paid 2 euro for the Perhaps three months ago their ten-year-old son emergency room visit, and more than 8 euro for the (they also have a thirteen-year-old son) fell in the medicines for the temperature and antibiotics. We yard and cut his forehead. He bled a lot, and went to the emergency room by car with a neighbour; therefore it was necessary to take him to the we gave him 8 euro. The doctor and the nurse behaved emergency room in the district town (17 km). They politely; the doctor explained to me how I was to give didn’t have money for the journey and the 2 euro fee him the medicine, and if the temperature didn’t drop, for the doctor, therefore, my husband went to the how to give him a wrap. The nurse measured the boy’s local usurer. The usurer offered that he will take us to temperature and asked whether he was happy at the doctor; the husband went with him and the wife school, if he has good friends. stayed at home. The boy was examined at the 31 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

emergency room without problems, and going to see without stating larger problems (for more, see the doctor cost 30 euro, which is how much the usurer Appendix 3.2), for many of them distant medical care collected on the day of benefits. is a reality which brings difficulties of different types. A seriously disabled two-year-old son had to see With marked stress in financial budgets, households a neurologist (for child’s cerebral palsy) for a control also decide, even with larger distances, to go to see examination at the polyclinic in a distant town. The a doctor on foot and do so even in the case of an acute family, without a car, has a problem travelling (they illness of a child or adult household member. The use live in a settlement 2.5 km from a village, 6 km from of public transport for some excluded settlements is the district town); an ambulance is more expensive than a taxi (approx. 50 euro, taxi 30 euro, without not accessible at all (no connection operates a receipt it may be 20 euro). A private car costs 10- regularly) or they make seeing a doctor more 15 euro. The examination was scheduled, but right expensive. In acute cases households try to secure an before the deadline of a loan from a private person alternative method of transport, such as, for example, the agreement was rejected. The family without requesting a ride using in a personal car of someone financial resources asked neighbours with a car – the from the neighbourhood. This takes the form of father worked it off at home (digging the foundations neighbourly help, but also of a purchases service, for a new fence). For the digging he had 50 euro, for which is such a case is relatively expensive. Contracts the car they gave 10 euro; the family situation improved. They kept to the schedule, no criticism with owners of cars in a situation under pressure and of the personnel at the polyclinic – super in stress due to the need for medical treatment are professional approach. often disadvantageous. They lead to indebtedness of the household, when they have to borrow for travel, Sometimes the story regarding the provision of care is subtracting from financial resources originally meant a long one, when seeing a local doctor is not for food, or they mean a “material liability” in the sufficient and it is necessary to take a trip for form of working off costs associated with travelling to a specialist examination in a distant town. The see a doctor. problem can be the lack of preparedness for such a situation – financial or for care of other children in the household: 2.3. Financial accessibility The fourth child (daughter, five years old) had a splay- of a medical examination: mouth. I got to town from the settlement on foot (this total costs and the choice of medicines is 2.5 km). Our doctor was just then on holiday and another doctor treated us. She said that I must take The linking of medical care with the financial situation my daughter to the hospital in Košice. I requested an of households has already been indicated by the ambulance because I didn’t have any money, so she previous section devoted to spatial accessibility of these answered that this is not how it works, that it’s not public services, when because of the distance of a case that requires an ambulance; she said I have to a doctor from the place of habitation many excluded get there by bus. I argued with the doctor and I went Roma households must give up transport to see a doctor to scrape the money together. A neighbour loaned me 10 euro, and so I took my daughter to the hospital. completely and instead go there on foot, or My mother looked after the other children (she has six expenditures for travel become a burden on household children in all from 1 to 10 years old). budgets in other ways. The monitoring of incomes and expenditures showed significant budget stress for Although a large portion of the surveyed households a relatively large portion of excluded Roma households from excluded settlements did not declare any in the situation of reliance on social benefits. The problems with the distance when going to see a difference in total monthly sums of incomes and doctor or with overcoming it, that they have medical expenditures was found to be only minimal,12 and 32 care relatively close by or were able to pay travel costs households without a working member, where there was Graph 12: Average sum expended for the last time seeing a doctor by selected characteristics (in %)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Total 10,01

Medical examination of a child 9,11 Medical examination of an adult 11,49

Common illness 8,15 Serious disease 11,29 Specialist examination 14,90 Dentist 9,10

On foot 6,96 Public transport 10,89 Own car 9,64 Another’s car 14,76 Emergency medical service 23,50

Note: In the scope of the recorded stories of the last time seeing a doctor child patients made up 63% and adults 27% The share of common illnesses represented 45% of all cases, seeing a doctor for a serious disease16%, specialist and control examinations 12% and dental examinations 5%. at least one young child and also multi-member The average expended total sum for the last time households, recorded the worst balance. Furthermore, seeing a doctor, which included fees for the it was found that stress in the household budget is also examination and medicines and expenditures for increased by the possibilities of handling financial travel, represented a sum on the level of 10 euro. The resources during the month when the predominant part sum differed moderately according to the person ill of the month a household has only a small portion of its and the type of medical problem. For treatment of total monthly incomes available. The low total incomes child patients the sum was moderately lower than for at the same time mean surviving most of the month with adult patients (by approx. 2.50 euro), and costs for very small sums of disposable financial resources. For common illnesses came out less expensive than the given conditions, decisions on household treatment at the dentist or seeing a doctor due to consumption are markedly limited and even covering a serious disease and specialist examinations. With basic needs or unexpected expenditures, including the the common illnesses for which children go to see a provision of essential healthcare, is threatened. Many of doctor, basic medical care, which is closer and is less the situations capturing the last time seeing a doctor demanding in terms of fees for medicines, is found confirm problems with the financial accessibility sufficient; in the case of specialist examinations of healthcare. medical care in part becomes more distant, which

12 The average sum of monthly incomes per one household achieved 597.60 euro and the sum of expenditures 552.99 euro; per one household member this was on average a sum of 112.75 euro of incomes to 104.34 euro of expenditures. 33 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

increases the financial demands for transport, The stressed financial budget of some households also but the demands for co-payments for medicine are comes from a situation when paying for necessary also higher with such medical problems. The medicines means the limiting of other basic needs; expended sum differed significantly upon financial resources intended for providing food are comparisons of the method of transport to see a reduced – they subsequently don’t have the money doctor: the lowest was going to see a doctor on foot; needed for food: on the other hand, the sum increased two- or three- The last time seeing a doctor was for cardiovascular fold with the hiring of another’s car for the trip to disease, diabetes and hypertension. They travell 4 km the doctor or upon calling for emergency medical by bus to see the doctor. The examination in the clinic service, after which a stay in a hospital facility is calm; they are satisfied. They pick up the medicines, usually followed, thus increasing the expenditures because they cannot function without them; for healthcare services. afterward, they don’t have money for food. They don’t have any young children; only adults. Overall, the sum expended for the last time seeing The last time my son (sixteen years old) was beaten in a doctor differed significantly: it ranged from zero the settlement and needed medical help. He’d taken expenditures to 250 euro (the fee for an abortion); a hard hit to his head and nose. The local surgery sums over 30 euro, however, occurred only in clinic sent him to the regional capital. I had just come sporadic cases. Most often the financial amounts back from a work brigade where I’d received 10 euro. I gave the 10 euro to a neighbour to gas up his car so came out to be 10 euro, followed by 12 euro, 20 euro 13 that he could take us to town. I wanted to use that and 6 euro. Although overall financial money for food. expenditures for treatment are especially high, for a significant portion of excluded households they The probe into the last time seeing a doctor in the still mean difficulties with paying them. Several environments of excluded settlements recorded several households complained in general that this is for strategies for securing missing financial resources for them a lot, and they feel these expenditures as medical treatments. Among the more rare strategies a financial burden, especially if they are connected was “saving for a doctor”. Even from small incomes with a more distant specialist examination or with some mothers are able to stash money away for repeated health problems: anticipated expenditures for healthcare treatment, only I last saw a doctor with my youngest son in June. The so that they don’t always have to borrow: doctor isn’t very nice. When we have to go to the When I go to see a doctor, I go on foot or by bus, and district town for a specialist examination at the my husband watches the children... The children have polyclinic, the travel costs for the month is around 12 common illnesses – sore throat, cough, bronchial euro, medicines 20 euro, which is a lot for us. trouble (in the household are eleven children of age 2 The last time seeing a doctor was in mid-September – to 15 years). When we don’t have money, my family at a paediatrician. It involved repeated inflammation loans it to me. I was last at the doctor with my of the air passages and an increased allergy to pollen. youngest daughter; she had a temperature and The examination went communicatively and without inflammation of the air passages. I paid 5.80 euro for problems; the mother goes to the controls and medicines; I had 10 euro put away, so I didn’t have to examinations with the children. Travel costs were 3 borrow. We have a paediatrician in our village who is euro there and back, expenditures for medicines were very good. The children like him and he always gives 20 euro – and they are ill two times a month! The them a sweet or a colouring book during the younger child remained at home with the father. examinations.

13 Average monthly expenditures for healthcare for all members of a household (defined through medicines and examinations, not transport) came out according to 34 the monitoring of incomes and expenditures on a level of 16 euro. I was with my son – he had throat inflammation. We the older boy (four years old) is ill and I need were in our village – on foot. The nurse called us into medicines for both, I borrow 15 euro. The last time the outpatient clinic for a consultation, but white I was at the doctor was today, with the smallest, and people knocked on the door and were taken ahead of I took the four-year-old one with me. The doctor is us for the examination – it seemed unfair to me. They here in the village, so I went on foot (the settlement is prescribed him medicines for 12 euro; I had the 1 km away). The older children (three age 8 to 15 money, because I put a little on the side for years) were in school. I borrowed 10 euro from my medicines. sister, and I gave 5 euro for medicine, and I bought some tea and sugar to have for him. We have a good But most common method excluded Roma households doctor; she always knows our children by name. used to overcome the deficit of financial resources necessary for fees associated with medical treatment Households borrow money for covering essential costs are loans. Borrowing for seeing a doctor was relatively for treatment or a cure from different sources. Most widespread; parents – usually the mother – have often, however, members of their wider family help – already shown with standard illnesses in their children a sister, a mother-in-law, an uncle – but especially that they are able to estimate the sum they will need parents. Solidarity among relatives is with illnesses for medical treatment: very intensive, and networks of relatives play a large part in ensuring healthcare in Roma communities. The It was necessary to go see doctor with a girl because above-listed stories have already presented, in she had a temperature. The parents went with the girl 1.5 km on foot. The doctor, after the examination, addition to other family members, borrowing within a assured the parents that it isn’t serious. It was neighbourhood, and a story even occurred with a loan necessary to pay 5.78 euro for the medicines; the from a field social worker: parents had to borrow the money. A neighbour woman We went to see the doctor this month with our watched the children at home. youngest son, who had a temperature. We both went, I last went to see a doctor with my younger daughter my husband and I, and the children stayed at home (ten years old), she had a temperature; she drank with our oldest daughter, thirteen years old (four a cold soda and got a sore throat. I didn’t have the children age 5 to 13 years). We went on foot; we didn‘t money so I had to borrow from the family. I borrowed have money for the bus (2 km). We picked up the 10 euro, and the medicines cost 6 euro. I didn’t have medicines thanks to my mother-in-law, who loaned us to pay anything for the journey, because the doctor is the money. We paid more than 4 euro for the here in the village (1 km). She is very good, nice to medicine. The doctor and nurse behaved well; they children, even to our Roma kids. only commented that we never have money for medicines. It was necessary to go see a doctor with the youngest member of the family (five-year-old daughter), I was at the doctor with my son, who is two and a half because her stomach ache would not go away. The years old; he had a temperature and cried in the night. mother went to see the doctor with the little girl. The My husband and older daughter were with the smaller examination went normally. They made the journey to children (three others of age 5 to 15 years). The doctor the doctor on foot, because the medical centre is not was normal. I went to see the doctor in town by bus far away. The father in the family watched the children (one way 0.50 cents). I didn’t have money for (they are 10, 11 and 17 years old). The parents had to medicine, so I borrowed from my sister (10 euro). borrow 10 euro for medicine. The behaviour of the My daughter was the last one in the family to take ill – nurse was normal. she had the flu. We went to see the doctor on foot (2 I go to see the doctor most often with the smallest boy km), because we didn’t have the money for travel right (eighteen months old) – he’s used to coughing; he then. I went with my daughter; I’m her mother. The gets a temperature and we have to go. It often medicines cost 10 euro and we had to borrow from the happens that I don’t have the money and then field social worker. In the meantime, the children were I borrow approximately 10 euro from the family. When with my husband (two children age 12 and 4 years old). 35 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

The last of the presented ways that a family got the In the total sample of recorded stories of the last time money needed for covering expenditures for a trip to seeing a doctor 59% were health problems for which see a doctor and for buying medicines was the use of medicines were prescribed to the patient. As Graph 13 a pawn-shop. Purchases in this case also expanded to shows, among them 85% picked up all of the prescribed other necessary commodities when treating a cold: medicines, whether without problems or with the help A two-year-old child had bronchitis. The travel cost was of a loan from another source. The remaining 15% of 3 euro and the medicines 4 euro. They pawned some households signalled in their story some problem with earrings and bought tea and sugar. the picking up of medicines. A portion of households picked up medicines or only some of them later than The paths to financially covering medical treatment in they needed them, while 4% of the cases recorded in the surveyed excluded households, which have a low the research probe completely gave up prescribed income or an income unevenly distributed in time (in medicines. As was also shown within the framework of a the course of a month they do not have disposable comparison of groups, residents of segregated financial resources in the amount covering the settlements – where double the number of cases of financial demands of treatment and cures), are households (nearly one-third) was involved – indicated therefore varied. The described stories indicated that the most problems with picking up medicines on time they are predominately based on the activation of and in a comprehensive way. broader networks of relatives or on loans from another – from other sources. Among the stories, however, Despite the overall declared preference for seeing were those in which a household was unable to secure a doctor with a child patient, some excluded the resources for medicines in the current state of households were unable to pick up all the medicines need for a medical examination and treatment. It then even with the illness of a child, or they picked them up occurred that they picked up in a pharmacy only some with a certain time delay, when they were able to of the prescribed medicines, they picked them up late secure the financial resources needed: (which meant some time between treatment at all or I was with my small son (four years) at the doctor; he giving up any supporting treatment) or they gave up coughed and had a fever in the night. I went to the prescribed and necessary medicines completely due to waiting room; I was the first one there, so I waited. a lack of financial resources. The nurse called in a few people before me. Inside the

Graph 13: Last time seeing a doctor with prescription medicines by their being picked-up (in %)

0 102030405060708090100

Total 85 5 64 Segregated ettlement 69 8 17 6 Separated settlement on the edge 93 2 05

Concentrated settlement 88 6 33 in a municipality

Picked up all Picked up some Picked up later Did not pick up

36 Note: The number of cases with prescribed medicine represented n = 113 units (59%). clinic the nurse laughed, saying that I come often with every month. It goes well, because the doctor has known the children and that I don’t care for them (together mama for years now. The problem is financial: when she has three children ages 4, 9 and 11 years). The mama gets a prescription, she doesn’t always pick it up. doctor gave him an antibiotic for 5 euro. He also I have mental health problems; travel costs and needed a syrup, but I didn’t have the money. medicines cost 20 euro for the whole month. I don’t I travelled by bus (approx. 1 euro). always have my medicines – the financial situation The youngest son (five years old) was the last to see doesn’t allow for it; another member of the family is a doctor; he is often ill. He went to see the doctor in on a disability pension. We are happy with the doctor. town 8 km distant by bus with his mother. They had to I was last at the doctor with my own problem: I have borrow for the bus tickets because this was before an untreatable vein; it has broken twice now. I was at benefits. The doctor was said to be nice. They didn’t pay a check-up in Košice. When I had some inflammation for the medical service; the medicines would have cost in my body, the doctor gave me antibiotics and a lot, but they didn’t pick them up. The trip cost them recommended that I take probiotics, but I didn’t have 1.20 euro, they got home by bus, too. The other children the money for these. I bought the antibiotics for 10 were in the care of grandparents and older siblings. euro. They helped me a lot. We last went to see a doctor with our thirteen-year-old The last time seeing a doctor was a neurologist in daughter, who complained of a stomach ache. She Košice; my wife suffers from insomnia. She travelled went to see the doctor with mother; they went by 28 km; she paid 5 euro for the bus. Since I work, we mass-transit bus without a ticket, because they didn’t left our son with the neighbours, because the other have money for a ticket. An auntie stayed with the children were in school. She was there until nearly other children, because the father had to go to an evening. We had to pay more than 12 euro for the activation activity. The medical examination was medicines, which we picked up after just a few days, problem-free. They gave the daughter an injection and because we didn’t have so much money just then. The prescribed some medicine. We didn’t pick these up medical service was average. from the pharmacy, because it was necessary to pay perhaps 5 euro and we didn’t have the money. The Unacquired prescription medicines and their lack of pain eventually went away. use in the necessary regularity or in an acute state of The nine-year-old son often catches cold and has a high illness may manifest itself in the worsening health fever. The family often doesn’t have the financial status of the patient. Such consequences were resources for a trip to town to the emergency room. By car to town costs 10 euro, the emergency room 2 euro, described in the recorded empirical stories. Non- plus medicines. If they go to see a paediatrician, they treatment of a disease ended, for example, with don’t always have money for medicines. hospitalisation in great pain or it was necessary to call for emergency medical help with a worsening disease Much more often, however, were situations when without the use of medicines: adult members of a household were unable to secure The last time the wife was at the gynaecologist. She all of the necessary medicines. Primarily regular went on foot to the surgery, but she wasn’t able to expenditures for medicines with long-term illnesses, pick up the medicines, because they cost 16 euro. She which presuppose the permanent use of medicines in didn’t know anyone she could borrow from, so in the end she wound up in the hospital with strong cramps. the interest of stabilising the health condition, led to She was treated for five days in the hospital, where the the occurrence of periods when such patients did not medical personnel treated her like a Gypsy. have the necessary medicines available. They could The mother (grandmother) went to see the doctor; she only acquire life-essential medicines later when some was dizzy. She didn’t have the money to buy the blood additional incomes came into the household: pressure tablets, because she didn’t want to borrow. Mama goes regularly to see the doctor, she is being She didn’t take her medicines for a week; she had treated by an eye doctor – she has high pressure in her a tingling in her face and the rescuer injected her with eyes. She always goes to see the doctor on the eighth of magnesium. She picked up her medicines the next day. 37 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

The lack of financial resources in the family budget of euro for being taken to the hospital (4 km). She didn’t households from excluded settlements not only has as want to stay in the hospital because she had borrowed a consequence the partial, delayed or not picking up money and in three days was to get her benefit. She of prescription medicines. The last time seeing was admitted on Friday and on Monday money came, so that on Sunday, during visiting time, she was a doctor also captured the problem of financial released for home treatment. She had been on work inaccessibility of services for reproductive health. The leave since June, so until she had control, she’ll have decision of a household for ending the fifth to extend it. In total she became indebted – for both – pregnancy in a row could not being realised, because by a sum 80 euro. the family was unable to borrow the sum of 250 euro which is needed to pay for an abortion. Despite the Problems with financial accessibility of a public poor economic situation and raising four children in service of this type did not end with merely the poverty and want, the parents had to involuntarily reduction or partial giving up of necessary medical keep the fifth child, although they could not handle care. Some surveyed households from excluded Roma securing the needs of the children, which caused them settlements give up medical care completely due to great problems14: the problems with paying for medicines. The I was the last one who was ill; this isn’t an illness but explanation that it is pointless to go to see a doctor if I was pregnant and they wanted me to have an the household doesn’t have money for buying abortion (they have four children ages 8 to 13 years). medicines was repeated several times in the scope of I was in the second month. I needed to 250 euro but the recorded situations: we didn’t have the money. Since I was unable to get We don’t go to see a doctor very much; not that we the money together I had to keep the child. Now I am weren’t ill but we were unable to pick up medicines, in the fifth month and after eight years I will again then for what?! When one of us goes to see a doctor, give birth, although I no longer want to have another it’s me; I’m always coughing. My father had child in such poverty. something with his lungs... But so what, such is life. The financial situation also enters into the process of According to the qualitative research carried out in treatment of members of households from excluded the surveyed excluded environments, problems with settlements in other ways. Among the stories of last financial securing of medical care are relatively time seeing a doctor was found a case of refusal of widespread. Without a claim on any quantification the hospitalisation due to financial problems. This was the budgets of many of the surveyed households were story, for example of a woman whose stay in the insufficient for paying for necessary medicines, hospital was covered with the deadline for paying of although the overall sum of necessary costs for the benefits. Since she was indebted, she was refused last times seeing a doctor was not on average a longer stay in the hospital and left to be treated at particularly high (about 10 euro). For a significant home (in substandard hygienic and spatial conditions): portion of households from the surveyed environment Last month a relative of the head of the household giving such expenditure from a limited household (two older people live together in one household) budget was a problem. As was emphasised at the same broke her leg. She was taken to the hospital by the emergency medical service (EMS), where she stayed time, their expenditure means limitations in other for two days. The next day he went by rented car after areas of consumption – predominately from her to take some necessary items and personal items. environments for meals. This testifies to the extreme He had to borrow 30 euro for providing this, plus 10 budget stress of these families.

14 A six-member family lives in a shack with one room without a kitchen and bath, where they don’t have any furnishings – they are without water and sewerage; they 38 don’t have their own beds; both partners are unemployed. Graph 14: Last time seeing a doctor for excluded households with the obligation of care for other children by provision of care (in %)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 = partner 46 2 = grandparent 11 3 = other relative 5 4 = older child 7

5 = they were at school 20 6 = brought them with me 8 7 = neighbour 3

Note: The share of cases with the obligation regarding other children was 54% (n=104 units).

Families which went to see a doctor used several 2.4. Social accessibility of medical care: strategies for securing and carrying out the necessary tending to other children and treatment. The most widespread was the “current the approach of healthcare personnel solution”, i. e. immediate loans of the necessary financial amounts – predominately from family Aside from spatial and financial accessibility, stories members. Medical care for household members of seeing a doctor with some family member also (particularly for children) in excluded communities limits the possibility of ensuring care for other becomes to a large measure a common experience of children in the household. In view of the fact that the wider family networks. 85% of the recorded cases of households had at least one dependent child, and of this 54% had three or Upon the failure of all alternative solutions for more dependent children, the question of the financing necessary medicines, treatment possibility of seeing a doctor with some of the sometimes gets to patients in a limited range or children or with the health problem of one of the later than is necessary. Cases were also recorded in parents, while at the same time ensuring care for the the research when an unresolved illness led to other children in the household, becomes more than a deepening or worsening of the medical problem current.15 The obligations of parental care in the and to necessarily broader medical interventions – surveyed environments are exceedingly broad, which in the form of hospitalisation with progressive when seeing a doctor means not only handling the trip diseases or an emergency medical service to the doctor with an ill family member itself, but also intervention. It was also a not unusual phenomenon solving the problem of caring for the remaining that adult patients gave up on common medical children in the household. examinations completely; if they were unable to secure medicines, they considered seeing a doctor How families resolve care for other children when to be pointless. going to a medical facility with an ill child or one of

15 From the final sample 54% of households had at least one young child, and from this 30% had two or more young children; 68% of the sample had at least one school-attending child, and from this 28% of the surveyed households had three or more school-attending children. The average number of dependent children per one household came out to be nearly three (2.7 dependent children, in segregated settlements 2.9 dependent children). 39 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

the parental pair was indicated in several of the cited in the evening, she had a problem with waiting, stories. Graph 14 indicates16 that there are essentially because her five-year-old son wanted to go to sleep two possible strategies – aside from cases when and didn’t want to stay home with the father (they children were in school at the time of the trip to the had three older children). doctor (20% of the relevant stories). The first strategy is that they take the child to the doctor along with the The second strategy for resolving care while going to see patient – they accompany their sibling or a parent into a doctor consisted in leaving another child or children in the examination. Such solutions were not very some form of supervisory care. Among them cases frequent, but they did occur among the stories (they predominated when the children remained in the care of formed 8% of cases with the obligation of caring for the other partner – the father or mother (a total of 46% other children). Sometimes this meant for a parent of relevant cases); according to which of them took care overcoming a relatively large distance to the doctor of the necessary medical examination: on foot not only with an ill child, but also with other The daughter coughed a lot; they went by bus for 1.10 children; another time the accompanying of a child to euro. She went with her mom; they didn’t pay see a doctor had the form of a visit in the evening anything for the doctor and in the pharmacy 2.80 euro. The husband guarded the children (they have hours when the parent was, aside from being a total of four children age 3 to 6 years). burdened by his or her own health problem, troubled with the care and fears for a young child: They were at a control and vaccination for the one- year-old son. The examination went without problems; They were last at the doctor for the vaccination of a the mother went with the child by bus (10 km). The child. The mother went on foot to the neighbouring family father stayed with the other children (four village to see the doctor (4 km). Since the child was children age 3 to 8 years). not ill, the vaccination ran just fine and was free of charge. She also took older children with her to the The youngest son (one year old) had an ear infection. doctor; she had no one to leave them with. I went to see the doctor with him alone (a half km to the village); my husband watched the children (the The last time I was at the doctor was today, with the other four children age 3 to 15 years). We went on foot, smallest (eighteen months), and I took the four-year- so we didn’t pay anything, but at the pharmacy I paid old child with me. The doctor is here in the village, so more than 6 euro. Illnesses always make life difficult, I went on foot (the settlement is 1 km away). The on the wallet, too. Both the doctor and the nurse were older children (three age 8 to 15 years) were in school. nice, but it bothered me that I had to wait a lot. I borrowed 10 euro from my sister, and I gave 5 euro for medicine, and I bought some tea and sugar to have The mother was with the son for an examination for for him. We have a good doctor; she always knows our bronchitis (he is four years old). Transport was with children by name. a neighbour for 5 euro (7 km); they paid 2 euro for the examination and 7 euro for the medicines. The other Both parents after a physical attack needed a CT children (age 7 and 5 years old) were with the husband. examination; the mother with the head after a concussion felt nauseated, she had to go with the neighbour in the car and with the family go to the Family roles are rather strictly divided in Roma emergency room to the nearest hospital (20 km). They communities, and the predominating model of a paid 2 euro at the emergency room, 15 euro for the family is based on one provider – the man; a Roma trip by car there and back. Because it was eight o’clock woman is confined to the domestic sphere.17

16 In the total sample of stories of the last visit to see a doctor 46% did not have to resolve the problem of care for children (the household did not have children, or other children) or they were of an age when they were able to care for themselves); the remaining 54% had to consider care for children upon their departure for the medical facility. 17 More about the spreading of traditional family contract in Roma communities based on elements of classical patriarchal, see the publication of the Cultural Association of Roma in Slovakia from 2009 Data on Human Rights of Roma Women (Data.., 2009) or a newer publication from the non-profit organisation Quo Vadis 40 called A Picture of Roma Women (Picture..., 2012). Sometimes the need for alternative care in the case of in those cases if the older child is of relatively young the main care provider seeing a doctor means on one age to have care over several younger siblings: hand involvement of Roma men in household care, but The twelve-year-old daughter appeared in the company in the strictly divided “family world” this can also of the mother for a summons to a local doctor for an mean for the care-providing parent a loss of other examination. They went on foot (1.5 km), and didn’t opportunities, for example, the loss of an opportunity have to pay the doctor anything. The visit went to bring some work income into the family: without problems; the other children (three children in the age of 11, 9 and 5 years) remained at home with ... The father was at home with the children (the other an older sibling (sixteen-year-old daughter). four children from 4 to 12 years), and couldn’t go on a work brigade, and so lost earnings of 10 euro for the We went to see the doctor this month with our whole day (plus food and cigarettes)... youngest son, who had a temperature. We both went, my husband and I, and the children stayed at home In the position of other alternative care-providers with our oldest daughter, thirteen years old (four on the basis of empirical facts were grandparents children age 5 to 13 years). We went on foot; we didn‘t have money for the bus (2 km). We picked up the (11% of relevant cases of seeing a doctor). If the medicines thanks to my mother-in-law, who loaned us mother or father departs to see a doctor, the the money. We paid more than 4 euro for the grandmother, more rarely the grandfather, take on medicine. The doctor and nurse behaved well; they the obligations for care: only commented that we never have money for The mother was last to see a doctor with the daughter medicines. because of a regular check-up. No illness was found. A visit to the gynaecologist – a consultation (pregnant They travelled by bus and paid 1.10 euro. The in the seventh month). I went by bus to see the doctor; grandmother cared for the other children (six other the nurses helpfully accommodatingly and nicely, and children from 2 months to 20 years). I was satisfied. The children were with their older I was last to see a doctor by myself, because I am siblings (four children age 2 to 15 years). pregnant. My father took me to the doctor, and the doctor examined me and wrote the results into the From among other relatives an aunt or sister-in-law pregnancy book. She behaved politely to me and gave occurred in the role of alternative care provider for me other advice, particularly about nutrition. I didn’t children in the recorded cases of the last time to see a pay for the medical examination, and likewise for the doctor, but in reality the diversity of wider family travel, because my father didn’t want me to. During networks can be even more significantly varied. The the trip to see the doctor my mother took care of the children (three children age from 2 to 7 years). solution of involving the broader range of relatives in the care of children occurred, when one of the parents I last saw a doctor perhaps a half-year ago when my could not take care of the children, for example, when son had a fever. I waited in line at the doctor’s office, both parents had to see a doctor together or the she examined him, where she explained the process of treatment and wrote a prescription. I didn’t pay partner could not take on this role of alternative care anything there, or for the journey, because provider because of a work commitment. In such cases a neighbour with a motor vehicle, who was also seeing women from the neighbourhood became the a doctor, took me there and back. The doctor and the alternative care providers: medical personnel behaved well toward me; I had my The woman was at the gynaecological examination daughter with her granddad at the time. (abortion); and her partner and a neighbour went with her to see the doctor. They travelled by passenger Sometimes parents are forced when going to see car; petrol cost 10 euro. Payment for the abortion was a doctor themselves or with some of the children to 250 euro. The sister-in-law took care of the children leave other children in the care of their older siblings. (two children ages 8 and 10 years). The medical care Such a situation can bring a certain danger, primarily was excellent. 41 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

It was necessary to go see doctor with a girl because Graph 15: she had a temperature. The parents went with the girl Evaluation of approach of healthcare 1.5 km on foot. The doctor, after the examination, personnel (in %) assured the parents that it isn’t serious. It was necessary to pay 5.78 euro for the medicines; the parents had to borrow the money. A neighbour woman watched the children at home. 12 12 The last time seeing a doctor was a neurologist in Košice; my wife suffers from insomnia. She travelled Excellent 28 km; she paid 5 euro for the bus. Since I work, we 19 Normal left our son with the neighbours, because the other children were in school... Poor

Not given, Among the empirical stories a case was recorded in not which due to the obligation to care for children, 57 applicable combined with fear of the children from the medical examination, a family with children didn’t go regularly for check-ups and could be found at the paediatrician only when the children had more serious Note: From all stories of the last time seeing a doctor (n = 184 units). medical problems. Such was the case of a woman and her partner with an unfinished primary education and who have eight children and live in a segregated settlement approximately one kilometre distant from see the doctor or the second of the partners has the home village in very poor housing conditions:18 another obligation, other children also go to the examination or the broader family or neighbourhood They don’t go to see a doctor often; the children are networks get involved in their care. And cases are not afraid of injections (eight children age 5 to 12 years). She only communicates with the doctor because of the rare when the oldest of the siblings takes on the children; she doesn’t go for consultations, only at the obligation of care, sometimes even when they have time of birth. So it’s hard to communicate with the not achieved an appropriate age. doctor. Despite this, they examine them and offer medical care (from the settlement to the village is The last characteristic which respondent household more than 1 km). were to describe in relation to their last time seeing a doctor were their experiences with the approach of On the basis of the empirical material, it was shown healthcare personnel. As is shown in Graph 15, the that obligations of care for a larger number of children majority of stories evaluated the behaviour of doctors in the scope of the household also contributed to the and nurses as normal, common or problem-free, equal limitation from the viewpoint of accessibility of as to other patients. Such statements about healthcare medical care. Going to see a doctor in the case of workers were made in 57% of cases, while another 12% a large portion of households from excluded stated in the end an incomparable or excellent settlements is complicates or limited by the need to approach. On the other hand a critical voice sounded out secure care for other children in the household. At the from not quite one-fifth of the surveyed households same time the primary role of partners in caring for (19%), and the remaining 12% did not make mention of other children was confirmed. If both parents go to the behaviour of doctors. Evaluations were moderately

42 18 A family with ten members lives in an illegally built shack with one room, without a kitchen and bath, in which they don’t have running water and no sewerage system. differentiated according to whether the given case a doctor here in town, so I went on foot. I paid 12.50 involved children or adults going to a healthcare euro for the medicines, which I picked up so they’d get facility. With children patients excellent evaluations of well. The doctor and nurse have known us for a long the behaviour of healthcare personnel occurred more time and they are always good. often, but at the same time critical comments also The daughter took ill (ten years old), the father went occurred more often in such cases (by approximately 5% with her and the mother watched the children. The more positive and negative evaluations); in the case of daughter had the flu; they went to see the doctor by bus. The roundtrip fare cost 10 euro, and they paid 5 euro for adult patients the represented average evaluations medicines. The nurse has known them for a long time acknowledging professionalism and problem-free and is a very nice lady. So no problems occurred. behaviour were stronger. ...We have a good doctor; she always knows our children by name... Roma parents linked positive evaluations of paediatricians with a humane approach to their child, They didn’t just have positive experiences with and the appreciated communicativeness of the doctor paediatricians; such cases also occurred when seeing or nurse, as in when they praised the child or gave a gynaecological clinic or a general practitioner. them sweets or a colouring book, which creates good Again, open communication from the side of the relations between the child and the doctor: personnel was the reason for the good feeling with I went last to see a doctor with my older son (nine going to the medical facility: help with overcoming years), who had bronchitis. I had the money, so fear of the examination and expressions of interest in I didn’t have to borrow it. I gave 3 euro for medicines. their life situation: The younger son was home with my husband, who is on disability leave, the older kids were in school (five Our fifteen-year-old daughter was the last to have a children in total). The doctor and the nurse are very problem. She was found to have a disease of the good to us; they praised my son for being so polite and ovaries and a gynaecological examination was he got a sweet. necessary. This was her first examination of this type; she was afraid, even though her mother was there with ... We have a paediatrician in our village who is very her. The doctor and the nurse both behaved very nicely good. The children like him and he always gives them to her; they told her that there was nothing to fear, a sweet or a colouring book during the examinations... that everything will be fine. The travel cost was 2.20 euro times two, and we paid 10 euro for medicines. Very often they emphasised the length of the I have high blood pressure; I take medicines regularly relationship with a good evaluation the approach of so I go to see the doctor regularly. Her surgery is in the healthcare workers, when they know doctors or nurses village, so I go on foot. I’m able to estimate for years, and often they treated them when they were approximately how much money I’m going to need themselves children. They appreciated if they know each month for medicines, so that I always put money the children by name: away for this. The doctor has known me for years and she always asks what’s new and how work is going and The last time seeing a doctor took place on 21 August how the family is doing. 2011 with the youngest daughter – she had a stomach ache. The mother went on foot to see the doctor with Several of the respondents in their evaluations of the the child, because the healthcare centre was located not far from them. The doctor has known this family approach of healthcare personnel emphasised the fact for years, so the visit occurred in a pleasant that they always go to see the doctor cleaned up and atmosphere. They paid 4.15 euro for the medicines. well-dressed. They see in the first condition of They went home on foot and the father watched the favourable behaviour from the side of healthcare other children (older children, 14 and 17 years old). personnel, but also other institutions or the public. I went to see a doctor this month with both children, Hidden, but also explicitly in their own statements because they had a fever and diarrhoea. We have they distanced themselves from some groups of their 43 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

own ethnicity, in which they saw the reason for the the trip cost 10 euro. We had to wait a long time, negative approach from the side of the majority: because just then a lot of ambulances delivered ill and drunk people. We were very angry. ... The nurse behaved well to them, because they go to see the doctor cleaned up and well-dressed. The partner went to see the doctor – he had an appointment at an exact time and they didn’t take ... I always take my son clean to see the doctor, and the him at all; he waited a long time. nurse but also the doctor has praised us many times... I only had one problem at the doctor: that preference The mother went with her daughter to see the doctor was given to whites before Roma in the waiting room. on 21 August 2011 with a headache. Their The Roma in waited in the waiting room and they paediatrician was at one time the mother’s called in the white people. paediatrician so the visit went normally, friendly. They paid 2.87 euro for the medicines and 1.50 euro for the A week ago my daughter had a fever. We came to the tickets. The father watched the other children (two waiting room, people always look when a ‘Gyspy´ children). Everywhere the difference in the approach comes. We went there on foot, as it is not far away. The of other people can be see among clean Roma and nurse is always irritable when I come with the children, dirty, whether at an office, at the doctor or in school. but when the non-Roma cut in front of me, she smiles. At least here in town people prefer the cleaner ones. The doctor is very good. He prescribed a syrup for my The doctor of these girls sees them as peers because daughter to treat the fever (4 euro) and control in a she has known the family for several years. week. My partner stayed home with the children. My younger daughter was last ill (15 years old); she had a sore throat. The doctor works in the village, we paid 10 Several empirical stories differentiated between the euro for medicines. The doctor and nurse are nice, but behaviour and approach of the nurse and the doctor. in the waiting room its always stuffy and a smell. They repeatedly commented on the unpleasant and ... The doctors were good; I waited about an hour for shouting behaviour of a nurse, which differed from the examination. I can’t push to the front like an the doctor, but a direct association of such behaviour ´Olah´. When a person is ill, it has to happen that the with their ethnic membership was not mentioned in Olahs jump the queue ahead of us, they also scolded their answer: the doctor. The trip to see the doctor didn’t cost anything, because the settlement is near the hospital. The nurse So long as critical voices are concerned regarding the always barks at people, but the doctor is good. They medical examination and behaviour of personnel, were there with the youngest child, who had these are related to several aspects of the medical a temperature and a cough (five years old). They paid care provided. Most often criticism is connected with 4 euro for medicines. a long wait for treatment, or even with a patient The daughter is pregnant, so she went to the scheduled for a set time. Not infrequently, although pregnancy clinic. The nurse there is very unpleasant; not in all cases, respondents linked their long wait for she is thinking of changing gynaecologist as a result. treatment with being passed by and with preferential She went by bus and the trip cost 2 euro. treatment of non-Roma over Roma. They expressed a strong feeling that Roma patients are left to wait A simple rebuke from the side of healthcare personnel and others are called into the surgery preferentially, that they do not go to see the doctor for preventive or they point to the different behaviour of nurses to examinations regularly and on time contributed to the the patients from these two groups of residents. Roma negative feeling that Roma mothers had from visiting households also have experience with distance from a medical facility: the side of other patients in healthcare facilities: Preventive check-up for a child; the mother went with We last went to the emergency room, when our the child – this costs 3 euro. The nurse was a bit youngest son (eight years old) broke his arm. A irritated, since the mother should have been at the 44 neighbour took us to the district town (19 km); check-up sooner. A control examination of a child (three years, they My man had an asthma attack; we went to the have two other children age 1 year old), the mother emergency room; we paid 2.50 euro. He had to remain went with him. It cost 4 euro; they didn’t pay anything in the hospital, and for the trip home I didn’t have at the surgery. The nurse and doctor remarked to them money. So I stayed in town with my sister. The doctors that it’s necessary to go regularly. behaved badly, as soon as they noticed that we are Gypsies. Feelings of injustice from insufficient care are also On 14 September 2011 my boy (son – three years old) found alongside the overall appreciation of the work got a high fever, so in the night at 8:30 p.m. I went on of doctors. Such were found in the story of a seriously foot with my son in the pram. I waited for nearly an ill child, when the father very positively evaluated the hour for the doctor, because he was seeing a patient at behaviour of the doctors in the given situation, who home. The first contact with the doctor was pleasant, are willing to explain the procedure treatment and to until I told him our name. After this information he said give hope to the patient and his parents. Despite the that he is not a paediatrician so I’d have to go to the emergency room in a larger town, which is 24 km away. conviction of good care, the parents came away with feelings of injustice and unfairness, if the personnel were unable to devote themselves to all the patients. Roma women were also judged by their ethnic The linking with ethnic membership of the family, membership in cases of refusing them a stay in the however, was not indicated in the story: hospital together with an ill hospitalised child. Despite all attempts and pleadings to stay together We have a twenty-five-year-old son ill with leukaemia. with the child, the medical facilities would not allow He is often hospitalised in Košice – he is undergoing chemotherapy; and this month he is in the hospital. them to stay. The official reason was the lack of space, His health status is worsening. The doctors are helping but as the women noted, other mothers were him; they believe that after the chemotherapy he is permitted to stay. They evaluated the situation as undergoing now his status will improve. We are discrimination and during discussions on a hospital waiting for a bone-marrow donor. The doctors are stay; they met with expletives and racism: willing to explain everything to him and to me that we Our youngest son (four years old) had strong don’t know, that we don’t understand. Unfortunately, diarrhoea and needed hospitalisation. We were very it sometimes happens that the nurses are unable to angry at the doctor and the nurse, because I couldn’t help all of the patients who need help. It’s then I feel remain with him in the hospital, although our son this injustice that my son is there along and I cannot cried a lot. I offered them money, but in vain. They help him. His illness is costing us a lot of money; we supposedly didn’t have room, and then we found out are already in debt. The family is helping us; they are that a non-Roma was admitted with a small girl to the always willing to loan us money. same department. This was discrimination. However, a different approach from the side of medical Last time my second child was ill (eight-year-old son, personnel on the basis of ethnicity was found among she also has a twelve-year-old son and two-year-old the stories collected regarding the last time seeing daughter). He had jaundice and it was necessary to hospitalise him in the regional capital. We didn’t have a doctor – and several times. Some of the respondents money, so I asked my uncle for 20 euro for travel by met with unequal treatment, for example, when going car. I wanted to stay with him to take care of him, but to the emergency room. According their own they didn’t let me. I argued with the nurse who was convictions, doctors behaved badly and unpleasantly very contrary and racist; she told me I was like the due their being members of the Roma ethnicity. And dirty slobs. In the meantime, I left the other children they felt such behaviour instantly upon first contact, if with the neighbours. membership to the Roma nationality was visible, or they registered a change in behaviour from the side of The amount of humiliating and unjust feelings was the doctor, when membership was identified on the based on stigmatisation, with which many of the basis of the surname: respondent households met even on the premises of 45 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

medical facilities. They experienced cases of social We last saw a doctor at the end of June with our ten- prejudice against their own person, when they had year-old daughter (they have one younger child, five different negative characteristics from the years old and 3 older age 15 to 22 years), who had a stereotypes of the Roma minority ascribed to them temperature. I and my wife and daughter went in our own car to the emergency room at the regional capital, from. This involved being “labelled” with negative because it was a Saturday. The older siblings were with characteristics „which are connected with the Roma in the children. Petrol cost 4 euro (15 km to town), and the society. According to the experiences of several we paid 2 euro at the doctor and perhaps 4 euro for households from excluded settlements these took the medicine, which the doctor prescribed for my different forms. daughter. The examination went normally, but we weren’t happy that the nurse asked us in front of the One of the Roma mothers was accused by hospital other patients whether we have the two euro fee for personnel of turning the facility into a “depository” the doctor, because he will not examine us, and at the for children; at the same time she had a daughter with same time she didn’t ask the other patients. We an infectious disease which requires hospitalisation. borrowed 20 euro for this treatment. Her paediatrician had to stand up for her. Another experience told of seeing a local doctor with high And the fear of Roma residents with calling for blood pressure during which the doctor first asked if emergency medical help can be considered to be she used alcohol. Another Roma mother experienced a certain consequence of negative stigmatization. feelings of shame and humiliation when she brought They fear accusations of abusing the rescuers, which her son to see the paediatrician with a rash and the has as a consequence the expanded myth of doctor first asked whether they had fleas at home. A unjustified calling on medical services of this type pair of Roma parents felt very uncomfortable when into Roma communities. The difficult access to distant they went to the emergency room with their child, medical care from excluded settlements and worse who had a fever, and the nurse asked them, in front of health status is forgotten with this, however. It was the other patients, whether they have the fee for the shown that in some residents of Roma communities treatment, though such a question was not asked of inhibitions are created regarding free decisions about the other patients. calling on emergency help, because they fear the financial recourse of an unauthorised call: My youngest daughter was often ill. In the hospital at the overnight department I several times experienced The grandmother (sixty-four years old) fainted three that the personnel has raised their voice at me, telling times in a four-hour period. Emergency medical help was me that I’m using the department as a depository. Our called and no change in her health status was found. local paediatrician, however, stood up for me, because During the writing of the medical report, she fainted he knows that I don’t neglect to care for my children. again, and they determined unsteady blood pressure Certainly it’s a lot better now, when a social worker and suspicions of diabetes. She was then hospitalised in accompanies us. Then they don’t allow so much the district town 15 km distant as reliant on insulin. If against us Roma. the EMS had not found any health problem, the daughter The wife had high blood pressure; her daughter was would have borne the consequence of abusing the EMS with her. The doctor first asked how much she had had with a financial penalty. to drink, measured her blood pressure and gave her an injection. This was all; we were in our own village Evaluation of the approach of healthcare personnel (more than half a km to the doctor). ended up on the basis of the research probe into the Here in the village I went to see the doctor with my last time seeing a doctor relatively favourable for son, because he had a rash on his legs and belly. The healthcare workers. The majority of Roma patients doctor gave me a liquid ointment that cost about 1.50 met during this public service with a standard euro. She asked whether we have fleas at home and approach, a portion in the end with a very good 46 I was offended. approach, but the research at the same time pointed out the existence of unfavourable experiences and services relatively distant, whether this is feelings from this field of the public sphere. Roma a paediatrician or a local doctor, in the case of household predominately have good feelings and accessibility of an emergency room or a hospital and experiences with doctors with whom they have long- specialist treatment or examination the distance to term contact and have created a relationship of medical care deepened further. mutual trust and respect, but they meet with For overcoming this distance families from excluded different treatment or racism in foreign, more distant settlements must expend special efforts. In the environments, when they have to go to the hospital or conditions of poor financial situation of many emergency room in a larger town. Not infrequently excluded Roma households going to see a doctor on with the provision of medical services they meet with foot is not uncommon – they overcome the trip of stigmatising labelling connected with their some kilometres even with an ill child or with their membership in the Roma minority, which is associated own illness. Only a few from excluded households with negative stereotypical images regarding have their own vehicle available, and a relatively neglectful care of children, alcoholism, lack of frequent strategy is using a passenger car of someone cleanliness and poor hygienic relations, or with non- from the neighbourhood. Such a journey to see payment of obligatory fees for treatment or for a doctor is either an accompanying activity of the abusing the emergency medical services. Members of vehicle owner to a distant location, or the household Roma households from excluded settlements, when renting a care for the purpose of an urgent journey to going to see a doctor, met with a refusal or distance see the doctor. Then to pay the costs they borrow, and from the side of personnel and other patients, with even cases of usury or working off of debts accrued for prejudice and discrimination, as well as with verbal transport were found. Public transport is also attacks. To a certain measure, such negative a problem for households from excluded settlements experiences with the approach of healthcare when going to see a doctor: for some settlements, personnel works as a barrier of accessibility to namely it is not accessible or permanent or the healthcare services. households cannot afford it for financial reasons. Summary of the findings: But problems of marginalised communities do not end The situational analysis indicated that in Roma with spatial limitations in the accessibility of medical communities preference for medical care is given to care. The poor economic situation complicates the children before adults. Adult members of households accessibility and quality of care for many of these go to see a doctor with more serious diseases households. Not only for transport to see a doctor are (cardiovascular diseases, motor diseases), and they financial resources not available, but also for fees and do not see a doctor with common illnesses. Among the prescribed medicines, which forces families to borrow common illnesses Roma children experience, aside or leads to giving up and a limitation of needed from colds and respiratory illnesses, are also digestive treatment, or the inaccessibility of other services, for problems, such as a stomach ache and diarrhoea. example, for reproductive health. Preventive check-ups and vaccinations are nearly The great broadening of loans in the surveyed exclusively an experience of children. environments for covering basic needs for medical The compiled cases of the last time seeing a doctor care point out the connection of broader family and also indicated several barriers in access to medical neighbour networks for solving specific healthcare care in a significant portion of marginalised Roma problems, primarily in children. Networks are involved communities. Spatial exclusion itself immediately with transport and financial coverage of transport, establishes problems with access to medical care. The and also wit securing necessary medicines and majority of recorded cases had standard medical treatments. And broader family networks in the 47 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

surveyed environments function also with securing portion of the surveyed households met with when care of other children in households when seeing a seeing a doctor also have a negative impact here. doctor. The lack of financial resources and the The large problems found for excluded households absence of many public services support cooperation predominately reliant on social benefits for financial of family and community networks for overcoming coverage of transport to see a doctor and medical existing barriers and limitations in access to medical services, including the securing of medicines, services. The potential of one household for this type indicates a question of whether the entire system of of social integration in many cases is not sufficient; support for healthcare of people in material need they must activate relational and community should not be built in a different way than the current networks. In a certain group of excluded households, two-euro allowance for medical care to the benefit in however, deficiencies lead to giving up on the material need.19 If society has a genuine interest in standard form of medical care. improving the health status of all of its citizens and in Aside from spatial distant and financial difficulties ensuring the right to medical care, which belongs the situational analysis also pointed to the limitation among fundamental human rights and which is of social accessibility of medical services. Access to stipulated by the Constitution of the Slovak Republic, medical services for members of households from the situation found with problems in spatial, financial excluded communities is complicated by the and social accessibility of medical services for obligation to care for other children in the household. substantial groups of citizens urges public policies The discriminatory experiences with which a certain regarding responsible intervention.

48 19 For more, see: http://www.employment.gov.sk/prispevok-na-zdravotnu-starostlivost.html. Appendix to Chapter 2: Last time seeing a doctor

SEEING A PAEDIATRICIAN

Problem-free visit with a doctor: My daughter had the flu; I’m her mother and I went with her; we went on foot (the paediatrician in the village). I have a pleasant doctor so we don’t have problems. I picked up her medicines. Our ten-month old son had trouble breathing; the doctor gave him a prescription for a syrup for 15 euro, which I picked up that day. The doctor was nice. They went by car to see the doctor with a child, who had a cold. They have their own car, and they gave about 3 euro for petrol. The doctor prescribed medicine, for which they paid 2 euro. The behaviour of the medical personnel was normal. We went to see the doctor because my daughter had inflamed tonsils and a high fever. The other children (four children age 18 to 8 years) stayed home with their father. The doctors are always charitable to us, and the nurses, too. Medicines cost me 12 euro, because I bought more to put away for the other children (four others). We went by bus (7 km for about 2 euro). The last time my daughter was ill. I’m her mother so I went with her and everything went okay. We didn’t have to travel, because we have a doctor close by. We went to see a doctor a month ago with our eleven-year-old son. Mama went with him to see the doctor in the village (1.2 km). Our son had in the night a temperature and cough. The visit with the doctor went without larger problems; the behaviour of the doctor was normal. He looked over the boy and prescribed him medicine. We paid 4.20 euro for medicines. The daughter, who had a cough, needed a medical examination. The mother went with her by bus to the local doctor in the neighbouring village (7 km). They determined that the daughter had bronchitis, and medicines were prescribed costing 7 euro, which they picked up. The visit went normally; the behaviour was normal. The daughter coughed a lot; they went by bus for 1.10 euro. She went with her mom; they didn’t pay anything for the doctor and in the pharmacy 2.80 euro. The partner guarded the children (they have a total of four children age 3 to 6 years). With a child (sixteen years old), he coughed – had a cold. The visit went normally. They had no costs at the doctor or the pharmacy; they went there and back by car, petrol cost 5 euro. Flu, the mother went with the daughter (ten years old; they have three other children age 3 to 9 years old). They have a doctor in the village; the nurse was very nice. They went to see the doctor in their own car; the youngest son was ill (ten years), he had a fever and coughed. They paid 5 euro for medicines. The behaviour of the nurse was normal, as they have been going there for years. I went last to see a doctor with my older son (nine years), who had bronchitis. I had the money, so I didn’t have to borrow it. I gave 3 euro for medicines. The younger son was home with my husband, who is on disability leave, the older kids were in school (five children in total). The doctor and the nurse are very good to us; they praised my son for being so polite and he got a sweet. The daughter took ill (ten years old), the father went with her and the mother watched the children. The daughter had the flu; they went to see the doctor by bus. The roundtrip fare cost 10 euro, and they paid 5 euro for medicines. The nurse has known them for a long time and according to their words she is a very nice lady. So no problems occurred. In February went to see the doctor with the mother – the daughter had the flu. They travelled to the district town by car (20 km), the trip cost 10 euro. They didn’t pay anything at the doctor and the visit went fine; the behaviour of the doctor and nurses was normal. Yes, a week ago I was at the doctor with the children (two children, 6 and 8 years old), they had the flu. I gave around 30 euro for medicines, and I don’t have any problems with the behaviour of the doctor or nurses. Our young son (six years old) had a throat infection. We travelled to see the doctor in town (13 km); the trip cost 5 euro. We picked up the medicines and we paid 4.80 euro. The doctor and the nurse were nice and in my opinion we received good medicines, because by evening his fever was already normal. The mother was with the son for an examination for bronchitis (he is four years old). Transport was with a neighbour for 5 euro (7 km); they paid 2 euro for the examination and 7 euro for the medicines. The other children (age 7 and 5 years old) were with the husband. The mother went with her daughter to see the doctor on 21 August 2011 with a headache. Their paediatrician was at one time the mother’s paediatrician so the visit went normally, friendly. They paid 2.87 euro for the medicines and 1.50 euro for the tickets. The father watched the other children (two children). Everywhere the difference in the approach of other people can be see among clean Roma and dirty, whether at an office, at the doctor or in school. At least here in town people prefer the cleaner ones. The doctor of these girls sees them as peers because she has known the family for several years. 49 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

The last time seeing a doctor was the mother with two daughters due to a cough and a preventive check-up. They travelled by bus to see the doctor (nearly 11 km), for which a one-way journey cost 1.40 euro (1 whole and 2 half-price tickets). The behaviour of the doctor and the nurses was normal. They didn’t pay any fee, but they paid 7 euro for medicines. The husband stayed home to watch the third daughter. The mother was last to see a doctor with the two- year-old daughter because of a regular check-up. No illness was found. They travelled by bus and paid 1.10 euro. The grandmother cared for the other children (six other children from 2 months to 20 years). Regular check-up with the children (three children ages 1, 2 and 3 years). The children are not ill; the visit went without problems. The mother travelled with the children by car with her brother. The father of the children stayed home with the three-year-old son. So far they have not run across any unpleasantness. We last went to see the doctor with our youngest daughter (five years old) to the emergency room in our town. The first day I went alone with the girl alone and on foot. The doctor examined her and his behaviour was good. It was visible that he was doing his duty, and the nurse was nice. He diagnosed my daughter – a cold. Only on the second day her condition worsened, so I went with my sister-in-law and her husband by car again to the emergency room; this was six in the evening. The costs for the doctor and everything associated with this came out to be 10 euro. The mother went to see the doctor with the youngest daughter (four years old); she had a high temperature and a cough. They went to the doctor (approx. 6 km) by car with a neighbour, who has a car and who drove; she gave 5 euro for the journey. She paid a total of 6 euro for medicines. The husband stayed home with the children (four children 5 to 12 years).The nurse behaved well to them, because they go to see the doctor cleaned up and well-dressed. The daughter (two years old) had a cold, a runny and stuffed up nose. She went to see a doctor with her mother by car of another family, who went to go food shopping. She didn’t pay for the journey, but she paid at first 2 euro for the medicine and a week later approximately 3 euro. She chose the medicine herself – recommended by the family. The trip back was again by car with a family from the settlement. The other children were home alone (four children between 2 and 17 years old). Seeing the doctor was without any problematic behaviour. They went down to the village by bus (the trip cost 0.70 euro/child 0.35 euro). The mother went with a child – a common children’s illness. They paid 6 euro for medicines. The people at the surgery behaved politely, since they already know them. They also returned home by bus; the husband was in the household at the time. I (the father) and mother went to see the doctor with our daughters; we travelled there by car in the afternoon hours. The daughters had symptoms of a sore throat. We paid 7 euro for the treatment and 12 euro for the medicines. The doctor was pleasant with us; he has known our family for a long time. We don’t have any problems going to see the doctor; we have our own car. I last saw a doctor perhaps a half-year ago when my son had a fever. I waited in line at the doctor’s office, she examined him, where she explained the process of treatment and wrote a prescription. I didn’t pay anything there, or for the journey, because a neighbour with a motor vehicle, who was also seeing a doctor, took me there and back. The doctor and the medical personnel behaved well toward me; I had my daughter with her granddad at the time. Our young son was ill – a cough and temperature. My wife went with him to see the doctor; they went by bus (1.60 euro), and the cost for medicines was 5.90 euro. The behaviour was optimal; the doctor knows us well, because I was also her patient. Our son had a sore throat, so we went, both parent, by car (they have one child). The journey cost 2 euro, and at the pharmacy we paid 3 euro for the prescription. We were happy with the visit. Three sons had a temperature, vomiting and a stomach ache. They saw a doctor accompanied by the mother and father – they went there on foot (within the village). The behaviour of the doctor and nurse was appropriate. Perhaps a week ago the mother went to see the paediatrician with her son (twelve years old; they also have an eleven-year-old daughter). He had stomach problems. They paid 2 euro for the journey for the two of them (4 km), for confirmation in the pupil’s school book they paid 1 euro and for the prescription medicines 13 euro. The behaviour of the doctor and nurses was good. I went to see a doctor this month with both children, because they had a fever and diarrhoea. We have a doctor here in town, so I went on foot. I paid12.50 euro for the medicines, which I picked up so they’d get well. The doctor and nurse have known us for a long time and they are always good. They don’t have any serious care with their son that causes them to see a doctor often. The paediatrician has known this family for years. The doctor’s behaviour is very good. The last visit to see her was perhaps sometime in June; the son had a stomach ache. They bought medicines for 3.70 euro. The last time seeing a doctor took place on 21 August 2011 with the youngest daughter – she had a stomach ache. The mother went on foot to see the doctor with the child, because the healthcare centre was located not far from them. The doctor has known this family for years, so the visit occurred in a pleasant atmosphere. They paid 4.15 euro for the medicines. They went home on foot and the father watched the other children (older children, 14 and 17 years old). The last time seeing a doctor was because the son had stomach problems (eleven years old); therefore they went to the district town for a specialist examination (21 km). They went there and back in a private car (the trip cost about 10 euro). The father went with his brother-in-law. The behaviour of the doctor and nurses was normal; they paid 2 euro for the examination, and they didn’t get a prescription. The wife watched the other, younger 50 children. The last time my youngest son was ill (he is three years old), he had diarrhoea. The doctor prescribed tablets that cost 12 euro. It was good that we then had the support and we could pick up the tablets without problems. Our doctor and nurse are very pleasant; I’ve never yet had any misunderstandings with them. My son was the last one ill, his stomach hurt. They said that he perhaps has appendicitis, so I had to go with him for an examination to Košice. Since we have a car, it wasn’t a problem to get there. I bought petrol for 6 euro. Thank God, it wasn’t appendicitis; he was only swollen. They prescribed him some tablets, which I picked up. I paid 8 euro for them. My son was vaccinated against jaundice. We have good experiences with healthcare workers. I went on foot – the doctor is here in town. I was last to see a doctor with my youngest daughter (ten years old), who suffers from chronic kidney disease. We were at a check-up with our paediatrician. They took blood and urine samples; it was cost-free. The journey by bus cost 1.60 euro. Our doctor knows her really well; he has treated her for years already – since she was small. The mother and father were last to see the doctor with the young son for an examination with a hernia. The trip cost 2 euro, without the medicines, and they didn’t pay anything for the doctor. They were happy with the examination. Our youngest, ten-month old son was the last who needed treatment. He was hospitalised for ten days because he repeatedly had an inner ear infection. The mother was together with him. First, however, they were at the emergency room, where they paid 2 euro. The trip there and back cost 1.50 euro. They didn’t receive any prescription medicine. The behaviour of the nurses and doctors was normal. Our fifteen-year-old daughter was the last to have a problem. She was found to have a disease of the ovaries and a gynaecological examination was necessary. This was her first examination of this type; she was afraid, even though her mother was there with her. The doctor and the nurse both behaved very nicely to her; they told her that there was nothing to fear, that everything will be fine. The travel cost was 2.20 euro times two, and we paid 10 euro for medicines. The oldest son (twenty years old) went to see a dentist; he went alone and paid a total of 7 euro for the journey and 10 euro at the dentist. Well, thank God, we haven’t had to go to the doctor for a long time now. My husband doesn‘t go at all: even when he is ill, he says that it will pass. We go more often with the children, but mostly in the spring. I go often by car with my brother-in-law – it’s cheaper than by bus. The nurse is very nice; I’ve known her for a long time now. Anyway, we adults don’t go to the doctor, I can’t remember when we last went. Oh, when I gave birth to Gabika, but we don’t go for examinations. During the winter I go several times with the children to see the doctor, in the summer less. We go by bus, round-trip it‘s 1.70 euro. I can’t say anything bad about the doctor or even the nurse. A daughter (nine years old) was hospitalised, because she fainted. An ambulance came for her and she was in hospital for three days. It was found that she fainted because she had not eaten anything in the morning; but she had a weak concussion from the fall. After being released she supposedly didn’t get any medicine; we paid 10 euro at the hospital. She went home with her mother by bus, and the grandmother watched the other children (four other children from 5 to 16 years). The behaviour of the nurses and doctors was normal. Problematic visits with a doctor – hindered spatial accessibility: We haven’t been to see a doctor for two months now. The children have been healthy. We go by bus or on foot (8 km), when we don’t have money. My husband stays at home with the children. The doctors behave well to us, but sometimes they shout they I don’t come with the children for vaccinations on time. They were last at the doctor for the vaccination of a child. The mother went on foot (4 km) to the neighbouring village to see the doctor. Since the child was not ill, the vaccination ran just fine and was free of charge. She also took older children with her to the doctor; she had no one to leave them with. The youngest daughter had a fever; the mother went with her to see a doctor (this is 4 kilometres). She didn’t pay for the doctor, but she paid 6 euro for medicine. They went on foot to see a doctor; this is perhaps 3-4 km. The son was ill with a temperature and vomiting. They paid 2 euro for medicine. The nurse was edgy because one lady quarrelled with her; the doctor was normal. The youngest daughter (two years old) had a sore throat; I (the mother) went with her on foot (approximately 3 km). They paid only for medicine, 5 euro, she was happy with the examination. A daughter (twenty years old) broke her arm and went on foot to the doctor. This was perhaps three months ago. She doesn’t remember how much she paid for the examination. She was in a cast for about two and a half months; seeing the doctor was without problems. The last time seeing a doctor was due to a skin rash, which the oldest daughter had (sixteen years old). She went on foot alone to the doctor (3 km) because the mother had nowhere to leave the other children (six children from age 2 months to 14 years). A tincture was prescribed that cost 2.50 euro, and she picked it up. The behaviour of the doctor and the nurse was normal. A mother went with her twelve-year-old daughter on foot to see a doctor; the bus is too expensive (from the edge of the regional capital to the centre). The girl had a fever and cough. They paid only for the medicine – approximately 7 euro. Sometimes the father also goes with the daughter to see the doctor. The behaviour of the personnel was agreeable. 51 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

The youngest son (one year old) had a high fever. We went to the doctor by bus (6 km). The trip cost us 3 euro, and we paid 6 euro at the pharmacy. The doctor and the nurse are very nice; we don’t have any problems with them. We got home by car, our friend took us but we still had to go 2 km on foot.

The twelve-year-old daughter appeared in the company of the mother for a summons to a local doctor for an examination. They went on foot (1.5 km), and didn’t have to pay the doctor anything. The visit went without problems; the other children (three children in the age of 11, 9 and 5 years) remained at home with an older sibling (sixteen-year-old daughter).

The daughter coughed (six years old), and the mother went with her on foot (it’s about 1.5 km from the settlement to the village); they paid 3.50 euro for medicines. The other daughter (1 year old) was home with the father. The behaviour of the nurse was normal, with no problems.

A preventive check-up with a paediatrician. The mother went with the child. The nurse and the doctor are nice; they didn’t pay for the journey (it’s 1.2 km from the settlement on foot).

A sister was with a small three-month-old baby at the emergency room – the baby had bronchitis. The sister went on foot to the hospital emergency room (more than 3 km within the town) and paid 2 euro for the examination. On that day she picked up the prescription at the pharmacy for 7 euro; this was two syrups. The nurse asked after the baby, how chubby she is, what does she like to eat, how many months old he was – she was nice. The doctor was not mentioned; the sister accompanied the mother of the child to the doctor.

The five-year-old son swelled up after being stung by an insect. The mother went with her son to the emergency room in town (5 km); their neighbour took them for 10 euro because it was the weekend and the bus stops near the settlement, only if someone is getting off. The fee for the emergency room was 2 euro. After the examination on Sunday, they picked up the medicine on Monday: they paid 3.40 euro for an ointment. They went to the paediatrician on Monday and also to the pharmacy, again by car for 15 euro – to the district town (25 km). There was a problem with the connection. She had to make it home on time, because she was nursing (she has five children at home from 9 months to 6 years old). Because she stated that the sting occurred on Friday, the paediatrician shouted at the mother for not bringing the child to her sooner to the hospital.

The thirteen-year-old daughter had a high temperature, and a stomach and headache. No one knew what was wrong with her, so they called a neighbour with a car to take them to the emergency room in town (5 km). The daughter was hospitalised, in the end it turned out that she has problems with menstruation.

Our eleven-year-old son was last ill. He had a temperature, and we had to go with him to the emergency one afternoon. We paid 2 euro for the emergency room visit, and more than 8 euro for the medicines for the temperature and antibiotics. We went to the emergency room by car with a neighbour; We gave him 8 euro. The doctor and the nurse behaved politely; the doctor explained to me how I was to give him the medicine and if the temperature didn’t drop how to give him a wrap. The nurse married the boy’s temperature and asked whether he was happy at school, if he has good friends.

A seriously disabled two-year-old son had to see a neurologist for a control examination at the polyclinic in a distant town (child’s cerebral palsy). The family, without a car, has a problem travelling (they live in a settlement 2.5 km from a village, 6 km from the district town); an ambulance is more expensive than a taxi (approx. 50 euro, taxi 30 euro, without a receipt it may be 20 euro). A private car costs 10-15 euro. The examination was scheduled but right before the deadline of a loan from a private person the agreement was rejected. The family without financial resources asked neighbours with a car – the father worked it off at home (digging the foundations for a new fence). For the digging he had 50 euro, for the car they gave 10 euro; the family situation improved. They kept to the schedule, no criticism of the personnel at the polyclinic – super professional approach.

A member of the family, the youngest son (twelve years old), went to a control examination with the father. He has a cleft-palate after plastic surgery and deformed ears. They set the alarm for 5:00 a.m.., at 6:00 a.m. the bus went and at 6:40 the train to Košice. Total costs for travelling was 30 euro there and back. He was supposed to receive and ear prosthetic, but he was not scheduled for the pre-operation examination.

They were at a control and vaccination for the one-year-old son. The examination went without problems; the mother went with the child by bus (10 km). The family father stayed with the other children (four children age 3 to 8 years).

Going to see the doctor is very weak; they only go there with the children – bronchitis, infectious disease, diarrhoea. The visit went normally; for medicines and travel costs they paid 20 euro (the doctor is in town 15 km away). The behaviour of the doctor is normal, likewise the nurses.

My partner went with the little girl (6 years) on a bicycle, because we didn’t have money for the travel tickets (5 km). She is well now. The doctor don’t give us the tablets immediately and after we have to go back.

They don’t go to see a doctor often; the children are afraid of injections (eight children age 5 to 12 years). She only communicates with the doctor because of the children; she doesn’t go for consultations, only at the time of birth. So it’s hard to communicate with the doctor. Despite this, they examine them and offer medical care (from the settlement to the village is more than 1 km).

Problematic trip to see a doctor – behaviour toward the patient:

My youngest daughter was often ill. In the hospital at the overnight department I several times experienced that the personnel has raised their voice at me, telling me that I’m using the department as a depository. Our local paediatrician, however, stood up for me, because he knows that I don’t 52 neglect to care for my children. Certainly it’s a lot better now, when a social worker accompanies us. Then they don’t allow so much against us Roma. Our youngest son (four years old) had strong diarrhoea and needed hospitalisation. We were very angry at the doctor and the nurse, because I couldn’t remain with him in the hospital, although our son cried a lot. We offered them money, but in vain. They supposedly didn’t have room, and then we found out that a non-Roma was admitted with a small girl to the same department. This was discrimination. Last time my second child was ill (eight-year-old son, she also has a twelve-year-old son and two-year-old daughter). He had jaundice and it was necessary to hospitalise him in the regional capital. We didn’t have money, so I asked my uncle for 20 euro for travel by car. I wanted to stay with him to take care of him, but they didn’t let me. I argued with the nurse who was very contrary and racist; she told me I was like the dirty slobs. In the meantime, I left the other children with the neighbours. A month ago I went to see the doctor with my son – he had a temperature and refused to eat. I have good relations with the doctor and we always chat about everything. We go there on foot, as it’s only about 600 metres from the housing block. He gave me a stomach powder and a syrup for the fever. My partner stayed at home with our daughter. Experiences: One time it’s okay, another time they ignore us; it depends which doctor has service that day. A week ago my daughter had a fever. We came to the waiting room, people always look when a ‘Gyspy´ comes. We went there on foot, as it is not far away. The nurse is always irritable when I come with the children, but when the non-Roma cut in front of me, she smiles. The doctor is very good. He prescribed a syrup for my daughter to treat the fever (4 euro) and control in a week. My partner stayed home with the children. On 14 September 2011 my boy (son – three years old) got a high fever, so in the night at 8:30 p.m. I went on foot with my son in the pram. I waited for nearly an hour for the doctor, because he was seeing a patient at home. The first contact with the doctor was pleasant, until I told him our name. After this information he said that he is not a paediatrician so I’d have to go to the emergency room in a larger town, which is 24 km away. We last went to the emergency room, when our youngest son (eight years old) broke his arm. A neighbour took us to the district town (19 km); the trip cost 10 euro. We had to wait a long time, because just then a lot of ambulances delivered ill and drunk people. We were very angry. The youngest son (one year old) had an ear infection. I went to see the doctor with him alone (a half km to the village); my husband watched the children (the other four children age 3 to 15 years). We went on foot, so we didn’t pay anything, but at the pharmacy I paid more than 6 euro. Illnesses always make life difficult, on the wallet, too. And the doctor and the nurse were both nice, but it bothered me that I had to wait a lot. I was with my son – he had throat inflammation. We were in our village – on foot. The nurse called us into the outpatient clinic for a consultation; well white people knocked on the door and were taken ahead of us for the examination – it seemed unfair to me. They prescribed him medicines for 12 euro; I had the money, because I put a little on the side for medicines. They were last with their son at the baby clinic, and the visit went normally. Later they were also with their youngest son, who had a high temperature – perhaps from the vaccination. Another paediatrician was filling in, and her nurse was pretty unpleasant because she had a lot of patients. The trip to see the doctor didn’t cost anything, because the settlement is near the hospital. The nurse always barks at people, but the doctor is good. They were there with the youngest child, who had a temperature and a cough (five years old). They paid 4 euro for medicines. Preventive check-up for a child; the mother went with the child – this costs 3 euro. The nurse was a bit irritated, since the mother should have been at the check-up sooner. A control examination of a child (three years, they have two other children age 1 year old), the mother went with him. It cost 4 euro; they didn’t pay anything at the surgery. The nurse and doctor remarked to them that it’s necessary to go regularly. They went by bus to see the doctor (2 euro). A granddaughter was ill – she had a boil (she is a one year old). She also had a high temperature. The nurse shouted that the child had only been bitten by a mosquito. They paid 5 euro for medicines. The daughter is pregnant, so she went to the pregnancy clinic. The nurse there is very unpleasant; she is thinking of changing gynaecologist as a result. She went by bus and the trip cost 2 euro. My son was treated at a surgical clinic, because he’d fallen and had broken his little toe. In my opinion the doctor didn’t treat my son properly, because he didn’t bandage up his foot. The trip to see the doctor together with transport (journey, ointment and wrap) cost me about 10 euro. A trip to the dentist with the son. It went calmly until the dentist began to drill a cavity. It hurt the son a lot and the mother had to hold him. She paid about 10 euro for the filling; the husband stayed with the other children. Here in the village I went to see the doctor with my son, because he had a rash on his legs and belly. The doctor gave me a liquid ointment that cost about 1.50 euro. She asked whether we have fleas at home and I was offended. We last saw a doctor at the end of June with our ten-year-old daughter (they have one younger child, five years old and 3 older age 15 to 22 years), who had a temperature. My wife and I and our daughter went in our own car to the emergency room at the regional capital, because it was a Saturday. The older siblings were with the children. Petrol cost 4 euro (15 km to town), and we paid 2 euro at the doctor and perhaps 4 euro for the medicine, which the doctor prescribed for my daughter. The examination went normally, but we weren’t happy that the nurse asked us in front of the other patients whether we have the two euro fee for the doctor, because he will not examine us, and at the same time she didn’t ask the other patients. We borrowed 20 euro for this treatment. My younger daughter was last ill (15 years old); she had a sore throat. The doctor works in the village, we paid 10 euro for medicines. The doctor and nurse are nice, but in the waiting room its always stuffy and a smell. 53 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Problematic trip to see a doctor – lack of money:

We went to see the doctor this month with our youngest son, who had a temperature. We both went, my husband and I, and the children stayed at home with our oldest daughter, thirteen years old (four children age 5 to 13 years). We went on foot; we didn‘t have money for the bus (2 km). We picked up the medicines thanks to my mother-in-law, who loaned us the money. We paid more than 4 euro for the medicine. The doctor and nurse behaved well; they only commented that we never have money for medicines.

Perhaps three months ago our ten-year-old son (they also have a thirteen-year-old son) fell in the yard and cut his forehead. He bled a lot, and therefore it was necessary to take him to the emergency room in the district town (17 km). We didn’t have money for the journey and the 2 euro fee for the doctor, therefore, the husband went to the local usurer. The usurer offered that he will take us to the doctor; the husband went with him and the wife stayed at home. The boy was examined at the emergency room without problems, and going to see the doctor cost 30 euro, which is how much the usurer collected on the day of benefits.

My daughter was the last one in the family to take ill – she had the flu. We went to see the doctor on foot (2 km), Because we didn’t have the money for travel right then. I went with my daughter; I’m her mother. The medicines cost 10 euro and we had to borrow from the field social worker. In the meantime, the children were with my husband (two children age 12 and 4 years old).

The fourth child (daughter, five years old) had a splay-mouth. I got to town from the settlement on foot (this is 2.5 km). Our doctor was just then on holiday and another doctor treated us. She said that I must take my daughter to the hospital in Košice. I requested an ambulance because I didn’t have any money, so she answered that this is not how it works, that it’s not a case that requires an ambulance; she said I have to get there by bus. I argued with the doctor and I went to scrape the money together. A neighbour loaned me 10 euro, and so I took my daughter to the hospital. My mother looked after the other children (she has six children in all from 1 to 10 years old).

Jóžika (two-year-old son) has a respiratory illness; we’ve already been to town to see a doctor two times this month (5 km). Through the autumn and winter we went to see a doctor every month. When we don’t have money to travel, we borrow 4.20 euro from a neighbour (a white woman, but we like her a lot, she always helps us) for the round trip. I always take my son to see the doctor; the nurse and the doctor have praised us many times (medicines were about 11.30 euro).

The nine-year-old son often catches cold and has a high fever. The family often doesn’t have the financial resources for a trip to town to the emergency room. By car to town costs 10 euro, the emergency room 2 euro, plus medicines. If they go to see a paediatrician, they don’t always have money for medicines.

I had to borrow money to pay for the trip and medicines; I went to town (19 km). Our little girl had a throat infection. I picked up the medicine and went home.

The last trip to see a doctor was back in July. The mother with the boy went 20 min by bus to see the doctor within the town. The mother had to borrow money for the bus and for medicines. The boy had a sore throat. The doctor has known the family for years now and the visit went in a friendly atmosphere. The other children were at home with the oldest sibling (together 5 children from 8 to 21 years). The trip cost 1.40 euro and medicines 4.70 euro.

It was necessary to go see doctor with a girl because she had a temperature. The parents went with the girl 1.5 km on foot. The doctor, after the detailed examination, assured the parents that it isn’t serious. It was necessary to pay 5.78 euro for the medicines; the parents had to borrow the money. A neighbour woman watched the children at home.

When I go to see a doctor, I go on foot or by bus, and my husband watches the children. The last time seeing a doctor was my seriously ill husband, who had an operation on his knee. The children have common illnesses – sore throat, cough, bronchial trouble (in the household there are eleven children age 2 to 15 years). When we don’t have money, my family loans it to me. I was last at the doctor with my youngest daughter; she had a temperature and inflammation of the air passages. I paid 5.80 euro for medicines; I had 10 euro put away, so I didn’t have to borrow. We have a paediatrician in our village who is very good. The children like him and he always gives them a sweet or a colouring book during the examinations.

I last saw a doctor with my youngest son in June. The doctor isn’t very nice. When we have to go to the district town for a specialist examination at the polyclinic, the travel costs for the month is around 12 euro, medicines 20 euro, which is a lot for us.

The last time seeing a doctor was in mid-September – at a paediatrician. It involved repeated inflammation of the air passages and an increased allergy to pollen. The examination went communicatively and without problems; the mother goes to the controls and examinations with the children. Travel costs were 3 euro there and back, expenditures for medicines were 20 euro – and they are ill two times a month! The younger child remained at home with the father.

The last time my son (16 years old) was beaten in the settlement and needed medical help. He’d taken a hard hit to his head and nose. The local clinic sent him to the regional capital. I had just come back from a work brigade where I’d received 10 euro. I gave the 10 euro to a neighbour to gas up his car so that he could take us to town. I wanted to use that money for food.

Control examination with a neurologist – a mother with a one-year-old son who was born prematurely with a weight of 1.5 kg by Caesarean section. The trip to a more distant town by car for the examination cost 30 euro, the fee for the neurological examination was 4 euro (for the ultrasound). The father was at home with the children (the other four children from 4 to 12 years), and couldn’t go on a work brigade, and so lost earnings 54 of 10 euro for the whole day (plus food and cigarettes). The youngest son (five years old) was the last to see a doctor; he is often ill. He went to see the doctor in town 8 km distant by bus with his mother. They had to borrow for the bus tickets because this was before benefits. The doctor was said to be nice. They didn’t pay for the medical service; the medicines would have cost a lot, but they didn’t pick them up. The trip cost them 1.20 euro, they got home by bus, too. The other children were in the care of grandparents and older siblings. I was at the doctor with my son, who is 2.5 years old; he had a temperature and cried in the night. My husband and older daughter were with the smaller children (three others age 5 to 15 years). The doctor was normal. I went to see the doctor in town by bus (one way 0.50 cents). I didn’t have money for medicine, so I borrowed from my sister (10 euro)... I last went to see a doctor with my younger daughter (ten years old), she had a temperature; she drank a cold soda and got a sore throat. I didn’t have the money so I had to borrow from the family. I borrowed 10 euro, and the medicines cost 6 euro. I didn’t have to pay anything for the journey, because the doctor is here in the village (1 km). She is very good, nice to children, and with our Roma kids. I go to see the doctor most often with the smallest boy (eighteen months old) – he’s used to coughing; he gets a temperature and we have to go. It often happens that I don’t have the money and then I borrow approximately 10 euro from the family. When the older boy (four years old) is ill and I need medicines for both, I borrow 15 euro. The last time I was at the doctor was today, with the smallest, and I took the four-year-old one with me. The doctor is here in the village, so I went on foot (the settlement is 1 km away). The older children (three age 8 to 15 years) were in school. I borrowed 10 euro from my sister, and I gave 5 euro for medicine, and I bought some tea and sugar to have for him. We have a good doctor; she always knows our children by name. We last went to see a doctor with our thirteen-year-old daughter, who complained of a stomach ache. She went to see the doctor with mother; they went by mass-transit bus without a ticket, because they didn’t have money for a ticket. An auntie stayed with the other children, because the father had to go to an activation activity. The medical examination was problem-free. They gave the daughter an injection and prescribed some medicine. We didn’t pick these up from the pharmacy, because it was necessary to pay perhaps 5 euro and we didn’t have the money. The pain eventually went away. It was necessary to go see a doctor with the youngest member of the family (five-year-old daughter), because her stomach ache would not go away. The mother went to see the doctor with the little girl. The examination went normally. They made the journey to the doctor on foot, because the medical centre is not far away. The father in the family watched the children (they are 10, 11 and 17 years old). The parents had to borrow 10 euro for medicine. The behaviour of the doctor and nurses was normal. A two-year-old child had bronchitis. The travel cost was 3 euro and the medicines 4 euro. They pawned some earrings and bought tea and sugar. I was with my small son (four years) at the doctor; he coughed and had a fever in the night. I went to the waiting room; I was the first one there, so I waited. The nurse called in a few people before me. Inside the clinic the nurse laughed, saying that I come often with the children and that I don’t care for them (together she has three children ages 4, 9 and 11 years). The doctor gave him an antibiotic for 5 euro. He also needed a syrup, but I didn’t have the money. I travelled by bus (approximately 1 euro). We have a twenty-five-year-old son ill with leukaemia. He is often hospitalised in Košice – he is undergoing chemotherapy; and this month he is in the hospital. His health status is worsening. The doctors are helping him; they believe that after the chemotherapy he is undergoing now his status will improve. We are waiting for a bone-marrow donor. The doctors are willing to explain everything to him and to me that we don’t know, that we don’t understand. Unfortunately, it sometimes happens that the nurses are unable to help all of the patients who need help. It’s then I feel this injustice that my son is there along and I cannot help him. His illness is costing us a lot of money; we are already in debt. The family is helping us; they are always willing to loan us money.

AN ADULT HOUSEHOLD MEMBER SEEING A DOCTOR

Problem-free trip to see a doctor: The husband needed an examination at the internal medicine department because of high blood pressure. He went by car with a friend, the wife went with him. They didn’t pay for the examination and for medicines 6 euro. The children were in school. The behaviour of the personnel was okay; they didn’t run across any unpleasant people. I have high blood pressure; I take medicines regularly so I go to see the doctor regularly. Her surgery is in the village, so I go on foot. I’m able to estimate approximately how much money I’m going to need each month for medicines, so that I always put money away for this. The doctor has known me for years and she always asks what’s new and how work is going and how the family is doing. The head of the household was the last one ill. She had high blood pressure; a rescue worker was with her. They were very nice to her. I went so see the doctor with my heart – he checked on me. I still have some old medicines, so I bought vitamins for 3 euro. I like the nurse and the doctor; they are nice. The journey cost me 1.10 euro. The father went to see the doctor; he had high blood pressure. The medicines cost about 20 euro; he went by bus and the journey came out to be 3 euro. The husband had a problem with his blood pressure – he had high blood pressure. He went to see the doctor on foot by himself (it’s in the village). The visit went normally and medicines cost around 20 euro. 55 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

The last time she went to see the doctor was for a regular check-up, which my mother-in-law living with the family needed; she has problems with her heart and blood pressure. She went to the doctor and back by bus and the ticket cost 4 euro. She was prescribed medicines costing 15 euro, which she picked up. The visit went normally; the behaviour of the nurse and doctor was normal. In September I went to see the doctor, I have stomach and psychological problems. I went there on foot; I paid 14 euro for medicines. The children were in school; we have a very good nurse. The wife last went to see a doctor perhaps a month ago. She has been treated for health problems for a long time – elevated salt in her blood. The visit with the doctor went without major problems. A neighbour went to the neighbouring village in his car (3 km) with the wife, fuel costs – 3 euro. We paid 5.60 euro for the medicine. The husband also went to see the doctor (they have only one twenty-four-year-old child). The behaviour of the nurse and doctor was good, because they know us. The last time seeing a doctor was in early September, because my wife had a fever. We travelled perhaps to the local doctor for an x-ray about 1 km from where we live. Nothing bad was found in the x-ray, so the local doctor prescribed medicine for treating a sore throat. We didn’t register any unwillingness on the part of the doctor. We paid 8 euro for medicines. The wife had bronchitis, and went to see the doctor in the neighbouring village by bus (1.10 euro). She didn’t pay anything at the doctor, but she paid 15 euro in the pharmacy. The husband has diabetes, and went for a check-up. He went by train and by mass transit, a total of 2 euro. The behaviour of the nurse and doctor was fine. The mother of the head of the family was ill; she didn’t pay for the journey, because the doctor is in the village. She had intestinal problems; she didn’t get any medicines, and was ordered on a strict diet. The doctor and nurse were fine. The husband went to the local doctor in the neighbouring village three months ago; he was at a post-operative control of the back. Behaviour was normal; the bus cost him 3.40 euro. The mother was the last to be ill; she had great pain of the neck vertebrae. The local doctor is in the village, so there were no travel costs. She was prescribed medicines, for which she paid 4.50 euro. If the medicine didn’t help, she was told to come for a control and would be sent to a specialist examination in the district town. The medicines helped her, so she didn’t go to the control. The behaviour of the doctor and nurse was normal. Perhaps two weeks ago the father – the head of the family – went to see the doctor. He has long-term health problems with his lower back, on that day he had a strong pain, and so he went to see the doctor with a neighbour by car and with his wife. The children remained home alone (15 and 13 years old). The medical examination was without problems; the behaviour of the doctor and nurse was standard. He paid 12.50 euro for medicines. The husband had pain in his legs, and went to town by bus for 5 euro. He didn’t pay anything to see the doctor and an ointment for his legs cost 2.50 euro. In January the father of the family had a painful lower back; he travelled by bus to see a doctor in town; one way cost 2.50 euro (14 km). He paid 10 euro for medicines and everything was all right. The children were at home with their mother (they now big: 13, 15 and 18 years old). The head of the family (a widow age 52 years) needed a medical examination, she had back pain. She went by bus, and the ticket cost 0.55 euro. The visit with the doctor went normally; the behaviour of the nurses and doctor was normal. Medicines were prescribed to her costing 6 euro, which she picked up. On 29 July 2011 I had inflammation of the legs. I went by bus, and I paid 0.40 euro. I didn’t pay for any medicines because I didn’t have to pick any up – I went to see the doctor every other day and she treated me. I got home by city mass transit and I paid 0.40 euro. At the end of September mother had pain in her legs and joints; I (the daughter) went with my mother. We went on foot (half a km), and I picked up the medicines. She paid 15 euro for them. The children were in school; the behaviour of the nurses is reasonable. A month ago I was at a surgery; I had a problem with a pulled muscle in my arm. I paid 2 euro for the examination and 3.85 euro for a prescription and an ointment. The wife went to see the doctor for a gall-bladder examination. She went by ambulance and the price for transport was 2 euro, and for the examination also 2 euro. She picked up medicines from the pharmacy for 4 euro. She was happy with the behaviour of the doctor and the nurses. I last needed treatment. I went to see the doctor by bus. I went with my husband, since we no longer have young children and they have their own families; this wasn’t a problem. The doctor and nurses were both nice. The journey cost us 3 euro, and I paid 10 euro for medicine. I took the bus home. The local doctor – a cold, a throat infection. The visit went well as did communication with the other medical personnel. The last time seeing a doctor was 15 August 2011; I was ill – a throat infection. I went by bus (15 km) and the children meanwhile were home alone three children ages 12 to 16 years). I have older kids so they don’t need to be looked after. They can take care of themselves. I paid more than 10 euro and 2 euro for the bus. The doctor and the nurse both behaved well to me, no problems. The last trip to see a doctor was in July, when the father had a problem – difficulty breathing and a cough. He travelled to see the doctor by himself 56 (2 euro), and medicines and a cough syrup were prescribed (5 euro). The mother stayed at home with the children, and the visit to the doctor went fine. The wife went to see the local doctor. She went by bus at 7:30 in the morning; the ticket cost 1.45 euro to Poltár. The doctor found symptoms of flu, and wrote her a prescription for medicines that cost 3.50 euro. The children were at home and a daughter cooked lunch. The woman was at the gynaecological examination (abortion); and her partner and a neighbour went with her to see the doctor. They travelled by passenger car; petrol cost 10 euro. Payment for the abortion was 250 euro. The sister-in-law took care of the children (two children ages 8 and 10 years). The medical care was excellent. The wife was at a gynaecological examination in the district town (25 km). She went alone by bus. She had pain in her stomach; she paid 5 euro for medicines. The behaviour of the medical personnel was normal. A visit to the gynaecologist – a consultation (pregnant in the seventh month). I went by bus to see the doctor; the nurses helpfully accommodatingly and nicely, and I was satisfied. The children were with their older siblings (four children age 2 to 15 years). I went to see the gynaecologist, because I had a test, which was positive. I had problems with bleeding so it was recommended I go to the hospital. There I found out that I’d miscarried. Nothing happened to me; the nurses were nice to me. I was last to see a doctor by myself, because I am pregnant. My father took me to the doctor, and the doctor examined me and wrote the results into the pregnancy book. She behaved politely to me and gave me other advice, particularly about nutrition. I didn’t pay for the medical examination, and likewise for the travel, because my father didn’t want me to. During the trip to see the doctor my mother took care of the children (three children age from 2 to 7 years). I last went to a doctor to give birth to a daughter (they have their first child; the mother is 16 years old and the father 19). This cost 6 euro, the behaviour of the nurses was very good. On 5 August the husband went for a rehabilitation stay (14 days). Before that he had an operation on his back. He stayed in Bardejov, where he got by bus, one way cost 0.85 euro. During his stay, the wife came several times to visit. You can’t say that the personnel there behaved unfriendly toward him; the opposite, they behaved nicely to him and accommodating. He didn’t pay for medicines. The grandmother (sixty-four years old) fainted three times in a four-hour period. Emergency medical help was called and no change in her health status was found. During the writing of the medical report, she fainted again, and they determined unsteady blood pressure and suspicions of diabetes. She was then hospitalised in the district town 15 km distant as reliant on insulin. If the EMS had not found any health problem, the daughter would have borne the consequence of abusing the EMS with a financial penalty. A preventive check-up, I didn’t pay anything. They measured my blood pressure, took a blood sample, and sent me to the lung doctor. The behaviour of the doctor and nurse was excellent; I’ve never had any problem with them. A preventive check-up free of charge; the father stayed home with the children. The visit with the doctor went without any problems. A preventive check-up at the dentist, behaviour was the same as with any person. He got there in his own car. A visit to the dentist – repair of a dental prosthesis. He went on foot to the dentist in the village, he paid 20 euro for the repair. The nurse was nice. I went to see the dentist – he pulled out a tooth, because I was in pain. The anaesthetic and the extraction cost me 7 euro, plus I had to buy some tablets for the pain. I’m happy with the dentist, except that it’s expensive. We travelled by car; petrol cost perhaps 3 euro. He had a toothache, so he went to the emergency room, because he didn´t want to go before, he was afraid. When he couldn’t withstand anymore, he was forced to go to the dentist. He paid a fee (2 euro), the behaviour of the nurses was normal. Problematic visit to a doctor – made difficult by spatial inaccessibility: About two weeks ago, a trip to see the doctor in the neighbouring village (approx. 1.5 km). He prescribed medicine for the mother; they didn’t pay for the journey, because they went on foot. They paid 1.60 euro for the verification for school. The prescribed medicines cost 10 euro. The behaviour of the nurses and doctor was satisfactory. Mama: a month ago I needed to go see a doctor with inflammation of the back, pain up to my eyes. I went to see the doctor alone, on foot to the opposite side of town (an estimated 3 km). She wrote me a prescription for 5 euro (Veral, Dorsiflex). I didn’t pay anything at the doctor – when they examine, you don’t pay, thank God; only when you go to the emergency room you pay 2 euro. The children were home with my oldest son. The doctors were good; I waited about an hour for the examination. I can’t push to the front like an ´Olah´. When a person is ill, it has to happen that the Olahs jump the queue ahead of us, they also scolded the doctor. We walk 7 km to see the doctor in the neighbouring village. We give the medicines prescribed to mama, who must go regularly for cardiological medicines. I don’t go for the controls, when they don’t call me; so far the medicines are helping me. For the control it would be necessary to go 39 km. Problematic visit – behaviour toward the patient: My husband had an asthma attack; we went to the emergency room; we paid 2.50 euro. The partner had to remain in the hospital, and for the trip home I didn’t have money. So I stayed in town with my sister. The doctors behaved badly, as soon as they noticed that we are Gypsies. The wife had high blood pressure; the daughter was with her. The doctor first asked how much she had had to drink, measured her blood pressure and gave her an injection. This was all; we were in our own village (more than half a km to the doctor). 57 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

The partner went to see the doctor – he had an appointment at an exact time and they didn’t take him at all; he waited a long time. The trip cost 3 euro and medicines 9 euro. I only had one problem at the doctor: that preference was given to whites before Roma in the waiting room. The Roma in waited in the waiting room and they called in the white people. We were at the emergency room in Trebišov (20 km), the wife dislocated a leg. The nurse was unpleasant, didn’t take people in order but in the order she wanted. We waited more than three hours. The doctor was good. The wife had haemorrhage; she received a splint (2 euro). A check-up at the eye doctor; the price for the bus was 2 euro. The nurse was pretty unpleasant, but she is unpleasant to everyone. While picking cherries I fell from high in the tree and broke my arm. A good friend took me to the emergency room for surgery to the district town (31 km). For the ride I paid only 10 euro but only after social benefits came. The nurse wasn´t insolent, but the general practitioner was unpleasant. My mother-in-law watched the children (five children from 1 year to 18 years). The wife was for a regular control at the endocrinologist in the district town (15 km). She went in her own car, drove it herself (perhaps 10 euro). The doctor was good; the nurse was unpleasant. She didn’t pay for medicines, in fact she paid 0.17 euro for the prescription. The last time seeing a doctor was at the dentist. I had to borrow 5 euro for the dental exam and 1.50 euro for travel by bus (5 km distant to town). Because of the long lasting toothache I decided to have it fixed. I was really afraid of the dentist; he didn’t know how to prepare a patient psychologically, as if he just wanted to get it done as soon as possible. Problematic visit – lack of finances: The last time the wife was at the gynaecologist. She went on foot to the surgery, but she wasn’t able to pick up the medicines, because they cost 16 euro. She didn’t know anyone she could borrow from, so in the end she wound up in the hospital with strong cramps. She was treated for five days in the hospital, where the medical personnel treated her like a Gypsy. The mother (grandmother) went to see the doctor; she was dizzy. She didn’t have the money to buy the blood pressure tablets, because she didn’t want to borrow. She didn’t take her medicines for a week; she had a tingling in her face and the rescuer injected her with magnesium. She picked up her medicines the next day. Mama goes regularly to see the doctor, she is being treated by an eye doctor – she has high pressure in her eyes. She always goes to see the doctor on the eighth of every month. It goes well, because the doctor has known mama for years now. The problem is financial: when mama gets a prescription, she doesn’t always pick it up. I have mental health problems; travel costs and medicines cost 20 euro for the whole month. I don’t always have my medicines – the financial situation doesn’t allow for it; another member of the family is on a disability pension. We are happy with the doctor. Last time seeing the doctor: an internist, orthopaedic, neurology. Communication with the doctor and other personnel was good. Paid 30 euro for medicines, travelled by bus. He borrowed from relatives for the trip. The head of the family had pain in his teeth, he paid 10 euro for the examination – he had to borrow from relatives. They behaved humanely toward him, but he had to wait a lot (the bus cost two-times 1.20 euro). The last time seeing a doctor was a neurologist in Košice; my wife suffers from insomnia. She travelled 28 km; she paid 5 euro for the bus. Since I work, we left our son with the neighbour, because the other children were in school. She was there until nearly evening. We had to pay more than 12 euro for the medicines, which we picked up after just a few days, because we didn’t have so much money just then. The medical service was average. The father of the family dislocated his shoulder, and he had to go to the doctor alone due to financial problems. He travelled from the examining doctor to the surgery, then to the regional capital to be hospitalised, which lasted 10 days, in order to avoid being operated on. The total costs were 70 euro; they didn’t complain about the doctors. Visit to a diabetes doctor and internist; the visit went fine, though the fees for medicines are high – 20 euro. I go on foot to see the doctor (more than 1 km). It takes half an hour, and I don’t use mass transit. The husband is a diabetic, but in a small way; but it is a problem, which the family fears due to increasing financial costs, because they anticipate that he will have to use injection treatments, and this will cost even more. The diabetes is increasing. The behaviour of the doctors toward us is friendly and professional. The husband travels 17 km by bus to see the doctor, and this costs 2.20 euro for a ticket. I was last at the doctor with my own problem: I have an untreatable vein; it has broken twice now. I was at a check-up in Košice. When I had some inflammation in my body, the doctor gave me antibiotics and recommended that I take probiotics, but I didn’t have the money for these. I bought the antibiotics for 10 euro. They helped me a lot. I don’t have health problems, but I haven’t had bad experiences with doctors. Not even when the children were little I didn’t have problems; I always tried to listen to the doctor’s advice. I was used to buying medicine for pain directly in the pharmacy, but this is still a larger item from my income. The last time seeing a doctor was for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension. They travelled 4 km by bus to see the doctor. The examination in the clinic was calm; they are satisfied. They pick up the medicines, because they cannot function without them; afterward, they don’t 58 have money for food. They don’t have any young children; only adults. Last month a relative of the head of the household (two older people live together in one household) broke her leg. She was taken to the hospital by the emergency medical service (EMS), where she stayed for two days. The next day he went by rented car after her to take some necessary items and personal items. He had to borrow 30 euro for providing this, plus 10 euro for being taken to the hospital (4 km). She didn’t want to stay in the hospital because she had borrowed money and in three days was to get her benefit. She was admitted on Friday and on Monday money came, so that on Sunday, during visiting time, she was released for home treatment. She had been on work leave since June, so until she had control, she’ll have to extend it. In total she became indebted – for both – by a sum 80 euro. I was the last one who was ill; this isn’t an illness but I was pregnant and they wanted me to have an abortion (they have four children ages 8 to 13 years). I was in the second month. I needed to 250 euro but we didn’t have the money. Since I was unable to get the money together I had to keep the child. Now I am in the fifth month and after eight years I will again give birth, although I no longer want to have another child in such poverty.

COMMON TRIPS TO SEE A DOCTOR AND UNDIFFERENTIATED GENERAL RESPONSES

Problem-free visit to see a doctor: The last time seeing a doctor was at the local general practitioner – repeated visits of the husband and wife regarding cardiovascular diseases. Communication with the doctor is direct, open, without problems. The trip and expenditures for medicines were around 50 euro. Two weeks ago we took the children to see the dentist. All four had a preventive check-up. We learned that the children, with regular cleaning, have good teeth; in us cavities were found and so our dentist scheduled treatment. We didn’t have any problems with the doctor; he was pleasant. The mother and her daughter needed treatment. The mother suffered with a cough and the daughter with a toothache. They went by bus and the trip cost 4 euro. The mother didn’t pay anything at the doctor; they found that she had bronchitis and prescribed medicine that cost 3.50 euro, which she picked up and used. The daughter paid 3 euro for the examination at the dentist, and they went home by bus. The visit went normally; the grandmother, who is retired, watched the children. No problems. We have so far not run across in problems in going to see the doctor in our family. Problematic visit to see a doctor: Both parents after a physical attack needed a CT examination; the mother with the head after a concussion felt nauseated, she had to go with the neighbour in the car and with the family go to the emergency room to the nearest hospital (20 km). They paid 2 euro at the emergency room, 15 euro for the trip by car there and back. Because it was eight o’clock in the evening, she had a problem with waiting, because her five-year-old son wanted to go to sleep and didn’t want to stay home with the father (they had three older children). We have invalids in the family and for this reason we go to see a doctor a lot. The travel costs vary, because we go to the nearest town or the district town and even to Bratislava. We older ones don‘t know the Slovak language so well, but we don’t speak much with the doctor, mainly in Bratislava. The travel costs per month are about 40 euro. The family does not go to see a doctor No visits. We don’t recall it’s been so long since we went to see a doctor (they have two adult sons in the household – 29 and 26 years). We don’t go to see a doctor very much; not that we weren’t ill but we were unable to pick up medicines, then for what?! When one of us goes to see a doctor, it’s me; I’m always coughing. My father had something with his lungs... But so what, such is life. None of us has been to see a doctor during the past year; I don’t remember when we last saw a doctor (they have three children from 7 to 11 years old). The doctor is polite to use; we don’t pay for the journey, because we go there on foot (it is in the village).

59 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

3. HOUSING AND POSSIBILITIES OF MODIFYING A DWELLING

Motto: Despite the preferential focusing on the status and “I saw in the Roma settlements in the Spiš region for quality of a dwelling, we mention briefly in the the first time people who live in conditions worse than introductory section on housing the basic agricultural animals.” (Milan Daniel, reporting from associations and knowledge which are in this context a Roma settlement in Slovakia, 2011). unspoken assumptions – which means spatial segregation or separation of the place of habitation Housing belongs among the most basic needs and for the life of its residents. The spatial exclusion of an conditions for life; housing conditions are generally inhabited settlement itself already represents a huge considered to be a key indicator of the level of living problem and has principle impacts on the quality of of the residents of a country. A lack of housing or a life and success in connecting to society. A segregated problem in its quality fully has the most principle place of habitation brings its residents many impacts on the life of individuals and families. The limitations and barriers in the securing of the basic location of a habitation and the quality of the running of life, not to speak about the form of dwellings determine in a major way the possibilities of standard activities of provision and of self- development of the individual and his or her broader development. The results of surveys speak about the integration into different areas of the public sphere. “stickiness” of such a housing environment; they rank Two fundamental positions or dimensions are in it among the conditions of life which are very difficult general monitored with the question of housing. This to overcome with one’s own forces; from the is partly the spatial placement of the site of habitation individual viewpoint they state that for a large – marginalisation and segregation of the place of portion of households even the strength of several habitation; on the other hand there are the generations is not enough to overcome these barriers characteristics of the dwelling itself – the type and (The Image..., 2012). technical furnishings of a house or flat, its size and inhabitation and the like. Since this research probe is The main problems of spatial segregation or devoted especially to excluded settlements, the separation on the basis of ethnicity according to research focus was therefore concentrated on the research can be included into several points. Primarily dwellings themselves and their quality. Its goal was to segregation of the place of habitation itself brings capture and zoom in on the housing conditions in a huge problem, and that is distance. The residents of excluded settlements as they are captured in standard such settlements are distanced from schools and surveys (e.g. EU SILC or other surveys of the living education,20 jobs, possibilities of participating in condition of households) and to broaden this view by other areas of public life and public services, the different sides of the last modification to a including healthcare services, as described in the dwelling, which may in more detail correspond to the preceding chapter. With ethnic segregation of the quality of housing and to a certain development place of habitation it is also emphasised that such trend. segregation represents a risk for the favourable

20 For example, the qualitative research of the non-profit organisation Quo vadis The Image of Roma Women recorded several responses of Roma women from segregated environments in central Slovakia, for whom the distance from the place of habitation to a secondary school is a barrier to further studying, or is a barrier to their children studying (The Image..., 2012, Chapter 3.1.1): “...I was at school with school-leaving examination perhaps a year... Then they cancelled the entire school, so we had to go to XY (a more distant town from the place of habitation); financially I didn’t have money for the travel costs, because at that time my mother died, and I drew only the orphan benefit, so I couldn‘t commute... I left it...”; “...pretty often it was decided how far away it is, parents were afraid when it was so far... So, something near home was looked for, which is the closest... now it’s really bad, these school are becoming extinct here, and therefore a lot of (Roma) children remain at 60 home... a lot of children don’t go to any school...”. development of children and other residents that a household and one of the consequences is a loss of positive models in the surroundings are lost with motivation for self-development, education and the segregation, and at the same time that segregation like. Also, over-crowding reduces the quality of living contributes to the spreading of negative ones. From of its residents, leading not only to a loss of privacy, a time point of view segregation recently has had but also negatively limiting the conditions for the a tendency to advance very quickly – changes in performing activities that strengthen the foundations regions are visible even in the course of a single life; of successful economic and social connection to many different strategies and processes contribute to society (for example, for education, working, using of segregation.21 The consequences of segregation or services and the like). separation of the place of habitation on the basis of Housing conditions connected with specific dwellings ethnicity are very diverse and represent a wide can be assessed from very different angles of view, spectrum of problem situations, to get out of such an from surveying the financial accessibility of a flat, environment remains only on the level of desires.22 through the quality of a dwelling in terms of external The mentioned (and other) “general” problems and and internal characteristics, or the over-crowding of a impacts of excluded sites of habitation are for the flat up through unpaid arrears for housing or energy object of the research of this research probe a and the like. On the basis of analysis of existing common context, since it attempts to find deeper knowledge those indicators were selected to enter knowledge of the living situation for those citizens of into a logbook which are crucial with excluded different types of excluded settlements in Slovakia. As communities. In the scope of the research probe the is stated above, aside from the fact of exclusion of the type of house or flat and its official status was place of habitation itself, the conditions of housing surveyed along with a subjective evaluation of associated with the house or flat can also represent housing, the size of the dwelling and number of a serious barrier to the quality of integration into persons living in it, also the technical infrastructure society. Many empirical surveys have attested that of dwellings, such as, for example, access to water with spatial exclusion the quality of a dwelling also and energy of different types, connection to worsens – segregated settlements have significantly sewerage, methods of heating and cooking, more poor quality dwellings with worse or no accessibility of a functional bath and toilet, as well as technical infrastructure and household furnishings at the availability of an independent bed for each all (UNDP, 2006, 2012; Mušinka ed., 2012; Scheffel, household member. What image emerged by types of 2009). The poor conditions in dwellings cause indicators of quality of housing in excluded Roma demotivation and deactivation in relation to broader settlements on the basis of analysis of 192 typical social integration: they are more demanding for work households representing 131 excluded settlements is and time when securing the basic running of presented in the following chapter.

21 In recent years in relation to the segregated or separated Roma population stated in particular are: the desire of members of multi-member Roma households for their own living and financial accessibility of housing right in the segregated parts of the towns and villages; housing policies on the local level which build social flats focus on land outside of a village’s residential area; the purchasing of flats from indebted Roma families and their subsequent moving to the edges of towns; the cancelling of housing estates or residential blocks and the moving of non-payers “to the edge”, the absolute absence of possibilities of independent living in excluded settlements after starting a family, which forces families of generations of children to build abodes illegally in order to obtain a certain amount of privacy for their family and to get away from over-crowded parental dwellings (Image..., 2012; Mušinka, 2012; Mušinka ed., 2012; Mušinka – Benč (eds.), 2011; UNDP, 2012; Scheffel, 2009). 22 Again, the responses of Roma women from Banská Bystrica Region from the cited research can serve as an example, when among general ideas about the future of their own children the wish was often repeated from the side of women living in segregated settlements, that they get “away from the present environment”: “...to get to a better environment than I was in...”; “And what I would dream about for both (children)... I would wish...until they are adults that they’ll find themselves in some other environment... My biggest dream would be the two of them get out of here...”; “...I have a little boy and what I would like is that he has things a bit better than I do, where I live... that he not be there, that I go with him somewhere else to live...” (The Image..., 2012, Chapter 3.5.2). 61 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table 3 Roma households from excluded settlements by type of housing and type of dwelling (in %)

Separated on the edge Concentrated within Type of dwelling Segregated settlements Total of a municipality a municipality Brick house (total) 48 49 72 56 Housing block (total) 17 38 26 28 Non-standard types of dwellings* 35 13 2 16 Total 100 100 100 100 Note: *The following belong to the category “non-standard dwellings”: a wooden house, a shack, a portable hut, or another dwelling not intended for housing.

3.1. Type of dwelling, its status were brick houses (a total of 56%), households living and evaluation of living conditions23 in a flat in a housing block (block of flats) with 28%, and for non-standard dwellings together totalled Empirical data from excluded Roma communities 16%: wooden house 3%, shack 10%, portable hut, points repeatedly to the low quality of housing of dwelling not intended for housing and other types of households living in such environments. For example dwellings just 1% each). But the differences in the the Report on the Living Conditions of Roma “housing fund” were significant for the individual Households states an increased occurrence of non- types of housing, from segregated settlements quality types of dwellings without the most basic through those concentrated within a village or town. furnishings which lags far behind common standards Non-standard dwellings had for the group of of housing, especially in segregated settlements. The households living in segregated settlements up to Report for 2010 speaks of overall 16% of non-standard 35%; on the other hand, for Roma concentrated dwellings24 for all Roma households, and in within a town or village only 2%. Thus, the much segregated environment this share increased to over higher concentration of non-standards dwellings in 30% (UNDP, 2012). As Table 3.3 shows, this research segregated environments was confirmed. probe copies the results quantitatively to a significant measure. But what’s more, the research methods used The type of dwelling according to external attributes, (the layering of data about the home municipality and i.e. discerning a brick house, a flat in a block of flats selected households) and expansion by stories of the and non-standard dwellings, however, does not in last modification to a dwelling at the same time give and of itself correspond to the overall quality of the in comparisons with classic survey questionnaires the flat or lived in house. As subjective evaluation of the possibility of looking over the individual aspects of “conditions for life” in one’s own dwelling showed, housing in more detail and in connection to the local also in the case of brick houses and housing infrastructure. blocks, the living conditions not infrequently were stated as “poor” or “very poor”. One-fifth of the The final sample of 192 Roma households from 131 group of households living in a brick house received excluded settlements had according to type of negative evaluations and for the group of households dwelling a diverse composition. The most numerous in a housing block, this was in the end more than

23 We recall a note from the introductory part: from the character of the survey it follows that the presented numerical values serve exclusively for comparative purposes – for comparing differences between differently defined groups of Roma excluded households; they decidedly do not correspond to the quantitative range of the given value attribute in excluded Roma communities. 24 The following are considered to be non-standard dwellings: a wooden house, a shack, a portable hut, a container, or some other dwelling not intended for housing 62 (old manor house, garden shack, etc.). Table 4 Roma households from excluded settlements by type of dwelling and evaluation of conditions for life (in %)

Evaluation of dwelling Brick houses total Housing blocks total Non-standard dwellings* Total Positive evaluation (excellent and good) 32 31 0 26 Average 48 43 3 40 Negative evaluation (poor and very poor) 20 26 97 34 Total 100 100 100 100 Note: *The following belonged to the category “non-standard dwellings”: a wooden house, a shack, a portable hut, or another dwelling not intended for housing. In the logbook brick family houses were differentiated with one flat and two and more flats, and housing blocks were recorded with the number of flats up to and over 10 separately; the table presents the data for them in summary.

one-quarter. But obviously, it applied that with non- as average; on the other hand, no illegal buildings at standard dwellings the living conditions were all were found among those evaluated as positively for classified as “poor” or “very poor” disproportionally living conditions. more – as much as 97%; positive evaluations with The official status of a dwelling, therefore, is non-standard dwellings did not occur at all, while for associated with the type of excluded settlement, as brick houses (family houses and housing blocks) this well as with the type of the dwelling itself and the achieved one-third (Table 4). While brick family overall evaluation of housing differs significantly. houses and housing blocks are of differing quality in The deeper the spatial exclusion of the place of excluded settlements, from excellent up through very habitation, the larger the occurrence of unofficial poor conditions for life, non-standard dwellings are buildings; illegal buildings are built significantly nearly exclusively connected with disadvantageous more frequently from non-standard materials – with conditions. brick houses they occur less frequently in excluded In relation to the official status of a dwelling, three- settlements; critical evaluations of living conditions quarters (76%) of the final sample of surveyed are linked with black buildings from the residents of households had a dwelling officially registered and the dwellings themselves. Unofficial buildings the remaining quarter stated that it was an illegal originate more easily in segregated settlements; they building or some other possibility (24%). Illegal are not houses of a standard type and the residents buildings were again more often linked with themselves don’t see the living conditions in such segregated settlements (40%); for settlements dwellings in a positive light. The linking of these separated on the edge of a municipality this was aspects indicates that the building of a non-standard approximately half as much and for settlements dwelling in segregated environments is for its concentrated within a municipality up to four-fold less residents a starting point for poverty; this is the only (Table 5). According to the type of dwelling, non- way they are able in the given economic and social standard dwellings in particular were labelled as situation to provide for their own family a “roof over illegal: more than 70% of them were illegal buildings, the head”, or to fulfil one of the most basic while approximately 18% of brick houses were illegal conditions for life.25 and obviously no housing blocks. It was also shown Different proportions were expressed among the that these illegal buildings were labelled as housing compared groups of surveyed households upon with poor or very poor conditions for life significantly monitoring the ownership relations regarding the more often. Illegal buildings made up nearly half of lived-in house or flat. A dwelling in the ownership of the buildings given a negative evaluation of living some member of the household was rarer in spatially conditions, and not quite one-fifth of those evaluated excluded settlements: for the group of households 63 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table 5 Roma households from excluded settlements by type of housing and status of dwelling (in %)

Segregated Separated on the edge Concentrated Total settlements of a municipality within a municipality Official status of dwelling Official building 60 76 91 76 Illegal building and others 40 24 9 24 Method of acquiring a dwelling Built it 47 34 19 33 Bought it 14 13 40 21 Got it from the village/town 17 30 19 23 Renting it 12 12 12 12 Other* 10 11 10 11 Type of ownership Owned by a household member or relative 55 51 72 59 Owned by another private subject 2 4 5 4 Owned by the municipality 26 38 21 29 Other 3 0 0 1 No one knows 14 7 2 7 Note: *The possibility “other” includes: inherited it, moved in illegally, came after a family moved out and others (bought from the Slovak Railways). The structure of the final sample of 192 households was according to the type of housing in the ratio: 30% segregated settlements (n = 58); 40% separated on the edge (n = 76); and 30% concentrated within a municipality (n = 58).

from segregated and separated settlements responses “no one” owned the dwelling and “I don’t a household member or other relative declared know” were more frequent. Ownership relations ownership of a dwelling in more than half, while the regarding a dwelling was thus the least clear in the share of family owners of a dwelling in concentrated case of non-standard dwellings, which are more often settlements within a community exceeded 70%. On in segregated settlements. the other hand, in segregated settlements the responses “no one owns the dwelling” or “I don’t Among the methods of obtaining the current dwelling know the ownership situation” were more frequent in excluded settlements the so-called self-help (14% versus 2% for households concentrated within a solution was most often given – an entire one-third of municipality). The owners of flats in housing blocks the final sample of households built the dwelling were municipalities, and other private subjects were itself. The second method of acquiring the current found in the position of dwelling owner only less – dwelling became obtaining a flat from the together 5%. According to the type of dwelling, with municipality with 23%, and an additional 21% brick houses ownership of the household and family purchased their dwelling in an excluded settlement. predominated, and with non-standard dwellings the Other possibilities of acquiring the current dwelling

25 As, for example, Z. Kusá points out, the availability of flats overall in Slovakia has a below-average level (Kusá, 2007). While in Slovakia there are 350 flats per 1,000 residents, the Maastricht criteria speaks of a standard of 450 flats and in several EU countries the number exceeds 500 flats; the deficit of Slovakia towards the top of the EU is thus 25% to 30%. The availability of housing is also limited on the financial side. Since flats in Slovakia in the second quarter of 2012 sold on average for 1,256 euro per square metre, for a broad group of residents owning one’s own housing remains an unfulfilled dream. For a flat with 60 square metres about 75 thousand euro is necessary at the mentioned price, while the majority of people in the country earn less than the average pay of 750 euro gross (which is about 500 euro net). If an individual did not eat, did not dress and was able to put away 500 euro each month for housing, he would have to save for more than 12 years. And in the case of groups of residents in poverty who are reliant exclusively on support from the system of social benefits, such a horizon is inaccessible. For more, see: 64 http://m.tvnoviny.sk/bin/mobile/index.php?article_id=616777; or the site of the Slovak Statistical Office: http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=26531. had a total of 23%: from this 12% of the surveyed of a flat occurred (however, only 6%). Brick houses households lived in a rented dwelling, 7% of dwellings were predominately built or bought by their current were inherited from parents and 4% listed illegal residents (each of the possibilities had over 40%), moving in or occupying after a family moved out or while 13% were inherited and the other methods of purchasing the dwelling from the Slovak Railways. obtaining this type of housing occurred only rarely. For the individual types of housing and types of The methods of acquiring a dwelling in excluded dwellings the methods of acquiring a home or flat settlements ascertained on the basis of the research were differentiated rather significantly. In segregated probe were relatively diverse and differed by type of settlements households most often “built” their own settlement and by type of dwelling. This could dwelling (47%), and the other half was more or less indicate that the processes leading to segregation or equally divided among the other possibilities. With separation of housing, as was mentioned above, are in the group of households living separated on the edge reality also varied. Getting into segregation or of a municipality two methods of acquisition occurred separation occurred by the purchase of a dwelling in most often – they built the dwelling themselves with the excluded environments, further by building the 34%, and they received it from the municipality with dwelling in this settlement or by inheriting it from 30%; purchase, rental and another method of parents, by occupying a free dwelling, but also by obtaining a flat here was related to approximately assignment of housing from the municipality. every tenth/one tenth of the surveyed households. Households which got their current housing from the For the group of households representing municipality occurred in all three types of excluded concentrated settlements within a municipality, the settlements. They had the highest share in the scope purchase of a dwelling achieved the highest share of separated settlements on the edge of a (40%), and building a house and having a flat municipality, where this method of acquiring assigned from the municipality followed at a great a dwelling obtained 30%; for concentrated distance with not quite one-fifth, while the last two settlements within a municipality this was 19% and in methods related to approximately 10% of these segregated settlements 17%. The representation of households. flats assigned by the municipality in all three types of Differences between the types of settlements are also excluded settlements was also confirmed by the obviously given by the type of dwelling, and the opposite perspective: from all of the excluded method of acquiring it is to a significant measure households which declared that they received their predetermined. Among households living in non- current housing from the municipality more than half standard dwellings over 71% built the dwelling were in settlements separated on the edge, a quarter themselves, and another 10% utilised other non- in concentrated settlements within a municipality and standard methods such as illegal moving in and the not quite a quarter in segregated settlements. At the like; however, housing assigned by a municipality was same time, this involved almost exclusively housing also found among non-standard dwellings (making up blocks; other types of dwelling assigned from the 16% of them), and 3% living in such dwellings were municipality were more sporadic.26 Although specific paying rent for them. Residents of housing blocks percentage shares are not with this type of survey predominately listed, logically, the assigning of a flat relevant in any way, the data indicate that municipal from the municipality (63%) or renting (32%), and flats for the socially weak are not infrequently located from the other methods of acquiring only purchasing outside its own residential areas – predominately on

26 Aside from housing blocks among them was found, for example, a brick house, a wooden house, a portable hut, a small garden cabin and an old manor house. 65 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

the edge of municipalities, and they build housing a dwelling and its technical infrastructure. Several blocks predominately outside the internal territory of indicators pointing to the quality of housing are the municipality. known from surveys, the most basic being its size, as The situation from the viewpoint of type of dwelling, defined by the number of rooms. From this dimension, the methods of its acquisition and the ownership the total number of rooms, as well as the furnishing of relations regarding the dwelling appear in excluded a dwelling with a kitchen and bathroom, was thus settlements to be very diverse. The formal status of assigned to this survey. a lived in flat or dwelling was not with many surveyed As Table 6 shows, among the surveyed households from households clear, which itself does not create a good excluded settlements were those which did not have an starting point for the stability of housing and the independent kitchen in their dwelling. Overall this was quality of life of households in these conditions. This 12%, while for the group from segregated settlements was ultimately confirmed also in the subjective it was 17%, but in the case of concentrated within evaluation of housing conditions, which came out a municipality only 3%. Kitchens were missing most unfavourable for segregated settlements and particularly in non-standard dwellings: while in not-standard dwellings. housing blocks or brick houses only 6% didn’t have an independent kitchen, for non-standard dwellings this 3.2. The quality of dwellings by size was 42%. The increased occurrence of dwellings characteristics and technical furnishings without a kitchen at the same time was linked with a poor evaluation of the living conditions – a third of The current situation from the viewpoint of quality of households with a negative evaluation of their own dwelling in excluded settlements can be brought closer housing did not have an independent kitchen. An through the monitoring of quantitative parameters of absolute majority of the surveyed households had only

Table 6 Roma households from excluded settlements by type of housing and signs of quality of the dwelling (in %)

Separated on the edge Concentrated Segregated settlement Total of a municipality within a municipality Kitchen in the dwelling Kitchen 0 17 13 3 12 Kitchen 1+ 83 87 97 88 Kitchen – average per dwelling 0.84 0.89 1.03 0.92 Rooms in the dwelling Room 0 5 3 0 3 Room 1 49 32 26 35 Room 2 31 42 43 39 Room 3 12 13 14 13 Room 4+ 3 10 17 10 Rooms – average per dwelling 1.59 2.04 2.31 1.99 Average number of persons per 1 room 3.80 3.37 2.76 3.31 Bathrooms in the dwelling Bathrooms 0 47 28 22 32 Bathrooms 1+ 53 72 78 68 Bathrooms – average per dwelling 0.53 0.73 0.81 0.69 Note: The structure of the final sample of 192 households was according to the type of housing in the ratio: 30% segregated settlements 66 (n = 58); 40% separated on the edge (n = 76); and 30% concentrated within a community (n = 58). one kitchen, while only 3% of those surveyed had two rooms per dwelling, again especially with segregated and more kitchens. On average, then, the figure per settlements. All together, as much as 54% of the one dwelling came out to be not quite one kitchen: for group representing segregated settlements in the a dwelling in segregated settlements only 0.84 kitchens survey did not have any or only one room, for the per dwelling and for concentrated within a municipality group of separated households this was 35% and for 1.03 kitchens per dwelling. those concentrated within a municipality 26%. In all three excluded environments the share of one-room The housing situation of Roma households from dwellings versus the common standard in the country excluded settlements came out even worse with the was high; for segregated settlements, however, it monitoring of the presence and number of bathrooms. came out exceptionally unfavourable. The averages Nearly one-third of the surveyed households did not showed this clearly: the average number of rooms per have an independent bathroom in their dwelling. The one dwelling represented 1.59 rooms for the group most “bathroom-less” dwellings were in segregated segregated; 2.04 in the case of separated and 2.31 for settlements, where their share was nearly one-half; in concentrated within a municipality. On the other the case of separated and concentrated settlements hand, the number of persons per one room came out this was 1.5- to 2-times less. Again, it was non- for the group of households living in segregated standard dwellings or shacks that were primarily settlements to be 3.80; in separated settlements this without a bathroom: 97% of them did not have one was 3.37, and for concentrated within a municipality and only 3% did. With flats in blocks of flats the ratio 2.76 persons per one room. All mentioned indicators, was the opposite: 96% had a bathroom and 4% did therefore, suggest a high over-crowdedness of not. Brick buildings were from this point of view more dwellings in excluded settlements. varied: 27% of them were without a bathroom and 73% had at least one. On average, the figure from Still another view at over-crowdedness is offered by segregated settlements was 0.53 bathrooms per the total number of rooms in a dwelling and the dwelling, 0.73 per dwelling for separated on the edge number of persons in the household. Together 11% of of a municipality and 0.81 per dwelling for those the surveyed households lived in only one room (a concentrated within a municipality. kitchen or a room); another 30% lived in dwellings According to international comparisons, the availability with two rooms and 35% in dwellings with three of sufficient space in a dwelling is also considered to be rooms. A total of 76% of the total surveyed one of the key characteristics for assessing the quality households had a dwelling with three rooms or fewer. and conditions of housing. Several simple and complex At the same time the number of persons in dwellings indicators are use to monitor this, one of which is the with such a small number of rooms was very diverse – measure of over-crowding of a household.27 It expresses it ranged from 2 to 19 persons. Over-crowdedness the percentage share of people living in over-crowded then also acquired in the reality of excluded dwellings, which is defined by the number of available households the following forms: rooms in the household and the size of the household, A four-generation family (two parents and their or still other characteristics of a family or its members. children with partners and without partners and grandchildren) with 19 people in a dwelling with two As the research probe indicated, the housing situation rooms without an independent kitchen and bathroom, of households from excluded settlements did not from this 14 adults and 5 independent children come out very favourably even by the number of (1 school-attending child and 4 young children).

27 The measure of over-crowdedness of dwellings in Slovakia was according EU SILC data from 2010 one of the highest in the EU (more than 40%; the average for the EU- 27 was 17.7%; the lowest was the Netherlands with 2.2% and the highest Latvia with 57.1%). For the population at risk of poverty the measure of over-crowding was even significantly higher – namely by nearly 20% (web SO SR). 67 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table 7 Roma households from excluded settlements by type of housing and signs of quality of the dwelling (in %)

Separated on the edge Concentrated Segregated settlements Total of a municipality within a municipality Household farming Grow vegetables 5 11 24 13 Raise domestic animals 5 8 14 9 Technical furnishings of a flat Drinking water from the main 45 60 67 58 Connected sewerage 29 49 36 39 Sewerage – sump 16 13 35 20 Electricity – official and functions 66 86 93 82 Electricity – connected illegally 12 7 0 6 Gas connection – functions 9 20 36 21 Heat standard* 9 32 41 28 Heat from a solid fuel stove 83 61 48 64 Cooking standard* 10 33 53 32 Cooking on solid fuel 90 67 47 68 Liquidation of waste – hauled 71 83 86 80 Liquidation of waste – other 29 17 14 20 Bed for each 45 61 69 58 Toilet standard 36 54 57 50 Bathing standard 45 55 72 57

Note: *The category “Heat standard” includes central heating, radiators on a boiler and Gamat heater, i.e. all methods of heating without heating using solid fuel; a similar division is used in the table with the method of cooking (standard methods and cooking over solid fuel).

A four-generation family (two parents and their and a kitchen, but without a bathroom, from this children with partners and grandchildren) with 7 children (3 of them with a completed education, 10 people in a two-room flat in a block of flats, from 1 school-attending and 3 young children). this 6 children (3 school-attending and 3 young A two-parent family (two parents and children) with children). 10 people in a shack with one room without a kitchen A single-parent family (mother with children) with and bathroom, from this 8 children 9 people living in a shack with one room without (7 school-attending and 1 young child). a kitchen and bathroom, from this 8 children A four-generation family (two parents and their (6 school-attending and 2 young children). children with partners and grandchildren) with A two-parent family (two parents and children) with 17 people in a three-room flat in a block of flats, 8 people in a one-room flat with a kitchen and from this 11 children (7 school-attending and bathroom, from this 6 children (3 school-attending 4 young children). and 3 young children). A four-generation family (two parents and their children A four-generation family (two parents and their with partners and grandchildren) with 15 people in a two- children with partners and grandchildren) with room flat in a housing block, from this 9 children 11 people in a two-room flat in a housing block, from (3 school-attending and 6 young children). this 6 children (4 with a completed education and 2 young children). Excluded environments recorded significantly more A three-generation family (parents, grandparents and similar stories of extreme over-crowding. This spatial 68 children) with 12 people in a shack with two rooms aspect already tells of the extreme lack of quality housing of many households from excluded them did not have drinking water available through settlements. And additional characteristics of housing a water main, were not connected to sewerage or even quality markedly lower it even further. This has been a sump,28 did not have any form of standard bathing shown in numerous surveys and reports from excluded (with a standard toilet the deficit was higher still),29 Roma settlements, which recorded especially huge and the same share of households in the end did not deficiencies in technical infrastructure of dwellings even have an independent bed for each household (UNDP, 2006, 2012; Mušinka, 2012; Scheffel, 2009; member.30 Only a real minimum of these households several numbers of the magazine Plus 7 dní and many were linked to a gas connection (not even 10%), other sources). And in the scope of this research this similarly as a minimum of them used standard sources was no different. Here, too, a large portion of the of heat and cooking. More than one-fifth of the surveyed households was recorded which did not have surveyed households here did not have electricity and drinking water from a functioning water main nearly a third were lacking wasted liquidated by available in its dwelling, was not connected to collection and hauling through containers. sewerage and didn’t have their own sump; a group of Roma households from excluded settlements remain households was found without electricity at all or without basic technical furnishings oftentimes even which was connected illegally, while only a negligible when the given infrastructure is introduced in the group had a gas connection in their dwelling; the settlement or home municipality. From comparisons majority heated and cooked with solid fuels, often of infrastructure at the site of the habitation and the even within housing blocks, and they had problems furnishings of specific households a relatively large with the functioning of a toilet and bathroom. Only lagging was shown in the individual items. Thus, for one-tenth of the surveyed households devoted itself example, 76% of the surveyed households listed a to cultivating vegetables and raising domestic water main in a housing settlement, but only 58% had animals, and in segregated settlements the numbers water in their own (from this 55% were connected to was only half as many (Table 7). the public water main and 3% had running water from A comparison between individual groups of Roma a garden or their own well). A lagging of 20% thus households defined on the basis of type of housing appears in excluded households in terms of confirmed that with the deepening of spatial connection to a water main for possibilities of exclusion the situation worsened – for individual a specific settlement. With sewerage the difference types of standard housing infrastructure segregated was on the level of about 10%, when 50% of surveyed settlements had the worse situation. More than half of households had sewerage at the site of habitation,

28 For a more Ŗexible image regarding the life and hygienic relations in segregated settlements we present the frequency of occurrence of non-standard possibilities. But the percentage shares decidedly do not correspond to the situation for residents of Roma settlements in Slovakia – such data can only be provided by the mapping of such settlements, which after nearly ten years is repeated by the end of 2012 (Atlas of the Roma community in Slovakia). Among households representing 58 segregated settlements, 55% had a source of drinking water other than a water main: 19 % used a public well or water main tap or hydrant in the settlement, 12% a well in the yard, 9% took drinking water from the dwelling of relatives, 7% bought bottled water for drinking, 5% used a spring and 3% a stream or river (the last two possibilities did not occur for separated or concentrated settlements at all, and with other non-standard sources of drinking water a smaller occurrence was recorded in comparison with segregated settlements). With the absence of a connection to sewerage and a private sump (a total of 55% of households from segregated settlements) the majority stated that they pour wastewater out into the surroundings (29%), or into latrines (2%) or runoff into a stream (2%), while the remaining 22% only stated the absences of sewerage without explaining their handling of wastewater. 29 Again we present more detailed parameters for non-standard household furnishings from segregated settlements. For bathing households which were lacking a connection to running water most often used a wash-basin or a bucket (40%; in the other two excluded environments such a method of “bathing” was half to one- their less frequently); this was followed by a tub or vat without a connection to running water (14%), and then a stream or river (2%). As much as 64% of this group of households declared a non-standard toilet; most often this was a latrine in the yard (36%), “in the surroundings” was given by 14%, 9% used a public latrine in the settlement, and a Ŗushing toilet without running water and a bowl or bucket was also found (2% and 3%); for concentrated settlements within a municipality the last four possibilities did not occur, in place of this the dwelling of relatives or neighbours increased. 30 A total of 55% of the surveyed segregated households did not have an independent bed for each member; most often the number of persons per one bed was two people (29%) and then three people (17%), but the number of persons – mainly children – represented an even higher number (a total of 9% of the surveyed households from segregated settlements had four to six children for one bed). 69 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

but only 39% of them had sewerage connected in their poor quality dwellings, and the situation comes out dwelling. Similarly, an electricity main belonged to worse for segregated settlements. Not only are non- the infrastructure of the habitation site of 96% of the standard dwellings – shacks – concentrated in final sample households, and 82% had a functioning segregated settlements, they are often lagging connection in their own dwelling (4% had an official behind without the most basic furnishings. connection but not functioning and on the other hand But problems with dwelling are found in all three 6% of households said they had an illegal excluded environments; in each are found households connection). The furnishing of electricity in excluded living in dwelling not satisfying the criteria of quality households lagged behind the possibilities of the whether the size of the house or flat is involved, its specific settlement by more than 10%. over-crowdedness or its lack of basic technical The lagging behind of households from segregated furnishings. The case was not infrequent when the settlements was significantly higher still and was so individual deficiencies were combined with one in the possibilities of the specific settlement as well another – over-crowdedness with sub-standard as in the furnishing of households behind the technical furnishings and the like. The quality of standard of a housing settlement. While 76% of all housing of many households from excluded surveyed households had a water main in the settlements showed significant deficiencies and settlement and 55% were connected to a public marked lagging behind the common standards of water main, for segregated settlements this was housing in Slovakia.31 60% with a water main in the settlement and 45% in the household. Less than 40% of segregated 3.3. Modification of a dwelling: settlements had sewerage in the place of habitation types of repairs and expended costs (the average for the entire surveyed excluded households was 50%), but only 29% had their Every dwelling requires regular maintenance or dwelling connected to sewerage (while overall this modifications or repairs – in the interest of was 39%). In segregated settlements 93% had maintaining its existing state or in the interest of electricity in the place of habitation (for all improving the quality of living. As is presented in the excluded settlements this was 96%); 66% of the preceding section, many dwellings from excluded surveyed households from segregated settlements settlements show several signs of poor quality – up to had an official and functioning connection in their an extreme – which increases the need for dwelling (on average for the whole of the surveyed maintenance and modifications even further. households this was 82 %). Although specifically Therefore, among the situations which were recorded given percentages decidedly do not correspond to in the scope of the research probe into excluded the real situation with furnishings in excluded settlements was a voluntary description of the last settlements, the captured differences between the modification made to a dwelling. The situations groups of households indicate a differentiated captures were alongside the type of modification of situation within them. The research probe a dwelling made to also introduce the period when repeatedly and in detail showed that Roma such change was made, who made it and what sum of households from excluded settlements live often in money was expended to do it.

31 According to data from the 2001 census 92.9% of permanently lived in houses were connected to a water main (68.5% to a public network), 86% had some kind of sewerage (28.7% a public network and 57.3% a septic tank). The number of habitable rooms per one resident represented 1 room, for one permanently lived in Ŗat there were 3.18 persons; the share of permanently lived in Ŗats with one room represented for all of Slovakia 7.4% and with two rooms 19.7%; the number of rooms per one Ŗat came out to be 3.21 rooms (a room with a surface larger than 8 square metres was counted as a room). The values of individual indicators for the surveyed excluded settlements lagged far behind the averages from a decade ago, it can be assumed that the lagging in several aspects up to the year 2011 deepened even 70 further (data from the 2011 was not yet available for the housing module). Graph 16 two-times more, while in segregated and separated When households made the last modification households they again gave modifications not older to a dwelling (in %) than half a year more often (a difference of approximately 15%). This may mean that less quality no modification habitations with a high share of non-standard 1 12 dwellings in spatially segregated and separated 21 in the last settlements require more interventions into the state half-year of the dwelling and do so more often. 8 more than half a year The relatively high share of households which did not up to 3 years make any modifications to their dwelling during the longer than past years raises a question about the reasons. On the 20 3 years basis of a loose description four basic areas of reasons we do it always, for giving up on maintenance or improvement of 38 when needed a dwelling can be identified. The first of them was the

no response relatively good state of the home or flat which did not require any interventions:

Note: The graph presents the percentage shares of the total This is mainly a newer dwelling; it wasn’t necessary in final sample of 192 households representing recent times to make any modifications. The last time 131 excluded settlements. it rained, to prevent the carrying of mud into the dwelling, they poured stones in front of the entrance, which they swept up from around the main road. /brick house, separated settlement 1km distant from According to the collected data 21% of the final the home municipality surveyed households did not make any modification We haven’t made any modifications recently; we live in to their own dwelling in recent times, while the a new building. /flat in a smaller housing block, remaining four-fifths did perform some form of segregated settlement 3 km distant from the home renovation in their household. In terms of time, municipality modifications made during the past half-year We didn’t make any modifications this year; we have predominated among such households (nearly 40%), our house in order. /brick duplex, settlement while another 20% made the modification during the concentrated within the municipality last three years and for not quite 10% the We haven’t had any problems with the dwelling modification was made more than three years ago. In recently. /shack, segregated settlement 1 km distant more than one-tenth of the situations the time of the from the home municipality repair of a dwelling was not specified. Households without a modification performed on a house or flat The second reason why a household from an excluded were represented by one-third more in the group settlement did not carry out any modifications is their living in settlements concentrated within a dwelling recently was the ownership relation in regard municipality, where they represented 27%; in contrast to the lived in dwelling. Although the dwelling would to this in segregated and separated settlement this need a modification, since they live in a rented flat or was 19%. In comparisons with the two more excluded sublet, they are not authorised to make repairs or groups, “older” modifications to a dwelling were more modifications. Such argumentation was connected common in settlements concentrated within with flats in housing blocks, but also with brick family a municipality: the last modification of a dwelling houses; from the viewpoint of type of settlement it related to the period two to three years ago nearly was found in different excluded environments: 71 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

We live in a rental flat – we don’t paint because the roof households had such a stressed family budget that no leaks and there are streaks. /flat in a smaller housing financial resources remain for improving and block, separated settlement 3 km from the home maintaining a dwelling. Financial inaccessibility of municipality 3 km maintenance of a dwelling was general – households We live in a housing block and we aren’t allowed to do living in flats in housing blocks, as well as residents of anything; we’re in debt, so we’re glad that we brick houses or non-standard dwellings mentioned it. someplace to live. /flat in a larger housing block, And it was also general on the basis of type of separated settlement 0.5 km distant from the home settlement: households from segregated and municipality separated excluded environments knew financial The house isn’t ours (it belongs to the municipality), inaccessibility, but also those living concentrated accordingly we aren’t really able to make modifications, within a municipality. Some respondents only stated although we would need them. We don’t even have the the lack of financial resources for dwelling money for this. /brick house, settlement concentrated within a municipality modifications, while other chose a broader explanation. They spoke of their owl plans or I live with my parents and I don’t decide when and what necessary reconstructions, which did not get done, or gets done, even if I wanted. /brick house, separated settlement 0.5 km distant from the home municipality of the desolate state of the dwelling, whose solution, however is not within their financial possibilities. Another reason which was repeatedly found in the With these opportunities some of the households replies of respondent households was the very poor emphasised that the economic situation only allowed condition of the dwelling which thwarted every them bare survival; they only have money for food and attempt at improving the living conditions. Similar medicines and covering modifications to a home or arguments were made exclusively by resident living in flat is not within their possibilities: shacks, e. g. dwelling of various materials. According They haven’t done anything at home for a long time to the type of settlement this was related to those because they don’t have the money. /brick house, from segregated settlements and separated concentrated within a municipality settlements on the edge of a municipality: They don’t made modifications at home due to a lack of finances. /brick house, concentrated within a We don’t do anything at home, because this isn’t municipality a home (a shack with no infrastructure), only when something is really urgent. /shack, separated We haven’t done anything around the house for a long settlement 1 km distant from the home municipality time now; we live only from social benefits and it’s not enough for anything else. /brick house, separated Our dwelling is in a very bad state (a shack with no settlement 1 km distant from the home municipality furnishings and electricity); we don’t have money for a repair. But we have a promise from the mayor that if Our home would need a lot of repair work (one room he has a free flat or house, we will get it. /shack, without a bathroom, weakly furnished); unfortunately segregated settlement 0.5 km distant from the home we don’t have the finances. We plan to install water municipality from the neighbour, at least to the kitchen. And then we would make a bathroom. /brick house, concentrated We don’t make any modifications to the home, because within a municipality our shack is hardly standing. We would need completely new housing, at least a portable hut. /shack, We would have to rebuild the whole house (bad segregated settlement 1 km distant from conditions, they don’t have electricity or water, without the home municipality a bathroom and just one room and a kitchen), but we don’t have the finances for it. /brick house, But most often financial barriers was given among the concentrated within a municipality reasons for not making any modifications or repairs to Due to existential problems they can‘t even afford to 72 a dwelling in the recent period. Many of the surveyed buy a lock on the door to the flat; or paint or put glass in the windows. /flat in a larger housing block, Specifically they took the form of a collapsing roof, segregated settlement 2.5 km distant from the home broken windows, non-functioning locks in a dwelling, municipality the unavailability of water in households and many From the viewpoint of the weak economic situation we other aspects of deprivation. haven’t repaired the house for at least 20 years. It is in a desolate state; the roof is falling in. /brick house, The majority of the surveyed households (nearly four- concentrated within a municipality fifths) did make some intervention into the current The roof is falling in on us, but we don’t have money for dwelling for the closer undetermined “recent period”. anything; we can hardly live. At least we don’t have As Graph 3.16 shows in more detail, the only one children! /brick house, concentrated within frequent activity related to modification of a dwelling a municipality was painting – it was the content of 40% of the They don’t make modifications to the home, they can’t; interventions carried out on a dwelling. Roof repairs they are glad that they have money for medicines and (with 12%) followed at a large distance, and then the food. /brick house, concentrated within reworking of a bathroom or toilet and repair or laying a municipality of a floor. Reconstruction of plaster and modification The lack of finances doesn’t allow me any modifications or repair of window occurred on a large-scale, while and renovations to my dwelling. I live under my own other types of interventions in a dwelling, such as conditions, as I can (they live in a shack with two building an extension or expansion, tiling, repair of rooms, a total of 12 people). For a modification or facilities in a flat, repair of a chimney, the reworking repair they scrounge from those better off. /shack, of waste or water, repair of the foundations or plaster settlement concentrated within a municipality of a house and the like, could be classified more as The bad financial situation, mentally disabled, bad care rarer modifications. for the dwelling (shack), they try to survive by day to day. /shack, segregated settlement 1 km distant from From the graph it is at the same time obvious that the home municipality modifications of a maintenance character predominated; a glance along the line of maintaining Reasons for giving up on maintenance and repair of a a dwelling versus improving the quality of housing dwelling are in excluded environments relatively showed the domination of maintenance over diverse:32 from the reason consisting of a dwelling in improvement of the standard of living. Overall more good condition which didn’t require any repairs; than 70% of the described situations of modification through ownership relations of the household to the to a dwelling had the character of maintenance of the flat or house – as renters cannot make repairs; existing state of housing and less than a third would further the desolate state of the dwelling, upon be evaluated as a more principle or longer-lasting which the household simply gave up any improvement in the quality of the housing. Thus modifications; up through the limited financial maintenance as well as improvement modifications to possibilities of households which practically negate dwellings in reality had a relatively varied form. any modifications to a dwelling. But despite this variation the strongest reason was financial Among the modifications significantly improving the inaccessibility of improving housing. Explaining the method of overall quality of housing is, for example, reasons for not realising maintenance of a dwelling more principle reconstruction or redevelopment of can be seen closer through several stories from the a house or dwelling. The research probe in such real state of some dwellings in excluded settlements. a position captured positive examples of broader

32 A portion of the households, however, only stated that they had not made any repairs or modiřcations without giving more detailed reasons (see the Appendix to chapter 3). 73 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Graph 17 Last modification to a dwelling in excluded households by type of modification (in %)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

1 = repairs of facilities in a flat 3

2 = painting, spackling, walls 40

3 = repair of a roof, a leak 12

4 = made, remade a bathroom or toilet 7 5 = installed tiles, covered a floor 6

6 = tiled the kitchen 1

7 = added on to the home, extension to a dwelling 1 8 = insulation of doors 1

9 = repair of a chimney 3 10 = repair, reworking of waste or water 1

11 = modification to garden, yard, fence 3 12 = reworking of the infrastructure core 1 13 = repair of foundations of a shack, 3 load-bearing walls 14 = connection to a water main 1 15 = built a fireplace 1 16 = repair plaster, new plaster, facade 5 17 = change windows, alter windows 4 18 = remodel a house 2 99 = other problem with housing 6

Note: The graph presents the percentage shares of total given situations of the last modification to a dwelling (n = 151).

reconstruction of a dwelling with the effect of The roof leaked and it was necessary to modify the significantly improving living conditions with the help bathroom and the toilet. I took out a microloan through of the ETP Slovensko loan programme, but also the ETP Slovensko in the amount of 1,160 euro. For the story of self-help construction of a non-standard mentioned money I bought material, where I modified the floor and reconstructed the bathroom and the toilet dwelling – a shack: and I want to change the roof covering. We did all the I built my house myself from money saved, from mentioned work ourselves. /brick house, separated a private savings scheme (so-called ´Včielka´ or ‘Bee ) settlement 0.4 km from the home municipality and the building saving account. After using it up I was We did a reconstruction of rooms from microloans which connected to the IDIA savings program, which was were offered by ETP Slovensko. We managed to improve provided by ETP Slovensko. Then I continued in our housing: we changed the floor, painted the rooms a microloan programme where I took out an interest- and rebuilt the bathroom. /brick house, settlement free loan which I am now paying back. I’m glad that concentrated within a municipality I have a place to live, because a house is covered and I have it furnished for housing. /brick house, separated Three years ago we built a small house; during settlement without giving the distance from the home construction of the shack the entire family helped us, 74 municipality but I don’t remember the sum that was spent on the building. /shack, separated settlement wit without in which they linked to their home. They did it giving the distance from the home municipality themselves and the family helped. /brick house, separated settlement 0.5 km from the home An extension or the adding of a storey, which likewise municipality take a variety of forms, can be included among the They put in tiles and insulation with fibreglass. They did larger modifications improving the quality of house or it ourselves; they gave 800 euro for materials. /brick dwelling. On one hand this was, for example, a more house, separated settlement on the edge without radical increasing of living space in a family house by giving the distance from the home municipality adding an additional storey; on the other hand, this Two months ago we reworked the core of the flat to was the adding of a vestibule to a portable hut, to increase space in the living room. I did the modification prevent the leaking of heat from the portable hut: myself; I cut out the wall and pulled down the edge and painted. Costs for reconstruction were 180 euro. The We added on a storey, so far it has cost 1,500 euro, but living room is larger and the space is open from the we still haven’t finished it. My husband is building it kitchen. /smaller housing block, concentrated with his brother and my father. They’re working on it for settlement within a municipality the second month now. /brick house, segregated settlement 1 km from the home municipality They insulated the entire house; they borrowed 5,000 euro (a retired grandmother). They had a master They live in a portable hut, so this is very complicated, builder from the village, it’s not finished yet. They want they are crammed in (two parents, four children age to put on a new facade – they don’t know if they will 13 to 22 years, plus a grandson from the oldest manage it, it depends on the weather. /brick house, daughter). They last build on a vestibule to prevent separated settlement 2 km distant from the home losing heat in winter. They paid 50 euro for the cinder municipality blocks used, bought the cement, sand and lime they got for free (for work – the husband worked in the village Three years ago we did a reconstruction on the house; and in place of money they gave him materials). They we repaired the plaster on the outside. We didn’t know built it themselves. /portable hut, separated how to do it ourselves; some professionals did it. The settlement 0.2 km from the home municipality work with the materials I don’t much remember, about around 700 euro. /brick house, concentrated settlement within a municipality Among the larger quality changes of a current dwelling which brought more principle improvement of the living Replaced three wooden windows with plastic ones because they were not insulated and the wood was conditions for its residents the reworking of a bathroom damaged for years; it couldn’t be renovated. Three or toilet in the house, the connecting of the household windows with a complete offer cost 890 euro (the price to the public water main, the laying of tiles in the house includes disassembly, installation, alteration of the or an extension of the internal space of a flat, insulation plaster and blinds). Because we didn’t have success of a house of changing of windows can be included: with the bank, a non-banking company provided a 1,000 euro loan. And in the instalment for 36 months They built a bathroom themselves during three months, at 40 euro a month it comes out to 1,450 euro. The they paid about 1,200 euro for materials. /brick house, bank didn’t provide the financing because our income separated settlement on the edge without giving the does not achieve the life minimum for a family. The distance from the home municipality leftover money was invested into clothing for the We last reconstructed the bathroom. We borrowed children, paint and painting – roughly for three rooms 1,000 euro, which I’m repaying at 42 euro a month. We 40 euro. /brick house, concentrated within bought a bathtub, a toilet, tiling, wall tiles and an a municipality given as 1 km distant automatic washer. My father and brother-in-law helped We changed the windows three years ago; we both still with the work; it’s finished now. /larger family house, worked then. We borrowed 2,000 euro, since then we concentrated settlement within a municipality haven’t made any modifications. We also painted all We had a problem with water: there wasn’t enough in the rooms then. /brick house, concentrated within the well. Not long ago the village had a connection put a municipality 75 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

In the end in the monitored excluded environments the same time means that this related more to the modifications made in dwellings which could be stronger households in terms of income, since they characterised as above-standard or aesthetic were were able to get loans of larger sums. Fewer solvent also found. These were, for example, the building of Roma families managed only with the help of a grassy lawn and a summer house in the garden, the microloan fund of ETP Slovensko, otherwise the aesthetic modifications of a ceiling, the building of path to larger modifications meaning a change in the a fireplace in a house or insulating an entire home. quality of the housing is for them practically But these were only occasional activities in the scope inaccessible, or possibly it leads to overly expensive of the overall sample of recorded cases: loans from non-banking subjects.33 In July we put the grassy surface in the yard in order; we But we repeatedly emphasise that more demanding planted new grass and rolled it. We build a new wooden modifications of the type of principle qualitative or summer house and a wooden fence. The material and the work cost 2,500 euro. My cousin – a carpenter – and aesthetic changes to a dwelling make up only a small the wife helped me during the weekends. /brick house, part of the entire sample of stories found; concentrated within a municipality with a distance maintenance work around a dwelling (or the above given of 1 km mentioned any absence of intervention into housing) The last modification was an aesthetic change to the predominated greatly. Some stories expressed ceiling. They bought a polystyrene gazette, paint and explicitly the conflict between the need for principle glue, which cost perhaps 150 euro. The husband repairs of a dwelling which is in an unfavourable to together with relatives did the work themselves; it emergency state and the persistence in maintenance lasted two days. /larger housing block, segregated repairs, especially in the form of painting. As a reason settlement 1.4 km distant from home municipality they clearly noted the absolute lack of finances; for Two years ago they put a fireplace into the house; the some households even the cost for painting in the husband did almost all of it himself; his brother helped amount of 20 euro was high. Although they have him. They took out a loan for 2,000 euro. /larger family a dwelling in a bad to very bad state, they are only house, segregated settlement 2 km distant from home municipality able to regularly paint it, so that they maintained at least basic hygienic conditions and cleanliness. They insulated the entire house; they borrowed Despite the bad housing conditions strong emphasis 5,000 euro (a retired grandmother). They had a master builder from the village; it’s not finished yet. They want on painting or “representation” in certain regular to put on a new facade – they don’t know if they will intervals was repeated in individual stories relatively manage it; it depends on the weather. /brick house, often: separated settlement 2 km distant from the home Modifications could be made to the house, but we don’t municipality have the money. At least I paint each year, at least these basic things, so that we don’t live in filth Larger modifications of a higher standard were at the (40 euro). /brick house, concentrated settlement same time financially the most demanding, and often within a municipality the indebtedness of the household was recorded Nothing remains for house repairs; we are glad that we because of them – without loans they would not have have electricity. If the partnet gets activation work in been able to carry them out. And this is so despite the the village, we would have more; they promised her this fact that members of households did the work for the spring. During the summer we bought Primalex themselves, or with the help of family members. Some and painted. /brick house, separated settlement on household during their realisation went significantly the on the edge, 2 km distant from the home into debt and are now paying the debt back, which at municipality

76 33 Regarding the practice of non-banking subjects in Roma communities, as described by řeld social workers or community workers. We should have long ago repaired the roof; we already Graph 18 have the roofing tiles, but not the other things. The Who made the modification in the dwelling (in %) interior, as you see, we always keep clean; once a year we paint; in fact my wife does this. She always says that I don’t know how to work. The painting costs about 1 = alone 40-45 euro. What we should urgently do needs around 1 2 2 = relatives 800-900 euro. /brick house, segregated settlement 3 = neighbours 2 km distant from the home municipality 24 We can only make essential repairs from benefits. Last 4 = purchased service year we painted and this is expensive (paint costs 20 euro). I would like to repair the dwelling, it is cold 5 = administrator there, there is a draft through the windows and door but 3 of the flat unfortunately, we can’t afford it, so this only fix, as we 3 6 = alone with 1 65 relatives are able. /shack, separated settlement on the edge 1 1 km from the home municipality 7 = friends for We haven’t had any modifications, although we would material need them very much, but building materials are very goods expensive for us. Through the summer we got rid of the 8 = alone with trash dump which we had right behind the house – we neighbours dug out a large hole. /brick house, concentrated settlement within a municipality Note: The graph shows the percentage share from all of the given situations of the last modification to a dwelling (n = 151). Another interesting aspect when monitoring modifications performed in a dwelling is their According to the research probe Roma households provision – whether the work was done by the from excluded settlements either do not make residents themselves or by a public or purchased modifications to their dwellings at all, most often for service. Who made the modification in the dwelling financial but also other reasons associated with the was moderately differentiated according to the type state or ownership status of the dwelling of house or flat, but on the whole do-it-yourself (approximately one-fifth of the final sample), or they work absolutely dominated. As can be seen in Graph make them by themselves. Only in a small group of 18, the described modifications were made by the recorded cases was this in cooperation with members households themselves – one or more of its of the wider family or other known persons. This members (65%), or together with a neighbour 26%. applies in an increased measure for segregated The situation in which some known person – friends, settlements, where a purchased service is almost neighbours or relatives – made the modifications completely unknown. had a small share of the situations (a total of 3%). Purchased service in the surveyed set was very rare, The do-it-yourself solution was therefore very relating to only 3% of the recorded dwelling widespread and related to painting as well as other modifications; the administrator of a flat had the dwelling modifications. Specifically, painting was same share in repairs (3%). Purchased service or according to the stories exclusively do-it-yourself; repair performed by the administrator of a flat members of households typically did it themselves. (when living in housing blocks) occurred only in An interesting finding was that relatively often women settlements concentrated within a municipality made this modification to the dwelling and not only in (12%) and separated on the edge of a municipality households which had a woman as the sole provider. As (7%); segregated settlements did not know this was demonstrated from the interviews, relatively often service at all. painting in the surveyed households is necessitated by 77 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

the poor housing conditions or over-crowdedness, The collected modifications to a dwelling, however, cooking on a stove with solid fuel, leaking, dampness showed that members of the surveyed Roma and the creation of mould and the like:34 households from excluded environments were able, We last painted. I painted it myself (a woman), the aside from painting, to perform a great many other husband helped me in the household a little; he has do-it-yourself modifications to a dwelling. The health problems. I go to work – for 4 hours in the stories, for example, described how they made a door morning. Now through the school holidays I tidy up at to a shack or built a woodshed or fixed a fence, how the kindergarten, so when I come home, I need to rest they resolved a collapsing floor in a dwelling. Very a little and then I can do something at home. That’s often the do-it-yourself modifications to a dwelling why the painting took me two days and tidying up also related to the consequences of rainy weather – they two days. It cost me 25 euro: Primalex 12 euro, paint for repaired the roof for different types of dwellings, the baseboards 10 euro and cleaning needs 3 euro. fixed leaks or insulated windows in the dwelling, /larger housing block, separated settlement 2 km resolved undermined foundations to a shack and the distant from the home municipality like. In some of the stories they resolved leaking or Painting of the flat – two buckets for 6 euro. I did the undermining repeatedly – after each big rainfall: painting myself and the children helped me with the tidying up. We paint often, because our adult daughter The head of the family put a door on the shack by with her family and our son with his partner live with us himself: he bought the hinges for 8 euro, brought the in our flat; together we are 15 people (a two-room flat wood from the forest, trimmed off the small stumps and in a housing block). /larger housing block, separated hammered it all together. /shack, segregated settlement 2 km distant from the home municipality settlement 4 km distant from the home municipality I last painted the kitchen. It was necessary to paint the Woodshed – huts from wood for storing fuel and wood whole house, but I don’t have the money. Since my for putting in the stove in winter. Costs 60 euro husband died I live with difficulty; a man’s help is missing (material – boards, strips of wood, plastic sheets, in the house. Painting cost me approximately 8 euro for nails). /larger family house, segregated settlement paint, I painted it alone, but the girls helped me (two 2 km distant from the home municipality daughters age 10 and 15 years). /brick house, separated We repaired the trellis fence around the house, it was settlement 1 km distant from the home municipality torn and dogs would come to the door. It cost about Two months ago they whitewashed the room that serves 35 euro, my husband and father-in-law did it; in one as a living room and bedroom. It was necessary to buy day the work was done. /brick house, segregated Primalex for approximately 30 euro; they borrowed the settlement 1.2 km distant from the home municipality tools from relatives. They painted themselves and the They repaired a hole in the floor – an old chimney work went without problems, but the walls are at sprinkled with sand and gravel (they live in an old present again dirty (there are nine people living in manor house in one room without a kitchen and a house with three rooms without a bathroom and a bathroom and any furnishings, not even electricity; water, five of them are children under the age of 10). together with children they are six persons). They made /brick house, separated settlement 1 km distant from the modification themselves without investing any the home municipality money. /old manor house, segregated settlement We had mould behind the couch so we had to spray the 3.5 km distant from the home municipality wall against mould and paint it again. This cost a total In July 2011 they whitewashed a room (they live in of about 7 euro, and my husband did the work. /brick a house with one room and a kitchen, without house, separated settlement 0.5 km distant from the a bathroom). And they also repaired a part of the roof; home municipality they put on boards from the side. They bought wood

78 34 For more described examples of do-it-yourself painting of a Ŗat, see Appendix 1 to Chapter 3. strips from the sawmill; they chose the best boards and walls of a house, but, for example, also to apply used them in the repair. /brick house, segregated plaster on a house. It is possible from this to deduce settlement 1.5 km distant from the home municipality that in the surveyed environments this type of skill is They last repaired the roof: they bought sheet metal relatively widespread: worth perhaps 100 euro, and they removed the old They changed the floor in the living room; they had an sheeting and put on the new. They did the repair old floor in there (wooden slats), with ants coming out themselves; the roof, however, still leaks. /shack, of it. They had to put concrete down which they made segregated settlement 1 km distant from the home themselves; they gave about 100 euro for the materials. municipality Afterward they put down a floating floor which cost We don’t repair anything because we don’t have the 150 euro. /brick house, concentrated settlement money for it. When the shack begins to lead, then my within a municipality husband has to insulate something (they live with five We modified the stairs – the entrance into the house, children in a shack without any infrastructure). /shack, which got broken. My husband made the stairs out of segregated settlement 0.5 km distant from the home concrete and our oldest sons helped him (22 and municipality 19 years). We bought the cement, which cost us Insulation of the windows: during the last rain shower perhaps 20 euro; the work went without problems and water leaked into the dwelling through a crack above the stairs are all right. /brick house, separated the window frame (they live in a container – a garden settlement 0.2 km distant from the home municipality cottage in one room without a bathroom, electricity or Last year floods – the roof leaked; the ceiling got wet – water). The repair went with glazier’s putty and a new they had to paint it, change the damaged roofing tiles coat of paint: 6 euro. /container, segregated on the roof, and change the floating floor. They did it settlement 0.5 km distant from the home municipality all themselves; they got 300 euro (a grant from the As we live in a settlement and we have a wooden shack, state). /brick house, concentrated settlement within repairs to the place are always occurring regularly, a municipality mainly after rainy weather. Water leaks under the foundations of the house, and so I always repair it. The last was repair of the external walls of the house, to I build a supporting foundation from rocks and cement, prevent the dampening of the wall. It was necessary to but this costs me as much as 50 euro a month, so I only purchase plastic sheeting and stone drainage for repair it after rain. /wooden house, segregated approximately 400 euro. The family did the repair settlement 1 km distant from the home municipality themselves, and they borrowed the tools from the village. The repair lasted one day but the wall kept Excavation around the circumference of the dwelling getting damp. /brick house, separated settlement on (they live in a dwelling not intended for housing, the edge, distant from home municipality not given without a bathroom and water, with the electricity switched off), so that during rainstorms water doesn’t Falling plaster on the house: they bought cement, lime, lead through the dwelling, but instead collects into the they had sand at home. The owner of the house did it drainage excavation. Excavation of a canal 20 x 20 cm himself. /brick house, concentrated settlement within around the entire circumference, plus a side channel to a municipality a hill so that it runs off. /dwelling not intended for housing, separated settlement 0.5 km distant from Not all of the surveyed households were able to the home municipality handle a modification to a dwelling with their own powers and needed either smaller or larger assistance. Some of the modifications performed by members of This took a great variety of forms. According to the households had the character of more expert building specific person, members of the wider family in work. They were able themselves to concrete a floor particular helped, as well as acquaintances, friends or and to lay a floating floor, to concrete steps, to repair neighbours. In regard to the forms of help, perhaps the house after flooding, to reconstruct the external the most common was work help, i.e. a member of the 79 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

family performed the modification to the dwelling Spackle on the walls – this was our last modification in with the assistance of relatives or acquaintances – our house. We did it ourselves, my husband and sons. a brother-in-law, a father-in-law, brothers, adult The sons also helped us financially, although they don’t children, etc. In one of the stories help from adult live with us anymore and have their own families. They gave us 100 euro, so that we could afford to do it. The children with the work expanded to financial help. The material with transport cost us around 60 euro, to this family commonly helped for food and did not request something to eat, so from this 100 euro nothing was money for the work, help of a friend was paid for with left. Everything was done in three days and it was okay. material goods: /brick house, separated settlement on the edge 1 km Five years ago they insulated the family house. They did distant from the home municipality it themselves with the family. Now they are preparing to We last put tiles on the wall in the kitchen around the change the windows themselves. /brick house, stove and kitchen cabinets. I bought the tiles on sale, separated settlement 0.5 km distant from the home so they were not expensive (4.50 euro per square municipality metre). I bought 5 m2, glue, grouting – all came out to In 2011 they reconstructed the bathroom and toilet. The approximately 40 euro. A friend did it for me and didn’t partner and the close family did it themselves. They want anything for the work, so I evened things out with bought building materials for 200 euro. They haven’t material goods – I bought him a sack of potatoes. managed to quite finish it yet – because of the lack of /larger family house, concentrated settlement within financial resources. /brick house, separated settlement a municipality on the edge 1 km distant from the home municipality I last had problems with the chimney perhaps a week Help was also provided in the form of borrowing tools, ago; it was smoking a lot. When my husband got his gifting the necessary materials for modification of the pay, I had it repaired. My husband did the repair with dwelling or by providing an exchange for another my brother-in-law, but bricks and other things relating service. A member of a family, for example, obtained to the chimney cost 100 euro. /brick house, material from people in the neighbourhood, where he concentrated settlement within a municipality helps with different work around gardens or with The last modification related to the entry hall, where building modifications. Usually spade work, hand the plaster was falling. The brother-in-law helped them, digging, help with concreting and the like are given: and the husband assisted. It was necessary to purchase cement, lime, gravel and Primalex for the repair: it cost The neighbour flooded them out perhaps a year ago, it about 60 euro in all. It was necessary to clear the wall was necessary to paint the kitchen and the corridor. The of the original plaster, to smooth out the wall with neighbours contributed 10 euro to them. They bought mortar, add the stucco and then rub it smooth. They left paint, a paint roller; brushes and other stuff they got it to dry and then painted it. The hallway is repaired and from the family. The material they bought cost 38 euro. in a good state even at present. /brick house, They made the modification themselves and help also concentrated settlement within a municipality came from the family. The work went really well, so now this is okay. /smaller housing block, separated We had to repair the roof (they live in a shack), because settlement 1 km distant from the home municipality water was leaking in. We bought sheet metal in the bazaar, a large rubber sheet and my husband repaired After a lot of rain we found that we have to repair the the roof with his brothers. It didn’t cost us much, roofing, to buy more and to repair the roofing. So far perhaps 15-20 euro. /shack, separated settlement on the neighbours helped us with old roofing, which is in the edge 1 km distant from the home municipality good condition. My brother helped me with changing the roofing tiles; we changed perhaps 100 of them and We last had to paint the flat; it cost us around 70 euro. now it no longer leaks. A non-Roma neighbour promised I got the money together like this: each month I put us that he’d get hold of the roofing for free. /brick away 20 euro. My brothers helped me with the work and house, concentrated settlement within a municipality didn’t ask for any money for the work. /larger family house, separated settlement on the edge 2.5 km Last week on Saturday we painted; I can’t on Sunday 80 distant from the home municipality when I have to bathe the children. I painted, because it was dirty here; the air here wasn’t good when I got As Graph 18 shows, with those living in housing blocks up. When it’s a mess, you feel ashamed. I painted modifications or repairs done by the flat alone, and my oldest son (20 years old), who is at administrator occurred, although in a small measure. home, hung around the stove, he would have painted Also in such a case modifications of a different type until the evening; for me it took two hours. I got the were involved – improving the quality and paint from Dáša, who also painted. I don’t have any money; so why go crazy? It was already half spent and maintaining the flat. From the first group this was I asked her when she had some left over to leave it for insulation of the housing block or changing of the me. It was necessary to shift the cabinets, my son windows, and from the other group the removal of helped. The neighbours didn´t help. I had the roller; faults in the electrics, changing of the flat doors, I didn’t have to borrow one. /portable hut, separated a malfunctioning boiler, problems with windows or settlement on the edge distance from the home flooding in the basement occurred in the responses. municipality not given The stories at the same time indicated that the After a big windstorm the wind took off half of the roof. approach of the administrator of flats is not always They didn’t have the material or the money, so they accommodating – households also meet with refusal helped with what they were able. They got the sheet when declaring a problem or requesting a repair: metal and boards from relatives, a neighbour gave them old linoleum, and so they were able to repair the roof so They changed the windows in the entire housing block. that rain didn’t leak into the room. (They live in poor It costs us more for paying the monthly rent: they raised conditions with three children in a house without it by 50 euro a month. Aside from this, we would really a bathroom and with one room, without furnishings like them to change the entrance door, because it and electricity.) /brick house, segregated settlement doesn’t close very well. /smaller housing block, 0.5 km distant from the home municipality concentrated settlement within a municipality Leaking roof: the original sheet metal was rusted, and They insulated our block of flats, and they put in plastic so it was like a sieve. They got the sheet metal from the windows. The town made the repair. We have it really scrap metal yard for 10 euro, where it was sold to them nice now; I’m not complaining. /larger housing block, for 0.60 per kilo. The father had to transport it from concentrated settlement within a municipality town (about 5 km) on a wagon borrowed from We had our housing block insulated, but the light still a neighbour; for loaning it he drank two bottles of didn’t work in the hallway. The town financed the a favourite wine (Milenka) with the neighbour. modification to the block; that is the administrator of A nephew helped with changing the sheet metal for the housing blocks. /larger housing block, food. The other necessary materials like nails and wood, concentrated settlement within a municipality they got from a non-Roma, where the partner goes on Modifications in the dwelling: The toilet didn’t flush, the a work brigade – he helps in a garden and around the electric switches didn’t work, and the kitchen faucet was house (spade work, manual digging, concreting). broken... We turned with the problems the administrator /shack, segregated settlement 2 km distant from the of the flat, with whom we agreed on the removal of home municipality defects in the flat. /larger housing block, separated In the spring they painted their own flat; people for settlement 1 km distant from the home municipality whom the father works digging the garden gave them Someone banged on the door of the flat and they had to lime. /larger housing block, separated settlement on give us a new one. The lock was damaged and it the edge 0.5 km distant from the home municipality couldn’t be locked; the whole door was devastated. The In the spring before Easter they painted the rooms and culprit was never discovered. It was necessary to replace did all the work themselves. They didn’t have to pay the door – we notified the care-taker and after three anything for the material, because one woman whom days they brought us a new door. We had to pay for it – the father of the family had helped with digging and 30 euro; the administrator added it onto our rent. The spading the garden gave them whitewash for painting. police were not notified. It took three hours to change /brick house, separated settlement on the edge it; the care-taker came with two workers and they 0.2 km distant from the home municipality replaced the door themselves. The door was a little long, 81 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

so we had to saw the bottom. They plugged into our Perhaps a month ago we together with the other electricity. Now the door functions well, but sometimes neighbours painted the exterior walls of our housing it closes with difficulty. This happens to our neighbours block; we did it ourselves and it cost around 20 euro regularly, but the culprit hasn’t been found. / smaller each. /smaller housing block, segregated settlement housing block, separated settlement without giving 3 km distant from the home municipality the distance from the home municipality The problem is with cleaning the entrance (housing The boiler broke down and water from it flooded the flat block), people need to be scolded. When I begin, they and caused the last modification in the household. The add on. /larger housing block, separated settlement husband stopped the water, all the furnishings in the 0.5 km distant from the home municipality flat had to be taken outside to dry. A professional came It’s totally bad here; there is trash in front of the block to repair the boiler and the municipality paid for it from of flats and we don’t have a repaired housing block. the repair fund that we contribute to each month. When it rains, it leaks, and we have to wipe the floors. /smaller housing block, separated settlement 0.5 km When there is supposed to be a work brigade, no one distant from the home municipality wants to do anything and one person doesn´t do I have a problem with plastic windows (they live in anything. To get out of here, but we don’t have a housing block): they can’t be opened. I called the anywhere to go. /larger housing block, separated town but they just laughed at me. /larger housing settlement 2 km distant from the home municipality block, separated settlement 0.5 km distant from the home municipality The stories told about the last modification to Water leaks into the housing block basement; I notified a dwelling in excluded Roma settlements showed that the employees of XY [the name of the company maintenance of the dwelling, such as painting and administering to the flats – note from author], who repair of a roof or furnishings, predominates over put if off. After a number of visits, I managed to urge modifications which in a more principle way improve them along, and so they are working on it. /larger the quality and standard of the dwelling. In excluded housing block, separated settlement without giving settlements basic maintenance of a flat or house is for the distance from the home municipality many households financially inaccessible. The surveyed households did an absolute majority of the In the environment of excluded Roma communities, modifications to a dwelling themselves (they are able with housing and its modifications a relatively wide to do many of these activities), or with the help of measure of solidarity and help from family or the relatives and acquaintances or with the help of gifts broader community was shown.35 A positive example of and the exchange of work (working off materials); neighbourly help was also found with living in housing they use paid services only occasionally.36 blocks, when neighbours together, at their own expense, painted the exterior walls. The research probe, The situations found also indicated that housing was however, recorded one such positive example, while on important for a significant portion of these the other hand, critical voices regarding co-inhabitants households; with a lack of finances for larger were recorded: they don’t want to tidy up entry modifications they at least try to maintain regular vestibules, they need to be scolded, they make a mess painting; a portion of the households, however, due around the housing blocks and avoid work brigades: to a lack finances, have given up on this activity. Even

35 Let us recall that similarly as with resolving the spatial and řnancial difřculties of accessibility of healthcare. 36 As these were very diverse modiřcations to a dwelling of a more principle and maintenance character, which required different materials, although households predominately did them themselves, the expended sums covered a relatively wide scale. They ranged from 0 to 5 thousand euro, and 16% of the sample did not give the řnancial cost for the repair. The most frequently given sum was 20 euro, and then 40 euro and 60 euro. The average sum expended for modiřcation of a dwelling achieved for all types of repairs 214.67 euro, and the least řnancial resources were spent by households from settlement separated on the edge of a municipality (126.28 euro). A very similar sum came out for segregated settlements (136.75 euro), and the highest outlay for a modiřcation represented those for households concentrated within a municipality, where this was three-times more (444.65 euro). Obviously, the type of repair intervened into the řnal sum in a principle way: the highest sum came out with a house reconstruction (1,160 euro) and the building of a řreplace (2,000 euro), the lowest with repair of the foundation of a shack (27 82 euro). The average sum for painting was 31.11 euro. modifications done in the present dwelling do not indicates that the building of a non-standard dwelling signal for the most recent period any stronger trend in segregated environments is for its residents toward improving the existing state of housing in a starting point for calamity. This is for many poor excluded settlements. More these better dwellings are households from an excluded environment the only improved, shifts from bad conditions to standard ones way they are able in the given financial and social was rather infrequent. situation to ensure a “roof over their head” and to thus fulfil one of the most basic of living conditions. Summary: The methods of acquiring a dwelling determined on As was shown, with households from excluded the basis of the research are relatively different communities – aside from the consequences of spatial according to the type of settlement and the type of segregation of the place of habitation itself, which are dwelling. This means that the processes leading to in many in many case fatal, there are many others and ethnic segregation or separation of housing are in they have a negative impact on the possibilities of reality varied. It occurs by buying a dwelling in integration into the individual area of the public excluded environments, further by building a dwelling sphere – housing in poor quality dwellings is added to in such settlements or by inheriting a house, by the image of their living conditions, which often occupying an abandoned dwelling, but also by complicates the hygienic situation of households. allocation of housing from a municipality. Households which got their current dwelling from the municipality This research probe also confirmed the findings from occurred in all three types of excluded settlements, quantitative surveys: a much higher concentration of with the highest share in the scope of separated non-standard dwelling in segregated environments. settlements on the edge of a municipality. The According to a subjective evaluation brick family findings indicate that local governments not houses and housing blocks in excluded settlements infrequently located flats for the socially weak outside are of varying quality – from excellent to very poor for of a municipality. life, and non-standard dwellings are almost exclusively connected with disadvantageous The situation from the viewpoint of the type of conditions. The monitoring of the official status of dwelling, methods of acquiring it and the ownership a dwelling also indicated that the deeper the spatial relation regarding a dwelling seem to be very exclusion of the place of residence, the higher the disparate in excluded settlements. With many of the occurrence of unofficial buildings. At the same time, surveyed households the formal status of the lived-in unofficial so-called “black” buildings significantly flat or dwelling was not clear, which in and of itself more often take the form of dwellings of non- does not create a good starting point for housing standard building materials, and in the case of brick stability and the quality of life for household houses they are less frequent in excluded settlements. members. The subjective evaluation of living Critical opinions evaluating the living conditions from conditions, which were the most unfavourable for the side of residents of such dwellings themselves is segregated settlements and non-standard dwellings, strongly linked with illegal buildings, which take the is also telling in this regard. form most often of non-standard dwellings in The research probe repeatedly and in detail showed segregated or separated settlements. that Roma households from excluded settlements Unofficial buildings arise more easily in segregated often inhabit non-quality dwellings, and the situation settlements; at the same time these are not homes of gets worse for segregated settlements. In segregated the standard type and the residents of such dwellings settlements not only are non-standard dwellings or themselves don’t see their living conditions in a shacks concentrated, but they often are and remain positive light. The linking of these three aspects without the most basic facilities. But problems with 83 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

dwellings were found in all three types of excluded excluded settlements, although a few positive environments; in each households were found living changes were recorded. in dwelling not corresponding with the criteria of Questions relating to social housing or integration quality, whether the size of the dwelling was involved play a key role in the social policy of the EU. The Charter or its over-crowdedness or deficiencies in basic of Fundamental Rights of the European Union in technical furnishings. Cases were not unusual in which Chapter IV article 34 states: “In order to combat social deficiencies were combined together, for example, exclusion and poverty, the Union recognises and over-crowdedness with undersized technical respects the right to social and housing assistance so furnishings, etc. The quality of housing of many as to ensure a decent existence for all those who lack households from excluded settlements showed sufficient resources, in accordance with the rules laid marked deficits and lagged significantly behind the down by Community law and national laws and common standards of housing in Slovakia. practices” (Charter..., 2007). In association with The majority of EU countries have accepted some type housing the central governments of states, which of housing policy which should support the develop their own housing policies, are primarily development of housing on the whole, its accessibility responsible. Slovakia faces many challenges in this for different groups of residents and ensure a certain regard, for example, how to renew the housing fund, quality of housing defined through minimal how to plan and resolve the expansion of towns and standards. Many of the conditions of housing found in villages, how to support sustainable development, but excluded settlements decidedly do not satisfy also how to help the young and disadvantaged groups. standards. The unavailability of water in dwellings Many households from excluded settlements decidedly and the absence of sewerage, problems with energy belong to a disadvantaged group, as indicated by all of and methods of heating lag far behind any standard – the monitored parameters of housing quality. The even minimal standards. Over-crowded housing and findings cry out for principle measures in the interest limited space reduces its residents’ chances at any of correcting the existing status, especially taking into development. The frequent occurrence of a situation account the demographic development of this part of when each member of a household not only does not the population and regarding the growing need for have his or her own room but not even his or her own flats for the growing trend in the number of newly bed is alarming.37 established families and their slender chances of obtaining housing themselves. The right to a decent The recorded stories of the last modification to a existence defined in the Charter is minimally “lagging dwelling pointed to three basic associations: behind” in this group. maintenance of a dwelling predominated over more principle improvements in the quality of dwelling; for One of the most important factors influencing many households even basic maintenance of a flat or methods of housing in the Roma population in general house is financially inaccessible; an absolute majority is their territorial distribution, or the measure of their of housing modifications are done by the households concentration in individual regions. But an themselves, or with the help of relatives and friends, inseparable part of their housing is also the character while paid services are used only exceptionally. Even of the settlement – whether of the settlement or the latest modifications carried out in the current urban type. The characteristics of housing for the dwelling did not show a stronger trend toward Roma, according to P. Navrátil on the basis of an improving the existing quality of the housing in analysis of the situation in Czech Republic, are as

37 Still more alarming is the fact that this situation was stated back in 2002 in the report Poverty of the Roma and Social Care for them in the Slovak Republic (Poverty..., 84 2002), and to 2012 nothing had changed. follows: the concentration of Roma residents in the over improving the standard of the dwelling, the do- objectionable, old housing fund in the ownership of it-yourself performance of modifications, the giving the state; segregation practices of municipalities up of modifications. At the same time they also gave forced segregation, impossibility of renting a flat in strong testimony regarding the diversity of the another location due to racial prejudice of the owners; quality of housing in excluded communities, the origin of ghettoes; illegal occupancy of flats, especially in regard to the marked deprivation in the housing in flats without a rental contract (Navrátil, housing of Roma households. The European Union 2003, pg. 124). According to the findings, it can be Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC) stated that in Slovakia these not only apply in full monitors among the indicators of deprivation in measure, but ultimately there are a great many more housing deficiencies of lighting and the humidity in a segregation practices. flat, the absence of a bath and a toilet. The findings indicated that for dwellings in excluded environments Stories of the latest modifications to a dwelling this type of deprivation has such a clear-cut form that brought not only the form, course and circumstances a combination of a higher number and other variables of this situation closer: maintenance predominated describing the state of housing would be required.

85 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Appendix to Chapter 3: Last modification to a dwelling

TYPE OF MODIFICATION Nothing, don’t know They don’t repair the dwelling – low income. We live in a housing block and we aren’t allowed to do anything; we’re in debt, so we’re glad that we someplace to live. Due to existential problems they can‘t even afford to buy a lock on the door to the flat; or paint or put glass in the windows. The father in the family makes modifications to the dwelling (they live in a two-room flat with a bathroom which they got from the municipality). And likewise he takes care that the flat is maintained and is in order. They haven’t done anything in the flat for a long time. None. We haven’t made any modifications recently; we live in a new building. We live in a rental flat – we don’t paint because the roof leaks and there are maps. They don’t made modifications at home due to a lack of finances. The roof is falling in on us, but we don’t have money for anything; we can hardly live. At least we don’t have children. They don’t make modifications to the home, they can’t; they are glad that they have money for medicines and food. We haven’t made any modifications in the house for a long time now. We haven’t repaired anything at home for a long time now. So far none (house with one room and a bathroom and with basic furnishings). None. No modifications in recent times. So far they’ve not done anything (brick house with 1 room and basic furnishings). No modifications were done in the dwelling in recent times. They haven’t done anything at home for a long time because they don’t have the money. The house isn’t ours (it belongs to the municipality), so we aren’t really able to make modifications, although we would need them. We don’t even have the money for this. We haven’t done anything around the house for a long time now; we live only from social benefits and it’s not enough for anything else. Our home would need some repair work urgently (one room without a bathroom, weakly furnished); unfortunately we don’t have the finances for that. We plan to install water from the neighbour, at least to the kitchen. And then we would make a bathroom. We would need to rebuild the whole house (bad conditions, they don’t have electricity or water, without a bathroom and just one room and a kitchen), but we don’t have the finances for it. From the viewpoint of the weak economic situation we haven’t repaired the house for at least 20 years. It is in a desolate state; the roof is falling in. We haven’t repaired anything; we don’t have the money. But it would be necessary to change the doors and paint (illegal building, brick house with two rooms). We haven’t repaired anything in the last two years, even though we need to. Financially it’s not possible; we pay a lot for electricity and at the moment we are living in the parents’ house. I live with my parents and I don’t decide when and what gets done, even if I wanted. This is mainly a newer dwelling; it wasn’t necessary in recent times to make any modifications. The last time it rained, to prevent the carrying of mud into the dwelling, they poured stones in front of the entrance, which they swept up from around the main road. We didn’t make any modifications this year; we have our house in order. Our dwelling is in a very bad state (a shack with no furnishings and electricity); we don’t have money for a repair. But we have a promise from the 86 mayor that if he has a free flat or house, we will get it. We don’t do anything at home, because this isn’t a home (a shack with no infrastructure), only when something is really urgent. We don’t make any modifications to the home, because our shack is hardly standing. We would need completely new housing, at least a portable hut. The lack of finances doesn’t allow me any repairs and renovations to my dwelling. I live under my own conditions, as I can (they live in a shack with two rooms, a total of 12 people). For a modification or repair they scrounge from those better off. The bad financial situation, mentally disabled, bad care for the dwelling (shack), they try to survive from day to day. We haven’t had any problems with the dwelling recently. 1 Repairs of facilities in a flat: A change of the front doors in June of this year. They did the work themselves, and everyone who lives in the household had a share in it. Nearly everyone contributed to it: the total cost was approximately 270 euro. Modifications in the dwelling: The toilet didn’t flush, the electric switches didn’t work, and the kitchen faucet was broken... We turned with the problems the administrator of the flat, with whom we agreed on the removal of defects in the flat. Someone banged on the door of the flat and they had to give us a new one. The lock was damaged and it couldn’t be locked; the whole door was devastated. The culprit was never discovered. It was necessary to replace the door – we notified the care-taker and after three days they brought us a new door. We had to pay for it – 30 euro; the administrator added it onto our rent. The police were not notified. It took three hours to change it; the care-taker came with two workers and they replaced the door themselves. The door was a little long, so we had to saw the bottom. They plugged into our electricity. Now the door functions well, but sometimes it closes with difficulty. This happens to our neighbours regularly, but the culprit hasn’t been found. My husband and I (currently a widow with two adult children ages 22 and 25) last modified our roof half a year ago; we put in new furniture. The head of the family put a door on the shack by himself: he bought the hinges for 8 euro, brought the wood from the forest, trimmed off the small stumps and hammered it all together. 2 Painting, spackling, walls We recently painted – only white; colours are more expensive. We haven’t made any other modifications. This cost 5 euro; we did it ourselves. We last painted. I painted it myself (a woman), the husband helped me in the household a little; he has health problems. I go to work – for 4 hours in the morning. Now through the school holidays I tidy up at the kindergarten, so when I come home, I need to rest a little and then I can do something at home. That’s why the painting took me two days and tidying up also two days. It cost me 25 euro: Primalex 12 euro, paint for the baseboards 10 euro and cleaning needs 3 euro. Not long ago we painted the entire flat. It cost me around 50 euro, which I gave for paint. Since my husband is handy, he painted the entire flat himself with my help. It was necessary to paint, because on the walls, even after painting, there were cracks (housing block). The father in the family painted it himself. They bought paint and spackle; he covered the cracks and this is less expensive. The material was purchased in the amount of 17.90 euro and now it’s all right. They don’t make any modifications, only when they paint the flat. Painting of the flat – two buckets for 6 euro. I did the painting myself and the children helped me with the tidying up. We paint often, because our adult daughter with her family and our son with his partner live with us in our flat; together we are 15 people (a two-room flat in a housing block). In the spring they painted their own flat; people for whom the father works digging the garden gave them lime. The last modification was an aesthetic change to the ceiling. They bought a polystyrene gazette, paint and glue, which cost perhaps 150 euro. The husband together with relatives did the work themselves; it lasted two days. The last modification was perhaps two years ago; there was mould in the kitchen and bathroom and the walls were dirty. The oldest son did the work (21 years old), as he has been trained in such a field. They bought paint, plaster, a roller for painting – for perhaps 27 euro. The work proceeded quickly, but today it is still necessary to paint, because mould is still made. The neighbour flooded them out perhaps a year ago, it was necessary to paint the kitchen and the corridor. The neighbours contributed 10 euro to them. They bought paint, a paint roller; brushes and other stuff they got from the family. The material they bought cost 38 euro. They made the modification themselves and help also came from the family. The work went really well, so now this is okay. We have facilities in the flat; I painted myself a half-year ago. I bought the material for 10 euro. They painted the rooms: they bought the material (40 euro) themselves and the man and woman did the work together. It’s okay now; they painted because smoke had dirtied the walls. The last modification was painting the rooms. It was necessary to buy paint and a brush, together for 15 euro. This went well and members of the family worked on it; it lasted one day. The wall is still clean. 87 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Since we have lived in a municipal rental flat for only three years, no modifications are necessary, only painting. We painted in August; we bought paint already mixed and we paid perhaps 20 euro for it. We’ve only lived in the flat for two and a half years, so no repairs are necessary. Only we now painted in the summer; my son painted and the oldest daughter helped him. It didn’t cost too much, paint perhaps 20 euro. So, we last painted both rooms (housing block), we don’t have money for the floor. My husband painted and this cost us 25 euro. We painted the whole flat this year and did it ourselves; we paid about 40 euro for paint. The dwelling, the flat, we didn’t rebuild; we don’t have the money for this; in the summer we only painted the rooms. Painting of rooms ourselves, with our own money. We pay rent, so we don’t make big repairs. We paint every year in the spring. It would be nice to have our own home. Modifications could be made to the house, but we don’t have the money. At least I paint each year, at least these basic things, so that we don’t live in filth (40 euro). They painted the kitchen and bedroom. They painted the rooms; they did it themselves. They bought Primalex and tools for painting, together they paid perhaps 15 euro. They don’t remember exactly, because this was last year in summer. In April they painted themselves – wife. Together it cost 18 euro: Primalex 15 euro and paintbrush 3 euro. Every two years they paint in August. They do it themselves; the material costs perhaps 17 euro. The last modification was three years ago, when they painted. My husband painted himself, but now we need to repair the roof, but we don’t have the financial resources. Painting the room themselves; the family helped. They gave 13 euro for Primalex and 3 euro for colour. Two months ago they whitewashed the room that serves as a living room and bedroom. It was necessary to buy Primalex for approximately 30 euro; they borrowed the tools from relatives. They painted themselves and the work went without problems, but the walls are at present again dirty (there are nine people living in a house with three rooms, without a bathroom and water, five of them are children under the age of 10). We haven’t done any large modifications for 3-4 years. Oh, we painted two years ago; it wasn’t expensive. We did everything in white and it cost around 23 euro. A year ago they painted all the rooms; they did it themselves. They paid 5 euro for the whitewash. I last painted the kitchen. It was necessary to paint the whole house, but I don’t have the money. Since my partner died I live with difficulty; a man’s help is missing in the house. Painting cost me approximately 8 euro for paint, I painted it alone, but the girls helped me (two daughters age 10 and 15 years). We painted in the summer; I bought the paint and brushes and my husband painted. It cost us perhaps 20 euro. They painted the interior last month. They put the furniture in front of the house, swept out the room and plastered the cracks. They paid approximately 20 euro for paint. The family helped move the furniture out and then back in, but they did the painting themselves. In August they painted the kitchen and rooms themselves (they live in a house with two rooms and a bathroom). They bought Primalex for 15 euro. We last painted the living room; it cost about 100 euro. They had problems with the wall, so they need to paint. They painted themselves; together they gave around 50 euro for paint. We had mould behind the couch so we had to spray the wall against mould and paint it again. This cost a total of about 7 euro, and my husband did the work. On 20 August 2011 we painted all three rooms; a member of the family helped us. It cost us 40 euro, but we have a clean and tidy house now. In August we painted the walls in the rooms. I bought paint for two rooms for 30 euro and also 7 euro for paint brushes. I began to paint a second time; before that we paid a painter. This summer we painted and my son and his wife helped us. We paid approximately 18 euro for paint. We painted all three rooms and the hallway. We painted in the summer; our nephews came to help We paid 30 euro to paint three rooms and the hallway. It took about three days. Nothing remains for house repairs; we are glad that we have electricity. If the partner gets activation work in the village, we would have more; they promised her this for the spring. During the summer we bought Primalex and painted. 88 Painting the kitchen; purchase of Primalex for around 10 euro. They did it themselves – the father in the family painted. The last thing we did was paint the rooms in the house around a year ago. My husband – the head of the family – did the work. Costs were for buying paint, plaster, a roller and brushes for around 60 euro. Perhaps before Easter we painted the living room. My husband painted with our sons (18 and 15 years old); it cost perhaps 20 euro. We should have long ago repaired the roof; we already have the roofing tiles, but not the other things. The interior, as you see, we always keep clean; once a year we paint; in fact my wife does this. She always says that I don’t know how to work. The painting costs about 40-45 euro. What we should urgently do needs around 800-900 euro. He doesn’t have time to repair his own home, because he must earn his living (he lives alone). There is always something to do on the house. Perhaps three years ago he pained all of the rooms white. When something gets dirty, he just paints that place. Modification of the kitchen and painting; we did it ourselves and it cost us 100 euro for materials. The last thing was my husband repaired one wall in the bedroom: the mesh, glue and spackle costs perhaps 40 euro. Spackle on the walls – this was our last modification in our house. We did it ourselves, my husband and sons. The sons also helped us financially, although they don’t live with us anymore and have their own families. They gave us 100 euro, so that we could afford to do it. The material with transport cost us around 60 euro, to this something to eat, so from this 100 euro nothing was left. Everything was done in three days and it was okay. They painted the kitchen and room themselves; paint cost 15 euro. They reworked the kitchen and had to paint it. I did the modification myself; I had to buy the paint and brushes. I’m happy with the result. They did a house repair three years ago when they bought it. It was painting; they don’t recall the exact expenses for paints and the necessary tools. We last had to paint the flat; it cost us around 70 euro. I got the money together like this: each month I put away 20 euro. My brothers helped me with the work and didn’t ask for any money for the work. In the spring before Easter they painted the rooms and did all the work themselves. They didn’t have to pay anything for the material, because one woman whom the father of the family had helped with digging and spading the garden gave them whitewash for painting. This was painting the rooms before Easter. We painted the kitchen and living room; my husband painted and our son helped him. We bought paint, a paint roller and a brush: it all cost about 30 euro. The work went without any problems. The last modification was on 20 June; it was necessary to paint and plaster places on some parts of the walls. The paint was bought white because it’s cheaper and the plaster: about 10 euro. The father of the family did the work. We varnished the frames of the windows and doors: the lacquer cost 8.70 euro. I last painted a room. I needed 30 euro for paint and my brother-in-law helped for free. We can only make essential repairs from benefits. Last year we painted and this is expensive (paint costs 20 euro). I would like to repair the dwelling, it is cold there, there is a draft through the windows and door but unfortunately, we can’t afford it, so this only fix, as we are able. Last week on Saturday we painted; I can’t on Sunday when I have to bathe the children. I painted, because it was dirty here; the air here wasn’t good when I got up. When it’s a mess, you feel ashamed. I painted alone, and my oldest son (20 years old), who is at home, hung around the stove, he would have painted until the evening; for me it took two hours. I got the paint from Dáša, who also painted. I don’t have any money; so why go crazy? It was already half spent and I asked her when she had some left over to leave it for me. It was necessary to shift the cabinets, my son helped. The neighbours didn´t help. I had the roller; I didn’t have to borrow one Painting rooms four months ago, repair of the facade – painting. They did it themselves with the family. Paint costs around 15 euro. 3 Repair of a roof, a leak: After a lot of rain we found that we have to repair the roofing, to buy more and to repair the roofing. So far the neighbours helped us with old roofing, which is in good condition. My brother helped me with changing the roofing tiles; we changed perhaps 100 of them and now it no longer leaks. A non-Roma neighbour promised us that he’d get hold of the roofing for free. Repair of the roof by themselves, just a few roofing tiles. The roof leaked so we repaired it ourselves. We didn’t buy anything, because we had the material at home. Leaking roof – waterproofing the roof. I did it myself; the materials cost me 190 euro. I do such things myself; otherwise I wouldn’t have the finances for it. In July 2011 they whitewashed a room (they live in a house with one room and a kitchen, without a bathroom). And they also repaired a part of the roof; they put on boards from the side. They bought wood strips from the sawmill, they chose the best boards and used them in the repair. They don’t do modifications around the house due to lack of finances, but in fact they repaired a leaking roof. They paint once a year and only one room where it leaks. 89 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Last was repair of the roof. The family helped. They bought wood for the roof and sheet metal (an independent brick house with a bathroom and furnishings). After a big windstorm the wind took off half of the roof. They didn’t have the money or the money, so they helped with what they were able. They got the sheet metal and boards from relatives, a neighbour gave them old linoleum, and so they were able to repair the roof so that rain didn’t leak into the room. (They live in poor conditions with three children in a brick house without a bathroom and with one room, without furnishings and electricity.) Modification of the roof – leaking, cement roofing tiles damaged after winter. The problem originated still in winter, when they had to buy a plastic sheeting to cover the interior on the side where 8 roofing tiles had cracked. They hammered the plastic sheets to beams, which then sluiced the water away to a part away from the walling. This costs 15 euro. To that was renewal of the leaking roof and walls: plaster (plaster and sand) for 10 euro, painting for 15 euro, purchase of 8 roofing tiles from a neighbour for 10 euro, 5 euro to the other neighbour for changing the tiles. Total costs achieved 60 euro. Repair due to leaking: the flat enterprise repaired this from the repair fund (two-room flat with a bathroom in a housing block in ownership of the municipality). They bought new sheeting (rubber) for the roof a month ago; this cost them 48 euro. They pulled and secured the sheeting themselves; the partner worked on this himself and his father-in-law helped. They last repaired the roof: they bought sheet metal worth perhaps 100 euro, and they removed the old sheeting and put on the new. They did the repair themselves; the roof, however, still leaks. The roof leaked, the last modification to the dwelling was repairing it. They did it themselves with relatives. The sheet metal cost perhaps 280 euro. The problem of leaking is resolved but the roof is still not fully completed. The repair lasted three days. The last modification to the dwelling was repair of a leaking roof. They did the repair themselves, putting a piece of sheet metal and unused PVC flooring over the holes. No costs for the repair. Repair of the roof – it leaked. The husband worked off the material at a white man’s place; he did the repair work himself and family members helped him. Painting by themselves – 15 euro for paint. Ceiling repair: mesh, glue, polystyrene, plaster (25-30 euro); December 2010. We had to repair the roof (they live in a shack), because water was leaking in. We bought sheet metal in the bazaar, a large rubber sheet and my husband repaired the roof with his brothers. It didn’t cost us much, perhaps 15-20 euro. Leaking roof: the original sheet metal was rusted, and so it was like a sieve. They got the sheet metal from the scrap metal yard for 10 euro, where it was sold to them for 0.60 per kilo. The father had to transport it from town (about 5 km) on a wagon borrowed from a neighbour; for loaning it he drank two bottles of a favourite wine (Milenka) with the neighbour. A nephew helped with changing the sheet metal for food. The other necessary materials, such as nails and wood, they got from a non-Roma, where the man goes on a work brigade – he helps in a garden and around the house (spade work, manual digging, concreting). We don’t repair anything because we don’t have the money for it. When the shack begins to lead, then my husband has to insulate something (they live with five children in a shack without any infrastructure). 4 Bathroom or toilet: They built a bathroom themselves over three months, they paid about 1,200 euro for materials. We modified the bathroom and family and friends helped. We saved up for the work. The last was reworking the bathroom; the mother of the head of the family is bed-bound (unable to walk); they got a grant from the Slovak Office of Work, Social Affairs and Family for repair of the bathroom or for its reconstruction, so that there would be a shower for the ill mother. In 2011 they reconstructed the bathroom and toilet. The man and the close family did it themselves. They bought building materials for about 200 euro. They haven’t managed to quite finish it yet – because of the lack of financial resources. We last reconstructed the bathroom. We borrowed 1,000 euro, which I’m repaying at 42 euro a month. We bought a bathtub, a toilet, tiling, wall tiles and an automatic washer. My father and brother-in-law helped with the work; it’s finished now. The last was changing the bathroom pipes for new ones. They did the modification themselves – the husband with relatives. They didn’t buy the material, together with cement they got as a gift from the mayor. The work took one day. We last reworked the bathroom and put a floating floor in the living room. All of the changed we made ourselves. We last reworked the bathroom in our flat; our family and friends did the work for us. Two years ago we put heating in the bathroom; lately we haven’t modified anything in the flat. 5 Tiles, floor: 90 They put in tiles and insulation with fibreglass. They did it ourselves; they gave 800 euro for materials. They changed the floor in the living room; they had an old floor in there (wooden slats), with ants coming out of it. They had to put concrete down which they made themselves; they gave about 100 euro for the materials. Afterward they put down a floating floor which cost 150 euro. We painted and we changed the floating floor, because it was old. These repairs cost us 250 euro. We changed the floor; my brothers helped. They worked gradually on it slowly. Now it is in the state it should be in. Four months ago we changed the floor, replacing the old linoleum with new one. My husband did the work. We bought the new linoleum for 80 euro. We modified the stairs – the entrance into the house, which got broken. My husband made the stairs out of concrete and our oldest sons helped him (22 and 19 years). We bought the cement, which cost us perhaps 20 euro; the work went without problems and the stairs are all right. Purchase and laying of a floating floor. They did the work themselves. In the kitchen there was rubber flooring (a housing block), which after a certain number of years became cracked and destroyed. It was necessary to replace it. The material was bought for 29.45 euro, and the family did the work itself and finished in May of this year. 6 Tiled the kitchen, etc.: We last put tiles on the wall in the kitchen around the stove and kitchen cabinet. I bought the tiles on sale, so they were not expensive (4.50 euro per square metre). I bought 5 m2, glue, grouting – all came out to approximately 40 euro. A friend did it for me and didn’t want anything for the work, so I evened things out with material goods – I bought him a sack of potatoes. 7 Added a storey, an extension: We added on a storey, so far it has cost 1,500 euro, but we still haven’t finished it. My husband is building it with his brother and my father. They’re working on it for the second month now. They live in a portable hut, so this is very complicated, they are crammed in (two parents, four children age 13 to 22 years, plus a grandson from the oldest daughter). They last build on a vestibule to prevent losing heat in winter. They paid 50 euro for the cinder blocks used, bought the cement, sand and lime they got for free (for work – the husband worked in the village and in place of money they gave him materials). They built it themselves. 8 Insulation, doors: My husband insulated holes in the extension – in the hallway. It wasn’t expensive; we gave around 20 euro for it. We bought a little fibreglass. 9 Repair of a chimney, heating: I last had problems with the chimney perhaps a week ago; it was smoking a lot. When my husband got his pay, I had it repaired. My husband did the repair with my brother-in-law, but bricks and other things relating to the chimney cost 100 euro. The family lives in a housing block (two-room flat, three people living in it, parents and their daughter); they last changed the pipe in the chimney and did the work themselves. They plan to modify the dwelling in September – change the flue from the stove and repair of the chamotte in the stove. The anticipated costs are 50 euro: for material, costs for delivery. The cost for mounting it perhaps 30 euro, so 80 euro in all. They repaired a hole in the floor – an old chimney sprinkled with sand and gravel (they live in an old manor house in one room without a kitchen and a bathroom and any furnishings, not even electricity; (together with children they are six persons). They made the modification themselves without investing any money. 10 Repair or reworking of waste, water: Before the start of the year we had a problem with waste, so we had to order a company to clear the waste pipe of waste, because the pipe was blocked. They cleaned out all of the waste pipes with a snake and we paid 60 euro for the work and 50 euro for transport for the company. We fixed a leak – a repair in the bathroom, a damp wall. 11 Modifications to a garden, yard, fence: In July we put the grassy surface in the yard in order; we planted new grass and rolled it. We build a new wooden summer house and a wooden fence. The material and the work cost 2,500 euro. My cousin – a carpenter – and the wife helped me during the weekends. Modification of the yard – we did it ourselves. We repaired the trellis fence around the house, it was torn and dogs would come to the door. It cost about 35 euro, my husband and father-in-law did it; in one day the work was done. Woodshed – huts from wood for storing fuel and wood for putting in the stove in winter. Costs 60 euro (material – boards, strips of wood, plastic sheets, nails). 91 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

12 Reworking of the core: Two months ago we reworked the core of the flat to increase space in the living room. I did the modification myself; I cut out the wall and pulled down the edge and painted. Costs for reconstruction were 180 euro. The living room is larger and the space is open from the kitchen. 13 Repair of foundations, new walls: We finished building a fallen wall. Because we live in a settlement and we have a wooden shack, repairs to the place are always occurring regularly, mainly after rainy weather. Water leaks under the foundations of the house, and so I always repair it. I build a supporting foundation from rocks and cement, but this costs me 50 euro a month, so I only repair it after rain. We last repaired the shack. Winter is coming and we have to put the shack in order so we don’t freeze. From benefits we bought wood and we put it in order. It cost us 60 euro. My brother and brother-in-law helped us and now it is done. Excavation around the circumference of the dwelling (they live in a dwelling not intended for housing, without a bathroom and water, with the electricity switched off), so that during rainstorms water doesn’t lead through the dwelling, but instead collects into the drainage excavation. Excavation of a canal 20 x 20 cm around the entire circumference, plus a side channel to a hill so that it runs off. 14 Connection to a water main, water: We had a problem with water: there wasn’t enough in the well. Not long ago the village had a connection put in which they linked to their home. They did it themselves and the family helped. Replacing a faucet and an inlet hose, which flooded from their ground floor flat the 24 m2 ceiling of the basement flat below. The faucet and hose cost 40 euro, and the material for repair: plaster 4 euro and Primalex 15 euro; the inlet hose cost approximately 60 euro. 15 They put in a fireplace: Two years ago they put a fireplace into the house; the husband did almost all of it himself; his brother helped him. They took out a loan for 2,000 euro. 16 Repair of plaster, new plaster, facade: Falling plaster on the house: they bought cement, lime, they had sand at home. The owner of the house did it himself. The last modification related to the entry hall, where the plaster was falling. The brother-in-law helped them, and the husband assisted. It was necessary to purchase cement, lime, gravel and Primalex for the repair: it cost about 60 euro in all. It was necessary to clear the wall of the original plaster, to smooth out the wall with mortar, add the stucco and then rub it smooth. They left it to dry and then painted it. The hallway is repaired and in a good state even at present. They insulated the entire house; they borrowed 5,000 euro (a retired grandmother). They had a master builder from the village, it’s not finished yet. They want to put on a new facade – they don’t know if they will manage it, it depends on the weather. Three years ago we did a reconstruction on the house; we repaired the plaster on the outside. We didn’t know how to do it ourselves; some professionals did it. The work with the materials I don’t much remember, about around 700 euro. The last was repair of the external walls of the house, to prevent the dampening of the wall. It was necessary to purchase plastic sheeting and stone drainage for approximately 400 euro. The family did the repair themselves, and they borrowed the tools from the village. The repair lasted one day but the wall kept getting damp. Five years ago they insulated the family house. They did it themselves with the family. Now they are preparing to change the windows themselves. Perhaps a month ago we together with the other neighbours painted the exterior walls of our housing block; we did it ourselves and it cost around 20 euro each. Repair of fallen plaster and damaged plaster in part of the front door frame. Rough plaster for 10 euro without the finishing plaster, plus painting of the exterior with the rest of the whitewash from the plaster. 17 Change, modify windows: Replaced three wooden windows with plastic ones because they were not insulated and the wood was damaged for years; it couldn’t be renovated. Three windows with a complete offer cost 890 euro (the price includes disassembly, installation, alteration of the plaster and blinds). Because we didn’t have success with the bank, a non-banking company provided a 1,000 euro loan. And in the instalment for 36 months at 40 euro a month it comes out to 1,450 euro. The bank didn’t provide the finances because our income does not achieve the life minimum for a family. The leftover money was invested into clothing for the children, paint and painting –roughly for three rooms 40 euro. We changed the windows three years ago; we both still worked then. We borrowed 2,000 euro, since then we haven’t made any modifications. We also 92 painted all the rooms then. In summer they replaced the windows and painted the rooms – together about 150 euro. They did the work themselves. Replaced windows with help from the family (brick house with two rooms, bathroom and basic furnishings). Financed from savings (older couple – both on a pension). They changed the windows in the entire housing block. It costs us more for paying the monthly rent: they raised it by 50 euro a month. Aside from this, we would really like them to change the entrance door, because it doesn’t close very well. Insulation of the windows: during the last rain shower water leaked into the dwelling through a crack above the window frame (they live in a container – a garden cottage in one room without a bathroom, electricity or water). The repair went with glazier’s putty and a new coat of paint: 6 euro. 18 Building, remodel of a house, dwelling: I built my house myself from money saved, from a private savings scheme (so-called ´Včielka´ or ‘Bee ) and the building saving account. After using it up I was connected to the IDIA savings program, which was provided by ETP Slovensko. Then I continued in a microloan programme where I took out an interest-free loan which I am now paying back. I’m glad that I have a place to live, because a house is covered and I have it furnished for housing. We did a reconstruction of rooms from microloans which were offered by ETP Slovensko. We managed to improve our housing: we changed the floor, painted the rooms and rebuilt the bathroom. The roof leaked and it was necessary to modify the bathroom and the toilet. I took out a microloan through ETP Slovensko in the amount of 1,160 euro. For the mentioned money I bought material, where I modified the floor and reconstructed the bathroom and the toilet and I want to change the roof covering. We did all the mentioned work ourselves. Three years ago we built a small house; during construction of the shack the entire family helped us, but I don’t remember the sum that was spent on the building. 99 Other problem: Last year floods – the roof leaked; the ceiling got wet – they had to paint it, change the damaged roofing tiles on the roof, and change the floating floor. They did it all themselves; they got 300 euro (a grant from the state). A woodshed in the yard from wood shafts and boards; we had the wood from the sawmill. The boiler broke down and water from it flooded the flat and caused the last modification in the household. The husband stopped the water, all the furnishings in the flat had to be taken outside to dry. A professional came to repair the boiler and the municipality paid for it from the repair fund that we contribute to each month. The problem is with cleaning the entrance (housing block), people need to be scolded. When I begin, they add on. I have a problem with plastic windows (they live in a housing block): they can’t be opened. I called the town but they just laughed at me. It’s totally bad here; there is trash in front of the block of flats and we don’t have a repaired housing block. When it rains, it leaks, and we have to wipe the floors. When there is supposed to be a work brigade, no one wants to do anything and one person doesn´t do anything. To get out of here, but we don’t have anywhere to go. Water leaks into the housing block basement; I notified the employees of XY [the name of the company administering to the flats – note from author], who put if off. After a number of visits, I managed to urge them along, and so they are working on it. Building of a fence – they bought material and built it themselves from the foundations. Basically the entire settlement helped, some were helpful, others not. We last had a problem with the electricity. The annual statement came and we had a large undercharge. So I had to take out a small loan of 500 euro and pay for the electricity so that the kids were not in the dark. (I gave the money to a neighbour from who I get electricity.) We haven’t had any modifications, although we would need them very much, but building materials are very expensive for us. Through the summer we got rid of the trash dump which we had right behind the house – we dug out a large hole. Insulating of a housing block: They insulated our block of flats, and they put in plastic windows. The town made the repair. We have it really nice now; I’m not complaining. We had our block of flats insulated, but the light still didn’t work in the hallway. The town financed the modification to the block; that is the administrator of the housing blocks.

93 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

4. MEALS: MEAL PLANS AND FOODS FROM DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW

Empirical surveys of a quantitative and a qualitative acquires the traits of absolute poverty connected with character (UNDP, 2005, 2011, 2012...) are testimony a certain “physiological threshold, under which the regarding the poverty of Roma households. Most basic needs essential for sustaining existence itself generally it is defined as “a state characterised by are not fulfilled”, including food (Filipová – Valná, a lack of basic life resources and access to services. 1995 pg.119). An individual, a family or a social group cannot from Poverty and long-term unemployment go hand-in- their own resources satisfy the most necessary life hand: according to the literature, impoverished needs. Therefore, help is needed from other social groups of residents display the highest risk of long- units (the state, municipality, third sector, charity, term unemployment, and unemployment in return etc.). Poverty is a situation when incomes are not strengthens poverty.39 Several quantitative surveys sufficient to cover the subsistence minimum” (UNDP, 2006, 2012; World Bank, 2011),40 have (Strieženec, 1996, pg. 75). According to theory and likewise confirmed the huge measure of a legislative definition, in addition to housing and unemployment and the large share of long-term clothing, eating – the securing of food – also belongs to very long-term unemployment in the Roma among the “most essential needs of life”. population, especially those living in spatially Which is why the situational analysis devoted excluded settlements, and this research probe relatively great attention to the method of consuming reached a similar result. Among all of the 192 food in excluded settlements. The reasons were not surveyed households from 131 excluded settlements only economic but also empirical: according to the the person designated as the head of the household results of quantitative research from 2010, 55% of was unemployed in 73% of them (employed heads of Roma households with children experienced the household reached 13%, and 14% had some other the situation that they really did not have anything to status). The period of unemployment among them feed their children, while approximately 46% had this ranged from 3 to 348 months, and the average length experience repeatedly. At the same time, extreme of unemployment for the current unemployed heads of deprivation still increased in segregated households achieved 117.51 months, with the most environments, when overall 61% of households occurring in those separated on the edge of a experienced an overall absence of food for children municipality (125.92 months) and segregated and approximately half of the households from this settlements (119.45 months), while for concentrated environment did so repeatedly (UNDP, 2012, pg. 191). within a municipality this was 101.62 months. Together 79% of surveyed households did not have Sociological findings have demonstrated that for even one working member (16% had one working excluded communities are often characteristic member and only 5% two or more, but usually this was indicators of absolute poverty. That is, aside from the non-standard employment not on the basis of relative poverty in comparison with the “living a contract for an indefinite period, but more as work standard common in the given society”38 deprivation brigades and occasional work).

38 Which depends on the excessive division of resources and is usually associated with education and qualiřcation, healthy customs, family background, nutrition and housing, spending leisure time and social standing. 39 See, for example, Mareš, 2002, pg. 97. 40 According to UNDP research from 2010 the measure of employment of the Roma population 15-64 years counted using the VZPS methodology represented 15.5% and unemployment 84.4%; for segregated settlements only 13.5% and 88.9%; in the case of Roma women only 11% and 75.1%; from all unemployed Roma residents 94 older than 15 years, 63.6% had been unemployed for longer than one year and 46.9% longer than two years (UNDP, 2012, pg. 140-152). Table 8 Meal plans of Roma households from excluded settlements by number of meals per day (in %)

Period before benefits Period after benefits 1 meal 3 - 2 meals 9 1 3 meals 47 36 4 meals 28 31 5 meals 13 32 Total 100 100

Note: A total number of 191 surveyed households provided their meal plans before and after receiving benefits.

In the surveyed settlements we thus come across very in many households from excluded settlements is concentrated and very long-term unemployment, often based on the flow of social incomes into the which on average lasts for nearly 10 years. In respect households – it is different before the arrival of to the situation of the long-term unemployed, we benefits and after their receipt. What specific form it speak about the anomic situation and about takes before benefits arrival was one of the main deprivation a lot sooner, after shorter period of goals of including meal plans into the research. unemployment. The deprivation of the unemployed is Another question was in what direction did the meal linked with their exclusion from social relations and consumption change after the receipt of social with exclusion from consumption as a central activity benefits (or other incomes). of modern society (Mareš, 2002, pg.76). According to the author, the social impact of long term 4.1. Meals before social benefits unemployment for individuals is primarily the and after them42 lowering of the level of living, but also other impacts, such as the growth of stress in the family and in other The task of the research assistants was to write into interpersonal relationships, depression, loss of a logbook, in as much detail as possible, what the motivation and a feeling of helplessness; and society adult members and children ate from breakfast feels the increased consequences41 as well. through dinner and after, on two days during the month: one falling into the period before benefits and In the surveyed environments a high measure of the other after benefits. During processing the dependence on social benefits was also found; in number of meals per day was monitored, as well as consequence of the high rate of unemployment in meat, dairy products and fruit on the menu; further these environments social benefits represent an the variety of the meal plan was tracked, as well as the important and frequently the only source of income caloric quality and healthiness of the food. for many Roma households (for more, see Chapter 2). Many long-term unemployed respondents from As was shown, in the period before benefits three excluded settlements are dependent on benefits and meals per day predominated on the menu of allowances in material need and other social benefits. households from excluded settlements. A total of 47% Therefore, meal consumption in the course of a month of the meal plans had this number of daily meals

41 We shall mention the increased demands on the state budget (unemployment beneřts and other support and social services, losses for uncollected taxes and tax relief), the growth of social-pathological phenomena, the instability of society. (Mareš, 2002, pg. 47). 42 We recall a note from the introductory section: from the character of the research it follows that the presented numerical values serve exclusively for comparative purposes – for comparing differences between differently deřned groups of excluded Roma households; they decidedly do not correspond to the quantitative range of the given value attribute in excluded Roma communities. 95 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

before benefits, and usually the mid-morning and stores of foodstuffs, or from one meal which possibly afternoon snacks were left out. All together 12% of the remains also for dinner: daily menus consisted of only two or one meal per day. Before benefits: Breakfast: -; Mid-morning snack: -; More than three meals before benefits were stated by Lunch: Food from potatoes and flour: the family doesn’t 41% of households, and from this, only 13% had have a large difference before benefits and after a complete meal plan. With a shift towards spatially benefits, because they are so heavily in debt that they excluded settlements, the number of meals decreased: live more from what others offer them. In the period from the group of households from segregated before benefits they eat from supplies of potatoes and flour.; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: -; settlements only 31% had more than three meals per day (without regard to their quality of healthy /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread, butter, salami, tea, nutrition) before benefits; in the group of separated coffee; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Potatoes in different ways – with cabbage, milk, pastas; Afternoon settlements on the edge of municipalities it was 46% snack: -; Dinner: -. (solitary couple age 40 and 41 years, and in concentrated within a municipality 59%. both unemployed, separated settlement on the edge) In comparison with the period before benefits, a shift Before benefits: Breakfast: -; Mid-morning snack: -; toward several meals per day occurred in this direction Lunch: My partner goes around the village to help for after receipt of benefits (Table 8). Fewer than three food, and we eat what he brings, but he always brings meals almost did not occur on the meal plans at all: something; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: -; more than one-third consisted of three meals per day; /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread, salami, bread cooked on the other hand, the number of meal plans with in egg; Mid-morning snack: Yoghurt, banana; Lunch: -; four, but especially with five meals increased (from Afternoon snack: Bacon, onion, mustard; Dinner: 13% to 32%). While before benefits 41% of the Chicken in its juices, rice, cucumber. (three-generation family – two parents with children and their families, recorded menus in excluded settlements had more together 7 people, 2 of whom are young children, no than three meals per day, after benefits this was 63%. one works, concentrated settlement within Upon comparisons of the two menus for specific a municipality) households it was shown that 56% of the meal plans remained in the same regimen in terms of the number Before benefits: Breakfast: Nothing; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Bean soup, potatoes; Afternoon snack: of meals per day and the remaining 44% increased in -; Dinner: Leftovers from lunch; the number of meals. The multiple-meal menus typically remained in the same regimen: 28% had /After benefits: Breakfast: Yoghurt, bread, butter, salami; Mid-morning snack: Leftovers from breakfast; three meals before benefits and after them, 16% had Lunch: Chicken, potatoes; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: four meals before benefits and after them and 12% Sausages, bread. (two-generation family – two had five meals before and after. parents with children, together 8 people, 3 of whom are school-attending and 3 young children, no one How, for example, meal plans of households looked works, segregated settlement 2.5 km from the before social benefits and how the number of meals municipality) changed after benefits is shown in more detail by the following examples (for more, see Appendix 1 to Another aspect controlled during the comparisons of Chapter 3.4). As they indicate, among the households meal plans of households from excluded settlements with a limited number of meals per day were solitary was the scale of occurrence of individual food items. couples without children as well as households with Especially meat and meat products were recorded on dependent children. The meal plan of a family with the meal menus, then dairy products and fruits. In all children before benefits consists, for example, of three commodities the same four-level scale was used: what the head of the family was able to exchange for 1 = not at all; 2 = minimally; 3 = at least once a day; 4 96 work and from the consummation of the existing = several times a day. Table 9 Meal plans of Roma households from excluded settlements by consumption of meat (in %)

Period before benefits Period after benefits 1 = not at all 61 5 2 = minimally (salami and the like) 12 10 3 = at least once a day 24 63 4 = several times a day 3 22 Total 100 100 Note: A total number of 191 surveyed households provided their meal plans before and after receiving benefits.

As Table 9 presents, more than 60% of the captured potatoes with onions; Afternoon snack: Yoghurt, “pre-benefits” meal plans did not have meat and meat biscuit; Dinner: Gója from lunch. (two-generation products at all, and another 11% of the surveyed family – two parents with 1 child age 21 years, households had meat only minimally before benefits, together 3 people, the father of the family works, separated on the edge 1 km distant from the home for example, in the form of salami or similar smoked municipality) products once per day. A total of 24% of the surveyed households had meat in their meal plan at least once Before benefits: Breakfast: Rolls, frankfurters; Mid- per day and only 3% had it more than once per day. So morning snack: Pork scratching with bread; Lunch: that in the periods before benefits the meal plan of Children have lunch in the school canteen; Afternoon excluded Roma households contained meat at least snack: -; Dinner: Fried potatoes, tea; one time per day in 27% of the recorded cases, while /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread with butter, salami, for the group of segregated households this was even tea; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Children – school less – only 22%; in the group of separated this canteen; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Fries, tea, bread. (two-generation family – two parents with 3 children, increased to 26% and in settlements concentrated together 5 people, from this 3 children – 2 school- within a municipality to 33%. attending, no one works, concentrated settlement within a municipality) A significant difference in regard to meat consumption was also recorded on the menus upon Before benefits: Breakfast: Milk, tea, bread with meat comparison of the two periods in the month. In the spread; Mid-morning snack: Child at school; nothing at home; Lunch: Vegetable soup, vegetable risotto, tea; periods after benefits 63% of the surveyed Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Potato mash, milk; households had meat at least one time per day and more than 22% had meat several times per day after /After benefits: No difference. (two-generation family – two parents with children, together 4 people, from benefits. Together 85% of the meal plans listed meat this 2 young children, no one works, segregated and meat products once or more times per day (before settlement 1.5 km from the home municipality) benefits this was 27%), and after benefits only 5% did not have any meat and 10% in only a minimal range. From the viewpoint of the absence of dairy products A meatless menu after benefits looked, for example, the situation on the meal plans before benefits was like this: approximately the same (Table 10). A total of 61% of Before benefits: Breakfast: Rolls, frankfurters; Mid- recorded meal plans for households from excluded morning snack: -; Lunch: Drop dumplings; Afternoon settlements listed hardly any milk and dairy products snack: -; Dinner: Bread cooked in eggs, tea; before benefits and 30% only minimally. Together /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread with butter and jam, more than 90% of households did not have milk and tea; Mid-morning snack: Fruit; Lunch: Soup, Gója – dairy products on their menus before benefits at all or 97 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table 10 Meal plans of Roma households from excluded settlements by consumption of dairy products (in %)

Period before benefits Period after benefits 1 = not at all 61 48 2 = minimally 31 28 3 = at least once a day 8 23 4 = several times a day - 1 Total 100 100 Note: A total number of 191 surveyed households provided their meal plans before and after receiving benefits.

had them only minimally, while 8% listed them at least (three-generation family – two parents with children once per day (the repeated occurrence with different and grandchild, together 5 people, 1 of whom is foods in the course of the day was not recorded at all). young child, no one works, separated on the edge of a municipality, no distance given) In contrast to this, in the meal plans after benefits Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread with lard; Mid- the consumption of milk and dairy products grew morning snack: -; Lunch: Tomato soup, potatoes with moderately: nearly one-quarter of the recorded cases peppers; Afternoon snack: Leftovers from lunch; Dinner: listed them in the “post-benefits” meal plan at least Bread cooked in egg, tea; once a day and another 28% consumed milk at least to /After benefits: Breakfast: Rolls with ham, coffee; for a minimal extent. Yoghurt, milk, cheese, or curd the children cocoa; Mid-morning snack: Yoghurt, cheese or bryndza (type of sheep cheese) were found biscuits; Lunch: Stuffed pepper, sweet steamed buns; on their table: Afternoon snack: Fruit, biscuits; Dinner: Baked sausage. Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread with lard; Mid- (two-generation family – two parents with 3 children, morning snack: -; Lunch: Bean soup with bread; 2 of whom are school-attending and 1 young child, Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Bean soup with bread – together 5 people, no one works, segregated leftovers from lunch; settlement 0.5 km distant from the home municipality) /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread, plums, syrup; Mid- morning snack: -; Lunch: Tomato soup, fried meat with However, nearly half of the surveyed households from potatoes; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Leftovers from excluded settlement even after benefits did not put lunch, children also a small yoghurt. (two-generation dairy products on their food list.43 As the following family – two parents with 2 young children, together examples present, among them were not infrequently 4 people, no one works, separated on the edge 2 km households which had among their members children distant from the home municipality) and young children: Before benefits: Breakfast: Challah bread with coffee, Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread cooked in egg; Mid- baby – had milk; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Chicken morning snack: Bread, meat spread, apple; Lunch: soup and lemonade; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Bread Meatless goulash; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Wrapped cooked in egg, baby – had milk; salami, potato; /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread with meat spread and /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread, butter, meat spread; salami, coffee; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Chicken in Mid-morning snack: Bread, butter, ham; Lunch: Chicken its juices with pasta; Afternoon snack: Frankfurters with soup, baked chicken, potato mash; Afternoon snack: -; bread and ketchup; Dinner: Cake with curd and milk. Dinner: Bread, frankfurters. (three-generation family –

43 Although the meal plans listed butter, it usually was a margarine spread; real butter was only rarely purchased in the surveyed environment (see Chapter 2 on the 98 consumption of foods). Table 11 Meal plans of Roma households from excluded settlements by consumption of fruits and vegetables (in %)

Period before benefits Period after benefits 1 = not at all 79 53 2 = minimally 11 22 3 = at least once a day 9 24 4 = several times a day 1 1 Total 100 100 Note: A total of 191 of the surveyed households provided their meal plans before and after receiving benefits.

two parents with children and a grandparent, together a day and more often was found in only in one-tenth 7 people, from this 3 children – 1 school-attending of the surveyed households (Table 11). and 2 young children, 1 working household member, concentrated settlement within a municipality) After benefits, 25% of recorded meal plans had fruits and vegetables on the menu at least one time per day Before benefits: Breakfast: Roll with butter; Mid- and an additional 22% listed them at least in morning snack: Rolls and biscuits – only a minimal range. But at the same time this means that school-attending children, others nothing; Lunch: Drop dumplings; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: -; the remaining 53% of households did not consume fruit even after benefits. The consumption of fruits /After benefits: Breakfast: Roll with salami; Mid- and vegetables was least frequent in segregated Roma morning snack: Only school-attending children have this – roll and biscuits; Lunch: Salad and cutlet; environments, where 60% did not consume it at all Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Salami, sausage, bread. even after benefits: (two-generation family – two parents with children, Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread with ham; Mid- together 8 people, from this 4 school-attending morning snack: -; Lunch: Meat soup, potatoes; and 2 young, no one works, segregated settlement Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: -; 1.5 km distant from the home municipality) /After benefits: Breakfast: Yoghurt or pudding, bread Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread with meat spread; rolls; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Cutlets and Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Vegetable soup; potatoes; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Bread, butter, Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Bread with salami and tea; salami. (two-generation family – parents with children, together 9 people, from this 7 children, /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread with a margarine 6 school-attending and 1 young child, no one works, spread; Mid-morning snack: Meat spread on bread; segregated settlement 1 km distant from home Lunch: Fried cutlets with potato mash, lemonade; municipality) Afternoon snack: Young children wafer and lollipops, older children with mama potato crisps; Dinner: Again Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread with butter; Mid- fried cutlets with potato mash – as for lunch. (single- morning snack: -; Lunch: Drop dumplings with cabbage; parent family – mother with children, together Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Drop dumplings leftover 7 people, from this 3 school-attending and 1 young from lunch; child, no one works, separated on the edge distance from home municipality not given) /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread with salami; Mid- morning snack: -; Lunch: Fried meat with potatoes; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Leftovers from lunch. The situation with consumption of fruits and (three-generation family – single parent and children vegetables came out even less favourable than with with their families, together 9 people, 5 of whom are meat and dairy products. Before benefits 79% did not children, 1 school-attending and 4 young children, list fruits or vegetables in their meal plans at all noone works, separated on the edge 1 km distant from and 12% had them in a minimal range. At least once the home municipality) 99 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table 12 Meal plans of Roma households from excluded settlements by variety of composition (in %)

Period before benefits Period after benefits 1 = very monotonous meals 22 1 2 27 6 3 32 33 4 = average 13 37 5 3 13 6 2 8 7 = very diverse meals 1 2 Total 100 100 Note: A total amount of 191 surveyed households provided their meal plans before and after receiving benefits.

Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread with lard; Mid- particular increased: namely from 13% to 37%. After morning snack: -; Lunch: Potatoes with white sauce, benefits the very monotonous meals dropped potato pancakes; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: The same significantly (from 49% to 7%), while the number of as for lunch; very diverse menus also grew, though not greatly /After benefits: Breakfast: Frankfurters, bread, tea; (from 3% to 10%). Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Goulash, bread; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: The same as for lunch. Based on the type of excluded settlement segregated (married couple, together 2 people, no one works, Roma settlements had the “lead” in terms of the concentrated settlement within a municipality) variety in their meal plan – that is, they recorded the least varied meals. After benefits, 12% of meal plans Aside from the occurrence of individual types of foods from households from segregated settlements were with the processed meal menus other characteristics assigned the first two degrees of monotony of meals important for assessing the quality of eating habits (degrees 1 + 2) and on the opposite pole (degrees were monitored. This was the variety of foods, the 7 + 6) only 5%; in the group concentrated within calorific quality of the main meals listed and healthy a municipality the mutual ratio was the opposite: eating, which was assessed ex post by researchers on 3% monotonous and 12% variegated daily menus.44 a scale from 1 to 7 points. In the case of the variety of Poorly variegated daily meals with weak nutritional meals, degree 1 recorded a very monotonous meal and value occurred in the time before benefits in all three degree 7 a very diverse meal plan composition and excluded environments, as the following examples degree 4 expressed the average. indicate: In an evaluation of the diversity of meals before Before benefits: Breakfast: Soup and fried dough – this benefits 13% of the recorded meal plans were ranked is for the whole day; in the average degrees, while variegated meals /After benefits: Breakfast: Rolls, cheese, salami, (degrees 5-7) was obtained in only 6%.The remaining butter, tomato; Mid-morning snack: Yoghurt; Lunch: 80% were ranked as below average in terms of variety Baked chicken legs, potato mash, pickled vegetables; of foods, with 22% of the menus consisting of very Afternoon snack: Fruit; Dinner: Pasta with cheese and monotonous meals (Table 12). After benefits, the potatoes, with ketchup. (three-generation family – representation of menus of average variety in two parents with children and their families,

44 In the period before beneřts, the “variety” of menus was in segregated settlements disproportionally worse – 53% exceptionally monotonous menus and in 100 concentrated settlement this was 37%. Table 13 Meal plans of Roma households from excluded settlements by caloricity of foods (in %)

Period before benefits Period after benefits 1 = low calorific meals 1 - 2 12 1 3 32 11 4 = average 39 41 5 13 29 6 3 15 7 = very calorific meals - 3 Total 100 100 Note: A total amount of 191 surveyed households provided their meal plans before and after receiving benefits.

together 15 people, from this 3 school-attending a seven-degree scale, where 1 meant very little and 6 young children, no one works, separated on calories (light meals) and 7 the opposite –very the edge 2 km distant) calorific (heavy meals). These had the form of fried Before benefits: Breakfast: -; Mid-morning snack: -; foods, salads heavy with mayonnaise and the like Lunch: Dry bľread, goulash soup with two potatoes and (Table 13). drop dumplings; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Same as for lunch – dry bread and goulash soup; Before benefits nearly 40% of meal plans could be /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread, salami, butter; Mid- assigned, in terms of calorific demand, to the morning snack: -; Lunch: Boiled potatoes, baked average degree of 4, and only 16% of the menus were cucumber, salad cucumber; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: above average and a total of 45% were below Leftovers from lunch. (three-generation family – two average (13% had very low calorie meals). After parents, their children and a grandparent, together benefits the share of meal plans evaluated as 6 people, from this 3 young children, no one works, average remained nearly the same – on the level of segregated settlement 2 km distant) two-fifths; where a change occurred was in the drop Before benefits: Breakfast: Coffee and cigarettes; Mid- in light meals and the growth in heavy meals. Nearly morning snack: -; Lunch: Bread with lard; Afternoon half of the meal plans were evaluated in the time snack: Coffee; Dinner: Jacket potatoes; after benefits as calorific to very calorific.46 Again, /After benefits: Breakfast: Ham and rolls; Mid-morning households from segregated settlements had an snack: -; Lunch: Chicken in its juices plus drop above-average share had calorific meals on the daily dumplings; Afternoon snack: Lemonade, buns; Dinner: meal plan (before benefits up to 17% versus 9% in Baked blood sausage with bread. (solitary couple over the other two environments), and after benefits here 50 years old, both unemployed, concentrated settlement within a municipality) again very calorific meals came out above-average (23% versus 15% for separated and concentrated Commentary devoted to the nutrition of Roma households). Examples of calorific meal plans: residents in excluded communities often relate to Before benefits: Breakfast: -; Mid-morning snack: overly calorific meals on one hand and the unhealthy Bread with butter; Lunch: Lentil soup, drop dumplings dining habits on the other.45 The calorific quality of with potatoes; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: The same as the presented daily meals was evaluated likewise on for lunch;

45 See, for example, the cited report of the Office of Public Health on the hygienic and health situation in MRC. 46 Also see examples in Appendix 1 to Chapter 4. 101 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

/After benefits: Breakfast: Yoghurt, roll, biscuits; Mid- Fries with mayonnaise. (two-generation family – two morning snack: Bread with salami, milk; Lunch: Fried parents and one child with a completed education age pork cutlets, potato salad, chicken soup; Afternoon 17 years, together 3 people, no one works, segregated snack: -; Dinner: Baked chicken with potatoes. (two- settlement 1.5 km distant from the home generation family – two parents and their children, municipality) together 5 people, from this 2 school-attending and 1 young child, father of the family works, In relation to healthy eating (the representation of concentrated settlement within a municipality) quality meat, fruits and vegetables together), very Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread, butter, coffee, home- unhealthy meals on the daily menu were given a value produced milk, salami; Mid-morning snack: Leftovers of 1 and very health a value of 7. As is shown in Table from breakfast; Lunch: Snap beans soup, jam donuts; 14, none of the surveyed households from excluded Afternoon snack: Soup and jam donuts from lunch; settlements had very healthy eating habits before Dinner: Leftovers from lunch; benefits, and overall only 5% of them were scored /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread, homemade spread above average in terms of healthy eating. Relatively few (mix of fish, salami, eggs), tea, coffee; adults – smoked before benefits were even placed in the average degree pork brisket; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Instant of healthy eating (17%), while the remaining nearly goulash soup, grilled pork brisket and potatoes; Afternoon snack: Bread, salami, butter, fruit – apple; 80% of “pre-benefits” meal plans were evaluated as not Dinner: Scrambled eggs with onion and mushrooms, meeting the standards of healthy eating. bread. (two-generation family – two parents and their After benefits average (to 30%) and healthy meals (to children, together 5 people, from this 3 school- attending children, the father of the family works, 15%) increased on the menus, but 55% of meal plans concentrated settlement within a municipality 1 km even after benefits were not compatible with healthy distant) eating. The primacy of segregated Roma settlements was also sustained with this aspect of dining, when up Before benefits: Breakfast: -; Mid-morning snack: Bread to 45% of their meal plans were assigned to the very with butter and water with syrup; Lunch: Bean soup, pasta with cheese; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Soup unhealthy dining, while in concentrated this was 21%. from lunch and bread; Examples of unhealthy meal plans are given above several times, but let´s recall, for example, these: /After benefits: Breakfast: Yoghurt, rolls, milk, bread with purchased margarine spread, dry salami; Mid- Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread with butter and morning snack: Biscuits, lemonade; Lunch: Chicken ketchup; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Pea soup, drop soup, fried cauliflower, mayonnaise and potatoes; dumplings with cabbage; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Afternoon snack: Knackwurst, bread, mustard; Dinner: Bread with butter and tea;

Table 14 Meal plans of Roma households from excluded settlements by healthy eating (in %)

Period before benefits Period after benefits 1 = very unhealthy meals 4 - 2 31 17 3 44 38 4 = average 17 30 5 3 11 6 2 3 7 = very healthy meals - 1 Total 100 100 102 Note: A total amount of 191 surveyed households provided their meal plans before and after receiving benefits. /After benefits: Breakfast: Frankfurters with ketchup, Graph 19 bread; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Roasted brisket, Comparison of meal plans of Roma households sauerkraut, steamed bread; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: from excluded settlements before benefits and Leftovers from lunch – brisket and cabbage with after them (in %) steamed bread. (two-generation family – two parents and their children, together 9 people, from this 7 children – 3 still school-attending and 3 young children, no one works, separated on the edge 10 of a municipality with no distance given) 1 = completely different Before benefits: Breakfast: Dry bread – and they eat this 16 all day; 2 = rather 46 different /After benefits: Breakfast: Sweets, sausages, rolls; Mid- morning snack: -; Lunch: Barley soup, smoked ribs, 3 = rather potatoes; Afternoon snack: Soup from lunch with bread; identical Dinner: Soup from lunch with bread. (four-generation 28 4 = completely family – two parents and their children with families identical and a grandparent, together 10 people, from this 5 children – 2 still school-attending and 3 young children, no one works, segregated settlement 2.5 km distant from home municipality) Note: A total amount of 191 surveyed households provided their meal plans before and after receiving benefits. As Graph 19 shows, from a comparison of meal plans of households before and after benefits it may be concluded that nearly three-quarters of them had a dumplings with sauerkraut; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: different menu, and from this 46% even very different. Boiled smoked ribs, bread. (two-generation family – On the other hand, in approximately one-fourth a more two parents and 1 school-attending child, together 3 people, no one works, concentrated settlement or less identical menu was recorded and from this one- within a municipality) tenth of households had a completely identical menu. Before benefits: Breakfast: Cheese, eggs, butter, tea, The households which had identical menus were cocoa, bread; Mid-morning snack: Open sandwich with predominately those not reliant on social benefits and ham and salami; Lunch: Lentil soup, steamed bread and those to which other incomes also arrived; as well as sirloin sauce; Afternoon snack: Fruit; Dinner: Lentil very poor households for which the shift of social soup from lunch; incomes was not sufficient for a more radical change /After benefits: Breakfast: Roasted knackwurst, boiled in their daily food consumption. In relation to the frankfurters, bread, vegetables; Mid-morning snack: first group, it can be said that the meal plans before Hot-dog or open baguette sandwich; Lunch: Soup and benefits and after them were above-standard, and baked chicken with potato mash and compote; Afternoon snack: Fruit; Dinner: Toast with spreads. some of the respondents explicitly stated that their (two-generation family – two parents and 2 school- eating habits didn’t change after benefits – they cook attending children, together 4 people, both parents approximately the same or they do not draw benefits work, separated settlement 2 km distant from the and the situation thus cannot be differentiated: home municipality) Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread and butter; Mid- Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread, ham, cheese, morning snack: Fruit; Lunch: Goulash; Afternoon snack: vegetables, tea, yoghurt; Mid-morning snack: Juice; -; Dinner: Bread, meat spread; Lunch: Chicken soup, rice, baked chicken, vegetable /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread, frankfurters; Mid- salad, kofola drink; Afternoon snack: Poppy-seed cake; morning snack: Fruit; Lunch: Bean soup, drop Dinner: Potato hash; 103 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

/After benefits: Breakfast: Bread rolls (rolls, Kaiser /After benefits: Breakfast: Meat spread, bread; Mid- roll), frankfurters, vegetables, milk, cheese; Mid- morning snack: -; Lunch: Macaroni with perkelt (creamy morning snack: Baguette; Lunch: Goulash, bread, meat sauce); Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Coffee, lemonade, pudding; Afternoon snack: Yoghurt and roll; frankfurters and bread. (two-generation family – two Dinner: French potatoes. (two-generation family – two parents and 1 adult child age 19 years, together parents and 2 children, from this 1 school-attending 3 people, no one works, segregated settlement 2 km and 1 young child, together 4 people, no one works, distant from the home municipality) concentrated settlement within a municipality) Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread and jam or butter; Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread, meat spread, butter; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Potatoes; Afternoon Mid-morning snack: Roll; Lunch: Bean soup, tea, bread; snack: -; Dinner: Bread and butter; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Fries with ketchup, tea, bread; /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread and cheap salami; /After benefits: Their meal plan doesn’t change after Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Potatoes, smoked pork benefits. (two-generation family – two parents and 8 knees; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Bread and common children, from this 7 still school-attending, together frankfurters. (two-generation family – two parents 10 people, no one works, separated on the edge of the and 1 adult child age 19 years, together 3 people, no municipality, no distance given) one works, segregated settlement 2 km distant from the home municipality) Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread with salami (with butter, egg, meat spread), tea and honey; Mid-morning Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread rolls, butter, jam; snack: Bread with ham and vegetables; Lunch: Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Potato mash with meat; Vegetable soup, drop dumplings with meat; Afternoon Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Same as for lunch – potato snack: -; Dinner: Potatoes with sour milk, bread; mash with meat; /After benefits: They don’t receive benefits – the same. /After benefits: The same. (two-generation family – (two-generation family – two parents and 1 school- two parents and children with families and attending child, together 3 people, 1 member works, grandchildren, together 12 people, from this 8 separated on the edge of the municipality, no children – 4 young children, no one works, distance given) concentrated within a municipality)

Also in the framework of different menus in the Identical meal plans before and after benefits were monitored two periods of the month, the research also recorded with very poor families. Then it had the probe captured a relatively large amount of variety. form of a deficit meal plan in both compared periods, Specifically, they had the form of large changes in the and as can be seen, not infrequently it actually meal plan, such as, for example, the changeover from consisted of one warm meal – soups – daily: consumption of Roma bread and pasta throughout the Before benefits: Breakfast: We don’t eat breakfast – entire day, without a morning or afternoon snack and only bread by itself; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Pasta practically without dinner, to fried cutlets and salad or potatoes; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Bread or bokeľa (Roma bread); and four to five meals per day. Or a change from bread and buttered drop dumplings to Hungarian goulash /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread; Mid-morning snack: - ; Lunch: Pasta with meat or chicken with potatoes; with steamed bread and four meals per day. Possibly Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Bread or no dinner. (two- also the turnaround from eating bread cooked in egg generation family – two parents and 3 children, from all day to four meals and baked chicken (see also this 1 school-attending and 2 young, together 5 several examples above): people, no one works, segregated settlement 0.5 km Before benefits: Breakfast: Tea, fried dough; Mid- distant from home municipality) morning snack: -; Lunch: Pasta with tomato paste; Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread, lard, water; Mid- Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Leftovers; morning snack: -; Lunch: Lentil soup, bread; Afternoon /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread, rolls, strudel, butter, 104 snack: -; Dinner: Lentil soup from lunch; salami, tomato, peppers; Mid-morning snack: Biscuits, fruit; Lunch: Fried cutlet, salad; Afternoon snack: Before benefits: Breakfast: They don’t eat breakfast; Yoghurt; Dinner: Rolls, butter, tomato, Mid-morning snack: Bread with butter; Lunch: Mixed peppers; leftovers from lunch. (two-generation family soup, ribs with potatoes; Afternoon snack: Bread with – two parents and their children, together 5 people, lard; Dinner: Dry bread; from this 3 school-attending children, no one works, /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread with butter; Mid- separated on the edge 2 km distant) morning snack: Bread with butter; Lunch: Drop Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread with butter; Mid- dumplings with bryndza; Afternoon snack: Bread with morning snack: -; Lunch: Buttered drop dumplings; lard; Dinner: Bread with butter. (two-generation family Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Bread with butter, tea; – two parents and children, from this some with the partner, but without grandchildren, together /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread with margarine 6 people, from this 1 school-attending and 1 young spread, hunter’s salami, cocoa; Mid-morning snack: child, no one works, separated on the edge 0.5 km Yoghurt; Lunch: Hungarian goulash, steamed bread; distant from the municipality) Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Frankfurters. (three- generation family – two parents, their children and a grandparent, together 8 people, from this 5 Some of the previous examples of menus have already children – 4 still school-attending, no one works, indicated the different dining of children and adults – separated on the edge 1 km distant from home several households emphasised in their responses municipality) differences in the eating of children and adult members of the household. This involved giving Before benefits: Breakfast: -; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Son in school, tomato soup and drop dumplings preferential treatment to children when eating, and with cabbage; others bread cooked in egg; Afternoon several of the respondents underlined the dining of snack: -; Dinner: Bread cooked in egg; children in school. For all, at least these examples: /After benefits: Breakfast: Salami, vegetables, rolls, Before benefits: Breakfast: Potato mash from dinner, tea; Mid-morning snack: Only children – bread, butter, water; our daughter (almost 2 years) something we salami, vegetables; Lunch: Son in school (sour soup have at home – we try to have at least 1 yoghurt always; and steamed buns); at home – chicken broth, baked Mid-morning snack: We don’t make a mid-morning chicken with potatoes; Afternoon snack: – ; Dinner: snack at home; those who work carry bread with butter Roasted sausage, bread, mustard. (two-generation and smoked ribs to work; Lunch: -; Afternoon snack: -; family – two parents and 2 children, from this Dinner: Smoked ribs, dry bread, tap water; 1 school-attending and 1 young child, together /After benefits: Breakfast: Omelette with ham, yoghurt, 4 people, 1 member works, concentrated within bread, tea; Mid-morning snack: Child – lemonade, a municipality) biscuits, fruit; husband and mother to work – bread with ham, fruit; Lunch: -; Afternoon snack: Only the child – On the other hand, in some households the arrival of yoghurt, sweets; Dinner: Vegetable soup, pork meat in benefits into the family budget brought a change in its own juices, potato mash. (three-generation family the meal plan, but not as dramatically as described by – two parents, child and grandparent, together the previous examples: 4 people, from this 1 young child, 2 members work, segregated settlement 3 km distant from the home Before benefits: Breakfast: Coffee, cigarette; Mid- municipality) morning snack: -; Lunch: Drop dumplings with lečo (tomatoes/peppers/onions); Afternoon snack: -; Before benefits: Breakfast: Bread cooked in egg Dinner: Bread with butter; (children), adults only coffee; Mid-morning snack: /After benefits: Breakfast: Salami, bread, bacon; Mid- Bread, butter (children), adults nothing; Lunch: Soup, morning snack: -; Lunch: Vegetable soup, baked macaroni with meat (children in school); Afternoon chicken, potato mash; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: We snack: Bread with salami and with butter (children); warm up leftovers from lunch, or bread and salami. Dinner: Leftovers from lunch; (solitary couple age over 45 years, both unemployed, /After benefits: Breakfast: Yoghurt and roll separated on the edge 1 km distant) (children), adults only coffee; Mid-morning snack: 105 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Biscuits, apple, roll with meat spread (children); Before benefits: Breakfast: Scrambled eggs with freshly Lunch: Salad, cutlet, cake (children in school); picked wild mushrooms, fried dough (dry); Mid- Afternoon snack: Fruit (children); Dinner: Potatoes, morning snack: -; Lunch: Mushroom soup with drop meat. (two-generation family – two parents and dumplings, boiled potatoes, fried parasol mushrooms in children, together 4 people, from this 2 school- an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter; Afternoon snack: -; attending children, no one works, concentrated Dinner: Roasted sausages, sweets for children, and settlement within a municipality) father red wine (Milenka) and cigar tobacco – for wild mushrooms sold (8 euro); Before benefits: Breakfast: -; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Son in school tomato soup and drop dumplings /After benefits: Breakfast: Rolls, butter, salami; Mid- with cabbage; others – bread cooked in egg; Afternoon morning snack: Biscuits, rolls, lemonade; Lunch: Grilled snack: Bread with salami and with butter (children); chicken thighs, boiled potatoes, cucumber salad; Dinner: Bread cooked in egg; Afternoon snack: Same as for lunch; Dinner: Same as for lunch. (two-generation family – two parents and /After benefits: Breakfast: Salami, vegetables, rolls, 5 young children, together 7 people ( the grandfather tea; Mid-morning snack: Only children – bread, butter, does not live in the household), no one works, salami, vegetables; Lunch: Son at school (sour soup segregated settlement 2 km distant from the home and steamed buns); at home – chicken broth, baked municipality) chicken with potatoes; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Roasted sausage, bread, mustard. (two-generation Before benefits: Breakfast: Scrambled eggs from freshly family – two parents and children, together 4 people, picked wild mushrooms, bread and tea; Mid-morning from this 1 school-attending and 1 young child, one snack: -; Lunch: Mushroom sauce and pasta; Afternoon member works, concentrated settlement within a snack: Same as for lunch; Dinner: Same as for lunch; municipality) /After benefits: Breakfast: Bread, butter, sausages; Before benefits: Breakfast: Children – tea with butter; Mid-morning snack: -; Lunch: Roasted sausages, boiled parents – black coffee; Mid-morning snack: Children in potatoes; Afternoon snack: -; Dinner: Frozen steamed school; at home – bread with butter; Lunch: Children in buns, tea. (two-generation family – two parents and school; at home – vegetable soup, potato hash; 3 young children, together 5 people, no one works, Afternoon snack: potato hash; Dinner: Soup from lunch, segregated settlement 2.5 km distant from the home butter and bread, tea; municipality) /After benefits: Breakfast: Children – cocoa, roll with On the basis of the examples of menus obtained it is cheese; adults – coffee; Mid-morning snack: Children – sweet cocoa roll sprinkled, juice; at home – omelette; possible to summarise that food consumption of Roma Lunch: Children in school; potato salad, fried cutlets; households from excluded settlements does not Afternoon snack: Cutlets with bread or with salad from overall appear to be of particularly high quality. lunch; Dinner: Cooked bacon; children sweets. (two- A relatively large proportion of the meal plans before generation family – two parents and children, benefits contained a small number of meals per day, together 7 people, from this 3 school-attending and little variety, monotonous meals more focused on 1 small child, no one works, concentrated settlement flour-based and potatoes-based foods than on fruits within a municipality) and vegetables or dairy products. Households were also found which minimally in the period before The last circumstance which we managed to record benefits suffer a lack of food. Sometimes the meal was a certain seasonality of eating habits. Because plan took the real form of one hot meal per day. the research probe was conducted mainly in the Before benefits, a certain portion of excluded months of August and September, dining dependent households had an exceptionally monotonous diet. on the collection of wild mushrooms was also recorded, either their direct consumption or After benefits the variety of meals in the majority of strengthening of the meal plan before benefits with the surveyed households grew, but these are to a large 106 money obtained by selling them: extent calorific and meat dishes which are added to the meal plan; healthy foods were rarer. Before children to have biscuits, yoghurt or fruit; some benefits poor quality, monotonous meals without households permitted a favourite meal, they indulged nutritional value and after benefits heavy and in a favourite meat – in short they eat a bellyful. The calorific meals – such could be evaluated the eating probe did not capture which of the two meal plans habits of a large portion of Roma households from predominated in the course of the month. But as is excluded communities. shown further, households permit a favourite dish once, maximally two times per month, and some According to the doctors´ warning, the consumption households in the end only on holiday occasions. With of foods with a high content of animal fats leads to great probability it can be assumed that it is the more increased occurrence of overweight and obesity, deficit “pre-benefits” meal plans that are applied which have as a consequence health problems, longer during the month in these households. 47 primarily of the circulatory system. If smoking and Although modes of eating discovered during the resigning to visit a doctor, which were not at all monitoring of this aspect were varied, from unusual (primarily for adults) among residents of permanently deficit to permanently standard, 48 excluded Roma settlements, are then factored in, a relatively large group combine in the month a longer this can have an effect in earlier and higher mortality. period of deficit eating with “normal” eating even According to some meal plans differences in eating after receipt of incomes – especially with households habits were expressed between children and adults, as reliant exclusively on social benefits. A comparison of well as school-attending children and those remaining favourite meals with most commonly prepared meals at home. In adults a tendency was expressed toward reveals more in this regard. giving preference to children, to whom they give food more often and of a different type. As was shown, for 4.2. Disparity between favourite meals example, dairy products and fruits were not added and most common meals even after benefits in all excluded households with As the professional literature states, unemployment children. The second dimension represents the impacts in a principle way not only social institutions recorded difference in the diets of children attending and processes the position of unemployed individuals, school and other household members. In some it also manifests itself inevitably on their social households the difference recorded in the eating of behaviour. So, if the loss of employment changes the school-attending children in comparison with what status of a person and his roles and creates for him an those at home received (especially before benefits – anomic situation, it must also invoke his reaction to they lacked a mid-morning snack, the meals were less such a situation in the form of wilful or intuitive life healthy), the programme of school dining appears as strategies; their content is influenced in part a step in a good direction. culturally, but also by the period of duration of An overall view on both menus at the same time shows unemployment (Mareš, 2002, pg. 103). During long- that after benefits no great “feasting” took place. For term unemployment, “restraint in consumption” or the most part, at least after benefits the meal plan of “relinquishing of the original range of needs” can be many households became only standard: a mid- also identified as life strategies:,49 in extreme morning or afternoon snack was added, they allow situations also in the area of food consumption. This

47 As Chapter 2 describes, this very type of illness is among the most widespread among adults in the surveyed environments. 48 Also see more in Chapter 2 of this report. 49 Aside from these two strategies, for example, adaption without abandonment is mentioned (alternative methods of satisfying the same range of needs) in attempts to become established on the labour market and in society (seeking work or preserving rituals associated with the status of the unemployed), resignation (falling into social isolation and apathy). For more, see Mareš, 2002, pg. 104-105. 107 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table 15 Favourite and most common prepared meals in Roma households from excluded settlements by type (in %)

Favourite food Most common food 1 = non-quality meat (fried, fatty, etc.) 37 15 2 = quality meat (sautéed beef, chicken, fish) 20 13 3 = pasta 1 15 4 = vegetable - 2 5 = unhealthy (thick, roux-based) 3 9 6 = healthy soup (vegetable, light) 2 4 7 = rice (risotto, stuffed cabbage) 7 3 8 = roux-based sauces (with steamed bread...) 2 1 9 = flour-based foods – buns, pancakes, etc. 8 16 10 = potato-based – potatoes, drop dumplings, pancakes, etc. 16 22 11 = fried cheese 3 - 12 = salad with mayonnaise 1 - Total 100 100 Note: A total amount of 190 surveyed household provided their favourite and most common meal.

was already indicated in the previous section, which dish among their favourite meals, and from this 37% documented the restraining in consumption of foods of cases were a heavy dish, from non-quality meat, in the course of the month according to the level of such as fried meat, fatty meat, smoked brisket and the available financial resources in excluded households.50 like. Quality meats, such as sautéed beef, different types of chicken meat or very rarely fish, were given Another method able to indicate a reduction in food among the favourite meals approximately half as consumption is a comparison of favourite meals with often. Next in line among favourite meals of Roma the most commonly prepared meals. It can be households in excluded settlements with 16% were assumed that with ideal economic conditions which do different kinds of potato dishes, be it potatoes in not compel them toward a limitation in foods, different ways, “halušky” (drop dumplings) or a household will prepare favourite meals more “placky” (potato pancakes), potato “gója” (a frequently, or with a longer-term deficit it will at least traditional Roma potato-filled sausage), etc. Well prepare a favourite meal after receiving a certain sum behind with 8% were flour-based dishes (buns, of money. At the same time it gives further testimony different types of pancakes, so-called “gypsy” bread regarding the quality of food consumption in the (known by different names), jam-filled donuts and surveyed excluded environments. Therefore, with the like; and then rice dishes such as risotto or stuffed both meals – the favourite and the most commonly cabbage leaves (7%). Other types of dishes, such as prepared — the type of food was recorded, its caloric thick soups, light soups or broths, sauces with content and healthiness. steamed bread, pasta, fried cheese and mayonnaise- Also from this comparison meat-based meals came out based salads, found only a small preference among to be a great favourite from the monitored meals. the favourites. Vegetable dishes did not occur among Together 57% of the surveyed households put a meat the favourite meals at all (Table 15).

50 Chapter 2 provides more detail regarding the Ŗow of incomes into excluded Roma households and their availability in the course of the month. It showed that 108 through a large part of the month households have only a small portion of their total monthly incomes available; we recall that on average these were not very high. And what do Roma households from excluded Favourite meal: Potato salad with fried meat – children settlements cook most often? Here a different would eat this every day (4 and 2 years). Pancakes – structure of dishes compared with favourites was mainly with jam; Most common meal: We can rarely shown. Again meat dishes were put in first place, but afford main meals; most often I cook bean soup with pancakes or bread. /Nové Zámky district with a significantly lower frequency than with favourite dishes. Together they obtained 28%: non- Favourite meal: Baked chicken with rice, French quality meats 15% and more quality 13%. The second potatoes; Most common meal: Thick soup (bean, lentil). /Zvolen district most frequently made dishes were again different types of potato dishes, but with a higher Favourite meal: Roasted brisket, potatoes. Pašvare – representation than in the favourite dishes (22%). smoked ribs; Most common meal: Drop dumplings with sauerkraut, Drop dumplings with curd cheese. Further, not only the frequency but the sequence of /Michalovce district dishes differed as well: flour-based dishes were in third place with 16% behind them were pastas in Favourite meal: The husband likes meat – mainly pork cutlets; the wife likes boiled dumplings filled with different ways with 15%. Relatively often households potatoes or jam; Most common meal: They most often prepared as the most frequently cooked dish different cook (mainly if there is no money) browned pancakes. thick roux-based soups; other types were again given /Gelnica district in a smaller range. Favourite meal: Cutlets, salad. Drop dumplings with Upon comparing these two dishes with one another by bryndza (type of sheep cheese); Most common meal: type, it resulted that in 13% of cases they were Chicken perkelt (creamy sauce). Pasta with sauce and meat. /Košice – environs district approximately identical and in 87% the favourite and most frequently prepared dishes were different. The Favourite meal: Stuffed baked brisket; Most common following examples will show the differences more meal: Homemade bean soup. Cabbage soup. /Trebišov district specifically. As the table itself indicates, considering favourite meals, there was predominately a shift from Favourite meal: Stuffed cabbage; Most common meal: potatoes and flour-based meals or from thick soups, They most commonly make potato pancakes in place of bread, sometimes they make them sweet. /Trebišov which are cooked more frequently toward meat-based, district mainly calorific (but not only) meat dishes. Among the favourite meat dishes, fried cutlets and mayonnaise- Favourite meal: Pork ribs, sauerkraut and leavened steamed bread; Most common meal: Potato pancakes; based salad dominated in the surveyed environments, they most prefer them with lard, with tea. /Trebišov and roasted brisket, baked chicken, Hungarian or district Segedinsky goulash with steamed bread, pašvare Favourite meal: Fried meat or cheese, fries, tartar (smoked ribs), baked thighs or sirloin sauce with sauce; Most common meal: Artificial fish with fries. steamed bread and meat and the like were repeated /Veľký Krtíš district relatively often. In comparison with them the most Favourite meal: Segedínsky goulash with steamed bread frequent dishes were rather different: lentil or bean (last time before 1 August); Most common meal: soup, drop dumplings, risotto, meatless goulash, potato Potatoes with sour milk. /Bardejov district hash, dry bread or pancakes, boiled dumplings or Roma Favourite meal: Potatoes and roasted meat (they had it dishes like gója (potato-filled sausage) (for more, see last week); Most common meal: Baked pasta. /Stará Appendix 2 to section 3.4) were more frequent. The Ľubovňa district most frequently prepared dishes are financially much Favourite meal: We don’t have any special favourite, less demanding and require a larger input of women’s but the children like baked chicken the most. work. Such a type of differences between the favourite Meat and bokeľa; Most common meal: Bokeľa –we make and the most frequent dishes was inherent in Roma this most often in place of bread. /Rimavská Sobota households across the regions of Slovakia: district 109 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Favourite meal: Sirloin and sauce with steamed bread. Favourite meal: Creamed lentils; Most common meal: Steamed buns or pancakes – children love this; Most Potato pancakes. /Prešov district common meal: Sour soups. /Detva district Favourite meal: Buttered drop dumplings – we cook this Favourite meal: Roasted brisket and potatoes; Most 2-3-times a month. The children love rice and potato common meal: Pasta. Bean or potato soup. gruel; Most common meal: Soda cake – we make this in /Michalovce district place of bread. /Veľký Krtíš district Favourite meal: Fried meat with potato salad: we Favourite meal: The husband loves only drop dumplings make fried meat approximately every Sunday, but the – I prepare it with tomatoes/peppers, when I have the salad only for some kind of celebration. We can list money also with meat; Most common meal: Gója steamed buns as our second-favourite dish; Most (potato-filled sausage) – and my children like this very common meal: We don’t make anything in particular, much. /Veľký Krtíš district most frequently bean soup with meat and fried bread. Favourite meal: The favourite dish in our family is /Levice district perkelt (creamy meat sauce) drop dumplings and bodák Favourite meal: Drop dumplings with cheese. Chicken (Gypsy bread); Most common meal: If I had the cutlets most often from thighs) and potato salad; Most possibility, I would cook perkelt (creamy meat sauce) common meal: Pasta “dry” (with oil and done, also with drop dumplings for the whole family several times, with tomato paste or with potatoes, instant soup, sauce but money doesn’t allow for this; so most commonly we for pasta – according to the possibilities). Fried dough – make „bodák“. /Levice district dry with oil and sugar, tea with this; often this is an all- Favourite meal: Kyšky – potato-filled sausage, I last day food. /Gelnica district made it a month ago; Most common meal: Drop Favourite meal: Roma meatballs with sauerkraut; Most dumplings with cheese. /Bardejov district common meal: Bodák – Gypsy bread. /Rimavská Sobota district Favourite meal: Potato pancakes cooked on a skillet, buttered or stuffed ground meat; Most common meal: Favourite meal: Potatoes and cutlet, cucumbers; Most Spaghetti is cooked most often, because the children common meal: Boiled dumplings with cheese. /Rožňava like it best with ketchup and sprinkled with grated district cheese. /Prešov district

The difference between the favourite dish and the Favourite meal: Gója – the majority of Roma use this name, nowadays Roma cuisine is also being most commonly prepared dish did not always take the modernised, so the most specifically these are stuffed form of meat versus flour-based or potato dish or intestines (we last made it two months ago); Most a thick soup. In many poor households or households common meal: Potato pancakes. /Prešov district with children both of the mentioned dishes were Favourite meal: Fried dough with mushrooms; Most sometimes meatless dishes, and in the better common meal: Drop dumplings with cabbage or with situation the opposite – both meat-based dishes. Dry curd cheese. /Košice – environs district flour-based cakes or potato pancakes, which have Favourite meal: Drop dumplings with tomatoes/peppers different names in different regions, often occurred and sausage (we last cooked it last week); among the most common dishes in place of bread. One Most common meal: Bodák – Gypsy bread (we bake this of the households stated an attempt at modulating often when there is no money). /Rimavská Sobota the menu, but the lack of finances leads to commonly district 51 prepared potato dishes. After receipt of food aid the Favourite meal: Gója (potato-filled sausage); Most consumption of pasta strengthened still further in the common meal: We try to change this, but we often cook meal plans of some households: potatoes. /Revúca district

51 This was an activity of the government of Iveta Radičová in 2011; during the summer Ŗour and pasta were distributed to families in material need. Some of the 110 surveyed households from excluded environments received food aid (26%), while others awaited it at the time of the survey. Favourite meal: Bean soup (a week ago). Drop dumplings this is the cheapest, we can’t afford other stuff. Please, with cabbage and bacon; Most common meal: After write down that even I know what is delicious, but delivery of food aid they cooked mainly pasta (macaroni, without money... /Levice district fusilli) with pieces of meat. /Rožňava district Favourite meal: Chicken baked in the oven with jacket potatoes – they last had it at the beginning; Most The replies of respondent households at the same time common meal: Drop dumplings with cheese. /Levoča confirmed that favourite meals are not made district frequently at all during the month. They usually Favourite meal: Boiled sausages – they last cooked occurred on the meal plans only once per month, more a week ago; Most common meal: Hadrimky – pancakes. rarely twice, and usually after the arrival of some /Bardejov district larger sum of incomes into the family budget. In the Favourite meal: Fried chicken with potatoes – I last end, some households can only afford a favourite dish cooked it this month after benefits; Most common on holiday occasions. The high frequency of meal: Potato pancakes. /Košice – environs district preparation of the most commonly made dish follows Favourite meal: Gója (potato-filled sausage); Most by definition. These were recorded repeatedly during common meal: Fried dough – potato pancakes. They the month, and sometimes they even were in the make them every day, because they don’t have money position of being for nearly all-day consumption. Very for bread, in fact, they buy half a loaf of bread in the often these are dry bread or potato pancakes cooked morning so the children have a mid-morning snack at on a skillet, and many households consume them in school. /Bardejov district place of bread, which for multiple-member Favourite meal: Potato balls with smoked meat and households is a too-expensive food item. The message sauerkraut – they made this perhaps two weeks ago; was also found among the replies that a family knows Most common meal: Pancakes – they make them at least how tasty dishes are, but without money they simply once a week. /Bardejov district cannot afford it: Favourite meal: We most liked fried meat, but we can only afford it once a month; Most common meal: Soups Favourite meal: Fried cutlet, salad or potato mash – we (bean, lentil, tomato) with bread or pancakes. /Nové always cook this after support comes; Most common Zámky district meal: Hungarian goulash with steamed bread. /Spišská Nová Ves district Situations when the household cooks a favourite meal Favourite meal: Fried pork cutlet and potato salad with often were rarer in the surveyed environment. mayonnaise – we always cook this after payments (the A household with a better financial situation can eighth of the month); Most common meal: „Fried afford them (meat dish) or one whose favourite dish is dough“ with cocoa and sugar; or only greased in place of bread with bacon, sausages, meat. Chicken legs with not demanding; therefore they can prepare it more pasta. /Spišská Nová Ves district often even under unfavourable economic conditions: Favourite meal: Baked chicken and salad (we always Favourite meal: Stroganoff – I make it often because cook this after support comes); Most common meal: everyone enjoys it (last time three days ago); Most Meatballs with sauerkraut. Gója (potato-filled sausage) common meal: Stroganoff. /Stará Ľubovňa district or fried dough. /Spišská Nová Ves district Favourite meal: Drop dumplings with tomatoes/peppers. Favourite meal: Baked thighs with potatoes cooked in Drop dumplings with curd cheese; Most common meal: the oven (I last cooked this perhaps a week ago); Most Drop dumplings. /Veľký Krtíš district common meal: Drop dumplings with potatoes. /Košice Favourite meal: Boiled frankfurters, ketchup a roll; Most – environs district common meal: Boiled frankfurters – the children very Favourite meal: The children are very happy when we much want them. /Krupina district have fried cheese and fries on the table – we can afford this only once a month.; Most common meal: Perkelt The summer season entered into the favourite but (creamy meat sauce) with drop dumplings – because especially the most commonly prepared meals at the 111 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

time of the survey. As was shown, households in pancakes, potato bun. They also have a lot of zucchini, summer contain more variety in their dining – they from which they make pancakes. /Trebišov district cook more vegetable dishes, when this is less Favourite meal: Steamed potato bread with red cabbage expensive, or mushroom dishes, when the household made as sweet and sour and roasted pork meat (they can pick them themselves. It can therefore be cook this once a month). Potato salad and cutlets (they assumed that in the winter months food consumption last made this at Easter); Most common meal: They in many excluded households is even more most often cook beans in different ways, because they cultivate them themselves and have enough of them. monotonous and contains still fewer vegetables: They often make pancakes, either potato or flour-based. Favourite meal: Mushroom soup (they cook it several The sons like drop dumplings with tomatoes/peppers times in August); Most common meal: Drop dumplings and sausage, so they cook this rather often. Every with cabbage, potatoes or curd cheese. /Prešov district Saturday they bake a leavened cake – usually rolls with Favourite meal: Potato pancakes – bandurečníky (in our jam. /Trebišov district way), we last made them before social benefits. Favourite meal: Gója (potato-filled sausage) – this is Potatoes are cheap but filling food; Most common meal: his favourite, his mother makes it for him, who lives in Since it is summer, lečo (a tomatoes/peppers/onions the same village; Most common meal: He cultivates mix) or mushrooms with eggs is cooked most often. vegetables, so he often cooks something from potatoes; /Prešov district he has his own meat (he raises pigs). Vegetable soup is Favourite meal: Gója (potato-filled sausage) (see the cooked most often, potatoes cooked in the oven and questionnaire „Dining in V. Šariš“ for the recipe); Most served with ketchup. Meat broth (when he has time), common meal: Goulash with frankfurters and meat from the soup is cooked in the oven and rice mushrooms. /Prešov district prepared with it. He often goes for odd jobs, so now in summer he dines pretty often with people he works for Favourite meal: Gója (potato-filled sausage) – they (he is a mason). He has lunch at his mom’s place; he cook this regularly, at least once a month, last time helps her financially. /Trebišov district a week ago; Most common meal: Now in summer there are a lot of vegetables, which we cultivate. We had Favourite meal: They have their own milk and meat enough zucchini – we make pancakes from them. Lečo (they raise pigs, cows and goats). The husband most (tomatoes/peppers/onions mix. /Bardejov district likes drop dumplings with curd cheese and meat from soup with this. The children most like spaghetti with Favourite meal: Roasted pork ribs with boiled potatoes morcadella sauce and ketchup; Most common meal: and cucumbers or with red cabbage – they last prepared They often cook drop dumplings with curd cheese or these after social benefits.; Most common meal: In this make pancakes. They have their own meat, so they cook period vegetables are cheaper, so perhaps, like a lot of it pretty often. At least once a week they make fried families, lečo (a tomato/peppers/onion mix) is bread. /Trebišov district consumed, fried cauliflower or patty pan squash. /Prešov district Favourite meal: The family raises pigs and also have a goat, so they have their own meat and milk. The son most prefers pancakes with curd cheese; the mother Among the surveyed households there were some who likes everything, she’s not picky; Most common meal: 52 cultivated some crops or raised farm animals. They They most often cook potato-based dishes. Semolina or did not forget to emphasise the impact of this factor pancakes. /Bardejov district on the structure of food consumption. What they cultivate is found most often on their menus: As Table 16 shows, among the favourite meals of the Favourite meal: Roasted pork, steamed potato bread surveyed Roma households calorific foods and red cabbage; Most common meal: Now we have predominated, with a total of up to 64%, while only potatoes from the garden, so we mostly make potato 11% preferred lighter dishes and one-quarter

112 52 The cultivation of vegetables was given by 13% of the surveyed households and 9% raised animals, though in segregated settlement this was only 5% (see Table 7). Table 16 Favourite and most common prepared meals in Roma households from excluded settlements by caloric value (in %)

Favourite meal Most common meal 1 = low calorific food - - 2 2 3 3 9 20 4 = average 25 32 5 26 31 6 25 11 7 = very calorific food 13 3 Total 100 100 Note: A total amount of 190 surveyed household provided their favourite and most common meal.

declared meals with an average calorific value. In the most commonly prepared meals (70%) and contrast to this structure, among the most commonly healthy meals in the end declined, while only the prepared meals in excluded Roma settlements less representation of meals considered to be of average calorific meals were found in a larger range (23%), health quality increased. Very healthy meals with and also meals of average heaviness; the share of a value of 7 did not occur at all either among favourite more calorific meals during the monitoring of the meals or the most commonly prepared meals. most frequently prepared meals dropped by nearly From a comparison of favourite and most commonly 20%, the very calorific to 3%. prepared meals it followed that the majority of Roma Reciprocally, it was found that favourite meals in the households from excluded settlements do not have surveyed environments are usually unhealthy: 76% of agreement in these two compared meals. Complete or those listed were unhealthy and only 6% healthy. The partial agreement according to all three monitored structure of the most commonly prepared foods from criteria was found among them in almost one-quarter the viewpoint of healthy eating changed only slightly. and up to 77% differentiated these two meals, while The share of unhealthy meals remained high even for more than half of them were completely different. The

Table 17 Favourite and most common prepared meals in Roma households from excluded settlements by healthy meals (in %)

Favourite meal Most common meal 1 = very unhealthy food 12 3 2 24 31 3 40 36 4 = average 18 27 5 5 3 6 1 1 7 = very healthy food - - Total 100 100 Note: A total amount of 190 surveyed household provided their favourite and most common meal. 113 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

disproportion grew primarily in segregated settlements, Graph 20 where the favourite and most commonly prepared meal Comparison of favourite and most common was completely different in 66% of households cases, meals in Roma households from excluded while in case of the separated on the edge complete settlements (in %) difference achieved 53% and among Roma households concentrated within a municipality 41%. Thus, in segregated environments the difference between the 6 favourite and the most commonly prepared meals grew 1 = completely further; this means that in settlements completely 17 different different types of foods are commonly consumed than 2 = rather dif- are actually preferred in a still greater range than in the ferent other two excluded environments. 53 3 = rather A comparison of the favourite and most common meal identical 24 indicated that restraint in consumption or 4 = completely relinquishing of the original range of needs in the identical area of eating is a widespread phenomenon in the surveyed environments, and with spatial segregation grows even further, minimally in a certain period of Note: A total amount of 190 surveyed household provided their months. Residents of segregated settlement can only favourite and most common meal. to a small measure regularly prepare favourite meals. Therefore, among the replies the following general message was recorded: and monotonous; sometimes very uncertain and Favourite meal: We have to cook what we have; we have bordering on hunger. to manage in each situation; Most common meal: No At the same time the research probe showed that comment. /Detva district nutrition of Roma households from excluded settlement Summary: is on the whole not of very good quality. Their daily menus contained a limited number of meals per day, not Many of the meal plans recorded in the research probe very diverse foods and with less focus on fruits and showed that poverty and material deprivation in this vegetables or dairy products. Non-nutritious or calorific environment is a widespread phenomenon. The daily meals predominate in meal plans, while healthy foods fare of many of the surveyed households does not are more rare to exceptional. conform to the nutritional value needed for healthy development. The deprivation of many of the surveyed After benefits, the variety of meals in most of the households is connected with their exclusion from surveyed households increased, but these are mainly consumption, even from the consumption of food. calorific and meat dishes that are added to meal This means that not infrequently there is a dramatic plans. Although with the arrival of finances to the lowering in this environment of the level of living in household a great deal of their daily meals change, regard to the social consequences of long-term a large portion of them give priority to unhealthy and unemployment. Minimally in a certain period of the heavy foods, or social incomes are not sufficient for month before benefits come the characteristics of other types of meals. The situation before and after absolute poverty were indicated, when deprivation benefits is diverse in households, but a change of comes near to a certain “physiological threshold”, eating habits predominated, and a shift was recorded beneath which the most basic need, such as food, is especially in segregated settlements in the compared 114 not satisfied. Several of the meal plans were very poor two time periods of the month.. An overall view at both meal plans showed that no great A comparison of favourite and most common meals “feast” occurred after benefits, but meal plans in indicated that the restraint in consumption or the essence, at least after benefits, came close to normal relinquishing of the original range of needs in the area eating. The missing number of meals per day was of nutrition is in the surveyed environment widespread supplemented; children received standard food items; and grows along with spatial exclusion. Residents of some households afforded themselves a favourite food – segregated settlements are able to prepare commonly meat – and they eat a bellyful. Although the modes of favourite meals only in a small measure. food consumption found upon monitoring this aspect The tendency predominated in the eating habits of were diverse, from permanently deficit up through households that the more demanding favourite meals permanently standard, in course of the month a were – mainly if they are meat-based meals – then relatively large group combine a longer period of deficit households can only afford them occasionally in the eating with “normal” eating after the acquiring of course of the month, and commonly cannot afford incomes, particularly in households reliant exclusively them at all. Generally, they prepare a favourite meal on social benefits. only one time each month and do so after arrival of Even the monitoring of favourite and most common incomes into the family. The main meal on the meal meals identified the orientation to more heavy plan in the period after benefits and the favourite cooking and non-quality meals in excluded Roma meal were in the majority of cases identical. Through settlements. The research probe thus confirmed and most of the month they experience a limitation in in the examples of individual meals showed the dining food consumption which also takes the form of clear- habits in this environment. cut deprivation in nutrition.53

53 Because respondent households were at the same time prompted to share the method of preparing their favourite dishes, one of the side products of describing favourite or most commonly eaten meals is a collection of recipes from Roma households. This makes up the independent Appendix no. 3 of this report. 115 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Appendix 1 to Chapter 4: A comparison of meal plans of households from marginalised Roma settlements at two points of the month, differentiated by the date of payment of benefits – before benefits and after benefits (the first line shows the meal plan of the household before benefits and the second line, labelled “after” the meal plan after benefits)

AFTERNOON BREAKFAST MID-MORN. SNACK LUNCH DINNER SNACK bread, butter, salami, tea, 1 0 potatoes, meat 0 Haruľa (potato pancakes) coffee bread, rolls, margarine, after 0 pickled beans 0 chicken, rice tea, coffee

bread cooked in egg bread, butter bread with salami soup, macaroni with meat 2 (children, adults only (children, adults and butter leftovers from lunch (children in school) coffee) nothing) (children)

yoghurt and roll biscuits, apple, roll salad, cutlet, cake (children after (children, adults only with meat spread fruit potatoes, meat in school) coffee) (children)

bread, butter, meat chicken soup, baked chicken, 3 bread, butter, ham 0 bread, frankfurters spread potato mash bread, meat spread, after bread cooked in egg meatless goulash 0 wrapped salami, potatoes apple uncooked foods, leftovers 4 bread, butter 0 soup, potatoes 0 from lunch, nothing?

bread, butter, salami, soup, meat with potatoes or after tomatoes, pepper, frankfurters, bread 0 drop dumplings with meat with rice yoghurt, biscuits, sweets

6 bread, fried eggs, coffee 0 potato pancakes 0 bread, butter, tea

sour potato soup with after bread, salami, tea, coffee 0 0 bread, frankfurters cabbage bread with butter, tea, 7 0 Bean soup with smoked meat 0 bread cooked in egg coffee

Drop dumplings with sauerkraut and fried meat in Frankfurters and bread with after bread, salami, tea, coffee 0 0 small cubes on top of drop mustard, tea. dumplings

8 bread, butter fruit Goulash 0 bread, meat spread Bean soup, drop dumplings after bread, frankfurters fruit 0 Boiled smoked ribs, bread with sauerkraut children – powdered Bouillon soup with pasta and 9 roll with jam 0 bread with butter and salt milk potato pancakes children yoghurt, parents children – powdered Barley soup, boiled meat and after 0 leftovers from lunch sausage with bread milk potatoes

rolls and biscuits – only school- 10 roll with butter drop dumplings 0 0 attending children, others nothing 116 only school- attending children after roll with salami salad and cutlets 0 salami, sausage, bread have this – roll and biscuit

snack as always – pea soup, boiled dumplings nothing – leftovers 11 bread, bread rolls children have pre- potato pancakes, tea filled with potatoes from lunch paid bread rolls

bread with butter, meat spread, plus meat loaf (pork meat) with nothing – leftovers after bread, salami frankfurters bread rolls and tea cheese, fries, tartar sauce from lunch

Food from potatoes and flour: the family doesn’t have a large difference before benefits and after benefits, because they are so heavily in 12 0 0 0 0 debt that they live more from what other offer them. In the period before benefits they eat from supplies of potatoes and flour.

bread, butter, salami, tea, potatoes – in different ways after 0 0 0 coffee (with cabbage, milk, pasta) bread or roll with butter boiled dumplings or (if the young children are something from potatoes – 13 0 0 bread and butter here – grandkids, based on what they have yoghurt) available at home

bread rolls with a spread, sausages boiled (if after 0 roasted meat with potatoes 0 boiled sausages, bread grandkids are here – yoghurt) bread, meat spread, 14 roll legume soup, tea, bread 0 fries with ketchup, tea, bread butter their meal plans don’t after 0 0 0 0 change after benefits

bread with salami (with bread with ham and vegetable soup, drop 15 butter, egg, meat spread), 0 potatoes with sour milk vegetables dumplings with meat tea and honey

they don’t receive after 0 0 0 0 benefits – same meals 16 tea, fried dough 0 pasta with tomato paste 0 0 – leftovers

bread, rolls, strudel, rolls, butter, tomato, after butter, salami, tomato, biscuits, fruit fried cutlet, salad yoghurt pepper/leftovers from lunch peppers

17 pancakes, tea banana broccoli soup, steamed buns yoghurt fried dough boiled homemade after yoghurt drop dumplings with meat fruit salami, roll, meat spread sausage 18 bread, butter 0 pasta with cabbage 0 bread salami, bread, rolls, butter, after bread, butter banana chicken legs with potatoes yoghurt tomato, peppers, biscuits soup with pasta and soup and jam donuts – 19 0 soup, jam donuts, tea 0 potatoes leftovers from lunch 117 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

rolls, butter, cocoa, roasted pork neck, cabbage, after fruit, biscuits biscuits, yoghurt sausage, bread, mustard sausage steamed bread 20 rolls, frankfurters 0 drop dumplings 0 bread cooked in egg, tea soup, gója (potato-filled bread with butter and gója (potato-filled sausage) after fruit sausage), potatoes with yoghurt, biscuits jam, tea from lunch onion

bread, rolls, milk cheese, bread, rolls, butter, 21 ham, tomatoes, yoghurt sautéed meat and rice cutlets, potatoes, egg salad vegetables cucumbers after open sandwiches yoghurt fish sticks, fries, ketchup yoghurt baked chicken, potatoes chicken soup, spaghetti with 22 bread, tea 0 0 potato pancakes morcadella

frankfurters with mustard chicken broth, chicken, rice, after 0 0 leftovers from lunch and bread salad

yoghurt, cocoa, bread 23 with chocolate spread, fruit pasta with sauce and meat fruit, biscuits leftovers from lunch meat spread

vegetables, salami, semolina, leftovers from after bread, meat spread, yoghurt cutlets, potato mash fruit lunch frankfurters

bread, butter, salami, 24 apple soup – broth apple bread, butter, vegetables vegetables

bread, meat spread, soup, grilled meat and after fruit 0 leftovers from lunch, bread sausage potatoes 25 bread with butter 0 Buttered drop dumplings 0 bread with butter, tea bread with a spread with Hungarian goulash, steamed after butter, hunter’s salami, yoghurt 0 frankfurters bread cocoa

drop dumplings with 26 coffee, cigarette 0 0 bread with butter tomatoes/peppers

vegetable soup, baked we warm up leftovers from after salami, bread, bacon 0 0 chicken, potato mash lunch, or bread and salami 27 0 bread with butter lentil soup, drop dumplings 0 Same as for lunch bread with salami, fried pork cutlet, potato after yoghurt, roll, biscuits 0 baked chicken with potatoes milk salad, chicken soup

either bean or lentil soup, 28 nothing fried dough 0 fried dough, tea drop dumplings

yoghurt, butter, salami, leftovers from sausages, after chicken and potatoes 0 bread breakfast salami, bread 29 nothing 0 bean soup, potatoes 0 leftovers from lunch yoghurt, bread, butter, leftovers from after chicken, potatoes 0 sausages, bread salami breakfast

bread with butter, salami, 30 at school baked chicken with potatoes 0 risotto tea after rolls, cheese, ham, milk at school stuffed thigh, rice 0 pancakes 118 31 bread with meat spread 0 vegetable soup 0 bread with salami and tea small children – a wafer and a bread with meat fried cutlets with potato again fried cutlets with after bread spread lollipop, older spread mash, lemonade potato mash – as for lunch children – crisps with mama challah bread with coffee, 32 0 chicken soup and soda 0 bread cooked in, baby – milk baby – milk bread with meat spread chicken in its juices with frankfurters with cake with curd cheese and after 0 and salami, coffee pasta bread and ketchup milk cheese, eggs, butter, tea, open sandwich with lentil soup, steamed bread 33 fruit lentil soup from lunch cocoa, bread ham and salami and tenderloin

roasted knackwurst, soup and baked chicken with hot-dog or open after boiled frankfurters, potato mash and fruit fruit Topinky – toast with a spread baguette sandwich bread, vegetables compote

open sandwiches, eggs fruit, pudding, fruit creamy soup, skewers with 34 vegetable salad semolina boiled, vegetables, juice puree potatoes and garnish

scrambled eggs, boiled open sandwich, beef broth, potatoes and after frankfurters, bread, tea or fruit bread cooked in egg, tea yoghurt roasted brisket juice

open sandwich roll Rolls – bread rolls and Bryndza soup, noodles with 35 (margarine plus 0 bread cooked in egg margarine. poppy seed salami)

ham and eggs, bread with open baguette bean soup, fried chicken with after 0 bean soup – from lunch butter, tomatoes sandwich with ham rice roll with salami and 36 bread with margarine, tea drop dumplings with cheese apple, roll bryndza soup margarine open sandwich bread, open sandwich roll, cabbage soup, fried meat cabbage soup from after knackwurst, mustard, bread bread cooked in egg banana with potatoes lunch with bread roll, margarine, 37 bread, real butter spaghetti with ketchup 0 bread with salami green peppers rolls with salami, noodle soup, fried cheese, after open sandwich rolls banana, apple noodle soup – from l scrambled eggs potato mash 38 fancy bread, butter, cocoa open sandwich roll goulash soup, bread 0 bread with meat spread

butter, spread, eggs, bryndza soup, roasted after frankfurters, knackwurst, 0 brisket and steamed bread, bread with a spread soup with bread bread, tea cabbage

adults nothing; older son adults – leftovers from bread and tea; father – potatoes baked in the oven, 39 older son (4 years) semolina; younger lunch; son milk and potato coffee and a cigarette with ketchup potatoes on peppers is nursing mash, later yoghurt

frankfurters, bread, children yoghurt chicken soup, rice and after bread, ham, milk leftovers from lunch mustard and roll chicken

same as afternoon snack – potato pancakes, tea and potato soup, potato drop dumplings 40 child – pudding drop dumplings with milk pancakes with stuffing with potatoes potatoes

chicken soup, stuffed after bread, ham, tea frankfurters, rolls frankfurters, bread leftovers from lunch cabbage bread margarine – potatoes boiled sautéed potato pancakes, leftovers from lunch and 41 potato pancakes, tea children to school onions tea potato pancakes 119 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

bread with a spread potato pancakes, bread, tripe soup, pork meat with sausage, bread, after and salami – soup from lunch, bread frankfurters potatoes mustard children to school

children to school – bread with salami tomato soup, noodles with bread, omelette, 42 milk, bread, margarine leftovers from lunch and peppers, syrup curd cheese tea in water

children to school – frankfurters, rolls, vegetable soup, French bacon, bread, after rolls, ham, butter, sausages, bread, mustard ketchup potatoes mustard syrup in water

bean soup with bread – 43 bread with lard 0 bean soup with bread 0 leftovers from lunch

leftovers from lunch; tomato soup, fried meat with after bread, plums, syrup 0 0 children also had a small potatoes yoghurt

44 rolls, butter, milk 0 fried chicken, potatoes 0 potato pancakes, tea after rolls, milk, butter 0 fried meat, potatoes 0 tea, fries with drop dumplings with 45 0 bread with lard 0 bacon with bread tomatoes/peppers

bean soup, perkelt (creamy bread with butter, ham (Gypsy „bodák“), dough after 0 meat sauce) and drop 0 salami baked on the stove dumplings

pork scratchings Children have lunch in the 46 rolls, cocoa 0 fried potatoes, tea with bread school canteen bread with butter, salami, after 0 children – school canteen 0 fries, tea, bread tea egg soup, drop dumplings 47 coffee bread with cheese fruit roasted potatoes, fried egg with cabbage challah bread with chicken soup, Koložvárska banana, children Koložvárska cabbage – from after coffee butter cabbage yoghurt lunch mixed soup, ribs with 48 they don’t eat breakfast bread with butter bread with lard dry bread potatoes after bread with butter bread with butter drop dumplings with bryndza bread with lard bread with butter tripe soup, cabbage with 49 bread with honey biscuits 0 leftovers from lunch meat and steamed bread after bread with salami biscuits goulash banana goulash from lunch 50 tea, bread nothing chicken wings nothing tea, buns after tea and bread with lard bun chicken roll leftovers from lunch 51 bread, meat spread, tea 0 chicken, potatoes 0 potato pancakes after bread, frankfurters 0 cutlets and potatoes 0 drop dumplings with cheese 52 coffee and cigarettes 0 bread with lard coffee jacket potatoes chicken in juices plus drop baked blood sausage with after ham and rolls 0 lemonade, buns dumplings bread son at school tomato soup and drop dumplings with 53 0 0 0 bread cooked in egg cabbage; others bread 120 cooked in egg son at school (sour soup and only children – salami, vegetables, rolls, steamed buns); at home – roasted sausage, bread, after bread, butter, 0 tea chicken broth, baked chicken mustard salami, vegetables with potatoes children in school (vegetable children – bacon soup, meat and rice); adults 54 bread and butter 0 and bread; adults bread and butter – pasta with tomato perkelt nothing (creamy meat sauce) children in school soup children – salami and broth, vegetable mash with bread with salami, after bread; adults – coffee and meat; fried meat and 0 scrambled eggs and bread biscuits cigarettes potatoes (adults and children at home) 55 bread with lard, tea 0 pasta 0 bread cooked in egg bread rolls, butter, after 0 pork or chicken meat 0 frankfurters salami, milk goulash soup – 56 frankfurters goulash soup, biscuits, milk goulash soup goulash soup, cake boiled after frankfurters goulash soup pancakes goulash soup goulash soup spicy pepper stew and 57 0 0 0 potato stuffing, tea potatoes baked chicken, rice, after rolls, butter, milk sweets 0 frankfurters with mustard vegetables

meat and floury foods – beef 58 bread, milk bread, salami broth, beef with potatoes, bread, butter potato pancakes apple cake

bread, butter, sautéed chicken, potatoes, after bread, milk bread, butter leftovers from lunch salami pickled vegetables drop dumplings with curd 59 bread, butter, salami, tea 0 0 chicken meat with rice cheese roasted ribs, potatoes, potatoes in the oven with after roll, butter, salami, tea roll with salami 0 cucumber salami roasted sausages, sweets for scrambled eggs with mushroom soup with drop children, and father red wine freshly picked wild dumplings, boiled potatoes, 60 0 0 (Milenka) and cigar tobacco mushrooms, fried dough fried mushrooms in an – for wild mushrooms sold (dry) egg/flour/breadcrumb batter (8 euro) biscuits, rolls, grilled chicken thighs, boiled after rolls, butter, salami 0 drop dumplings with cheese lemonade potatoes, cucumber salad 61 bread cooked in egg yoghurt drop dumplings with cabbage 0 toast with egg roll, salami, tomatoes, chicken soup, fried cheese bacon or sausage, bread, after yoghurt, croissant fruit peppers with fries tomatoes, lemonade bread, meat spread, butter, 62 bread with meat spread 0 potato pancakes 0 jam frankfurters with as lunch – chicken cutlets after 0 chicken cutlets, potatoes 0 mustard, bread and potatoes rolls with butter and 63 0 pasta with curd cheese 0 bread cooked in egg tomato frankfurters, salami, after 0 baked chicken legs, potatoes 0 fries, ketchup, tartar sauce cheese, bread rolls 121 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

bread, bread rolls, 64 cheese, butter, jam, sweets risotto with chicken meat 0 risotto from lunch coffee, tea

bread rolls, cheese, Hungarian goulash s steamed bread, ham, eggs, coffee, after butter, ham, tea, baby 0 fruit bread yoghurt food

rolls with butter, salami drop dumplings with cottage bread, butter, meat spread, 65 biscuits 0 and tea cheese cheese, tea, sweets

bread, cutlets from lunch bread rolls, butter, cutlets, potatoes, salad after apple, sweets 0 and stuff from the salami, cheese vegetable refrigerator

bread rolls, tea, butter, 66 fruit pasta with cheese 0 pasta with cheese as lunch yoghurt, coffee bread, fish, butter, tea, fried dough and scrambled after sweets grilled chicken, potatoes 0 coffee eggs with onion salami, bread rolls, 67 biscuits risotto 0 bread, meat, tea butter, biscuits salami, bread, butter, chicken legs, rice, fruit after sweets 0 fish, bread sweets compote potatoes with pickled 68 bread with butter 0 0 frankfurters with bread cabbage after frankfurters with bread 0 baked thighs with potatoes 0 fried meat with rice fried thighs with drop 69 bread with butter and tea 0 boiled peas with potatoes 0 dumplings cutlets with potatoes, after bread with salami 0 0 baked thighs with potatoes vegetable salad 70 bread cooked in egg 0 drop dumplings with sauce 0 potato pancakes after scrambled eggs 0 roasted meat with rice 0 risotto baked chicken thighs, drop dumplings or pasta with 71 bread, frankfurters, tea 0 0 potatoes, cucumbers poppy-seed bread with butter and cutlets, potatoes, cucumber after 0 fried meat, potatoes 0 salami salad bread with butter and 72 0 soup, potatoes, cutlet 0 leftovers from lunch salami leftovers from lunch – baked after sausage, mustard, bread 0 baked thighs, potatoes 0 thighs and potatoes bread with butter and pea soup, drop dumplings 73 0 0 bread with butter and tea ketchup with cabbage

leftovers from lunch – frankfurters with roasted brisket, sauerkraut, after 0 0 brisket and sauerkraut with ketchup, bread steamed bread steamed bread

bread with butter and cabbage soup, drop leftovers from lunch, bread 74 0 0 salami dumplings with cabbage with sugar frankfurters, rolls, bean soup with sausage sausage soup at lunch, after biscuits 0 mustard cutlets, potatoes mustard, bread

frankfurters, salami, potato or flour-based 75 bread, bread rolls, 0 0 rissole, potatoes pancakes 122 yoghurt bread, cheese, yoghurt, vegetable soup or bean soup after 0 0 cutlets, potatoes pasta salami with smoked meat bread with cheese, with 76 plums pasta with potatoes 0 pancakes from flour butter after bread rolls, salami, butter 0 cabbage, sausage, cutlets 0 cutlets from lunch bread with a spread, bread with jam, 77 cigarette and coffee vegetable risotto from lunch – risotto tea milk frankfurters, chicken soup, potatoes and frankfurters and after cigarette and coffee soup from lunch and others ketchup, rolls chicken meat from soup bread

potato pancakes and tea; children – potato vegetable soup with 78 adults – plus Turkish pancakes with syrup potatoes, drop dumplings bread with lard leftovers from lunch coffee in water with cabbage

bread, frankfurters, bread with a spread stuffed cabbage, grilled the same as from after the same as from lunch mustard and salami chicken plus potatoes lunch potato pancakes with egg soup, drop dumplings bread with lard and potato pancakes with egg 79 0 margarine, tea, milk with cabbage onion soup from lunch

bread with salami and children – bread and steamed bread, cabbage and bread, salami, sausage with bread; children after vegetables; adults coffee frankfurters roasted pork ribs butter – rice pudding and cigarettes

bread with butter and sausage, bread – at meat, rice, vegetable salad – 80 0 rice with milk – at mama’s milk odd jobs at odd jobs frankfurters, bread pumpkin mash, rissole – at after bread, sausage, mustard 0 stuffed cabbage – at mama’s – at odd jobs odd jobs

leftovers from lunch; bread with butter, salami, 81 0 vegetable soup, mushrooms 0 otherwise rolls with butter tea and tea

boiled potatoes, fried cutlet, after frankfurters, bread, milk yoghurt biscuits rolls, salami, lemonade cucumbers bread with butter, meat baked chicken thighs, 82 0 0 fries with egg, cucumbers spread potatoes, cucumbers frankfurters, yoghurt, from lunch – cutlets and after 0 pork cutlets, potatoes apple tea, bread potatoes 83 bread, butter, spread, tea 0 tomatoes/peppers roll with butter fries with ketchup pudding, roll with salami, soup, potatoes, sautéed frankfurters, and leftovers after biscuits 0 milk or lemonade meat, cucumbers from lunch – if any soup, potatoes and 84 bread and butter 0 0 bread and butter cauliflower salami, frankfurters, after biscuits potatoes with meat 0 sausage boiled and chilli bread

chicken soup, rice, baked bread, ham, cheese, 85 juice chicken, vegetable salad, poppy-seed bun potato hash vegetables, tea, yoghurt cola

bread rolls (rolls, Kaiser goulash, bread, lemonade, after roll), frankfurters, baguette yoghurt and roll French potatoes pudding vegetables, milk, cheese

frankfurters, bread bread, butter, ham, yoghurt, two rolls soup, potatoes and rissole, drop dumplings with meat, 86 or salami, milk, cheese, lemonade and biscuits pickled cucumbers vegetable salad ketchup 123 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

two rolls with meat noodle soup, goulash and vegetables, bread, after bread, butter, jam, juice spread; or bread tripe soup, bread rice egg or fish spread with Nutella

soup from pork ribs with drop dumplings (without same as lunch – soup from 87 bean mash, bread 0 0 potatoes) (ribs for pork ribs 0.60 per kg)

leftovers from breakfast; chicken thighs, potatoes, frankfurters, bread, after sweets plus frozen pizza and frozen biscuits salad cucumber mustard, ketchup buns

instant soup with potatoes, 88 dry bread, tea 0 0 0 dry bread

chicken soup with liver bread with butter, bacon, after coffee dumplings, boiled potatoes, soup from lunch from lunch onion chicken thighs

bread, butter, coffee, leftovers from soup and jam 89 home-produced milk, snap-beans soup, jam donuts from lunch breakfast donuts from lunch salami

bread, homemade spread bread, salami, scrambled eggs with wild (fish mix, salami, eggs), instant goulash soup, grilled after 0 butter, fruit – mushrooms (onion, eggs), tea coffee; adults – brisket and potatoes apple bread smoked brisket mushroom soup, drop drop dumplings, scrambled eggs with wild 90 bread with butter, tea 0 dumplings with curd cheese leftover from lunch mushrooms

bread, rolls with butter, bread with meat chicken soup, fried chicken same as lunch – chicken after meat spread, salami, same as breakfast spread, salami, cutlet, potatoes, vegetables cutlet a potatoes cheese, milk, tea vegetables

from lunch – drop dumplings 91 bread with lard bread with lard drop dumplings with cabbage bread with lard with cabbage

bread with butter, or with bread with butter, meat in different ways, meat, potatoes, vegetables – after meat spread, salami, similar as breakfast meat spread, potatoes, vegetables from lunch yoghurt, tea, milk salami or ham

bread with butter – mushroom soup from lunch, 92 bread with butter, tea mushroom soup bread with butter as for breakfast drop dumplings with cheese

bread or rolls with cheese, bread with butter chicken meat, potatoes, meat and potatoes from after with butter, salami, sweet similar as breakfast and cheese, vegetables lunch buns, milk, salad salami, fruit

soup – chicken, drop drop dumplings with chicken 93 pancakes with lard, tea 0 0 dumplings with chicken meat meat from lunch as lunch – potatoes with after bread, butter, salami 0 soup, potatoes with meat 0 meat chicken with macaroni from 94 pancakes with lard 0 chicken with macaroni bread lunch after bread with butter 0 meat, potatoes 0 roasted sausage, pancakes bean soup, drop dumplings tomatoes/peppers with 95 bread with butter, tea 0 0 with cabbage pancakes chicken soup, grilled chicken, after bread with butter, tea 0 0 chicken with drop dumplings 124 potatoes vegetable soup, French 96 bread, butter, tea 0 0 bread cooked in egg potatoes after bread, butter, ham 0 chicken, potatoes, cabbage 0 pizza potatoes, bokeľa (Roma potatoes, bokeľa (Roma 97 Bokeľa (Roma bread) 0 0 bread) bread) meat, chicken, pasta, rice or after bread, salami, butter, tea 0 0 Bokeľa (Roma bread) potatoes Bokeľa (Roma bread), potatoes, pasta or bokeľa 98 0 0 bread bread (Roma bread) meat – chicken, potatoes, after bread, butter, tea 0 0 meat potatoes – from lunch rice we don’t have breakfast – bread or bokeľa (Roma 99 0 pasta or potatoes 0 only bread by itself bread) pasta with meat, chicken after bread 0 0 bread or no dinner with potatoes savoury scones at drop dumplings with perkelt 100 bread, butter, tea children in school children in school grandmother‘s (creamy meat sauce) bread, salami, biscuits, after children in school children in school biscuits, sweets chicken, rice, bread, salami tea husband goes through the village to help for food, we 101 0 0 0 0 eat what he brings – but he always brings something bread, salami, bread bacon, onion, chicken in it juices, rice, after yoghurt, banana 0 cooked in egg mustard cucumber

potato mash from dinner, we don’t have a mid- water; the small boy (not morning snack at quite 2 years old) home; to work they smoked ribs, dry bread, tap 102 0 0 something we have at take bread with water home – we try to have at butter and smoked least 1 yoghurt always ribs

child – lemonades, biscuits, fruit; omelette with ham, husband and child only – vegetable soup, pork meat in after 0 yoghurt, bread, tea mother to work – yoghurt, sweets its own juice, potato mash bread with ham, fruit

leftovers from lunch, =r drop coffee and tea, bread 103 0 pasta with sauce, baked cake 0 dumplings with with butter tomatoes/peppers

salami, bread, butter, soup, chicken meat, steamed finish soup from lunch with after 0 savoury scones coffee, tea bread, tomato sauce meat, leftovers from lunch bread, meat spread, vegetable soup, chicken with 201 apple, biscuits banana salad, fish peppers, salami tea rice, red beets, water after 0 0 0 0 0 202 rolls, ham, butter 0 steamed bread tenderloin 0 leftovers from lunch after rolls, butter 0 it depends 0 baked chicken, rice 203 0 0 meat, rice 0 varies after Nesquik apple goulash soup biscuits pancakes 125 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

204 0 0 0 0 0 poppy-seed bun, butter, children – bread vegetable broth, sautéed after fruit roasted ribs and potatoes tea with meat spread chicken and potatoes 205 0 0 0 0 0 after 0 0 0 0 0 children have it at 206 bread, butter, tea soup with bread bread and butter potatoes with red peppers school children have it at after rolls, butter, salami soup, meat and rice fruit drop dumplings with meat school children – in school; at home 207 bread, butter, tea children in school 0 pancakes – sour bean soup after 0 0 0 0 0 child – yoghurt; mother – vegetable soup, steamed 208 0 milk same as for lunch doesn’t eat breakfast buns after rolls, baby food puree 0 baked chicken, rice milk bread, scrambled eggs, tea 209 bread, butter 0 potatoes on onion 0 bread cooked in egg bread, salami, meat after 0 pasta sauce from chicken 0 bread and meat spread spread 210 bread with butter and tea 0 potatoes 0 bread with butter bread with butter, meat soup, chicken roasted meat after 0 0 bread, butter spread rice 211 bread, butter 0 pasta, sauce from sausages 0 sliced salami, toasted bread potatoes and roasted pork after rolls, Liptov salami 0 0 bread, common frankfurters ribs 212 bread and jam or butter 0 potatoes 0 bread and butter bread and common frank after bread and cheap salami 0 potatoes, smoked pork knee 0 furters 213 bread and meat spread 0 potato soup 0 bread and butter bread and salami, meat smoked pork knee and after 0 0 bread, butter and salami spread potatoes 214 bread, ham 0 steamed bread and sauce 0 bacon, bread after scrambled eggs 0 cutlet and potatoes 0 goulash 215 bread with meat spread 0 rice and sauce 0 tomatoes/peppers roasted meat, sauce, after rolls, soft cheese 0 0 scrambled eggs potatoes 216 eggs orange risotto cheese semolina after omelette banana grilled chicken and rice Horalka wafer bacon, bread bread, vegetables, butter, 217 0 stir-fry and rice 0 bread, salami tea after milk, bread, butter 0 cutlets, potatoes 0 cutlets, bread 218 semolina banana stuffed meat, rice 0 from lunch steamed bread, cabbage, after bread, salami 0 0 scrambled eggs meat tea, drop dumplings 219 tea, fried dough 0 goulash soup 0 126 „čuchané“ bread or rolls, butter, after fruit, biscuits chicken thighs, potato mash yoghurt potatoes, meat salami fried dough with sugar and 220 pasta with cheese 0 soup, cake 0 cocoa bread, butter, salami, fried pork cutlet, potatoes, after yoghurt fruit bread, salami, butter vegetables salad, vegetable soup soup, fried dough – this is 221 soup, fried dough soup, fried dough soup, fried dough soup, fried dough for the whole day rolls, cheese, salami, baked chicken thighs, potato pasta with cheese and with after yoghurt fruit butter, tomato mash, pickled vegetables potatoes, with ketchup

fried dough with oil, sugar pasta with oil and tomato 222 fried dough, tea 0 and cocoa, instant soup with 0 paste pasta

leavened cake with poppy after rolls, butter, tomato, tea yoghurt biscuits sausage, bread, mustard seed and cacao leftovers from lunch, bread 223 „fried dough“, tea 0 pasta with ketchup 0 with Rama margarine bread, butter, salami, meat cooked in its juices, after biscuits banana sausage, bread, mustard, tea tomato, tea potatoes bread with butter and 224 0 French potatoes 0 potato pancakes cheaper salami scrambled eggs with soup, steamed bread with drop dumplings with curd after open sandwich 0 bacon cabbage cheese 225 bread, salami, butter 0 chicken soup, sauce, pasta 0 fried dough with jam bread, ham, fish salad, chicken soup, cutlets with cutlets from lunch with after 0 cake cheese potatoes potatoes cabbage soup, potato 226 bread, butter, salami 0 0 potato pancakes pancakes bread, salad, meat after 0 cutlets, potato salad 0 eggs, bread spread, salami bread, butter, meat 227 0 pasta with curd cheese 0 potato pancakes spread chicken cutlets, rice, after vegetables, bread, ham 0 0 same as for lunch potatoes tomato soup, chicken livers 228 rolls, biscuits, pudding 0 0 drop dumplings with cheese and floured potatoes after rolls, pudding, salami 0 sauerkraut with meat balls 0 risotto drop dumplings and 229 0 0 fried dough and potatoes 0 potatoes salami, bread, butter, same as for chicken soup, chicken with after 0 drop dumplings with bryndza milk breakfast potatoes 230 bread, butter, tea children in school lentil soup, drop dumplings 0 leftovers from lunch yoghurt, rolls, fruit, chicken soup, fried chicken after in school 0 leftovers from lunch biscuits with potatoes To primary school with children – tomato soup, drop dumplings potato pancakes from lunch – drop dumplings 231 bread, margarine, milk bread, butter, with curd cheese with sour cream with curd cheese salami 127 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

bread, scrambled eggs, to school with stuffed peppers and steamed bread, bacon, stuffed peppers from lunch after vegetables – tomato and children – rolls, bread cucumbers with bread peppers ham, butter, tea

potato pancakes, tea; potato pancakes, children juice and soup from a bone, potato 232 adults – coffee and a lard, syrup- potato pancakes bread with jam hash cigarette flavoured water

children to primary bread, margarine and school – bread with chicken soup, drop sausage, bread, after salami; adults coffee and sausage and bread, mustard butter and salami, dumplings from chicken meat tomatoes, peppers cigarettes lemonade

potato soup with liver drop bread, sausage, yoghurt, children to school – bread with butter, 233 dumplings, sausage with pancakes with jam coffee rolls, ham lemonade vegetables tomatoes/peppers

bread, ham, frankfurters, to school – rolls, frankfurters, risotto with pork meat and after roasted chicken livers, rice coffee ham, lemonade bread, mustard vegetables with children to bread with lard, tea, school – bread with soup from a bone, pasta with bread with lard and 234 rice with milk coffee a spread, peppers, egg tomatoes tea

children – bread with ham and syrup chicken soup, chicken thighs, chicken legs and rice from after roll, ham, tea, coffee in water; grandma – frankfurters, bread rice lunch yoghurt; adults – coffee

235 rolls, butter, milk bread with lard, tea vegetable soup barley gruel pancakes after rolls and frankfurters bacon, bread soup from a bone, risotto same as for lunch bread with lard sour potatoes, potato 236 bread with lard, tea 0 0 same as for lunch pancakes after frankfurters, bread, tea 0 goulash, bread 0 same as for lunch children to school – no snack; others at 237 potato pancakes, tea potatoes on peppers 0 potato pancakes home – potato pancakes and tea

bread, butter salami leftovers from lunch plus after sausages, bread, ketchup – and children to soup, cutlets, potatoes sausages, bread potato pancakes school

drop dumplings, potato 238 potato pancakes, tea 0 drop dumplings with cabbage potato pancakes pancakes scrambled eggs with chicken soup, potatoes, after frankfurters, rolls bacon and bread frankfurters with bread bacon, bread chicken meat 239 bread, lard, water 0 lentil soup, bread 0 lentil soup from lunch macaroni with perkelt coffee, frankfurters and after meat spread, bread 0 0 (creamy meat sauce) bread beef broth, Segedínsky bread, butter, goulash (creamy goulash 240 cake, milk 0 bread, frankfurters, mustard peppers with sauerkraut) and steamed bread tomato soup, fried meat, after bread, egg, milk bread, butter, apple 0 potato pancakes, tea 128 potatoes tomato soup, roasted 241 coffee bread, bacon bread with butter eggs potatoes chicken soup, baked chicken after coffee roll, salami fruit leftovers from lunch and pasta

children in school; children – tea with butter; children in school; at home – soup from lunch, butter and 242 at home – bread potato hash parents – black coffee vegetable soup, potato hash bread, tea with butter

children – cocoa cutlets with bread children- cocoa, roll with children – at school; potato cooked bacon; children after bun, juice; at home or with salad from cheese; adults – coffee salad, fried cutlets sweets – omelette lunch children – they have children – tea a bread lunch at school for 1 children in school; vegetable 243 with butter; adults don’t bread with butter bread cooked in egg euro; at home – soup, drop dumplings have breakfast bread with butter children – biscuits children in school; at home – milk, bread with salami – and yoghurt; at soup from lunch after chicken soup and baked roasted sausage children home – bread with and chicken chicken salami from lunch, vegetable soup, noodles with 244 coffee, tea bread with butter noodles with bread cooked in egg cabbage cabbage

goulash soup, perkelt after rolls with ham yoghurt, fruit (creamy meat sauce), drop steamed buns frankfurters with bread dumplings

bodák (Gypsy bread) and tea, coffee, bodák with only children in potatoes on bodák (Gypsy bread) with 245 potatoes on peppers; lard (Gypsy bread) school peppers from lunch meat spread children – in school

roll and bacon; tea, coffee, roll with stuffed peppers, steamed stuffed peppers, after children in school steamed buns, milk salami buns; children in school bread with salami plus biscuits

246 coffee, tea bread with butter bean soup pancakes with jam eggs

vegetable soup, perkelt drop dumplings with curd after coffee, tea roll, ham, yoghurt (creamy meat sauce) with fruit, cake cheese pasta

247 tea, bread, butter 0 potato salad and cutlets 0 cocoa, bread tea, bread, butter, salami, after 0 chicken and rice 0 bread, ham, cheese ham 248 roll, meat spread, tea buns risotto semolina bread with butter after rolls, butter, tea yoghurt cutlets with potatoes fruit bread with spread bread, butter or spread, roll with salami and leftovers from lunch, potato 249 chicken meat with rice 0 salami butter pancakes bread rolls with a spread open sandwich with chicken soup, pork thigh with leftovers from drop dumplings with curd after or with butter, salami salami, fruit cream sauce, pasta lunch cheese or eggs scrambled eggs with freshly picked wild 250 0 mushroom sauce and pasta same as lunch same as lunch mushrooms, bread and tea roasted sausages, boiled after bread, butter, sausages 0 0 frozen steamed buns, tea potatoes 129 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

251 bread, soup 0 –scrambled eggs with onion 0 0

potatoes, roasted sausages bread, butter, milk, Same as for leftovers from lunch without after and blood sausages, 0 bananas, apples breakfast potatoes, but with bread sauerkraut

dry bread, goulash soup with same as for lunch – dry bread 252 0 0 two potatoes and drop 0 and goulash soup dumplings

boiled potatoes, baked after bread, salami, butter 0 0 from lunch cucumber, salad cucumber

bread, water, tea; dry bread, instant goulash rolls meat spread – father wine alone (wine 253 youngest child – mother’s 0 soup with small pasta store bought brand – Milenka) milk

sweets – biscuits multi-bean soup from salami, sausages, bread, biscuits, after and crunchy snacks smoked ribs, drop dumplings pizza; father – wine bacon, lemonade lemonade, cake of different types with cheese

tomato soup, potatoes on leftovers from 254 bread with lard 0 bread cooked in egg, tea green peppers lunch rolls with ham, coffee; for stuffed peppers, steamed after yoghurt, biscuits fruit, biscuits roasted sausage the children cocoa buns wild mushrooms with drop Bodák (Gypsy bread) with a 255 tea, Gypsy bread – bodák 0 0 dumplings spread bread with butter and after yoghurt stuffed cabbage biscuits, apple chicken with potatoes salami fried dough with scrambled 256 soup sweets vegetables, bread from lunch eggs bread, ham, cheese, after 0 goulash with bread 0 goulash from lunch salami yoghurt, bread, bread red cabbage with steamed 257 0 0 potato pancakes rolls, tea bread meat, yoghurt, cheese, after 0 cutlets with salad 0 salad with salami bread rolls 258 bread, butter, tea 0 risotto 0 risotto from lunch bread, butter, cheese, after 0 cutlets with potato salad 0 cutlets from lunch, bread coffee bread rolls, yoghurt, leftovers from lunch – 259 0 risotto 0 coffee, butter risotto bread rolls, coffee tea, after 0 cutlets with potato salad sweets cutlets from lunch butter, cheese, salami rolls, salami, tea, cheese, from lunch – cutlets and 260 0 cutlets and fried dough sweets yoghurt fried dough bread rolls, ham, coffee, after 0 baked chicken, rice, potatoes sweets chicken from lunch tea yoghurt bread, butter, tea, ham, 261 0 pasta with meat 0 bread with ham vegetables bread, cheese, butter, after 0 cutlets with salad 0 bread with ham tea, salami, vegetables 130 262 bread with butter 0 drop dumplings with cabbage 0 from lunch drop dumplings after bread with salami 0 fried meat with potatoes 0 leftovers from lunch, bread

263 roll with salami 0 boiled dumplings 0 boiled dumplings from lunch

bread with butter and steamed bred with cabbage meat with cabbage from after 0 0 salami and meat lunch drop dumplings with 264 bread with butter, tea 0 0 cutlets, potatoes, cucumbers potatoes (potato hash) backed chicken legs with after bread with salami 0 0 goulash a bread potatoes vegetable soup, rissole, 265 bread with butter 0 0 boiled potato dumplings potatoes frankfurters, bread, backed chicken legs with after 0 0 sausage, bread mustard potatoes bread, bread rolls, butter; meat in its own juices, boiled potatoes with 266 0 dry rolls children – yoghurt potatoes mayonnaise gója (potato-filled sausage) after cake, jam donuts 0 soup, chicken cutlets 0 with pork scratchings

bread or bread rolls, 267 margarine, common 0 vegetable soup or bean soup 0 fried dough salami

frankfurters, bread, bread after 0 sautéed meat 0 same as lunch rolls 268 bread with ham 0 meat soup, potatoes 0 0 yoghurt or pudding, after 0 cutlets and potatoes 0 bread, butter, salami bread rolls tomato soup, 269 rolls, tea, butter, salami 0 apple potatoes, mushrooms tomatoes/peppers chicken soup, baked chicken, rolls, salami, meat spread, after poppy-seed strudel, milk bread with salami melon potatoes, vegetable salad lemonade 270 rolls, spread, cocoa apple soup, pasta, meat, cucumber biscuits cake a tea after milk, sweet buns fruit fish, potatoes, tartar sauce yoghurt frankfurters, bread, tea vegetable soup, roasted roasted potatoes from lunch, 271 bread with butter, tea 0 bread with butter potatoes tea fried cheese, potatoes, frankfurters with bread, tea, after rolls, salami, milk fruit biscuits tartar sauce spread

bread with butter 272 0 and water with bean soup, pasta with cheese 0 soup from lunch and bread syrup

yoghurt, rolls, milk, bread chicken soup, fried knackwurst, bread, after with store-bought spread, biscuits, lemonade cauliflower, mayonnaise and fries with mayonnaise mustard hard salami potatoes

dry bread – and they eat 273 0 0 0 0 this all day barley soup, smoked ribs, soup from lunch after sweets, sausages, rolls 0 soup from lunch with bread potatoes with bread bread with butter or with same as for goulash with potatoes and again bread with 274 goulash from lunch lard breakfast frankfurters butter or lard 131 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

bread with butter rolls, bread with butter, from lunch – meat, potatoes after same as breakfast meat, potatoes, vegetables and meat spread, salami, yoghurt, milk and vegetables, fruit salami, fruit

mushroom soup, goulash same as breakfast as for lunch – goulash with 275 bread with butter, tea same as breakfast with sausage – bread with butter sausage as for mid-morning bread with butter and bread with butter snack – bread with leftovers from lunch, plus mushroom soup, fried pork after salami, children yoghurt, and salami, butter and cold foods – bread with meat cutlet, potatoes milk vegetables, fruit vegetables and spread or spread, vegetables fruit

as for mid-morning rolls with butter and bread with butter mushroom soup, drop scrambled eggs with 276 snack – bread with salami, coffee and salami dumplings with curd cheese mushrooms butter and salami

rolls with butter, cheese slices, ham, vegetables bread with butter, fried chicken cutlet, bread with butter after drop dumplings with cheese (tomatoes, cucumbers), vegetables potatoes, vegetables and ham coffee

children in school; 277 bread, roll, butter, tea adults not used to pasta, meat 0 toast, tea eating it

bread, scrambled eggs, children in school; soup, pork meat, potatoes, after 0 boiled potato dumplings, tea tea adults nothing cucumber Kaiser roll, butter, salami, children – in school; soup, chicken thighs, 278 0 potato pancakes, tea tea adults – no potatoes children in school; soup, potatoes, baked scrambled eggs, roasted after bread, meat spread, tea 0 adults nothing chicken thighs, cucumber sausage, bread, tea same as lunch – potato mash 279 bread rolls, butter, jam 0 potato mash with meat 0 with meat after the same 0 0 0 0 same as lunch – potatoes 280 bread, butter 0 potatoes, meat 0 and meat bread, salami, bread with salami, after bread, salami, butter meat with fries cheese with fries butter, cheese fruit children snack in 281 bread rolls with butter fries with cheese 0 bread rolls with butter school after the same 0 0 0 0 boiled food – meat with leftovers from 282 0 gója (potato-filled sausage) 0 pasta breakfast and lunch after no difference 0 0 0 0 milk, tea, bread with meat Child at school; at 283 vegetable soup, risotto, tea 0 potato mash, milk spread home nothing after not difference 0 0 0 0 drop dumplings with 284 bread with butter and tea 0 0 toast with garlic, tea cabbage, vegetable soup roll with cheese and after 0 potatoes, meat 0 bread cooked in egg salami, tea vegetable soup, chicken legs 285 bread with butter, jam 0 0 potatoes, milk 132 with macaroni after no difference 0 0 0 0 tea, coffee, bread with soup with barley, drop leftovers from lunch – soup 286 0 0 butter or lard dumplings or drop dumplings rolls, bread with salami, bean soup, macaroni with after 0 0 spaghetti with grated cheese tea, coffee ketchup roll with butter and chicken soup, spaghetti with 287 0 0 scrambled eggs, bread, tea salami, coffee a tea pork meat after no difference 0 0 0 0 meat spread bread, coffee bean soup, pork meat, bacon with onion and bread, 288 0 0 and tea potatoes, pickled vegetables tea after no difference 0 0 0 0 bread with butter, salami soup, corallini pasta, roasted drop dumplings with bryndza 289 0 0 tea meat and bacon after the same 0 0 0 0 bread with butter and children in school; children – in school; at home drop dumplings with bryndza 290 0 salami at home – nothing – soup, potatoes, chicken and bacon after the same 0 0 0 0

133 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Appendix 2 to Chapter 4: Favourite and most common meals of Roma households

FAVOURITE MEALS MOST COMMON MEALS

Baked chicken with rice Thick soups (bean, lentil) French potatoes Risotto Salad and cutlet Meatless goulash Steamed bread with dill sauce Fish sticks and fries Steamed buns Sour lentil soup Drop dumplings with meat Potatoes with red peppers Potatoes with roasted meat Potato hash Potato salad and pork cutlets Goulash with sausage Goulash (meat, potatoes with snap beans) Stuffed cabbage leaf Potato mash Roasted brisket, potatoes. Pašvare – smoked ribs Drop dumplings with sauerkraut, Drop dumplings with curd cheese he husband likes meat – mainly pork cutlets, The wife likes boiled They most often cook (mainly if there is no money) browned pancakes dumplings with potatoes or jam. Cutlets a salad: this meal, however, is prepared only during benefits or They also cook barley soup often an exceptional situation. “Paľané” drop dumplings

Drop dumplings with cabbage o with potatoes (they last cooked it on Cutlet a potatoes 8.8.2011) Also risotto – Boiled dumplings with potatoes

Drop dumplings Cutlets and salad Boiled dumplings Soup broth (they last cooked it at the start of August) Bean soup Mushroom soup (they cook it more times during August) Drop dumplings with cabbage, potatoes or curd cheese Fried cutlet, salad or potato mash – we always cook this after support Hungarian goulash with steamed bread comes

Sautéed meat with rice Drop dumplings „čuchané“ Leavened cake with apples, Granko chocolate powder or cocoa and Drop dumplings pasta butter: I last cooked this last week

Pancakes of „fried dough“ with cacao and sugar; or only buttered to Fried pork cutlet and potato salad with mayonnaise (I always cook this eat in place of bread with bacon, sausages, meat. after pay day – the eighth of the month) Chicken legs with pasta

Meatballs with sauerkraut Baked chicken and salad (I always cook this after support) Gója (potato-filled sausage) or fried dough Segedínsky goulash with steamed bread (I last cooked this on pay day Gója (potato-filled sausage) – flour-based – 15 August) Gója (potato-filled sausage) – potato-based Segedínsky goulash, steamed bread Rice with sauce Sautéed meat Lentil mash Potato pancakes Cutlets, salad Chicken perkelt (creamy meat sauce) Drop dumplings with bryndza Pasta with some sauce and meat Stuffed cabbage Grilled chicken with roasted potatoes 134 Cutlets with potatoes Buttered drop dumplings – we cook this 2-3-times a month. Soda cake – we make this in place of bread The children love rice and potato gruel The husband loves only drop dumplings Gója (potato-filled sausage) – and my children really like this

Favourite dish is fried cutlet with potato salad: I cooked it on support day. Bean soup and fried dough And stuffed cabbage – I cooked this perhaps a month ago

Hungarian goulash with steamed bread (we made it two weeks ago) Meat balls in tomato sauce Baked thighs with potatoes baked in the oven (I cooked this perhaps Drop dumplings with potatoes a week ago) Risotto with meat (We cooked this two days ago) Drop dumplings with potatoes

Cream sauce with rissole Chicken soup Steamed buns with ground sugar and cocoa, not poppy-seed (the Risotto children don’t like this), or with jam

Sautéed cabbage with roasted meat Chicken soup Lečo – tomatoes/peppers/onion mix Homemade bean soup Stuffed baked brisket Cabbage soup Bread pudding Cabbage-filled pastries Smoked boiled bones plus boiled whole potatoes, cucumber and Tripe soup peperoncinis Perkelt (creamy meat sauce) Goulash soup Cabbage soup Potato salad a cutlet Drop dumplings with bryndza with bacon Fried cheese, tartar sauce and fries Fried meat – chicken a potato mash

Now we have potatoes from the garden, so we mostly make potato Roasted pork, steamed potato bread and red cabbage pancakes, potato babu. They also have a lot of zucchini, from which they make pancakes

They most often make potato pancakes in place of bread, sometimes Stuffed cabbage they make it sweet

Pork ribs, sauerkraut and leavened steamed bread Potato pancakes, hey like them best with lard and with tea

Cutlets and potato salad Drop dumplings with curd cheese, cabbage or eggs Mexican beans Bean soup with pasta or with potatoes Potato salad with fried meat – children would eat this every day (4 and We can rarely afford main meals; most often I cook bean soup with 2 years). Pancakes –mainly with jam. pancakes or bread.

Here in the village and maybe in the neighbouring village we most often make drop dumplings with perkelt (creamy meat sauce): my husband and children like it a lot. Drop dumplings with perkelt (creamy meat sauce) The children still like spaghetti, but on social benefits we can’t afford it

When I have the possibility, I cook perkelt (creamy meat sauce) with he favourite dish in our family is perkelt (creamy meat sauce) with drop dumplings for the whole family sever times, but money doesn’t drop dumplings and bodák (Gypsy bread); allow for this; so most commonly we make „bodák“

Perkelt (creamy meat sauce) with drop dumplings – because this is the The children are very happy when we have fried cheese and fries on the cheapest, we can’t afford other stuff. Please, write down that even table – we can afford this only once a month I know what is delicious, but without money

Sirloin with cream and steamed bread Beans with pasta, we call it „babro“ drop dumplings Drop dumplings with bryndza Instant goulash soup, we eat it with bread. 135 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Goulash (at the beginning of the month) Pasta with cheese Chicken: we last cooked it at the end of August (a month ago) Meat with sauce chicken baked in the oven with jacket potatoes: we last had it at the Drop dumplings with cheese start of the month Drop dumplings and perkelt (creamy meat sauce) Knackwurst with potatoes Drop dumplings with meat and lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix) Drop dumplings or pasta in different ways Potato pancakes with chicken Pasta flakes with French beans or beans Pasta with tomato sauce Fried cutlets (pork or chicken) with potato mash Fried chicken with bread Fried meat or cheese, fries, tartar sauce Imitation fish with fries Pancakes Chicken on cream with macaroni Sautéed chicken livers with rice Drop dumplings with meat a with sauerkraut Chicken backs in perkelt (creamy meat sauce) and pasta Roasted chicken meat with rice Stuffed pork intestines with bread or with pickled vegetables Baked ribs with boiled potatoes, we add preserved fruit as a side Baked chicken wings with potatoes with pickled cucumbers Cutlets from chicken meat (most often chicken thighs), potato salad or Different pastas with sauce or only with ketchup (so-called „dry“) potato mash Thick goulash ( without meat and with drop dumplings) Fried cutlets with boiled potatoes and mixed salad: I cooked it after Chicken in different ways – mostly with peppers and drop dumplings benefits on Sunday Goulash with steamed bread Potato pancakes with pork scratchings Chicken cutlets, potato salad Risotto

Hungarian goulash with beef and steamed bread (last time in August after benefits) Risotto Chicken cutlets with potato salad

Homemade pizza: last time was perhaps a month ago Wide pasta with curd cheese or cheese Stuffed cabbage leaf Chicken cutlets and potato salad Cutlets with breadcrumbs Marikle – pancakes Boiled sausages: they last cooked it a week ago Hadrimky – pancakes Kyšky (potato-filled sausages): they last made it a month ago Drop dumplings with cheese Boiled filled dumplings – the family prefers them with jam or with Risotto: they last cooked it three days ago. potato filling

Segedínsky goulash with steamed bread (last time before 1 August) Potatoes with sour milk

Ducat buns (sweet buns with pudding) (they last cooked it at the end Meat soup – broth from pork bones of July)

Baked thighs with potatoes (they last had it at the end of July) Boiled potatoes, we serve them with sour milk

Pork cutlets with boiled potatoes (after support) Marikle (pancakes) Baked chicken Roasted meat on cabbage Cutlets and potatoes (we make this 2-3 times a month) Pasta with curd cheese or cabbage Chicken cutlets a potatoes Flour-based pancakes and cabbage Drop dumplings in different ways – with tomatoes/peppers, sausage, Cutlet and potato salad 136 cabbage, curd cheese Potato pancakes – marikle Stuffed cabbage Potatoes in different ways (soup with drop dumplings, sweet peppers with lard)

They most often cook beans in different ways, because they cultivate Steamed potato bread with red cabbage made as sweet and sour and them themselves and have enough of them. They often make roasted pork meat (they cook this once a month). Potato salad and pancakes, either potato or flour-based. The sons like drop dumplings cutlets (they last made this at Easter). with tomatoes/peppers and sausage, so they cook this rather often. Every Saturday they bake a leavened cake – usually rolls with jam.

He cultivates vegetables, so he often cooks something from potatoes; he has his own meat (he raises pigs). Vegetable soup is cooked most often, potatoes cooked in the over and served with ketchup. Meat Gója – this is his favourite, his mother makes it for him, who lives in broth (when he has time), meat from the soup is cooked in the oven the same village. and rice prepared with it. He often goes for odd jobs, so now in summer he dines pretty often with people he works for (he is a mason). He has lunch at his mom’s place; he helps her financially.

Spaghetti is cooked most often, because the children like it best with ketchup and sprinkled with grated cheese Potato pancakes – Potato pancakes cooked on a skillet, buttered or filled with ground bandurečníky (in our way), we last made them before social benefits. meat Potato pancakes cooked on a skillet, buttered or stuffed ground Potatoes are cheap but filling. Since it is summer, lečo (a meat tomatoes/peppers/onions mix) or mushrooms with eggs is cooked most often.

Góje– the majority of Roma call it this, nowadays Roma cuisine is also being modernised, so the most specifically these are stuffed intestines Potato pancakes (we last made it two months ago).

Potatoes and roasted meat (they had it last week) Baked pasta Stroganoff – I make it often because everyone enjoys it (last time Stroganoff three days ago) Potato mash and roasted meat Steamed bread, cabbage, meat Liver-balls with sauerkraut or steamed bread, also with bread, Stuffed chicken and potato salad cucumber and mustard.

Instant soup – most often goulash and French potatoes and meat Drop dumplings with cheese (baked, fried, stuffed), or rice or more types of drop dumplings (with cabbage, with cheese, only with onion and peppers)

Stuffed cabbage leaf, sides are boiled potatoes, sometimes tomato Boiled potatoes or pasta, sauce with this sauce Gója (potato-filled sausage) Macaroni with sausage Fried bread with mushrooms Drop dumplings with cabbage or with curd cheese Gója (potato-filled sausage) (see the questionnaire „Dining in V. Goulash with frankfurters and mushrooms Šariš“ for the recipe) Fried cutlet, potato salad Most common dishes are drop dumplings with meat The most favourite meal in our family is chicken with macaroni Most common dishes are pasta with meat or poultry Töltot káposzta – this is a Hungarian dish, I don’t even know what it is Drop dumplings with tomatoes/peppers with meat or sausage called in Slovak (stuffed cabbage leaf) We like meat in different ways Cutlets Bokeľa (pancakes), everyone in the family likes this Bokeľa (pancakes)

We don’t have any special favourites, but the children like baked chicken the most. Bokeľa (pancakes) – we make it most often instead of bread Meat and bokeľa (pancakes) 137 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Gója (potato-filled sausage) – we like the most but it is expensive: Bokeľa – baked Roma bread they last cooked it a year ago. Pasta or potatoes Drop dumplings with tomatoes/peppers Drop dumplings Drop dumplings with curd cheese Boiled frankfurters, ketchup a roll Boiled frankfurters – the children very much want them Baked chicken with stuffing, with this – rice a cucumbers Meat in its own juice with tomato paste, potato mash. Tomato sauce, steamed bread and different meats Drop dumplings made in different ways (cabbage, tomatoes/peppers, Savoury scones with knackwurst lentils, chicken meat) Fried cheese, fries, tartar sauce (always once a week) Rice with meat – according to what we have at home Cutlets a potato mash Baked chicken with rice Risotto: we last cooked it the day before last. - Drop dumplings – with meat, cheese, bryndza Potato steamed bread, cabbage a roasted pork neck Fried cheese and potatoes, rice in different ways We have to cook what we have; we have to manage in each situation No comment Drop dumplings with meat Roux-based soup Sirloin sauce with steamed bread Sour soup Steamed buns or pancakes – the children love it Fried cheese and chips Sour bean or lentils Chicken with rice Steamed filled buns Smoked ribs a potatoes Bean soup in different ways Bean soup Pasta with sauce Bean soup with pasta flakes Potato soup Pancakes Jam donuts Fried meat with sauerkraut and leavened potato pancakes (fried Potatoes as potato hash dough) Bean soup with sauerkraut Potato pancakes and fried pork ribs Potatoes with onion and sauerkraut Bean soup with pasta flakes Pasta with sauce Pasta Roasted brisket and potatoes String beans or potato soup Sirloin sauce with steamed bread Sauce with steamed bread Stuffed chicken with roasted potatoes Stir-fry with chips or rice Grilled chicken with rice: they cooked it not long ago Drop dumplings Cutlets and potatoes Potato pancakes Drop dumplings Chicken a potatoes Bean soup Potato salad a fried chicken thighs. Goulash soup (instant) Múčnik – cake dough Bean soup: we like it a lot, we make it two-times a week Pasta and meat with juice Flour-based foods – buns, pancakes, jam donuts Stuffed cabbage leaf: I cooked it last month after benefits Honey-cream cake Leavened cake with poppy seed – we all like this: I baked it after Ribs – we call this „pašvare“; we eat it with bread, potatoes or fried benefits dough. Steamed buns: I last made them last week. Boiled ribs „pašvare“ Jam donuts Drop dumplings with curd cheese Pasta with tomato sauce 138 Cutlets with potatoes Fried dough with meat, and sweet with jam Egg salad Chicken soup Potato salad Pasta with curd cheese Stuffed pepper Bean soup Drop dumplings with chicken meat The most common dish I cook is pasta with cheese Fried chicken with potatoes: I last cooked it after benefits this month. Potato pancakes They have their own milk and meat (they raise pigs, cows and goats). They often cook drop dumplings with curd cheese or make pancakes. The husband most likes drop dumplings with curd cheese and meat They have their own meat, so they cook it pretty often. At least once from soup with this. The children most like spaghetti with mortadella a week they make fried bread. salami and ketchup. Gója (potato-filled sausage) (intestines stuffed with potatoes) Marikle – potato pancakes Potato balls with smoked meat and sauerkraut: they cooked this Pancakes: they cook it at least once a week. perhaps two weeks ago.

Spaghetti – the children like this the most: they cook it at least once a Chicken legs with peaches and potato mash week.

The family raises pigs and also have a goat, so they have their own meat and milk. The son most prefers pancakes with curd cheese; the They most often cook potato-based dishes. Semolina or pancakes. mother likes everything, she’s not picky.

Now in summer there are a lot of vegetables, which we cultivate. We Gója (potato-filled sausage) – they cook this regularly, at least once had enough zucchini – we make pancakes from them. Lečo a month, last time a week ago (tomatoes/peppers/onion mix)

Potato salad and cutlets Potato pancakes: they make them every day. Segedínsky goulash a steamed bread Potato pancakes with tea. We most like fried meat, but we can only afford it once a month. Soups (bean, lentil, tomato) with bread or pancakes.

Fried meat with potato salad: we make fried meat approximately every We don’t make anything in particular, most frequently bean soup with Sunday, but the salad only for some kind of celebration. We can list meat and fried bread steamed buns as our second-favourite dish.

Segedínsky goulash with steamed bread Potato hash Potato salad and fried cutlet Boiled dumplings with curd cheese (we cook this most often) Roasted potatoes – we make this most often before benefits without Perkelt (creamy meat sauce) with potatoes cream, only with milk. Gója (potato-filled sausage) Pasta with egg Drop dumplings with tomatoes/peppers and sausage (we last cooked it Budák – Gypsy bread (we bake this often when there is no money) last week)

The children most like pancakes with jam and cocoa powder Bean soup – sour: we always have this available and it is cheap food; it For adults this is mainly meat with lečo (tomatoes/peppers/onions) tastes best with Gypsy bread – bodák. and drop dumplings Babro drop dumplings (when beans are left over)

Cutlets Jam donuts (once a week) Cutlets from pork ( last time on Sunday) Drop dumplings with cheese Drop dumplings with curd cheese Pork meat with creamy and pasta Stuffed cabbage leaf Sauces (in summer mushroom most often) with potatoes or with pasta Boiled potatoes with red pepper and onion sautéed in oil Drop dumplings with cheese and meat Soups – green bean or multi-bean from pork ribs

Cutlets from chicken meat, potato salad (last time we had it was the Boiled pasta with sauce and without meat, or only with ketchup with Easter holiday) oil, or only with oil, or instant soup 139 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Pasta “dry” (with oil and done, also with tomato paste or with Drop dumplings with cheese. Chicken cutlets most often from thighs) potatoes, instant soup, sauce for pasta – according to the and potato salad; possibilities). Fried dough – dry with oil and sugar, tea with this; often this is an all-day food Gypsy góje (potato-filled sausage) Pasta with beans Roma meatballs with sauerkraut Bodák – Gypsy bread Baked pasta with meat (the last time this month) Cutlets with potato salad Cutlets with potato salad Cabbage leaf stuffed with meat and rice Vegetable risotto Hungarian goulash with steamed bread Gója (potato-filled sausage) Chicken meat with potatoes Stuffed cabbage leaf Marikle – fried dough Cutlets with potato salad (last time a month ago) Risotto Cutlets, boiled potatoes on the side Noodles with cabbage Ducat buns (sweet bread with pudding (they made it two days ago) Baked thighs with potatoes or with bread

Cabbage soup Baked thighs with potatoes

Boiled dumplings filled with jam or potatoes Drop dumplings with potatoes – potato hash

Diced meat with rice and chips Potatoes with mayonnaise

Pork or chicken cutlets with chips Nalečniky – potato pancakes with pork scratchings

Potatoes and cabbage Pork or chicken cutlets Goulash, and góje Pasta with cabbage

In this period vegetables are cheaper, so perhaps, like a lot of families, Roasted pork ribs with boiled potatoes and cucumbers or with red lečo (a tomato/peppers/onion mix) is consumed, fried cauliflower or cabbage – they last prepared these after social benefits. patty pan squash.

Stuffed baked chicken, potatoes a vegetable salad (favourite meal of French potatoes the family)

Usually thick soups: bean, vegetable, lentil. Meals are traditional as in other families. Fried cheese, chips and tartar sauce The children, however, ate chips and fried cheese every day. They prepare the menu according to what the kids eat and the financial situation.

Snap-beans soup, for example beans Gója (potato-filled sausage) with bread, cucumber and mustard Pasta with sauce Pasta with juice or with tomato paste Classic pork or chicken cutlets, potato salad Boiled potatoes Gója (potato-filled sausage) Lentil mash with frankfurters and bread Pašvare – smoked rib with a sauerkraut side dish, boiled potatoes Drop dumplings with fresh cabbage Fried cutlet with potatoes: prepared in the classic way. Stuffed pepper and tomato sauce Pork meat goulash with bread Drop dumplings – in different ways Potato-based steamed bread, cabbage, pork brisket Risotto Gója (potato-filled sausage) We try to change this, but we often cook potatoes. Gója (potato-filled sausage) Gója (potato-filled sausage) 140 We don’t have a favourite dish. Meat with potatoes – we cook this most often Steamed bread with meat We are trying to change After delivery of food aid they cooked mainly pasta (macaroni, fusilli) Bean soup (a week ago). Drop dumplings with cabbage and bacon. with pieces of meat. Bean soup Drop dumplings in different ways Steamed bread, pork meat, cabbage Pasta with sauce and pieces of meat (macaroni, fusilli) Goulash soup with pork meat and potatoes, bread Pasta with pork or chicken meat – according to the date Hungarian goulash a steamed bread Chicken with spicy pepper sauce with potatoes, cucumber Pork meat and sauce Stuffed cabbage Beans with– pasta flakes Potatoes and cutlet, cucumbers Boiled dumplings with cheese Baked pasta Mash – beans, lentils, etc. Steamed bread, pork meat, cabbage

Note: Recipes for individual dishes are given in Appendix 3.

141 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Appendix 3 to Chapter 4: Recipes from Roma households (recipes are arranged in alphabetical order while preserving the name given by the respondents):

RECIPES FROM ROMA HOUSEHOLDS

B

“Babro” – drop dumplings (beans with pasta): – beans cooked until soft, add the boiled noodle flakes and add sautéed onion. /Rimavská Sobota district

“Babro” drop dumplings: – when the beans are leftover, we boil pasta flakes to add to them and put sautéed onion on top. /Rimavská Sobota district

Bandurečníky (potato pancakes): – we boil the potatoes and properly drain them; we make them into a smooth mixture with lumps. We add flour until the dough is not too sticky. We then cut out pieces of the dough, roll them out and cook them on the skillet on one side and then the other. We then put lard on them. Potatoes are cheap but filling. /Prešov district

Bodák – Gypsy bread: – prepared from finely milled flower, water and salt, we cook them on the stove top. /Rimavská Sobota district

Bodák – Gypsy bread: – prepared from finely milled flower, salt, baking powder and lukewarm water. Cooked on the stove top or in a skillet. /Rimavská Sobota district

Bokeľa: – pancakes from flour, water and baking soda. /Rimavská Sobota district

Bokeľa – baked Roma bread: – made from dough and only finely milled flour, baking soda and water are needed. /Rimavská Sobota district

Pork ribs, sauerkraut and leavened steamed bread: – steamed bread classically prepared; sautéed cabbage, sugar is added at the end. The pork ribs are seasoned and put into water and cooked in the oven. /Trebišov district

Bryndzové halušky (drop dumplings with bryndza): – we mix grated potatoes into a mass with flour and we make drop dumplings. We add the bryndza to this (with cream), and pour on fat with pork scratchings from bacon. /Košice environs district

Steamed buns: – I make them with leavened dough; I don’t fill the buns; I cook them plain and put jam on the plate, I sprinkle on either Granko (powdered chocolate) or classic cocoa powder. /Spišská Nová Ves district

C

Pasta with sauce: – pasta is cooked in the classic way. The sauce consists of meat, soy cubes, poultry bones or giblets, sausages or salami. The base of the sauce is oil, onion, meat, dried vegetable seasoning, salt; after frying water is added – according to how much pasta there is and household members. If it has flour, it thickens. /Spišská Nová Ves district

Pasta with tomato sauce or paste: – we mix the boiled pasta with the tomato paste. /Gelnica district

Pasta „dry“: – pasta only with ketchup. /Gelnica district

Pasta „dry“: – drizzle oil on the boiled pasta – and it’s ready. Also, with tomato paste or with potatoes, instant soup, sauce for pasta – according to possibilities. /Gelnica district

Pasta with beans: – the beans need to be cooked in salted water; we season with garlic and strain them. We boil the pasta flakes in the same water. We put the cooked beans and pasta on the sautéed onions; we mix it and season with paprika and dried vegetable seasoning. /Rimavská Sobota district

Pasta with meat: 142 – we make it with pork or chicken meat, according to the date. /Rožňava district Pasta with sauce: – the sauce is with pieces of meat – sautéed meat on the onions and thickened; boiled macaroni or fusilli can be added to this. /Rožňava district

Pasta with cheese: – we boil the pasta, the kind we have; we mix it with cheese and add butter. /Levoča district

Pasta with cheese: – macaroni, oil, cheese, acidophilus milk. I boil two pork knees, in a little water the cheese and I mix it. I add it to the macaroni and together with the acidophilus milk and pour in hot oil. /Košice environs district

Pasta with curd cheese: – boiled pasta – we mix with curd cheese and add salt. /Košice environs district

Pasta with egg: – we boil the pasta, drizzle on oil or sautéed bacon and onion. We cook the eggs and put them on top of the pasta. /Rimavská Sobota district

Gypsy góje: – this is pork intestines stuffed with potatoes. The intestine needs to be cleaned very well and then filled with potatoes and cut into small pieces, which we seasons with salt, black pepper, dried vegetables; we add marjoram, a little spicy paprika and a handful of rice. The intestine needs to be boiled for about 30 minutes in water, and then baked until crunchy in a pot. /Rimavská Sobota district

Zucchini pancakes: – grated the zucchini, add seasoning and egg, when there is meat, then a little ground meat, flour and bread crumbs. The pancakes are cooked in hot oil. /Trebišov district

D

Homemade bean soup: – we boil the previously soaked beans, and when the beans are semi-soft; we throw in the sausage and cook it further. While it cooks we add potatoes, bay leaf, garlic and we add a flour roux (2 tablespoons of flour, milk, 2 tablespoons of vinegar). When it boils, we finally add cooking cream. /Banská Štiavnica district

Homemade pizza: – we prepare the dough from flour, yeast, oil and salt. Let it rise and then put it into a pan; we put salami, bacon, eggs, cheese on the top and bake it. /Košice environs district

Tripe with paprika and potatoes: – we cook the tripe in onions, we add lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix), seasonings, and in the end cubes of potatoes. /Rimavská Sobota district

Ducat buns (sweet buns with pudding): – flour, barm, milk, vanilla pudding. We make small buns from the dough and we bake them on a cookie sheet. We make the vanilla pudding per the instructions, and pour it over the buns which are put on a plate. /Bardejov district

Ducat buns (sweet buns with pudding): – flour, barm, sugar, milk, vanilla pudding. We make small buns from the dough and we bake them on a greased cookie sheet. We make the vanilla pudding per the instructions, and pour it over the buns which are put on a plate /Bardejov district

Sautéed cabbage with roasted meat: – fresh head of cabbage, onion, black pepper, salt, oil, dried vegetable seasoning, red peppers. Leave the cabbage to sauté and slice the steamed bread. I slice onion into a pan, add oil, seasonings, salt, and cook it until golden brown, and then I add cut cabbage and leave it for 30 minutes. Slice the pork loin, cook it in the pan and add the cabbage. /Trnava district

Sautéed meat: – we sauté the meat with vegetables, lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix), bouillon, carrot, cream, seasoning. /Sabinov district

Sautéed meat with rice: – we sauté the meat on an onion base with vegetables. We add cooked rice to this, pickled vegetables or red beet root. /Spišská Nová Ves district

F

Imitation fish: – we wrap a mixture of chicken into a pancake, wrap this in an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter and fry in oil; serve with chips. /Veľký Krtíš district Bean soup: – the pre-soaked beans are cooked for perhaps 1.5 hours, seasonings and diced potatoes are added. /Prešov district

Bean soup: – soup with pasta or potatoes thickened to sweet and sour; potato pancakes cooked in oil are also served with the beans. /Trebišov district 143 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Bean soup: – cook the beans and when they are soft, we add potatoes, and we can also add bay leaf. When the potatoes are soft, we mix an instant cheese sauce in water; we add it to the soup and thicken with a roux (flour water). /Spišská Nová Ves district Bean soup: – in the evening soak the beans in pure water, in the morning drain them and put them into a pot together with the potatoes. When everything has softened, add the roux (oil and flour), cook it and it’s ready. If possible, add warmed up sausage or frankfurters or salami. Cut them into the soup and also eat them with bread. At one time my son also put sugar in his soup and the mother vinegar. /Spišská Nová Ves district Bean soup: – beans, flour, eggs, salt, tomato paste, vegetables, dried vegetable seasoning. We place the pre-soaked beans into a pot, and then add the cleaned vegetables, a bit of the dried vegetable seasoning and salt. We leave the beans to cook for 2 hours, when they are soft and then from flour and egg we make the dough and roll it into a circle; we cut it into small “flakes” and we add to the beans. We sauté the onions in a little oil, and add red paprika and the tomato paste and we add this to the cooked beans. /Košice environs district Bean soup and “marikle” (fried dough): – 0.5 kg beans, 1 carrot, 1 parsley, 1 onion, oil, 2 eggs, tomato paste. In place of dough we can add potatoes. /Košice environs district Sour bean soup: – boiled beans thickened to white, vinegar. We always have this on hand and it is cheap food, they taste best with Gypsy bread – bodák. /Rimavská Sobota district Beans with pasta flakes: – we mix the cooked beans with the cooked pasta flakes; we mix in onion sautéed in fat. /Rožňava district French potatoes: – we cook the potatoes in their skins; we then clean them and cut them into circles, which we place into a greased pan, alternating with vegetables and sausages and boiled eggs. Perhaps after 20 minutes cooking we pour in the cream, to which we added a whipped egg and grated cheese with seasonings. /Prešov district G Gója (potato-filled sausage): – for the recipe, see the questionnaire „Dining in Veľký Šariš“. /Prešov district Gója (potato-filled sausage): – intestines stuffed with potatoes. /Revúca district Gója (potato-filled sausage): – pork intestines stuffed with grated potatoes. /Revúca district. /Revúca district Gója (potato-filled sausage): – we need for this pork intestines, potatoes, rice, onion, salt, black pepper, flour. Make a mixture, fill the cleaned trip, boil and then bake. /Rimavská Sobota district Gója (potato-filled sausage): – we add to the clean pork trip the filling – semi-course flour and salt and then we carefully roll the wet intestines in flour, so that the flour sticks to the walls of the intestines. There can’t be too much flour, because it lumps up and the intestines will break. Tie both ends up and boil it in water (1 hour). We then put it into a roasting skillet, add oil and cook until crunchy. My children like this very much, too. /Veľký Krtíš district Gója (potato-filled sausage): – buy the intestines already cleaned; wash them again and fill with grated potatoes which are seasoned. After boiling, bake them. /Trebišov district Gója (potato-filled sausage): – pork intestines stuffed with potatoes, which are grated, seasoning and garlic added. These are boiled, and afterward baked in the oven. /Trebišov district Gója (potato-filled sausage): – fill the pork intestines with grated potatoes, to which were added salt, garlic and ground black pepper. They can be cooked in salted water and after boiling back them or eat them as they are, boiled with tea. /Trebišov district Gója (potato-filled sausage): – clean the intestines so that on a spoon or hand turn it inside out and the inner and outer sides are beneath flowing water; some use salt to clean it, too. The stuffing is a mass as with preparing potato pancakes. The intestines are filled to full thickness halfway along (close one end beforehand using a toothpick so that the filling doesn’t leak out). Then close the other end and mash it, so that it is equally filled along both ends. Thus filled it is simmered in v salted water 1.5 to 2 hours. Then bake it. Serve it with bread, cucumber and mustard. /Spišská Nová Ves district Gója (potato-filled sausage): – clean the intestines well and cut into about 30 cm pieces. Prepare the potato mix (as for potato pancakes); season the mix with garlic, black pepper, salt. Fill the intestines with the mixture and boil in water for 1 to 2 hours. Bake the boiled sausage in the oven or on a hot pan. As a side 144 dish add bread. /Prešov district Gója flour-based: – we wash and clean the intestines well. We mix coarsely milled flour with pressed garlic, salt and black pepper; we fill the intestines with this mixture and put it in boiling water for 1 hour. We serve it with potatoes and pickled vegetables. /Spišská Nová Ves district Gója potato-based: – we grate potatoes, add pressed garlic, salt, pepper, a little finely milled flour, dried vegetable seasoning and we make a thin dough. We fill the washed out trip, tie it up with string and put it in boiling water for 1 hour. Then we can serve it directly or put it in the oven and bake it for about half an hour. /Spišská Nová Ves district Góje: – nowadays Roma cuisine is also being modernised, so the most specifically these are stuffed pork intestines (. Clean the intestines and soak it for half an hour in salt. We prepare the filling, which is made of dough from potato pancakes. We fill the intestines with it and boil it for perhaps half an hour to an hour on a moderate flame; be careful that the sausage doesn’t pop open or crack. Then we cook them first on one side, and then the other. We serve it with bread and cucumbers. /Prešov district Góje: – made from pork intestines. The intestine is properly cleaned and filled with potatoes, rice, sliced onion, garlic and we spice it a lot. It’s then boiled for 20 minutes. We cook the intestines in an oven to crunchy. /Rimavská Sobota district Potato hash: – cut the potatoes into tiny cubes, cook in onions, put the peppers in water and cook until soft. Pasta, the best are large squares (flakes), boiled in water. Then mix everything together and season with dried vegetable seasoning, salt and pepper. /Rimavská Sobota district Grilled chicken with baked potatoes: – we season the chicken, and put into a greased baking pan together with potatoes and bake in the oven. /Košice environs district Goulash: – sauté the onion in oil, we add pork meat cut into cubes, salt, spices, water and we cook it. Later we add potatoes and lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix). /Levoča district Goulash: – fry 4-5 onions in hot oil, cut pork meat into cubes. When the onion is ready, add the meat, which is sautéed. Then add peppers, salt and black pepper. When the meat is rather soft, add water and more seasoning, then carrots, parsley, kohlarabi and celery root. Let everything cook and then add potatoes, lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix) and finally marjoram. Serve with bread. /Rožňava district Goulash soup: – 2 kg beef, 1 kg potatoes, 2 spoons of lard, 2 onions, spices, salt. /Poltár district Goulash soup: – put potatoes to boil in a large amount of water; we add onion cut into small pieces and when the potatoes are semi-soft, we add instant goulash soup, which was mixed beforehand, and oil. Let it cook and then we add do pasta to cook in the soup. /Spišská Nová Ves district Goulash soup: – we make it with pork meat and potatoes, with bread as a side dish. /Rožňava district Goulash soup – instant: – add instant soup into boiling water and cook it; we eat it with bread. /Spišská Nová Ves district Goulash with steamed bread: – sauté and season the meat; we buy the steamed bread in a shop. /Sabinov district Goulash with frankfurters and mushrooms: – sauté onion to golden brown, we add cleaned mushrooms and pour in 2 dcl of water; we add salt, bay leaf and dried vegetable seasoning. To the cooking mushrooms we add cubes of potatoes and pour in water. When the potatoes are cooked, we add macaroni and sliced frankfurters, and leave it to cook a little; we season it with spices. /Prešov district Meatballs with sauerkraut: – sauté the sauerkraut in oil with onion; we then add salt and ground spices. We grate the potatoes coarsely – as with drop dumplings. We add finely milled flour, ground spices, garlic, salt. We make a thick dough, and roll it into balls and we press sliced sausage rounds into it and boil it in hot water for 15-20 minutes. Remove them, and we can butter them a little so they don’t stick together. We serve them with cabbage, and we can add when cooking part of the sausages cut into squares and ground paprika to the cabbage. /Spišská Nová Ves district H “Hadrimky”: – boiled potatoes, flour, egg. To the boiled and mashed potatoes add an egg and flour, while the dough is still soft. Work the dough on a board into the form of a cylinder and gradually cut 1.5 cm pieces, which we roll into circles. We bake them in the oven and then add butter or oil. /Bardejov district 145 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Drop dumplings: – flour, milk, eggs, potatoes, salt. /Levoča district Drop dumplings: – flour, water, salt, egg. /Veľký Krtíš district Drop dumplings: – flour, water, egg. Serve with cabbage, potatoes or curd cheese. /Prešov district Drop dumplings: – course flour plus grated potatoes, mixed with water and egg. Drop dumplings are made with lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix), sausage, cabbage, curd cheese. /Trebišov district Drop dumplings: – we prepare them with lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix), and when we have the money, also with meat (perkelt – creamy meat sauce). Drop dumplings are either flicked off or rolled, flour, raw potatoes, salt – and boiled in water. We flick them off of a spoon. /Veľký Krtíš district Drop dumplings: – we need 4-5 potatoes, which we finely grate; we add salt, semi-course flower and water. Mix everything well together. We get a dough which is afterwards flicked from a spoon with a knife in small pieces into boiling water. The boiled drop dumplings are drained and optional ingredients are added. /Rožňava district Drop dumplings with bryndza with bacon bits: – grate half a kg of potatoes, a fistful of semi-course flour and finely milled flour, 250 g of bryndza, 20 dkg of bacon, 1 cup of cooking cream. /Rimavská Sobota district Drop dumplings “pasta”: – boil the potatoes whole or cut in half. When they are soft, we add pasta to them to boil. When the pasta is boiled, we drain, and mash potatoes. We add bryndza and fried bacon bits, then mix it well. /Spišská Nová Ves district Drop dumplings “čuchané”: – the potatoes are grated and a dough is made as for normal drop dumplings – in the style of the “whites” /Spišská Nová Ves district Drop dumplings “paľané”: – only flour and potatoes are needed to make it, lard for greasing. Add what is available in the household to the dumplings: diced bacon, curd cheese, bread crumbs, etc. /Levoča district Drop dumplings with bryndza: – we grate the potatoes and mix with flour and flick off the drop dumplings into boiling water. We drain them and rinse with cold water, then mix with sheep’s cheese and butter. /Spišská Nová Ves district Drop dumplings with fresh cabbage: – prepare in the classic way. /Prešov district Drop dumplings with cabbage or with potatoes: – the potatoes are boiled, others are grated and mixed with flour (coarsely milled), add salt and make a mixture which is flicked into the water with a knife. Drain the water and mix with boiled potatoes and sautéed bacon bits and onion. Salt as needed. /Bardejov district Drop dumplings with cabbage or with curd cheese: – everyone knows the recipe for this dish. /Košice environs district Drop dumplings with cabbage and bacon: – to the boiled drop dumplings we add sautéed cabbage and we top it off with sautéed bacon. /Rožňava district Drop dumplings with lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix) and sausage: – we make the drop dumplings from potatoes, flour and salt. We roast meat with sausage and lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix) and put this over the drop dumplings. /Rimavská Sobota district Drop dumplings with meat: – make the drop dumplings; make the meat in perkelt (creamy meat sauce); we mix it and serve it with sauerkraut. /Veľký Krtíš district Drop dumplings with meat: – dough – we mix flour, egg, salt, water together and we boil it as drop dumplings in water. We slice the meat and fry it in onion, and then we add a little water and cook until the meat is tender. /Lučenec district Drop dumplings with meat: – I cut the meat into strips and fry them with onion. We clean the potatoes and grate them; we add flour and make a dough. We fry the meat and season it with dry vegetable seasoning, vegetables, tomatoes, paprika; we add red peppers and remove it. We flick the dough into boiling water, 146 and when the drop dumplings float up, we take them out and mix them. /Zvolen district Drop dumplings with meat and lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix): – I boil flour-based drop dumplings; I prepare the meat as with perkelt (creamy meat sauce), then we mix with the lečo. /Veľký Krtíš district Drop dumplings with curd cheese: – semi-course flour, water, egg, salt, curd cheese, butter. We mix the flour with water and eggs and we make a dough. We push the dough through a course sieve into salted boiling water, thus creating drop dumplings. We boil and drain them. We melt margarine and mix it with the dumplings and curd cheese. /Bardejov district Drop dumplings with cheese: – we grate the potatoes and we add flour and flick the dough into boiling water. We drain it and mix with cheese and salt. /Levoča district Drop dumplings with cheese: – I grate the potatoes, and add salt and flour, and if I have them an egg. I push the dough through a sieve into the boiling water and after boiling, drain them and rinse with cold water; I then mix them with cheese and with butter. /Trebišov district Drop dumplings with cheese and with meat: – classic; the meat is pork or chicken wings. /Gelnica district Drop dumplings with potatoes: – 1 kg of flour, potatoes, oil, salt, onion. we make a dough from the flour with warm water, so that it’s thin enough to make boiled drop dumplings. We slice the potatoes and boil them and, when the drop dumplings and potatoes are cooked, we mix it all together and pour over the oil in which we sautéed the onion. /Košice environs district Drop dumplings with potatoes: – flour, salt, potatoes, oil, onion. From the flour and with water we make a smooth dough and push it through a sieve into boiling water. The potatoes are cut into cubes and we boil them in salted water, then drain them and mash them. The mashed potatoes we add to the boiled dumplings and we pour the hot oil from sautéing the onions over the top. /Košice II district Drop dumplings with potatoes – potato hash: – pasta, potatoes, oil, onion. We boil the pasta in salted water and drain it. We peel the potatoes, cut them into small cubes and cook them in salted water. We drain the boiled potatoes and mix them with the pasta. We glaze onions in oil and we add red peppers. The onion and peppers we mix with the potatoes and pasta. /Bardejov district Drop dumplings with curd cheese: – we grate the potatoes and make a dough with flour, a little milk and from a spatula flick the dough into hot water. We boil a few of the potatoes (3 to 4) and cut them into cubes. We mix the boiled drop dumplings with the potatoes and hot butter and we add curd cheese. /Košice environs district Drop dumplings with curd cheese: – we clean the potatoes, grate them and we add flour and egg; we salt them and mix. We slowly flick the dough into boiling water from a spatula using a spoon. After boiling them we drain them and rinse them and sprinkle on curd cheese and pour sautéed onion over the top. /Sabinov district Holúbky (stuffed cabbage leaf): – we boil the rice, ground the meat and mix with rice, we fill the cabbage leaf and we boil it. /Sabinov district Mushroom soup: – barley is boiled separately, onions and vegetables are cleaned and sliced; smoked meat is added and dried mushrooms. The barley is added to the cooking soup and then it is ready to eat. /Prešov district Mushrooms with egg: – clean the mushrooms, slice them, wash them and cook them. Once they are soft, we add eggs. /Prešov district “Humer” and perkelt (creamy meat sauce): – meat in its juices (peppers and onion); and to this humer – drop dumplings (flour semi-course, water a salt). /Veľký Krtíš district Thick goulash: – soup only as juices, meat is not necessary; a soft salami or sliced sausages will suffice, sometimes also drop dumplings are added. /Gelnica district K Cabbage soup: – 1 kg pork meat, half a kg of smoked meats, oil, 1 onion, 2 sacks of sauerkraut (1 kg), 2 two cans of tomato paste. /Poltár district Cabbage soup: – cabbage, water, caraway seed, salt, potatoes, oil, onion. We cut the cabbage into cubes and put them in water, which we salted and we add cubes of potatoes. When the potatoes are soft, we make a roux – finely sliced onions glazed in oil, and then we add a bit of flour and cook it; we add this to the soup and let it cook. We can then serve it. /Bardejov district 147 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Cabbage-filled pastries: – 1 kg of ground pork meat, 1 kg of beef, ground spices, 1 onion, 4 cloves of garlic, dried vegetable seasoning, half a kilo of rice. We boil the cabbage leaves and we fill them with the ground meat with rice. /Poltár district Steamed bread, cabbage, meat: – we buy the steamed bread from the shop; and we prepare the cabbage in oil with onion and cook the meat in the oven. /Stará Ľubovňa district Macaroni with sausage: – we boil the macaroni then we add sautéed onions; we cut the sausage or frankfurters into small pieces, which we mix with tomato paste and the macaroni. Season to taste, cooks in 8-10 minutes. /Prešov district Barley soup: – ribs are used with potatoes and barley; everything is cooked together. /Levoča district Chicken soup: – we boil the chicken, add frozen vegetables to the pot and we remove the chicken and bake it. We boil the rice and cut up the chicken. We boil noodles bought in the shop separately in another pot and then we add them to the soup; we salt and pepper it to taste. /Trnava district Chicken soup: – I need carrot and parsley, not frozen vegetables, chicken, dried vegetable seasoning, oil, noodles. I put water on the stove to boil and salt it and add the vegetable seasoning, black pepper and put in the cut up chicken with the bones; I put in the vegetables and cook it, until the vegetables and meat are soft. I then add raw pasta, and these cook in the soup. I take the meat out of the soup because, no one likes it in the soup; I put it on the side. /Trnava district Chicken cutlets, potato salad: – we beat the cutlets then salt and season them, and wrap them in an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter and fry them. We boil the potatoes, peel them and cut them into cubes; we add salt and seasonings and then we add gherkin, mayonnaise and mix. /Sabinov district Chicken with peaches and potato mash: – we lightly pound the chicken breasts and season them; they are placed on a sheet and a peach is placed on each one. A slice of cheese is placed on top just before they finish cooking. /Trebišov district Chicken in pepper sauce: – we sauté the chicken meat in its juices; we serve it with potatoes, cucumber. /Rožňava district Chicken perkelt (creamy meat sauce): – the classic recipe. /Košice environs district Chicken in cream sauce with macaroni: – peppers, oil, sliced we sautéed onion, and then we add the meat and cook it. We add a little water, season to taste, and then add cream; we boil the macaroni. /Veľký Krtíš district Chicken: – chicken baked in the oven with jacket potatoes – also baked in the oven. /Levoča district Baked chicken: – we salt and season the chicken and pour on oil and put it to bake in the oven. /Spišská Nová Ves district Chicken with macaroni: – the recipe is easy – oil, onion, red peppers. We sauté it and then, we add the cut up chicken to a pot; we salt and season it to taste and add a little water and let it cook for 35 minutes. In another pot we put tap water and we boil the pasta. /Lučenec district Leavened cake with apples, Granko or cocoa powder and butter: – we prepare a normal leavened dough, and roll it out flat in circle 15 cm in diameter and 1 cm thick. We add the filling to this – it can be apples, poppy seed, curd cheese, cocoa and even meat (ground meat or cut into small pieces and sautéed until soft on an onion and pepper base). We fold the circle in half, and press it closed around the edge so that the filling doesn’t leak out. We then fry in oil like a donut. /Spišská Nová Ves district Leavened poppy seed cake: – I roll the dough, pour on oil and then sprinkle in poppy seed mixed with sugar. When I have jam, I spread a bit on the bottom. I bake it in the wood-burning stove. /Spišská Nová Ves district Kyšky (stuffed pork intestines): – pork intestines, potatoes, salt, black pepper, pork fat, bacon. We clean the intestines well and fill them with grated potatoes, which we seasoned. We put it in a pan greased with the pork fat and put bacon on top. We bake it for an hour. /Bardejov district L Langoše (fried dough): 148 – finely milled flour, yeast, milk. Add tartar sauce or cream onto the langoše. /Trebišov district Lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix): – the process of preparation is simple; slice the vegetables, sauté them; we can add sausage or eggs. /Prešov district Lečo (tomato/peppers/onion mix) with drop dumplings with meat or sausage: – dough is made from finely milled (00) flour, a little salt and eggs that we mix together. Lečo (tomato/peppers/onions mix) is from vegetables – tomatoes, peppers, onion. I add to the pot oil, all the vegetables together with meat and we cook it until the meat is softened. We cook the dough in water, and we mix. /Lučenec district Lokše (fried dough): – the flour is mixed with water and baking soda; they are cooked on a dry pan. /Trebišov district Lokše (fried dough) (in place of bread): - semi-course flour, milk, salt, baking powder. The dough is fried in oil or on a dry pan. Sometimes they also make them sweet. /Trebišov district Lokše – “marikle” (fried dough): – prepared from finely milled flour, salt, water or milk and a little baking soda. They are cooked on a dry pan. /Trebišov district M Hungarian goulash a steamed bread: – we cook the pork meat with onions, we season it and add lečo (tomatoes/peppers/onions mix); served with steamed bread. /Rožňava district Hungarian goulash s steamed bread: – pork shoulder, onion, garlic, ground paprika, tomato paste, 1 lečo (tomatoes/peppers/onions mix), water, salt, caraway seeds, flour, yeast, baking powder. We slice the onions and sauté them, we then add the diced meat. When the butter is semi-soft, we add the tomato paste, and when the mix is thickened, we add the garlic and the ground paprika; we add the lečo (tomatoes/peppers/onions) and cook until soft. We mix the yeast with the salt and baking powder, we add water and let the dough rise, we then steam the bread. /Košice environs district Hungarian goulash with steamed bread: – we dice the meat into cubes and sauté it with onion, we add salt, dry seasoning, caraway seeds, ground pepper, and then tomato paste and lečo (tomatoes/peppers/onions mix), finally, we thicken it with flour. Sometimes I buy the steamed bread or make it at home – we steam the leavened bread dough. /Spišská Nová Ves district Marikle (fried dough): – pancakes from flour, water and salt. /Sabinov district Marikle (fried dough): – pancakes from water, salt, flour and baking soda which are cooked on a hot skillet. /Sabinov district Marikle (fried dough): – 1 kg of course flour, salt, baking soda, water. /Košice environs district Marikle (fried dough): – flour, oil, cream; mix and make a good dough and fry the pancakes in oil. Eat them with meat or sweet with jam. /Košice environs district Marikle (fried dough): – they make them every day because they don’t have the money for bread – in fact, they buy a half-loaf of bread in the morning for the children to take to primary school. They make the marikle from flour, salt and water, a little bit of baking soda. They are cooked in the oven. /Trebišov district Marikle (fried dough) – dry: – water, salt, baking soda, flour and sugar. The dough is shaped into the shape of a pizza and is baked on both sides on the stovetop. It is then greased with oil and sugar and served with tea. /Gelnica district Marikle (fried dough) – with mushrooms:: – the dough is prepared from selected flour; baking soda is added to the dough, along with egg (but the egg is not essential), salt and warm water, until a dough is made. We roll out the dough and form it into a round shape about 30 cm in diameter and 0.5 cm thickness. Then we bake it on a sheet and add butter or oil to the baked dough. We prepare fried mushrooms with scrambled egg. We fill in the fried dough with the mushroom and egg mix and roll it up. /Košice environs district Marikle (fried dough) – dry: – I only mix the flour, baking soda and water and make a dough; I role out the pancakes and cook them on top of the stove on a skillet. /Spišská Nová Ves district Meat in cubes with rice and chips: – we cut the meat into cubes and sauté it in onion and season it. We boil the rice in water (instant rice in a sack). We slice the potatoes into chips and cook them in a pan. /Sabinov district Meat with sauce: – we salt and season the pork slices, and we add oil and water and cook until soft. /Spišská Nová Ves district 149 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Meat soup – broth: – pork bones, carrot, parsley, noodles, dried vegetable seasoning, black pepper. We boil the noodles and drain them. We put the pork bone with water into a pot and we cook it until if boils strongly; then we add the vegetables and season the soup. We cook it on a moderate flame and when the meat is cooked, we turn off the soup. /Bardejov district Meatballs in tomato sauce: – ground meat, rice, eggs, finely milled flour, salt, tomato paste, sugar, milk. /Košice environs district Meat broth: – traditionally; meat from soup is cooked in the oven and rice is prepared to go with it. /Trebišov district Mexican beans: – cook the meat until semi-soft together with the vegetables; add lečo (a tomatoes/peppers/onion mix) and sausage. A pale roux is made and sweet red peppers are added to it. We thicken the beans with the roux and chilli can also be added. As a side we cook pasta – macaroni. /Trebišov district Milky sauce with rissole: – in a pot we boil water, cut the potatoes, add ground spices; we pour in milk, and we make a roux with flour and milk. We put the ground meat into a pan and cook it for 5 in oil. /Trnava district Cake: – cake dough with oil and fruit or jam on top and sprinkled with coconut. /Spišská Nová Ves district N Nalečniky – potato pancakes with cooked bacon bits: – we grate the potatoes and add eggs, a little flower and the bacon. We cook them in oil and serve them with sour milk. /Sabinov district “Nokerle” (drop dumplings) with chicken meat: – oil, chicken, tomato paste, flour, eggs, salt, onion, red peppers, lečo (a tomatoes/peppers/onion mix), dried vegetable seasoning. We sauté the onion in oil and we add pieces of cut chicken; we salt and season it and let it cook. When the meat is semi-soft, we add the lečo. At the end we thicken it with the tomato paste. „Nokerle“: we boil the prepared thin dough from flour dough. /Košice environs district “Nokerle” (drop dumplings): – classic style. /Nové Zámky district O Buttered drop dumplings: – semi-course flour, salt, water – roll out the dough. I put the beans in water to cook and the potatoes. When they are cooked, I put in the drop prepared dumplings. I make a roux using some of the drained water – this is the soup; and for the drop dumplings with beans and potatoes I then add lečo (a tomatoes/peppers/onions mix). /Veľký Krtíš district Pancakes: – they are made from flour, sugar, butter and salt. All is mixed together and the dough is cooked in the shape of pancakes. They are eaten with jam or with butter and milk or water is drunk with them. /Gelnica district Baked chicken wings: – we clean the wings, then season and salt them; we put them in a baking pan and drizzle on oil. We add pieces of apple and bake them. We prepare the potatoes, which we boil; we drain them and put them in the oven, but before that pour on oil and salt and pepper. After baking both dishes, we serve them together with gherkin. /Sabinov district P Savoury scones with knackwurst: – make the dough for the scones, mix in the knackwurst cut into small cubes. Upon baking it will have the taste of knackwurst. /Veľký Krtíš district Pancakes: – finely milled flour, 3 eggs, milk, grated apple (2 apples), vanilla, baking powder. /Veľký Krtíš district Pancakes: – they are also made from lightly bubbly water is used instead of water. To the water they add eggs, flour, sugar, a little salt and baking powder. Everything is well mixed and baked in a pan. They are filled with jam, curd cheese or Nutella. /Trebišov district Pancakes with jam and cocoa powder: – we prepare them traditionally – milk, egg, flour, sugar. /Rimavská Sobota district Steamed buns: – we mix the dough and make buns from them; we steam the buns for 15 minutes, according to the smell and colour we know when they are done. 150 Put them on the plate, add ground sugar, cocoa powder, but not poppy seed because the children don’t like it, or with jam. /Trnava district Pašvare – smoked ribs with sauerkraut: – we prepare the cabbage, rib and water and put into a pot. We let it cook until the smoked rib is soft. We season it to taste; side dish – boiled potatoes. /Prešov district

Roasted pork, potatoes and steamed bread and red cabbage: – mash the boiled potatoes, add course flour and egg. Shape them into small rolls which we cook in salty water. We make the red cabbage sweet and sour. We season the meat, pour in water and put it in the oven to bake. /Trebišov district

Baked chicken with stuffing: – stuffing from rolls and vegetables, fill the chicken and tie it shut; Bake it. Serve with rice and cucumbers. /Krupina district

Baked chicken and salad: – I wash the chicken, then salt it, sprinkle on caraway seeds and drizzle on oil. I bake it whole in the oven. For the salad I cook the potatoes in their peel, strain them into a slicer, I add cubes of sour gherkin, boiled eggs, onion, salt, ground pepper, mayonnaise or tartar sauce (I buy this; I don’t make mayonnaise at home). /Spišská Nová Ves district

Baked meat on cabbage: – we put the sauerkraut in a pan, and put the tenderized meat on top; we season it and put it in the oven. /Košice environs district

Baked ribs: – we wash the pork ribs season them and pour on a little oil; we add water and bake it in the oven. We make sure to baste the ribs in the juices it releases; I always baste until the meat is soft. We serve them with boiled potatoes and cucumbers or red cabbage. /Prešov district

Baked thighs: – I put oil into a pan and then wash the sauerkraut. We place the seasoned thighs on the cabbage and put it in the oven. We serve with potatoes or with bread. /Bardejov district

Baked thighs with potatoes: – chicken thighs, oil, salt, peppers, caraway seeds. We put the seasoned thighs into a baking pan and put them in the oven. We serve them with boiled potatoes. /Bardejov district

Baked thighs with potatoes baked in the oven: – 2 kg of thighs, 5 kg potatoes, onion, salt, oil, spices, peppers. We peel the potatoes, slice them into wheels; we place them in a pan; we put the thighs on top of the potatoes. We put 2 dcl of oil into a cup and to this we add salt, pepper and paprika; we mix it and pour everything on the thighs. We bake it for an hour in the oven. /Košice environs district

Liver balls: – liver, course flour, garlic, sausage or salami in cubes, dried vegetable seasoning, egg, curry seasoning. We work it into a thick mass which we spoon into boiling water. Sauerkraut or steamed bread as a side dish; they also taste well with bread, cucumber and mustard. /Gelnica district

Perkelt (creamy meat sauce) drop dumplings and “bodák (Gypsy bread)”: – classic preparation; through summer and in the fall we also add green pepper and tomatoes to the perkelt; in the winter we put in cream. /Levice district

Boiled dumplings: – the dough is prepared from – eggs, flour, salt. The filling will either be potatoes or jam. We pour sautéed bacon bits on the top with the bacon fat. /Gelnica district

Boiled dumplings: – semi-course flour, water, salt, oil, onion or bacon. The flour is mixed with water and a pinch of salt and is kneaded into a dough. This is rolled out on a rolling board and cut into small squares to which the filling is placed. The family prefers jam or potato filling (boiled potatoes mashed). The squares are folded over into triangles and the edges are strongly pressed together so that the filling won’t come out. The raw dumplings are thrown into boiling water, which was salted beforehand. After cooking, they are removed from the water and greased in fried bacon bits or onion. /Bardejov district

Boiled dumplings: – flour, eggs, potatoes, bacon, salt. /Levoča district

Boiled dumplings: – semi-course flour, water, salt, oil, onion, bacon. We mix the flour with water, and we add a pinch of salt and we shape the dough. We roll it out on a board and cut it into small squares, to which we added the filling – jam or potato mash. The squares are folded into triangles and the edges strongly pressed so that the filling doesn’t leak out. We put the raw boiled dumplings in boiling water, which we salted. After cooking, we drain the boiled dumplings and butter them with sautéed bacon bits or onion. /Bardejov district

Boiled dumplings with cheese: – classic boiled dumplings butter and we add cheese. /Rožňava district 151 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Boiled dumplings with potatoes: – coarsely milled flour, salt and water. Make the dough, roll it out and cut it with a knife into squares, to which the potatoes are added. We close them and boil them in salted water until they all float to the top. They are buttered with oil and eaten. /Bardejov district Boiled dumplings with curd cheese: – from flour and we prepare the dough; we roll it out and fill will potato mash. We cook the filled squares in water. We sauté bacon and pour it over the boiled dumplings. We put curd cheese or bryndza with cream on the top. /Rimavská Sobota district Potato pancakes: – we boil the potatoes, drain them and make them into a potato mash without lumps. We add salt to this mash, 1 egg and we slowly add finely milled flour until the dough is no longer sticky. From the dough we cut pieces and roll them into the size of the skillet on which they will be cooked. We grease the cooked pancakes with lard or we fill them with ground meat. /Prešov district Pancakes – “fried dough”: – we mix semi-course flour (1 kg), baking powder (1 sack) or baking soda (1 teaspoon) and water. We work up a semi-thick dough, and we roll out pancakes about 20 cm in diameter and 1 cm thick. We cook them in a pan on the stove. After cooking, we put oil on them; we can also tear them into smaller pieces and sprinkle cocoa powder and sugar on them. Or only greased in place of bread – with bacon, sausage or meat. /Spišská Nová Ves district Potato pancakes: – 1 kg potatoes, onion, garlic, 1 egg, ground spices, semi-course flour, oil. We grate the raw potatoes and we add all of the ingredients and cook them in hot oil. /Košice environs district Pancakes from flour and cabbage: – the pancakes are made from flour, water and baking soda or sour milk. We mix a mass of dough and then we cook them in a pan or on the oven. /Sabinov district Stuffed cabbage: – semi-boiled rice, ground meat, eggs, tomato paste, spices, oil. Mix everything together and wrap up in the leaves, which are scalded beforehand. Then boil it all together. /Košice environs district Stuffed cabbage: – 1 head of cabbage, salt, 1 kg of rice, 1 clove of garlic, 5 eggs, 1 kg of ground meat, spices, 1 onion, 2 tomato paste. /Košice environs district Stuffed cabbage: – the filling is wrapped into a cabbage leaf – ground meat, spices, barley. /Rožňava district Stuffed cabbage: – rinse the rice, ground meat, sautéed onion, tomato paste, sweet red peppers. The meat is mixed with the rice, and the sautéed onions are added; the red peppers are added at the end. Everything is seasoned. The cabbage is scalded in hot water, then taken out and filled with the stuffing; then put it in a pot and add seasoned water, and at the end the tomato paste is added. /Trebišov district Stuffed cabbage: – unpeel the cabbage leaves and scald them in hot water. Into these we will wrap rice mixed with ground meat, tomato paste, sautéed onion, pressed garlic and seasonings. Put the filling in the cabbage leaves and roll up the leaves and put them in a pot. Pour in the water, to which we add oil and dried vegetable seasoning. /Trebišov district Stuffed cabbage: – half a kg of pork meat, half a kg of rice, onion, sweet red paprika, tomato paste, half a dcl of oil. We boil the rice and add the ground meat, chopped onion sprinkled with sweet paprika; mix everything together and a half kg of tomato paste. We fill the scalded leaves with meat and we cook them for perhaps 1 hour and 10 min. Before cooking we pour in the tomato paste. /Michalovce district Stuffed peppers: – ground meat, rice, peppers, tomato paste, onions, cream, oil garlic, salt, spices, red paprika, eggs, sugar. We mix the boiled rice with the meat and we add all of the ingredients except the cream and tomato paste. We mix it well. We sauté the onion in oil and add the ground red paprika; we pour in half the water. While it heats up we put the filling into the peppers; when the water begins to boil, we put the peppers in it. We mix the cream with a little flour and add it to the cooking peppers, along with the tomato paste. We season it with sugar. /Košice environs district Stuffed peppers: – we clean out the core of the peppers and we put the filling inside; this consists of ground meat, precooked rice, eggs and spices. We add a little flour to the mix so that it thickens. We fill the peppers and we cook them in tomato sauce for perhaps 20 minutes on a modest flame. Tomato sauce – roux, tomato paste or ketchup a water. /Prešov district Stuffed chicken and potato salad: – chicken filled with stuffing from 10 rolls, 3 eggs, salt and dried vegetable seasoning, garlic; we put it on the grill and we sprinkle on grilling 152 seasoning. /Gelnica district Potato-filled sausage: – we clean out the pork intestines and prepare the filling –we grate the potatoes finely and add flour, seasoning, salt and then fill the intestine. We tie this up at both ends and boil it. After boiling, we take it out of the water and gently cook it in lard. We serve with bread or with pickled vegetables. /Sabinov district Stuffed baked chicken, potatoes and vegetable salad: – stuffing – rolls, perhaps 3 eggs, salt, garlic, black pepper, onion, green parsley. We wash the chicken and fill it with the stuffing; we put it in a pan and salt and season it and we add a little water which we use to baste the chicken as it cooks; we can also add more water to prevent scalding. The water we add also has a little olive oil in it. We make potato mash from boiled potatoes. /Prešov district Roasted stuffed brisket: – we season the ground pork meat– red paprika, dried vegetable seasoning, spices, salt – and we mix it together. We cut out a hole in the meat, fill it and then close it with wooden sticks. We put it on a greased pan, salt and season it and put it in the oven to bake. /Banská Štiavnica district Stuffed cabbage leaf: – according to the classic recipe of the “whites”. /Spišská Nová Ves district Stuffed cabbage leaf: – ground meat with rice as a filling for cabbage leaves. /Gelnica district Stuffed cabbage leaf: – fill the scalded cabbage leaves and tie them shut. Filling: boiled rice mixed with ground meat, eggs, seasoning. We put the stuffed cabbage leaves at the bottom of a higher pot and pour water over them. It cooks for an hour and as a side dish are boiled potatoes, sometimes even tomato sauce. /Spišská Nová Ves district Pounded pork meat in cream with pasta: – we cut the meat into flat sliced and braise them in a pot. We add broth from meat bones to the meat and salt and season it and add cream and flour which we mixed together. After thickening we take off the stove; we boil pasta as a side dish. /Sabinov district Chicken soup: – we need chicken meat, bouillon, two carrots, oil and pasta. /Sabinov district Soup – broth: – the broth is made with chicken backs, seasoned, and pasta added. /Prešov district Fried meat with sauerkraut and leavened fried dough: – we cut the pork ribs into small pieces and sauté them on the onion together with red paprika and spices. When the meat is nearly cooked, we add sauerkraut. /Michalovce district R Ribs – we call this „pašvare“: – we salt the cleaned ribs and put them in hot water, to which we add peppercorns, dried vegetable seasoning and news, allspice. Bay leaf can also be added. We cook for perhaps one hour. We eat this with bread, potatoes or fried dough pancakes. /Spišská Nová Ves district Roasted chicken meat with rice: – we cut the chicken meat (breasts) into flat pieces, season them and pour on oil and put them to bake in the oven. Wash the rice and then cook it. After cooking it, I drain it and add the prepared meat. We add in broth and serve it. /Sabinov district Noodles with cabbage: – sauté the onion in oil and add the cabbage to it; cook until soft. The noodles are cooked separately and mixed with cabbage. /Bardejov district Cutlets: – batter the meat in an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter and fry in hot oil. /Trebišov district Cutlets: – cut the meat into slices and batter in an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter. They are fried and boiled potatoes are served as a side dish. /Bardejov district Cutlets: – we pound the cutlets from pork shoulder, salt them, season them and wrap them in an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter and fry them in oil. We boil the potatoes. /Sabinov district Cutlets and salad: – the classic way. /Košice environs district Cutlets and salad: – for cutlets we need pork meat, eggs, flour, breadcrumbs; for the salad mayonnaise, potatoes and salad mix. Season with spices and salt – as needed. /Levoča district 153 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Cutlets and salad: – meat, bread crumbs, eggs, flour; potatoes, mayonnaise, peas, cucumber, salt. /Levoča district Cutlets and potato salad: – classic preparation. /Trebišov district Cutlets and potato salad: – classic cutlet in an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter. Potato salad – mayonnaise, potatoes, pickled gherkin, hard-boiled eggs. /Trebišov district Cutlets and potatoes: – chicken cutlet fried in an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter. /Bardejov district Cutlets and potatoes: – we pound the meat, season it and wrap in an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter and fry it. To this we serve boiled potatoes chips. /Košice environs district Cutlets with breadcrumbs: – we pound the cutlets batter them and fry them. /Sabinov district Cutlets with potatoes: – I pound the chicken meat, salt and season it and then I wrap in an egg/flour/breadcrumb batter and fry it in oil. /Košice environs district Cutlets from chicken meat: – most often chicken thighs; to this potato salad or potato puree, sometimes boiled potatoes covered in the oil from frying; we mix with raw onion and sprinkle on vinegar. /Gelnica district Risotto: – cook the rice, leave the frankfurters and vegetables to cook, mix it all and add pickled vegetables. /Zvolen district Risotto: – chicken meat, mushrooms, vegetables (frozen). Sauté the onion and add the rice with the vegetables; season it and cook until soft. /Bardejov district Risotto: – we boil the rice, cu the meat as for goulash and boil it. We season it and we add lečo (tomatoes/peppers/onion) and mix it all together. /Sabinov district Risotto: – I cook the rice and the meat with vegetables separately. When it is cooked, I mix it together and serve it. /Detva district Risotto: – oil, rice, peas, carrot, onion, salt, black pepper. We cut the meat into cubes and sauté them in oil and onion; we then add water. We add the peas, carrots and season to taste. We pour in water and cook it. When everything is cooked to soft, we mix with the rice which we previously cooked on the oven – we sauté onions and we add rice and water (for 1 cup of rice, 1.5 cups of water), we cook until soft. /Bardejov district Risotto with meat: – pork shoulder, frozen vegetables, rice, oil onion, spices, ground paprika. We sauté the diced onion and add the cut pieces of meat; we salt and season and let it cook. We mix it with the cooked rice. /Košice II district Roma balls: – 2.5 kg of raw potatoes, 2.5 kg of boiled potatoes, half a kg of sausages, pork cracklings, 5 eggs, 2 heads of garlic, 2 onions, oil, spices, dried vegetable seasoning, salt. We mix it and form from the mass small or large balls, which we roll in finely milled flour and cook in salted boiling water; we also add 2-3 spoonfuls of vinegar. It cooks for 15 minutes. We sauté the onions in oil and pour them over the cooked balls. We serve it with sauerkraut. /Rimavská Sobota district Fish fingers and chips: – we fry them in the classic way. /Detva district Rice with sauce: – chicken breast and cream sauce. /Sabinov district S Segedínsky goulash: – oil, onion, pork meat cut into cubes, sauerkraut, cream for cooking. Sauté the onion and then add in the meat. Season to taste; we add sauerkraut and sauté it further. We then add the cream and let it cook. We serve it with steamed bread. /Bardejov district Segedínsky goulash and steamed bread: – sauté the pork meat on onions and when it is just about ready, add the sauerkraut, then the tomato paste, thicken it with finely milled flour mixed with milk. The steamed bread is leavened – purchased ready. /Trebišov district Segedínsky goulash, steamed bread: 154 – they make leavened homemade steamed bread – they prepare the yeast in the morning and make the dough for lunch. /Sabinov district Segedínsky goulash with steamed bread: – we cook the meat on the onion and spice it; we add the sauerkraut and bay leaf and let it cook together until soft. We thicken it with flour and cream and we serve it with steamed bread. /Rimavská Sobota district Segedínsky goulash with steamed bread: – we sauté the meat in oil with onions and add salt, paprika, caraway seed, ground pepper and tomato paste. When the meat is semi-soft, we add the cabbage – fresh or sauerkraut. When the cabbage is soft we thicken with flour and we add the cream. I buy the steamed bread. /Spišská Nová Ves district Potatoes casserole: – we slice the raw potatoes and add pepper, salt and dried vegetable seasoning. We put on top boiled and sliced eggs, and pour over the cream. We bake it in the oven. Before benefits we often make it without cream and only with milk. /Rimavská Sobota district Meatless goulash: – potatoes and knackwurst; eaten with bread. /Zvolen district Soda cake: – flour, salt, half of a sack of baking powder, 1 spoon of baking soda. The dough is rolled out and cooked as pancakes. I make this in place of bread. /Veľký Krtíš district Sirloin on cream with steamed bread: – prepare the beef – as a whole piece we boil it together with the vegetables (carrot, celery root, parsley). The boiled meat we then cut into slices; we remove the vegetables from the water and add water and season – salt, dried vegetable seasoning, bay leaf. We thicken it with a roux, cream and we add vinegar at the end. /Rimavská Sobota district Š Salad and cutlet: – potatoes, mayonnaise, vegetables, meat, eggs, flour, bread crumbs. /Zvolen district Wide pasta with curd cheese or cheese: – we boil the pasta, drain it and mix in curd cheese or cheese; we add sautéed bacon on the top. /Košice environs district Pasta flakes with French beans or with beans: – boiled pasta flakes; there can also be boiled and mashed potatoes; the cooked beans or French beans are mixed in and greased with sautéed bacon. /Veľký Krtíš district Jam donuts: – I make the dough from yeast, flour, eggs, salt and sugar; after it rises and from it I fry the donuts in oil; I then add sugar. /Trebišov district Lentil mash with frankfurter: – wash the lentils and put them in water to cook. After cooking them we add a roux and season it. We heat the frankfurter in a pan and add to the lentil mash. Serve with bread. /Prešov district Lentil mash: – we put the pre-soaked lentils (at least 2 hours before cooking) in a pot of water and cook them; we add the bay leaf and salt. We make the roux in another pan and we add fat to it and cook it. We add sour milk, mix and we add it to the lentils and season. /Prešov district Spaghetti: – when they are short of money they make spaghetti with oil and seasoned with salt and ketchup. They most like it with ground meat and mushrooms. /Trebišov district Spaghetti with ketchup: – boil the spaghetti perhaps 8-10 minutes. Drain it and pour ketchup and grated cheese on top. /Prešov district Knackwurst with potatoes: – cook the knackwurst and boil the potatoes. /Veľký Krtíš district T Töltot káposzta (stuffed cabbage leaf): – this is a Hungarian dish; I don’t even know what it is called in Slovak (stuffed cabbage leaf). It is necessary to cook the cabbage leaves in boiling water. We prepare the meat – ground meat season it, put the meat into the cabbage leaves and wrap it up. We then put nicely place the meat wrapped with cabbage into a pot and pour in water and let it boil. At the end we add the tomato paste and the sliced cabbage. We eat it with bread. /Lučenec district V Egg salad: – we slice the boiled eggs and add mayonnaise. /Sabinov district 155 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Boiled sausages: – we boil the sausages in water and serve with mustard. /Bardejov district Boiled ribs – „pašvare“: – we most like smoked ribs. We wash them and boil them for 1 hour; we add salt, dried vegetable seasoning, black peppercorns, and allspice. We serve it with potatoes or with bread, and mustard and horseradish. /Spišská Nová Ves district Boiled potatoes: – we boil the potatoes, drain them and mash them. We sauté onions in butter or oil and we mix this into the potatoes. We serve them with sour milk. /Bardejov district Boiled potatoes with red peppers: – boiled potatoes with red peppers and onion sautéed in oil. /Gelnica district Boiled potatoes (or pasta) with sauce: – we add oil, onion, vegetables and meat to a pot in that order (most often chicken wings, thighs, giblets or sausage, frankfurters, salami). We add pepper and, dried vegetable seasoning, paprika and salt. We pour in water and cook until the meat is soft. It is thickened with water and flour or with soft cheese (Karička; a favourite cheese for drop dumplings). /Spišská Nová Ves district Fried chicken with potatoes: – one chicken, potatoes, oil, eggs, bread crumbs. We de-bone the chicken, batter the meat in egg/flour/breadcrumb batter and fry it; we make broth from the bones. /Košice environs district Fried pork cutlet and potato salad with mayonnaise: – we roll the cutlets in flour, egg and breadcrumbs and we fry them. We boil the potatoes in the peeling and press them into cubes; we then add hard- boiled eggs, carrots, peas, pickled gherkin, onion, salt and mayonnaise. /Spišská Nová Ves district Fried cutlet and salad (or potato mash): – we batter the cutlet in egg/flour/breadcrumb batter and we fry them. Salad: we boil the potatoes in their peelings and clean them, slice them or push them into cubes; we can add only boiled eggs and mayonnaise or tartar sauce. /Spišská Nová Ves district Fried cutlet and potato salad: – I batter the meat (flour, egg, bread crumbs) and fry in oil. Potato salad – I boil the potatoes, eggs, vegetables, tartar sauce or mayonnaise; I mix everything together and add salt as needed. /Lučenec district Fried cutlet with potatoes: – prepared in the classic way. /Prešov district Fried cheese, chips, tartar sauce: – everyone knows the recipe. /Detva district Fried cheese, chips and tartar sauce: – we clean and slice the potatoes and we bake them in a hot pan. We cover the cheese in flour, egg and bread crumbs, and we fry it. We serve it with tartar sauce or ketchup. /Prešov district Z Baked pasta: – we cook the pasta; we cut the sausage and prepare the eggs for pouring over the top and the vegetables. We then put everything into a pan and bake it. /Stará Ľubovňa district Roasted ribs: – we prepare the pork ribs by separating them, salting them and seasoning them; we pour on lard or oil and put them in the warmed-up oven. After they are roasted, we take them out and serve with boiled potatoes, on which we pour the fat from the baking pan. As a side dish we add fruit compote. /Sabinov district Thick soup from a roux: – carrot, onion, dried vegetable seasoning, potatoes, flour, oil. I put water into a pot and I put the vegetable in to boil and sprinkle in dried vegetable seasoning. When this is cooked I clean the potatoes and cut them into cubes and put them in the pot. When the potatoes are ready, I add oil, to the pot and flour and cook it. I put it in the soup and finish cooking it. And we eat. /Zvolen district Potato mash and roasted meat: – we prepare the potatoes and boil them; when they are read, then we add milk, cheese and butter and we sprinkle them with chopped onion. We first wash the meat, season it and put it in the oven. We chop onions and put it in the oven. /Stará Ľubovňa district Potato-based steamed bread with red cabbage: – we make the cabbage sweet and sour; to this roasted pork meat. /Trebišov district Potato-based steamed bread and sauerkraut: – the boiled, cooled potatoes are mashed and egg and flour are added. A ball is made from the dough and smoked meats are put in it. They are boiled in 156 water for perhaps 10 minutes. The sauerkraut is cooked in onion and red paprika is added. /Trebišov district Potato-based steamed bread, cabbage and roasted pork neck: – you’ll find the recipe at www.sk-recepty. /Detva district Potato-based steamed bread, cabbage, pork brisket: – cabbage is sautéed and the meat baked. /Rožňava district Potato pancakes: – the boiled potatoes are mashed and after cooling, eggs and course flour are added. They are cooked in a dry pan, and we like them best with lard and with tea. /Trebišov district Potato pancakes: – we mash the boiled potatoes, and mix in course flour and egg. They are cooked on the oven top, and then greased with lard. They eat them with tea. /Trebišov district Potato pancakes: – grated potatoes, flour, garlic; mix everything and fry the pancakes. /Prešov district Potato pancakes: – clean the potatoes and we then add, garlic, flour, eggs and black pepper. Mix everything well and cook the pancakes on both sides in hot oil. /Prešov district Potato pancakes with pork scratchings: – we grate the potatoes, then salt and season them; we add a little flour and egg and we cook them in oil. /Sabinov district Potato salad: – we sliced the boiled potatoes, vegetables and eggs into cubes and add pickled gherkin, mayonnaise and we season it. Let it sit. /Košice environs district Potato salad and cutlets: – we boil a half a kg of potatoes in their peeling and clean them after boiling; we add the peas and carrots, half a cup of pickled gherkin, 5 boiled eggs, 1 cup of mayonnaise and tartar sauce, salt and pepper. We fly about 2.5 kg of pork loin. /Rimavská Sobota district Potato salad and cutlets: – they prepare it in the classic way; they make the cutlets from de-boned chicken thighs. /Trebišov district Potato salad and fried chicken thighs: – we de-bone the thighs (and make soup from the bones), and salt the meat. We roll it in flour, egg and breadcrumbs and fry them. We boil the potatoes in their peels, press them into cubes, and add hard-boiled eggs, vegetables, gherkin, onions and mayonnaise. /Spišská Nová Ves district Potato salad and fried cutlet: – we prepare it traditionally; we slice the boiled potatoes, egg, onion, cucumbers, and we add the peas and carrots, mayonnaise, whipping cream, pepper. We make the cutlets from pork meat. /Rimavská Sobota district Potatoes and roast meat: – we peel the potatoes and then boil them; we clean and season the meat and cook it on the stovetop. /Stará Ľubovňa district Potatoes and cutlet: – we boil the potatoes and fry the pork cutlets, and we serve them with cucumbers. /Rožňava district Potatoes with red peppers: – We pour onions sautéed in red sweet peppers and oil over the potatoes. /Detva district Potatoes with mayonnaise: – we mash the boiled potatoes, salt them and mix them with mayonnaise. /Sabinov district Potatoes with milk: – we boil the potatoes, drain them and mash them. We cook onion in oil or butter and mix it with the potatoes. We serve with sour milk. /Bardejov district Ž Žemľovka (Brown betty): – litre of milk, 1 challah bread or rolls, 2 sacks of vanilla sugar, 5 eggs, 1 Hera lard, 4 apples, 1 curd cheese. We warm the milk, sprinkle on the sugar and egg yolks. We moisten the challah bread in the milk and place in a greased baking pan, crumble the curd cheese and grate the apples – arrange in layers and bake. /Poltár district

Note: The recipes are arranged by name and the order of the foods as were given by the respondents. The same dish can be located in several places – based on what it is called. 157 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

5. INDEBTEDNESS OF ROMA HOUSEHOLDS FROM EXCLUDED SETTLEMENTS54

According to theoreticians, the modern world is average 44.61 euro per excluded household organised on the principle of paid work, from which and 8.41 euro per one member (the difference of the standing and importance of an individual and the incomes and expenditures in the calculation for the living level of his family derives. Exclusion from the Slovak Republic achieved more than 42 euro per one world of paid work weakens the position of an household member). The worse balance was recorded individual, and the living level of his family shifts in households without a working member where there below the borderline of poverty and material need. was at least one young child and for the group of Long-term unemployment is often labelled as “the multi-member households. ticket to the world of poverty and need” Mareš, 2002, For all groups of Roma households from excluded pg. 75), and the preceding sections have brought settlements, it applied that if they did not borrow a great many empirical proofs of this. Income from a sum of money in the course of the month, their support and benefits only covers the basic life needs financial balance would be even worse. Since the of a family with difficulty, which has the result that it analysis moved on the level of averages, it can be drives such families into debts. The longer a person is concluded that in each compared group (according to unemployed, the worse his financial situation and the the number of members and children and the number existential situation of his family become. of working members) a significant portion of the household exists for whom the income did not suffice According to the monitoring of incomes and for the monthly “needed” expenditures and they had expenditures of Roma households from excluded to resort to loans. In the course of the monitored settlements, the income and expenditure level was month, excluded households borrowed on average determined to be exceptionally low (UNDP, 2011). It is a sum of 34.29 euro (6.47 euro per household characterised by low incomes, low expenditures and member), which made up 5.7% of the total monthly subsequently a minimal financial difference between income for these households. them. The average monthly income per household in excluded environments was 597.60 euro, which in the On the other hand, the financial situation of calculation per household member meant 112.75 euro households would be more favourable in the course of (for the Slovak Republic the calculation of average the month if they were indebted to a lesser extent. monthly income per household member was on the Payments for loans during the month were in level of nearly 350 euro, thus, three-times higher). a notable portion of households higher than the The average monthly expenditures of excluded recorded difference between incomes and households according to the monitoring was 552.99 expenditures. If households did not have to pay back euro per household and 104.34 per one member loans and debts, their budgetary balance would be (average expenditures for the Slovak Republic were more positive or expenditures would be on a higher again approximately three-times higher – nearly 308 level. As was shown, the sum paid back per the euro per household members). Thus, the difference monitored month was higher than the sum borrowed; between incomes and expenditures achieved on on average one household paid back in the course of

54 We recall a note from the introductory section: from the character of the research it follows that the presented numerical values serve exclusively for comparative purposes – for comparing differences between differently deřned groups of excluded Roma households; they decidedly do not correspond to the quantitative range of 158 the given value attribute in excluded Roma communities. the month loans and debts in a volume of 57.87 euro month indicated that the overall indebtedness of (per one member this was 10.92 euro), which made up households is higher than the monthly result, and 10.5% of the total monthly expenditures. The share of many debts are from older data. Data on the range new loans in monthly incomes was two-times lower and amount of the monthly repayment of debts and than the percentage share of the paid back amount in loans testifies to the high measure of indebtedness of monthly expenditures (5.7% versus 10.5%). households from marginalised Roma settlements.

In relation to the expansion of loans in the scope of The borrowing of financial resources in the course of excluded households, during the month a total of a month is an instrument or method which to 27% of households supplemented their own total a significant measure helps excluded Roma income with new borrowed sum. At the same time, the households sustain a more even balance of incomes borrowed sums were relatively varied: the smallest and expenditures. But among them are households sum of a loan calculated for the entire monitored which still cannot manage, where despite loans, their month achieved 20 euro and the highest 1,000 euro budgets still move in negative values – on average per (for the purchase of a vehicle in the given month); the household and per household member. A strategy next “highest” sum of a loan had a significantly founded on operative loans is widespread in the smaller value (388 euro and it was a loan for repair of surveyed households, but it is not always able to a dwelling; and then 214 euro). The surveyed financially balance out a deficit budget. households predominately borrowed in the monitored Several qualitative and quantitative studies provide month sums in the tens of euro, sometimes even answers regarding how households in excluded smaller portions. The average of loans calculated per settlement came to be indebted. A survey of the living one surveyed household achieved 34.29 euro; the conditions of Roma households, for example, showed amount of the loans calculated as the average in those that part of the reason for creating debts is the households which actually borrowed a sum of money inability to pay fees for housing.55 From the beginning represented 127.00 euro. of the year, 29% of surveyed Roma households met On the other hand, loan repayments were in the scope with the situation in which they were not capable, due of the monitored sample of households from excluded to financial difficulties, to pay rent, and more than Roma settlements a great deal more widespread; in 20% of them experienced this repeatedly. Together the course of the monitored month, 68% of them more than 41% of them (28.8% repeatedly) had made some repayment of loans or debts. The amount a problem with regular payments for electricity, of the repayment was also relatively varied: the 28.2% (19.9% repeatedly) for the supply of water 56 interval of the mentioned financial sums began with and 29% (24% repeatedly) for heating. Once 10 euro and stopped at 431 euro. The average a household becomes incapable of making payment repayment for the entire surveyed sample was for a service associated with housing, the situation is 57.87 euro per household and the average expended usually repeated, which testifies to the growth of debt sum (for those households which during the month (UNDP, 2012, pgs. 187-188). As the cited source actually made a repayment) exceeded 85 euro. notes, Roma households had also problems with paying for food: 38% of them signalled such A comparison of the range of borrowing and paying a situation repeatedly and 8.6% as a one-time off of debt among excluded households as well as the occurrence (together 46.6%, while from the general borrowed and paid back sum during the monitored population only 6%), and in the case of segregated

55 Data collection within this research ran at the end of 2010 (UNDP, 2012). 56 In households of the geographically near general population the occurrence was markedly lower – around 4%. 159 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

housing, problems with payment for food grew – up to money for the journey and the 2 euro fee for the doctor; 51%. As the study states: “a significant portion of therefore, my husband went to the local usurer. The Roma households have difficulties with the provision usurer offered that he will take us... going to see the of basic functions” (UNDP, 2012, pg. 187). In doctor cost 30 euro, which is how much the usurer collected on the day of benefits. association with indebtedness, we add that the debts of Roma households originate from late payments for My daughter was the last one in the family to take ill – housing but also due to insufficient financial she had the flu. We went to see the doctor on foot (2 km), because we didn’t have the money for travel resources for the purchase of food. right then. I went with my daughter; I’m her mother. Also, according to a study by the World Bank from The medicines cost 10 euro and we had to borrow from 2011 (World Bank, 2012) Roma households often have the field social worker... debts for energy. The study likewise states a high The fourth child... had a splay-mouth. I got to town measure of expansion of “informal sources of loans”, from the settlement on foot (this is 2.5 km)... another that is the mutual borrowing among Roma doctor treated us. She said that I must take my daughter to the hospital in Košice. I requested an households. In relation to the purpose for which ambulance because I didn’t have any money, so she a loan is expended, according to the study this was answered that this is not how it works, that it’s not primarily for food and then other consumer items. a case that requires an ambulance; she said I have to get there by bus. I argued with the doctor and I went to Individual and group interviews with representatives scrape the money together. A neighbour loaned me from the aid profession are also telling in regard to the 10 euro... large indebtedness of Roma households. They spoke ...our two-year-old son has a respiratory illness; we’ve about the abuse of these households, despite their already been to town to see a doctor two times this poverty, by different non-banking or even banking month (5 km). Through the autumn and winter we went subjects. They described several stories of taking to see a doctor every month. When we don’t have money advantage of these socially weak families to put them to travel, we borrow 4.20 euro from a neighbour further into debt, about their luring them into (a white woman, but we like her a lot; she always helps disadvantageous fast loans, about their burdening us) for the round trip... them with executor proceedings and the like. I had to borrow money to pay for the trip and medicines; I went to town (19 km). Our little girl had a An analysis of selected situations in the scope of this throat infection... research probe also warned about loans and debts The last trip to see a doctor was back in July... The from several sides. As was shown, many Roma mother had to borrow money for the bus and for households from excluded settlements had to borrow medicines. The boy had a sore throat... The trip cost for transport to see a doctor or for medicines. The 1.40 euro and medicines 4.70 euro... decision to borrow to see a doctor in these cases It was necessary to go see doctor with a girl because she occurred especially if a child was ill. We recall at least had a temperature. The parents went with the girl some of these situations: approximately 1.5 km on foot. It was necessary to pay We went to see the doctor this month with our youngest 5.78 euro for the medicines; the parents had to borrow son, who had a temperature... We went on foot; we the money... didn‘t have money for the bus (2 km). We picked up the The youngest son (five years old) was the last to see medicines thanks to my mother-in-law, who loaned us a doctor; he is often ill. He went to see the doctor in the money... town 8 km distant by bus with his mother. They had to Perhaps three months ago our ten-year old son... fell in borrow for the bus tickets because this was before the yard and cut his forehead. He bled a lot, and benefits... They didn’t pay for the medical service; the therefore it was necessary to take him to the emergency medicines would have cost a lot, but they didn’t pick 160 room in the district town (17 km). We didn’t have them up... I was at the doctor with my son, who is two and a half bought a bathtub, a toilet, tiling, wall tiles and an years old; he had a temperature and cried in the night... automatic washer... I went to see the doctor in town by bus (one way Two years ago they put a fireplace into the house... 0.50 cents). I didn’t have money for medicine, so They took out a loan for 2,000 euro. I borrowed from my sister (10 euro). They insulated the entire house; they borrowed I last went to see a doctor with my younger daughter 5,000 euro (a retired grandmother). They had a master (ten years old), she had a temperature... I didn’t have builder from the village; it’s not finished yet... the money so I had to borrow from the family. I borrowed 10 euro, and the medicines cost 6 euro. Replaced three wooden windows with plastic ones I didn’t have to pay anything for the journey, because because they were not insulated... Three windows with the doctor is here in the village... a complete offer cost 890 euro... Because we didn’t have success with the bank, a non-banking company I go to see the doctor most often with the smallest boy provided a 1,000 euro loan. And in the instalment for (eighteen months old): he’s used to coughing; he gets 36 months at 40 euro a month it comes out to a temperature and we have to go. It often happens that 1,450 euro. The bank didn’t provide the financing I don’t have the money and then I borrow because our income does not achieve the life minimum approximately 10 euro from the family. When the older for a family. The leftover money was invested into boy (four years old) is ill and I need medicines for both, clothing for the children, paint and painting – roughly I borrow 15 euro... for three rooms 40 euro. It was necessary to go see a doctor with the youngest We changed the windows three years ago; we both still member of the family (five-year-old daughter), because worked then. We borrowed 2,000 euro, since then we her stomach ache would not go away. The mother went haven’t made any modifications. We also painted all to see the doctor with the little girl... The parents had to the rooms then. borrow 10 euro for medicine... Last time seeing the doctor: an internist, orthopaedic, I built my house myself from money saved, from neurology....Paid 30 euro for medicines, travelled by a private savings scheme (so-called ´Včielka´ or ‘Bee´) bus. He borrowed from relatives for the trip. and the building saving account. After using it up I was connected to the IDIA savings programme, which was The head of the family had pain in his teeth, he paid provided by ETP Slovensko. Then I continued in 10 euro for the examination – he had to borrow from a microloan programme where I took out an interest- relatives....the bus cost two-times 1.20 euro. free loan which I am now paying back... We did a reconstruction of rooms from microloans which Another source of debts found in Roma households was were offered by ETP Slovensko. We managed to improve in loans for the repair of a dwelling. Households which our housing... had a chance to get a loan (they had a steady income The roof leaked and it was necessary to modify the exceeding the life minimum for a family), use this often bathroom and the toilet. I took out a microloan through for the purpose of improving the quality of their ETP Slovensko in the amount of 1,160 euro. For the housing. If a household was unsuccessful with a request mentioned money I bought material...We did all the for a loan in standard official banking institutions, it mentioned work ourselves... then resorted to the services of non-banking subjects – with many negative consequences for the household’s As was mentioned above, the source of indebtedness budget and its financial situation (the growth of debts of Roma households, or the reason for arranging loans in consequence of late payments, executor proceedings from non-banking subjects, are often arrears for and the like). The research also recorded participants in energy or services associated with housing. They were the microloan programme of the organization ETP also found in the scope of the situational analysis – Slovensko, which helped them improve their dwelling: high arrears payments for heating or electricity were We last reconstructed the bathroom. We borrowed recorded for the payment of which the household 1,000 euro, which I’m repaying at 42 euro a month. We went into debt. One of the stories found indicated the 161 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

“non-standard” origin of such indebtedness, for That my sons find good wives; but mainly that they are example, drawing electricity illegally from a employed and can become independent (they have two neighbour, which strongly evoked the usurer’s unemployed sons age 20 and 22 years). They need more approach to a dependent family without the money; they wanted to put a new facade on the house – they would take out a loan for this, but they must work possibility of checking the actual use of energy: (there are four adults in the family without work, three Meters for the radiators (they listed among the desires children still attending primary school). – author’s note) because we have large arrears We need a new facade on the house and a roof, but payments for heating. so long as my husband isn’t working, we can’t take We last had a problem with the electricity. The annual out a loan. statement came and we had a large undercharge. So I had to take out a small loan of 500 euro and pay for the Loans were also inclined to be among the desires of electricity so that the kids were not in the dark. (I gave a family in one other position: this was the desire the money to a neighbour from who I get electricity.) after completion of an executor’s proceeding to which the household is exposed as well as the desire that the In the end consequence in the scope of the situational household absolve itself of debt or the circle of usury: analysis loans were mentioned also when describing the wishes for the family – as an inaccessible financial Health for the family; employment in the place of service for a family without a working member. For habitation; a new roof, completion of an executor’s proceeding and better social certainty. fulfilling their own desires, for example from the area of housing or the image about the future of their For safe movement of the family in public; that usurer’s children, many households would need a mortgage or didn’t exist or even benefits in material need – only work and pay (compulsory). a loan; however, the absence of a work income practically destroys any such possibility for them. All of the presented associations indicate that debts and They are more likely to get into disadvantageous loans indebtedness are not an unknown phenomenon in the from different non-banking subjects or from usurers, surveyed excluded environments. In contrast, they who often times worsens a stressed financial situation confirm that without work incomes households often of excluded households even further: are unable to cover even their own basic needs, which If I were to find some real work, I would earn more and compels them to borrow and subsequently get into we could get a loan and buy a better house. debts; upon the loss of capability of the household to

Table 17 Indebtedness of Roma households from excluded settlements by amount of debt and type of housing (in %)

Segregated Separated on the edge Concentrated Total settlements of a municipality within a municipality 0, not given 31 32 35 33 1 – 100 euro 12 7 3 7 101 – 200 euro 9 7 9 8 201 – 300 euro 7 6 7 6 301 – 500 euro 3 14 2 7 501 – 1 000 euro 14 14 10 13 1 001 – 1 500 euro 12 10 7 10 1 501 – 3 000 euro 5 5 10 7 3 001 and more euro 7 5 17 9 Total 100 100 100 100 162 Note: The table presents the calculation for all 192 households. Graph 21 Average amount of debt and the provided loan of the surveyed households from excluded settlements by type of housing (in euro)

4 000 3 500,29 3 500 Debt

2 500 Loan 2 050,67 2 000 1 845,51

1 500 1 127,55 1 188,52 1 000 838,00 500 368,00 0 Segregated settlement Separated on the edge Concentrated within a municipality Total

Note: The graph presents the average indebtedness of households and loans provided by household only for the portion of households which listed some sum; in the case of debts, n = 130, and in the case of loans provided n = 25 (with such a small set for loans the listed sums are only orientational). pay back the debts, this leads to executory proceedings. a debt to 500 euro, while 12% of cases had a sum up to But not only households reliant on social incomes have 100 euro inclusively. In the group representing and must pay back loans; households with a work separated settlements the share of debts to 500 euro income which took advantage of the possibility to get was 34%, but the interval from 300 to 500 euro had the a loan and realise their ideas – for example, regarding strongest representation (14%); for the group of housing – also have them. concentrated within a municipality the lowest debts to 500 euro occurred in total on a level of 21% and debts to From all of the surveyed Roma households, not quite 100 euro were only minimal (3%). On the other hand, one-third were without debts (or did not respond to the approximately one-tenth of households in segregated question on household debts), while the remaining and separated environments had debts over 1,500 euro, more than two-thirds of households listed some amount and for the group of Roma households concentrated of debt. The indebted sum ranged from 12 euro to within a municipality this was 27%. 30,000 euro; most often the sum given was 1,000 euro, followed by 1,500 euro, and then 200 euro. Together Each of the excluded environments has households with 28% listed debts in the amount up to 500 euro, while different amounts of debts – from low up to the highest 23% were in the zone from 500 to 1,500 euro and 16% sums – and the amount of debt in concentrated of them had debts of over 1,500 euro. environments grew. This was also confirmed by the average sum owed which is shown in Graph 21. The But the structure of households according to the average amount of debt for segregated settlements amount of debt differed more significantly for the group achieved more than 1,127 euro, for separated according to the type of housing. While representation settlements on the edge 1,188 euro and for the group of of households without debts was almost the same in all households concentrated within a municipality 3,500 of the excluded households (the mentioned one-third), euro. At the same time the graph presents the loaned the filling of the individual zones differed. In sum, i. e. the amount in euro, which the household segregated settlements the smaller sums of debts loaned to another household, which also has a growing predominated: a total of 31% of these households had trend in association with the shift to concentrated 163 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

settlements. The presented sums of offered loans are euro per one member). But if households were not only orientational, because from the overall sample of indebted and didn’t have to make loan repayments, the households only 13% were able to loan money to remainder of incomes would be on average 60 euro another household; the remaining 87% could not higher, or excluded Roma households could increase provide such a service.57 their other expenditures by this sum. It was also shown that the amount of debt was much The amount of income influences the principle way of greater for households with a working member managing households and the “width” of the period of (3,904.95 euro) than for households without a working the month through which they have financial resources member (1,492.99 euro). This is confirmation of the available in a certain volume. The low overall incomes at fact that households with a stable work income are the same time mean surviving most of the month with more able to get loans and for higher sums. The very small sums of disposable financial resources. With research probe at the same time recorded that households with the lowest incomes this means more approximately half of the households from an excluded than half a month with a sum lower than 10 euro per one environment had worked up a payment calendar for the member. With such financial resources decisions on debts. At the time of the research, approximately 8% of household consumption are markedly limited, and the surveyed households had a special recipient as part covering basic needs and unexpected basic expenditures of its social incomes. can also be endangered – households go into debt in an attempt to provide them. Summary: The research probe into excluded settlement indicated Empirical data from different empirical sources that households from excluded Roma settlements are confirmed in terms of averages the stressed or deficit indebted to a high degree. Their debts originate financial budget of excluded Roma households. The differently; often the way is unpaid rent for housing or small incomes to these households cause a low level of for services or energy associated with housing. But they expenditures and do so even with expenditures covering also borrow for the securing of necessary healthcare, for the most basic needs, such as food and housing. A large making modifications to a dwelling or for the purchase portion of households have problems paying for basic of food. Typically, debts for these household arise due to needs for its members and some of them are unable to satisfying basic needs or at least minimal consumption. do this despite frequently borrowing money. The worst At the same time, it was shown that a large portion of balance was recorded in households without a working these households has a payment calendar worked up for member, those with at least one young child and in the liquidation of their debts. But as research assistants multi-member households. in the field pointed out, in several respondent From a comparison of total incomes and expenditures of households having a payment calendar, many families excluded Roma households which managed to get are unable to observe it. The research probe also recorded during one month, it followed than on average recorded a certain group of families which had a special they are more or less equal. The remainder from the recipient for a portion of their social benefits. In some entire sum of incomes after subtracting total households an executor’s proceeding was imposed upon expenditures came out low (44.61 euro per household), their inability to pay debts; in the end this occurred in and if a sum borrowed during the course of the month is several households. The chances of some families not included in the total incomes the remainder is even getting out from under their debts in some realistic time much smaller (10.32 euro per household and not even 2 period was in practically negligible.

57 The amount of a provided loan moved from 20 to 8,000 euro; in 7% of households this was a loan to 200 euro inclusively. Only 6% of the surveyed households were 164 able to loan a higher sum. 6. NEEDS AND DESIRES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FAMILY AND SETTLEMENTS

A qualitative probe was focused on a more detailed settlements gave some sort of response; only 3% did representation of three selected life situations which are not respond to the question. A smaller group listed associated with the most basic needs – health, housing only one desire, but the majority presented combined and food consumption. It was shown that although the wishes. Their contents were related to various spheres situation in excluded Roma settlements differed to of life, from material things up through general a certain measure, a broad group of households live values. On the basis of the summary score, work and here which experience a high measure of deprivation for employment finished in first place. each of these basic needs and in many households the In the course of the analysis it was heard several deprivation is combined. They encounter limited times, and it couldn’t be otherwise, that the range of financial, spatial or social accessibility of healthcare; unemployment and its length are in the surveyed securing the needs for housing is not only on a low level, environments exceptionally high. General theories but sometimes even deeply below it, and they about this state not only the impact on social experience on a daily basis limitations or even institutions and processes but also on the position of deprivation in consumption of food. The life strategies the unemployed and their social behaviour. We herein for the monitored areas are also varied: some continue paraphrase again the words of Czech sociologist to battle and search for solutions, while others are P. Mareš, because our discourse in the case of the resigned to the situation (for healthcare, modifications unemployed Roma population ignores the impacts on to a dwelling and the like). In the foundations of the social behaviour of individuals, or reduces it to the deprivation and poverty stands the absence of work statement that the “Roma don’t want to work”. But incomes caused by deep and long-term exclusion from when the absence of employment changes the status the labour market. The lack of financial resources for the of a person and his roles, this creates for him an provision of basic needs leads to indebtedness and anomic situation, inevitably evoking his reaction to it; further indebtedness of these households. unemployment is therefore the subject of measured Such is the real life of Roma households in excluded and intuitive life strategies, and its content is settlements. Do any desires and yearnings influence influenced culturally and by the duration of them? Do they have desires at all and if so, what kind? unemployment. With longer periods of unemployment A question thus focused also became a component of a person gradually becomes accustomed to his/her the research. Desires especially aimed at one’s own situation and his reactions to the living situation are family were monitored, and what they would desire for adapted to it (Mareš, 2002, pg. 103). improving life in their settlement was recorded Professional texts note that unemployment is not separately. a welcomed state; therefore people try to get out of it as 6.1. Desires for own family58 soon as they can. And if they do not manage to do so, they try to survive and to live in the new situation, Upon surveying the wishes for one’s own family an especially with mass and concentrated long-term absolute predominance of households from excluded unemployment. As was mentioned above, life strategies

58 We recall a note from the introductory section: from the character of the research it follows that the presented numerical values serve exclusively for comparative purposes – for comparing differences between differently defined groups of excluded Roma households; they decidedly do not correspond to the quantitative range of the given value attribute in excluded Roma communities. 165 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

with long-term unemployment are varied, and at the •work for the head of the family – so far they live same time they can mutually intersect and replace one through drawing mama´s pension, but when she another. On one hand, this is the mentioned restraining passes away, her income will be sorely missed in consumption and relinquishing the original range of •for work for my husband and two adult sons, because needs (adaption to the situation) or resignation and it’s difficult to live from social benefits (two parents apathy; on the other hand is the searching for an and two adult sons are unemployed) active starting point and non-conforming methods or •for work – so that father and son (eighteen years old, persisting in attempts to integrate into society. The unemployed) work and the family would then have placing of work and employment in first place among a larger income desires for the family can signal that many of the •that my husband and son have proper work and then excluded Roma households have not given up their our financial income will change and we could repair desire for paid work, at least in speaking about it.59 and improve our home The findings to a significant measure controvert the •that adult children find work somewhere; that my myth that “the Roma don’t like to work”. husband is healthy; a larger flat – we have 11 children at home (our adult childrenalso live with us) From the submitted responses, nearly 28% of the •that my son and husband find work – my son is surveyed households invoked work and employment in a trained electrician and cannot find work; to buy different associations. The desire to connect to the plastic windows labour market was given independently or in •that their son-in-law find work, likewise the adult combination with other desires, and different aspects children want to work; they have everything they of work activity were emphasised along with it. want; they only desire health and more money A general desires for work and employment took, for •that we are all healthy, that I don’t have to go with example, such a form: the children to see the doctors; that they learn well; •that we find work and that my husband find a job, that he get selected at least for activation work; that we get a municipal •employment – everything derives from this rental flat Some respondents desired work for themselves or for The side emphasised in expressions of interest in paid all adult members of the households, others only for work was the permanence of work, the permanence of its male members. To a certain measure, then, the employment. This is telling in relation to the fact that marked influence of gender stereotyped ideas households have more experience with temporary or regarding the role of men and women, which are in occasional jobs which decidedly to not bring the the environments of excluded Roma communities desired effect – a permanent income and certainty. relatively strong, were expressed here. The surveys At least on the level of desires, they expressed the confirmed that men are broadly perceived, relatively need for stable employment; sometimes with the speaking, as the family provider and the role of addition that at least for one member of the family: women is linked more with care of home and hearth (The Image..., 2012). Households not only desire work •permanent employment – at least for one person for the family father but also for sons or sons-in-law: from the family •that the father has employment with an income; •for more permanent work and security that the wife could devote herself to the family and •for work and a stable income (both parents are household more unemployed)

59 Persisting in attempts to become a part of the mainstream of society can lead to repeated řnding of new employment on the formal, ofřcial labour market, but with failure this effort can have the form of preserving rituals conřrming the status of the unemployed (e.g. going to the labour ofřce), the idea of which evaporates 166 (neither the unemployed nor even the work ofřce now do not really believe in the return to the labour market) (Mareš, 2002, pg. 105). The desire for work nearby confirms in its own way the opens up the path for a better living situation. Again, “stickiness” of excluded settlements. Several at the same time this sent the signal from the opposite respondents especially emphasised the accessibility of side that social benefits do not provide security and work in the near vicinity. Equally, the problem was the provision of needs for the life of the households: mentioned of possible accessibility of low •they desire work and finances qualification work – they are aware of the lack of •to find work, so that there is more money qualification and accepted it as it is: •work, so that we improve our financial situation •employment in the nearby surroundings •a job, so that we improve our financial situation •employment near the settlement and pay (there are three adults, parents and a nineteen-year-old son •for work, so that we have something to live from and all are without work, despite having completed their schooling) Many households connected the desire for work with the future and education of children, by which they •that they weren’t desperate to find work and with low qualifications and they didn’t have to fear for allude to two levels. They desired work for themselves their housing, work, subsistence; that they didn’t so that they can offer the children a better education have problems existing, that they were not hungry and future. The second level was emphasising the and could pay for everything like other people education of the children, which could help them secure better application regarding work and life. The desire for work also took the form for its improved •that the children are healthy, that we always work financial evaluation, that is, better earnings. In such and know how to provide the children with a context the request for becoming involved in the everything process of labour was connected not infrequently with •to finish the facade on the house; that the children the peace and security which a work income brings. finish school and find work, likewise the adults Desire thus expressed at the same time implicitly would like to work indicates the great measure of uncertainty and stresses •for health; that my son finish school and finds work which households excluded from the labour market are and marries well permanently exposed to in their attempts to cover their •that my children can study at secondary school and in basic household needs. The above citation which the future at university, and so they can help to speaks about work as a prerequisite for removing fears become employed like their parents and start a family regarding housing and sustenance, for removing •that at least the children have work and a normal life existential problems and hunger and for strengthening •own housing; employment; not to owe anyone the ability to pay for everything like other people in the money; that the children have a clear future – a good end expresses this very explicitly and in detail: education and as a result employment; when they •I desire a good job with good pay have learned, let them have more pay; if they don’t •better financial provision; permanent work want to study, let them dig and tidy up •for peace; for better financial possibilities of Otherwise, the desires for work were even more employment specific in the sense of approximating the method of •for work; to experience less stress – for peace expending the acquired work incomes. They were •for my own room; and mainly for work, for security predominately connected with the chance to invest into improving the quality of housing and to The improving of the financial situation of the furnishing a flat. As the responses indicated, they household and securing resources for a better life also would need a work income, for example, to renew the took the form of general desires. People in excluded facade on a house, for new furnishings in a dwelling, Roma settlements are aware that it is work activity that for building a bathroom, for plastic windows or 167 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

insulation, but also for the purchasing of a better Several responded added to these two – a flat and home or flat. The responses also indicated the work – even more general desires, such as health problem of inaccessibility of loans for households generally, or they stated a combination of several and without a work income. A stable work income is very diverse desires (for more examples, see Appendix a prerequisite for the provision of a mortgage – the 1 to part 3.6): huge exclusion from the labour market closes such •that everyone is healthy; that I find more work a possibility for residents of excluded settlements: •that we continue to be healthy; that we find •our life would certainly be better if we found work; employment then we could afford more: a new facade on the •health, work; a two-room flat (five live in a one- house and a fence room flat) •they would certainly need work; if they had enough •for a better flat; health; that my husband again money they would buy a new bed and wardrobes for has a job the bedroom •improving our housing; for finding employment •they have only a little money; they would like new nearby, at least one member of the family; and to furniture, a bathroom and work improve our income •for the family – that my husband always has work •health for the family; employment in the place of and for the children sufficient education and habitation; a new roof, completion of an executor’s obviously health; at home I would desire plastic proceeding and better social certainty windows and insulation •happiness, health, work; food aid, a better house •If I were to find some real work, I would earn more and we could get a loan and buy a better house •A toilet in the house; permanent employment, health for the whole family; employment for my •That my sons find good wives; but mainly that they husband are employed and can become independent (they have two unemployed sons age 20 and 22 years). More general desires related to housing finished with They need more money; they wanted to put a new facade on the house –they would take out a loan for approximately the same level of choices, which in this, but they must work (there are four adults in the a large measure indicated the fact that they were family without work, three children still attending presented relatively often together with the desire for primary school) employment for members of the family. Similarly as in the preceding case, it was presented independently The combination of work and a flat, housing was given and in combination, and emphasis was placed on its relatively often in the desires for the family: different sides. Residents of excluded settlements •money – if we had work; and a family house (to live primarily wanted better and newer housing, or normal in our own) housing with standard furnishings: •employment, a three-room flat •for better housing •employment; housing •for better and nicer housing •for a larger flat and for work •to have normal housing •for a larger flat (four live in a house with one room •we desire new housing and a kitchen, without a bathroom; for work •our whole house desires a new home; the •for nice housing; for work municipality promised to build social flats •to finish the house; work – employment (both •we desire good housing; an independent yard for the parents are unemployed despite completing children vocational school) •for a new house with a bathroom and bath; that we 168 •a good house; work after maternity leave didn’t have to pay high rent •for a house where I can live like a decent person, to •they would like their own house or flat; they have heat and water for bathing complained that the municipality promised them •because we are eight living in one room which also social flats but aren’t doing anything serves as a kitchen, room and children’s room, I very •for my own house much desire better housing with a kitchen; we still •the building of a new house live with my parents •for my own house •for a new flat or a house where we have electricity and water (they have a house with one room and without •for my own family house a bathroom; they don’t have electricity or water) •to have my own family house Desires for a larger house or flat were often expressed, •to live in a family house behind which is hidden the great over-crowding of •to finish building a family house – our own dwellings. Some respondents only stated a larger flat •that we have our own family house, that the children or house; others specified the number of rooms have their own room needed and others requested at least their own room •to own a legal house (they live in a house built for themselves or a children’s room for their children: illegally; it has one room, a bathroom and water, •a larger flat and electricity illegally) •a multi-room flat; we have only a one-room flat •to settle the property and legalise the building (they •a new and larger flat (7 live in a one-room tenement live in a house which is an illegal building) house, 5 of whom are children age 5 to 22 years) Another group of desires were also connected with •for a two-room flat housing, in those who thought about the situation of •for a larger house (they live with two small children their own children in adulthood. Several respondents in one room without a bathroom) desired to help their children resolve the situation •for a larger house, because we have big children and with housing – they would like to buy a home nearby. few rooms (three children age 12 through 16; 1 room A single mother with a child who lived with her and a kitchen) parents expressed the desire for independent •a separate room for the children housing; to obtain such housing under such •for separate rooms for the sons – they are adults now conditions, however, is completely impossible: (two sons age 25 and 28 live with their parents; they •the purchase of a flat for our daughter who has live in one room with a kitchen, without furnishings, a serious boyfriend; we would like to buy a flat not even electricity) within about 30 km of our home •that I secure a room for my daughters (two •the purchasing of a home for our son (they have daughters age 5 and 7 years), that we have water in 2 sons, 15 and 21 years old) the house •for a house, for our daughters and for us; health for •for a room of my own the whole family •for a room of my own (they are 5 and live in two rooms) •for independent housing only with my son – a flat •more rooms (six live in one room without a bathroom (a single mother lives with her parents); I’m on and kitchen); a separate kitchen; a repaired chimney maternity leave and I don’t have any income that would let me afford it A relatively frequent reply was emphasising the desire for housing of one’s own – this was predominately Aside from general desires for housing, a relatively a family house, more rarely a flat. With housing of large group of desires for the family were focused on one’s own was also found the request for legalisation the modification of a dwelling. Households stated of the present dwelling: modifications of dwellings without further specification 169 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

of what they would want to change, or in their own •for hot water in the bathroom, another source of responses recorded exactly the change required. They heating the rooms; more space for living desired to do or to complete the renovation of a •a bathroom, to repair the house both outside dwelling, to bring water into the households, to build and inside a bathroom or a toilet indoors, to repair a roof, put in •quality housing – a bathroom most of all and new windows or tiling, and also to resolve heating or a toilet; to run to a toilet at night, and mainly electricity in the dwelling. As can be seen, they desire in winter; it’s terrible to shift to the standard of housing common in the country. An indoor bathroom and toilet belonged in the Desires associated with internal facilities of the scope of this block among the most frequent desires, dwelling were generated as an independent area of and they pointed particularly to the huge discomfort in interest. The majority were about standard furniture going to a latrine outside the building in winter. Again which the respondent households desired. The in this context the inaccessibility of loans for the mentioned, for example, furnishing of a bedroom and modification of a dwelling for those excluded from valid kitchen, a sofa or bed; some emphasised their “own” work activity was emphasised: bed. Desiring the strengthening of technical •modification of the flat furnishings of the household, such as a television or computer, was recorded less often, and computers •they would like to buy the neighbouring land and were defined as a desire for their children: build on a room, in which would be a children’s room and living room •new furnishings for the house (bedroom, kitchen) •we would like a new roof •furnishings for the house •for repair of the roof on the house •new furniture •replace the roof covering and for central heating •a sofa, beds, a floor •We need a new facade on the house and a roof, but •supplementing the furnishings of the flat, external so long as my husband isn’t working, we can’t take plaster on the family house, which we don’t have; out a loan and health for the family •a floating floor, tiles in the kitchen, repair of the •my own bed toilet; the facade, the gutter pipes •for my own bed •that a water line be brought into the house •for a new television – the old one broke down •if we had a real bathroom, we would be very happy •for a computer •reconstruction of the house, but mainly that we have •we would like a computer for the children – for a bathroom learning and for fun •for a flat, where they will have a bed and a bathroom •for health and that we lack nothing; the children and a kitchen would like a computer •the building of a bathroom and a toilet in the house A specific group which in its own way was also •a bathroom; that we have water in the house, that we don’t have to carry water from the neighbours associated with housing was the different methods of expressing the desire to leave the current place •after a bathroom and gas heating of habitation. Many Roma households had only the •electricity and water desire to leave the excluded settlement. •water; that we also have electricity in the house; to They wanted to get away from bad neighbours, away properly repair our roof from the Roma community itself, to integrate •a bathroom, water, a source of heat in the spatially to a village or town, or depart to a place of 170 households seclusion: •for another place of habitation – I have bad •health; love; a larger house or a two-room heated neighbours flat (they have 1 room) •that I could leave and live elsewhere, outside the •only that the children are healthy; our own brick Roma community house; and more money •that the entire family live far away, somewhere in •well, we would need more things, but first of all that a village where there is peace and quiet; that my we are healthy; if I can dream, then a bathroom, too father not always leave home, leave my mother •health; a better house, to have light and heat •we would like to live in the village (they live •that my children are health and our financial separated, outside the village) in a family house resources increase; to repair the roof which would have a bathroom, gas heating and new furniture; mostly we desire health and more money •mainly health for my family; satisfaction with living in the family; to renovate the bathroom •to move to town (Vranov district) •to have a solitary house near nature From other desires for the family, a better level of living had an even stronger representation. They A very frequent desire for the family was health, wanted more money; they desired that their own whose percentage score on the level of about one- households to get into the circumstances necessary to quarter put it in third place. It is as if this general cover the basic needs of its members. They expressed desire was in contradiction with the findings the desire to be “like other people” or to live “the way regarding the last time seeing a doctor (part 3.2). a person should live”. A specific segment in this bloc On one had they put great importance on health, was the desire for liquidating debts: while on the other hand they often gave up seeing •for more money a doctor or using prescribed medicines. From the •more finance; a new bathroom many previous examples, it follows that the desire for health is often given in combination with employment •more financial resources; to add on one more room (they live in a house with 2 rooms and all the and/or housing. It also occurred, however, as an furnishings); to reconstruct the bathroom independent desire, or in other combinations. The •I desire more money; and we would like to have following examples at least to represent all such a larger house responses: •that we have plenty of money (I no longer believe in •for health changes; how long am I here and has it changed?!) •health, only health I would be glad if this was ours (they live in an illegally occupied portable hut) and I could pay •health for family (rent), with ...even for 50 euro •health for the family is the most important thing •to live and to have the basic things necessary for life •that my son is healthy; that a bone marrow donor is •that living conditions would improve; that we begin found for my son to live the way we should live •only for healthy children and healthy both parents •for a family house; and to have money for •health for my children, my husband and me abetterlife •health; joy from life and family •that we have what others have; to have our own house (they live in a wooden house without •for health and peace a bathroom which they got from the municipality) •health; my own social flat •the normal life of a family – food, water, •for health – I a semi-invalid pensioner; I want health a bathroom, electricity, a television, a washing most of all for my family; but obviously we would machine; to not owe anyone money; and mainly want for money – we could use more money health 171 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

•the payment of all of our debts (for electricity and work activities in excluded communities. We recall the water) and health for my wife and for me huge unemployment, the instability of jobs which are available to them, the absence of job opportunities in The last group was made up of other desires. the nearby surroundings, the inaccessibility of Among them were family wishes such as the birth of permanent places for the unqualified labour force and a healthy child, the starting of a family by a single the like. Therefore, their desire to find a job is in the individual and the desire of a solitary older couple to surveyed environments strong with the parental not live alone at home. Singular desires were a driver’s generation, and also has an important place in the license for the husband, a car or the return of dreams of the future for children. a husband from prison: Excluded Roma households devoted a great deal of •that we have a healthy baby born; that we complete the repair of our home attention to different aspects of housing – their desires were very often linked with this particular area •for another child; I want a boy (they have two girls, of life. If all of the individual sides associated with age 6 and 8); one more room (four live in a two- room house with a bathroom) housing (better, larger, own housing, modifications to dwellings, the supplementing of furnishings and the •I’m divorced and live alone; I would need a partner, but I don’t want to marry anymore like) were to be combined, they would together be in first place among the desires for the family. This •that we were not home alone (an older married means that deprivation in housing in the surveyed couple – septuagenarians) environments is exceptionally strong. •that my husband get a driver’s license •to have my own house; and a car Desires for the health of family members and an improvement of the financial situation and the living •for a large house, so that everyone had their own level were also found to be frequent personal family bed; our own electricity, but mainly health, and that my husband return from prison desires. The absolute predominance of stated desires had the character of common, basic items necessary According to the research probe, findings regarding for life; certain above-standard desires were really desires for the family were varied, but to a great only exceptional. measure they reflected the real living conditions. Work was not only found very often among the 6.2. Desires focused on the place desires for the family in the responses of Roma of habitation households, but it was approached at from different sides. Once the content and character of the work With desires focusing on the place of habitation the was emphasised, its spatial accessibility or a formal situation ended up rather markedly different work contract; other times the result of work – a compared with what respondents emphasised work income. A large portion of Roma households regarding their own families. One difference was the perceived a work income as one path to better living fact that as much as 15% of the surveyed households conditions and to a minimal life security. Many of the were unable to present anything for improving life in families also specified the use of potential work the community. In contrast, several expressed the incomes – they would like to invest into improving desire to leave the settlement to live elsewhere (see their housing conditions and strengthening their life above). This could indicate a higher measure of security, families with children to their education resignation to the condition of life in the municipality and the future. and a loss of trust in the possibility of improvement. The “work” desires to a larger or smaller measure On the other hand, approximately 6% of the surveyed 172 confirmed all of the existing knowledge regarding the households stated that they don’t need anything in the settlement, because they have everything they •more work for those who don’t have it need for life there. And these were primarily •more work opportunities, because 95% of residents households from excluded communities concentrated here are unemployed within a municipality which gave expression of this •there is no work opportunity here; it’s necessary to type in the larger range (16% among concentrated travel a long way from home for work and only 2-3% for segregated and separated •that there was some work, because they don’t even settlements). Expressions of satisfaction had such want us in the fields anymore a form, for example: •the creation of work opportunities – we used to work •we are on the whole satisfied; we have what we at the cooperative farm need here •here all of us in the village would desire to open •they are satisfied; they have what they need here the plant and employ us •we have everything we need in the village •to renew production in XY (a former plant in the •otherwise, nothing is missing in the village village); this is mainly about employment •to renew the glass works production, which was still •we are satisfied with the village working five years ago •I have no idea what; indeed, we have •job opportunities on regular employment relations everything here •there are no job opportunities here; people don’t •we have everything here in the village; nothing is have any place to be employed; I always find lacking; it’s enough that we are healthy because something – I’m a mason, but no one wants to give medicines are expensive me a contract, so I work odd jobs (officially unemployed) The remaining nearly 80% of Roma households gave at least one proposal for a change in their settlement of •if there was more work here, at least in the district town a new factory could start up; my husband is habitation. Desires aimed at the local place of a mason; he earns on odd jobs, but no one wants to habitation generated, the as with desires for the give him a work contract (now in the summer he family, generated work in first place. Nearly 15% of works enough and our son-in-law helps him; they those asked desired more work opportunities for the have enough work) residents of their settlement. The desires were telling •work for others, especially for the men about the gigantic lack of jobs in the surroundings; •work at least for the men; a water main, gas the responses indicated a trend toward the worsening of the situation in employment. In the desires they •work for other Roma; a football pitch for the children commented on the possible reopening of production •work for the Roma; and that the village put in roads in plants which offered them a chance at employment and pavements in the past, or opening new manufacturing, where •peace and quiet; that people not live rough, but at they would employ the Roma. Several respondent least live modestly and not from social benefits households indicated the inaccessibility of proper •that children not live in poverty and want, that they work – they are able to find odd jobs, but no one have social and legal security; this means that they wants to employ them on contract. The desire to earn live like they used to and there were no unemployed, money by work and not get by on social benefits was that they work for their daily bread; that they can get an education without fees and support from the state repeatedly heard; they would like to earn their “own bread” with work: •For safe movement of the family in public; that usurer’s didn’t exist or even benefits in material •work need – only work and pay (compulsory) •more opportunities for employment for the residents •mainly the construction of social flats and more job •that there would be the opportunity to work here opportunities 173 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

But here the similarities with the wishes for the family everyone wants what they don’t have. This was end; the second most common desire was from the primarily sewerage in the place of habitation (8%) sphere of infrastructure for the place of habitation. which they desired; further a water main and water Excluded Roma households relatively often desired lines (5%), public lighting and the hooking up of pavements or roads – to complete, improve or asphalt, electricity (4%), or the hooking up of gas and gas repair them. Several emerged from the detailing of lines (2%). Some “lacked” only one type of technical the real situation when in the case of rain they must infrastructure, but very often the requests literally walk in mud. Where there are no roads, there accumulated. They saw in their completion is no transport – to bring or to strengthen transport a prerequisite of improved hygienic habits in the from a settlement to a village or town, or at least settlement and increased safety: a school bus to take children to school – these were •lighting (many times) also among the desires of households from excluded •repair of the lighting, because in the evening it’s communities: a catastrophe •a road, roads •streetlamps in the settlement •better roads •the bringing in of electricity (they don’t have •asphalt roads electricity at all) •pavements – we walk up to our knees in mud •sewerage, sewerage (many times) •pavements, because everywhere there is a great deal •sewerage everywhere of mud; a water main and to have our own electricity •everyone wants what we don’t have – that we could •to repair the pavements have sewerage •when it rains, there is a lot of mud here; we would •a water connection need a road •a water main and gas •there is a lot missing in our village, most a road to the cemetery would be necessary to build •a water main and a gas line •pavements; repair of the basement in the housing •a water main and pavements around the shack block – the wall gets damp •sewerage, gas, heating •repair the roads so that there is no mud when it •improving of hygiene (they live in a settlement rains; public lighting without water and sewerage – perhaps 1.5 km from •asphalt roads, the lighting of the settlement the village) •an asphalt road, a water main, a food shop A relatively large group of responses related to the •that they repair the road already; a bus to town environment in which excluded households live. The (2.5 km distant from the settlement) desires were aimed in part at neighbours and •a bus to school, an asphalt road cohabitation with neighbours (8%) but also at the •that the children have a school bus (2.5 km from larger cleanliness in the surroundings (8%), behind village) which the human factor is also primarily hidden. •more connections to the village; those who have Respondent households desired better neighbours, a car don’t need this more normal, more understanding or more cultured people. They would like to live in a peaceful and quiet As can be seen from the citations already presented, environment where things will not be destroyed or the desires of excluded households were also stolen, where adults would not argue or children not connected with other types of technical fight, where drugs would not be sold. Many expressed 174 infrastructure. As was heard in one response – their own desire for great cleanliness in the surroundings – in the settlement, on the street or in A great deal of attention is devoted to children; the housing block – where the removal of the disorder facilities and spaces for children, where they could or, for example, the function of a caretaker could help play, obtained more than 11% of the choices. These remedy this. According to one of the responses the were mainly playgrounds or different climbing frames disorder arises also near the source of public water. The or slides, different attractions for children. According responses indicated that many residents of excluded to the strength of the desire, the facilities of excluded settlements are not satisfied with its environment: settlements with the possibilities for children to •normal people – cohabitants spend leisure time came out very deficient. We note that this is despite the fact that in excluded •better neighbours settlements the child element of the population is the •the mentality of people – that they were not bad most strongly represented. The possibilities for Roma to others children in these environments for games and •new, better and more understanding neighbours; meaningful use of free time are significantly limited that they began in the village to begin building (a limited right of children for development): rental flats for our adult children •playgrounds for children (many times) •a cleaner environment, waste removal, more cultured neighbours •a playground for children in the village •peace, quiet, not hardships; and cleanliness •that a playground for children be put here •that drugs stop being sold here, that children stop •climbing frames (many times) fighting, adults stop arguing, that things stop being •more climbing frames for children destroyed, that the thievery stop •slides •fewer bad people; a larger flat (five live in a two- room flat in a housing block) •slides for the children; what can I want here, just what we have •that people not argue; sewerage •more attractions for children •for greater cleanliness •more space and places where children could play •greater cleanliness in the settlement in peace •cleanliness on the street •playing fields, balls •improving our surroundings •playing fields for children and benches •that the public source of water which is near our •so, for our Roma children, a playing field; and home be removed or redone; everyone who doesn’t repaired roads where the Roma live have water in their home or shack goes there to wash, and a lot of waste stays behind; filth and A significant portion of the community desires related standing water are left there, it doesn’t flow away and it gives off a smell to services of different types, and again the influence of the real situation was expressed – they emphasised •that those who dirty the flats went elsewhere to live, in their responses those things that were missing in because they give us a bad name the village. Several of the households would welcome •order, a vegetable patch a shop with food in the settlement or in the nearby •to tidy up the surroundings, insulate the flat; vicinity so that they didn’t have to travel a great a caretaker distance when shopping, which is a problem generally •to improve the block of flats, the entrance; to but especially in winter. With the purchase of paint it foodstuffs, one other aspect was underlined: the •this is tough to do; they would like to live like people desire for affordable groceries. Although they had in the village, in nice houses with pavements a grocery store in the village, due to the high prices 175 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

they go shopping in the more distant town. A request •a kindergarten for a shop with food for the poor was repeatedly •a kindergarten, because they wouldn’t have to take recorded, at least one with basic foodstuffs: the child to the village •a shop with food •a kindergarten for Roma children •a shop with food (it is in the village 3.5 km distant) •the establishing of a Roma kindergarten •a shop near the settlement (they have one now in •that we had in the village a school for grades 1-9 the village – perhaps 1 km away) •a doctor in the village (they currently have •they have good cohabitation, they would only wish to walk 7 km) for a shop with food near the settlement – this is the •that we didn‘t have to walk to town with the worst in winter (they live on a hill) children, that they build here a hospital (healthcare •in the village they have everything; they don’t have centre) to travel to see a doctor – they have one in the •we would like to have a doctor and a hospital closer village; but the food in the shops are pretty expensive, so we go to Tesco or Kaufland in the •to repair the roads; a family doctor district capital to do the shopping (20 km) •a doctor in the place of habitation (they currently •better cohabitation; affordable food, and for the travel 14 km); a school (the children travel 8 km family with a very low income – mainly basic to school) foodstuffs (bread, flour, sugar); e.g. and an •a paediatrician, a post office, a school accessible price for getting rid of waste wood – cleaning the forest after operations or extraction •that there was a paediatrician here, a post office, a kindergarten and school •to not wait for benefits in material need, but for a pay check; a shop with food for poorer people •an asphalt road, a doctor, a school •a job; affordable prices for daily foodstuffs •a community centre •I’m happy with the village, but I would like it if we From other services excluded Roma households most had a community centre here desired a kindergarten directly in the settlement or •a hygiene centre with showers, a water main and for Roma kindergarten – for Roma children. From hot water educational facilities a school directly in the settlement (all nine years of primary school) also Like the desires for a change in the habitation of occurred among the replies. Several expressed the excluded settlements, housing was also found in desire for closer healthcare services so that they do a relatively large measure, but with a different focus. not have travel to see a paediatrician or a family This was mainly the desire to build social or rental doctor or for examinations. As was shown in section flats, especially with an emphasis on flats for young 3.2, the need for commuting for healthcare Roma families (8%). The responses indicated the significantly complicates its accessibility. An great immediacy of the housing problem in the occasional desire was to have postal services close by. surveyed environments. It was shown that young Among services, the request for a community centre families in impoverished, excluded environments have in the village or hygienic facilities with showers was effectively only two possibilities: either “remain also heard:60 beneath the wings” in the parental family, which

60 For context we mention that overall 43% of the 192 surveyed households from 131 excluded settlements had experience with a community centre in the settlement (38% a functional CC and 5% a non-functional one). In regard to the working of some aid non-prořt organization in the settlement, 41% knew of some, while the remaining 59% did not know of any such activities in their settlement. A detailed description of the “facilities” of excluded settlements with CC services or NGOs 176 appears in the updated Atlas of Roma Communities (data collection 2012 – 2013). deepens even further the already deep over-crowding, •a place where Roma could meet, something like or build a non-standard building – a shack – on their a cultural salon own. At least several desires indicated this in their •a room where young people can gather arguments: •more green; a leisure-time centre for children •new flats and adults •rental flats • a playground for children; spaces where children could spend free time during •rental flats for Roma families bad weather •more new flats for young families •more cultural events for the Roma •construction of flats for our adult children (we are three families with children living in a two-room flat The last area consisted of relations with the majority – a total of 15 people) population; they expressed the desire to have good •that the municipality begin to build rental flats for relations with the “whites”, that the approach toward Roma, that our children could live decently; my son- the Roma improved, that people not judge if they in-law is employed, but he doesn’t have a place to don’t know the living conditions that Roma live; he lives in a self-built dwelling, and he can’t households live in: properly rest there – he is a boiler man and he has to get up at 3 to 4 in the morning. •good relations with the “whites” • that we get along with our neighbours in the nearby •that the municipality begin to build rental flats of vicinity as Roma lower standard, so that our children have somewhere to live when they begin to start their own families • a better approach to the Roma •that the municipality also build flats for those Roma • that in the village they don’t judge people who live in shacks; the settlement will look better when they don’t know what kind of live they have at home •construction of new rental flats for our adult children, so that they don’t have to live with us or Desires aimed at improving life in the settlement of in shacks when they are used to better; cleaner corridors in the housing block habitation were relatively varied; however, the specific things lacking in the settlement •to build social flats with a bathroom and more rooms predominated among them. Great emphasis was •housing blocks, a water main placed on job opportunities in the surroundings and •repair the roads, flats for young couples, flats for young families; they wanted a more peaceful pavements and sewerage and cleaner environment within the settlements, and •housing blocks; public lighting; a playground they desired the completion of its technological for children infrastructure – primarily roads and sidewalks. A considerable group of desires associated with In addition to the occasional desires for a change in the children: they cited the need for leisure-time facilities village, such as, for example, local broadcasting in the or furnishings for children, like playgrounds and other settlement or meters on the radiators (see Appendix 2 equipment for games; kindergartens in the to section 3.6), the research probe identified still two settlements were often requested. In addition, broader areas. The first related to cultural spaces and a variety of requests were recorded for services – events. They desired a place where Roma could meet or according those missing in the settlement. a centre for leisure-time for children, youths or even Roma residents from excluded settlements were adults, where they could spend time even in the case of also lacking in cultural events, and they expressed bad weather. One of the households would welcome through desires an interest in improving relations more cultural events for the Roma: with the majority. 177 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Summary: placed on job opportunities in the surroundings and flats for young families; they wanted a more peaceful According to the empirical findings, work was found and cleaner environment within the settlements, and among the desires for the family in the responses of they desired the completion of its technological Roma households not only the most often but was infrastructure – primarily roads and sidewalks. approached from different sides. Once the content A considerable group of desires was associated with and character of the work was emphasised, its spatial children: they cited the need for leisure-time facilities accessibility or a formal work contract; other times or furnishings for children, like playgrounds and other the result of work – a work income. A large portion of equipment for games; kindergartens in the Roma households perceived a work income as one settlements were often requested. In addition, path to better living conditions and to a minimal life a variety of requests were recorded for services – security. Many of the families also specified the use of according those missing in the settlement. Roma potential work incomes – they would like to invest residents from excluded settlements were also lacking into improving their housing conditions and in cultural events, and they expressed through desires strengthening their life security, families with an interest in improving relations with the majority. children to their education and the future. Many desires of Roma households implicitly gave The “work” desires to a larger or smaller measure testimony about the poor conditions of housing and confirmed all of the existing knowledge regarding the their ties to the labour market. Exclusion from the work activities in excluded communities. We recall the labour market at the same time means exclusion from huge unemployment, the instability of jobs which are the possibilities to improve housing. As section available to them, the absence of job opportunities in 3.3 about housing showed, many surveyed the nearby surroundings, the inaccessibility of households live in very disadvantageous conditions permanent places for the unqualified labour force and and there are too few solutions to their housing the like. The desire to find a job is in the surveyed situation. They do not have the financial resources for environments strong with the parental generation, the purchase of a flat or house – exclusion from the and also has an important place in the dreams of the labour market closes off such a possibility. At the future for children. same time exclusion from the labour market for them Excluded Roma households devoted a great deal of means exclusion from loans and mortgages; several attention to different aspects of housing – their respondents emphasised that without work – stable desires were very often linked with this particular area work – they can’t get loans. of life. This means that deprivation in housing in the surveyed environments is exceptionally strong. For many from the households the vicious circle A general desire for health of family members and an closed: exclusion from the labour market and the improvement of the financial situation and the living absence of normal work opportunities; even simple level were also found to be frequent personal family physical survival on social benefits – securing food – desires. The absolute predominance of apparent is problematic. Exclusion from the labour market (not desires had the character of common, basic items infrequently despite a skill or completed education) at necessary for life; certain above-standard desires were the same time squanders the possibilities of adult really only exceptional (a car, a PC for the children). children to become independent and establish their own household. This subsequently expands the Desires aimed at improving life in the settlement of parental family and leads to further overcrowding in habitation were relatively varied; however, the already overcrowded dwellings. The capability of adult specific things lacking in the settlement children to become independent is in excluded 178 predominated among them. Great emphasis was environments slim. What must happen in the next generation, when the housing space will still further Many excluded settlements lack standard narrow, is a difficult to predict. If we look at the technological infrastructure, and this begins literature, the huge deprivation brings unrest and with roads and pavements. The lack of roads and reduces social conciliation. transport make spatial exclusion still deeper. Although families cumulate resources and make up On one hand the request for improved hygienic insufficient resources with self-help and mutual relief, relations in excluded settlements is talked about, but these are not enough for overcoming the deficit. the existing technological infrastructure often Despite the willingness and skilfulness regarding self- doesn’t create even the basic foundations for change. help solutions, the deep deficit of work incomes also When searching for solutions it is important to closes off this possibility. Therefore, it is not remember the variety – each environment is different surprising that housing was found to be the second and requires different priorities. The desire to live most common area of wishes for one’s family and the otherwise and the desire to work is, despite desire for housing for children in the settlement of the situation of long-term unemployment, also residence also ended up relatively strong. still present.

179 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Appendix 1 to Chapter 6: Desires for the family

None given, doesn’t know 3%

Education of children and a better future for them for a good future for the children that we are healthy, and that our daughter has a better life than we have (they have one daughter age 19 years) that the children finish school health and a decent household; higher education for the children for a holiday with the family and a new swimming pool in the yard; we are preparing the children a lot to attend a gymnázium (grammar school) that the children are healthy, that we always work and know how to provide the children with everything own housing; employment; not to owe anyone money; that the children have a clear future – a good education and as a result employment; when they have learned, let them have more pay; if they don’t want to study, let them dig and tidy up to finish the facade on the house; that the children finish school and find work, likewise the adults would like to work for health; that my son finish school and finds work and marries well that my children can study at secondary school and in the future at university, and so they can help to become employed like their parents and start a family that at least the children have work and a normal life Employment, work that we find work employment – everything derives from this permanent employment – at least for one person from the family employment in the nearby surroundings for more permanent work and security that they weren’t desperate to find work, also with low qualification and they didn’t have to fear for their housing, work, subsistence; that they didn’t have problems existing, that they were not hungry and could pay for everything like other people for work; to experience less stress; for peace for peace; for better financial possibilities of employment that the father find employment with an income; that the wife could devote herself to the family and household more work for the head of the family – so far they live through drawing mama´s pension, but when she passes away, her income will be sorely missed for work for my husband and two adult sons, because it’s difficult to live from social benefits (two parents and two adult sons are unemployed) for work and a stable income (both parents are unemployed) I desire a good job with good pay employment near the settlement and pay (there are 3 adults, parents and a 19-year-old son and all are without work, despite having completed their schooling) they desire work and finances to find work, so that there is more money work – so that we improve our financial situation employment so that we improve our financial situation for work so that we have something to live from 180 for work – so that father and son (18 years old, unemployed) work and the family would then have a larger income that my husband and son have proper work and then our financial income will change and we could repair and improve our home our life would certainly be better if we found work; then we could afford more: a new facade on the house and a fence if I were to find some real work, I would earn more and we could get a loan and buy a better house better financial provision; permanent work money – if we had work; and a family house (to live in our own) employment, a three-room flat employment; housing for a larger flat and for work for a larger flat (4 live in a house with one room and a kitchen, without a bathroom); for work for nice housing; for work to finish the house; work – employment (both parents are unemployed despite completing vocational school) a good house; work after maternity leave that my son and husband find work – my son is a trained electrician and cannot find work; to buy plastic windows that their son-in-law find work, likewise the adult children want to work; they have everything they want; they only desire health and more money that my sons find good wives; but mainly that they are employed and can become independent (they have 2 unemployed sons age 20 and 22 years). They need more money; they wanted to put a new facade on the house – they would take out a loan for this, but they must work (there are 4 adults in the family without work, 3 children still attending primary school) that adult children find work somewhere; that my husband is healthy; a larger flat – we have 11 children at home (adult children also live with us) for the family – that my husband always has work and for the children sufficient education and obviously health; at home I would desire plastic windows and insulation that we are all healthy, that I don’t have to go with the children to see the doctors; that they learn well; and that my husband find a job, that he get selected at least for activation work; that we get a municipal rental flat that everyone is healthy; that I find more work health, work; a two-room flat (five live in a one-room flat) they would certainly need work; if they had enough money they would buy a new bed and wardrobes for the bedroom for my own room; and mainly for work, for security for a better flat; health; that my husband again has a job they have only a little money; they would like new furniture, a bathroom and work that we continue to be healthy; that we find employment improving our housing; for finding employment nearby, at least one member of the family; and to improve our income health for the family; employment in the place of habitation; a new roof, completion of an executor’s proceeding and better social certainty happiness, health, work; food aid, a better house a tolilet in the house; permanent employment, health for the whole family; employment for my partner Housing – better, larger, independent we desire new housing for better housing for better and nicer housing all my family desires a new home; the municipality promised to build social flats to have normal housing we desire good housing; an independent yard for the children for a new house with a bathroom and bath; and that we didn’t have to pay high rent 181 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

for a house where I can live like a decent person, to have heat and water for bathing as we are eight living in one room which also serves as a kitchen, room and children’s room, I very much desire better housing with a kitchen; we still live with my parents for a new flat or a house where we have electricity and water (they have a house with one room and without a bathroom; they don’t have electricity or water) a larger flat a multi-room flat; we have only a one-room flat for a two-room flat for a larger house (they live with two small children in one room without a bathroom) for a larger house, because we have big children and few rooms (three children age 12 through 16; 1 room and a kitchen) a new and larger flat (7 live in a one-room tenement house, 5 of whom are children age 5 to 22 years) a separate room for the children for separate rooms for the sons – they are adults now (two sons age 25 and 28 years, live with their parents; they live in one room with a kitchen, without furnishings, not even electricity) that I secure a room for my daughters (two daughters age 5 and 7 years), that we have water in the house for a room of my own for a room of my own (they are 5 and live in two rooms) more rooms (six live in one room without a bathroom and kitchen); a separate kitchen; a repaired chimney they would like their own house or flat; they complained that the municipality promised them social flats but aren’t doing anything for my own house the building of a new house for my own house for my own family house to have my own family house to live in a family house to finish building a family house – our own to own a legal house (they live in a house built illegally; it has one room, a bathroom and water, and electricity illegally) to settle the property and legalise the building (they live in a house which is an illegal building) that we have our own family house, that the children have their own room the purchase of a flat for our daughter who has a serious boyfriend; we would like to buy a flat within about 30 km of our home the purchasing of a home for our son (they have 2 sons, 15 and 21 years old) for a house, for our daughters and for us; health for the whole family for independent housing only with my son – a flat (a single mother lives with her parents); I’m on maternity leave and I don’t have any income that would let me afford it Modification to housing and furnishing of a flat modification of the flat for a new roof we would like a new roof for repair of the roof for repair of the roof on the house 182 replace the roof covering and for central heating We need a new facade on the house and a roof, but so long as my husband isn’t working, we can’t take out a loan a floating floor, tiles in the kitchen, repair of the toilet; the facade, the gutter pipes that a water line be brought into the house if we had a real bathroom, we would be very happy reconstruction of the house, but mainly that we have a bathroom they would like to buy the neighbouring land and build on a room, in which would be a children’s room and living room for a flat, where they will have a bed and a bathroom and a kitchen a bathroom, a toilet the building of a bathroom and a toilet in the house a bathroom; that we have water in the house, that we don’t have to carry water from the neighbours after a bathroom and gas heating electricity and water water; that we also have electricity in the house; to properly repair our roof a bathroom, water, a source of heat in the households a bathroom, to repair the house both outside and inside quality housing – a bathroom most of all and a toilet; to run to a toilet at night, and mainly in winter, is terrible for hot water in the bathroom, another source of heating the rooms; more space for living Households furnishings new furnishings for the house (bedroom, kitchen) furnishings for the house new furniture my own bed for my own bed a sofa, beds, a floor supplementing the furnishings of the flat, external plaster on the family house, which we don’t have; and health for the family for a new television – the old one broke down for a computer we would like a computer for the children – for learning and for fun for health and that we lack nothing; the children would like a computer A change of place of habitation to move to town (Vranov) to have a solitary house near nature for another place of habitation – I have bad neighbours that I could leave and live elsewhere, outside the Roma community that the entire family live far away, somewhere in a village where there is peace and quiet; that my father not always leave home, leave my mother we would like to live in the village (they live separated, outside the village) in a family house which would have a bathroom, gas heating and new furniture; mostly we desire health and more money Health health for health 183 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

health, only health a healthy family health for the family is the most important thing that my son is healthy; that a bone marrow donor is found for my son only for healthy children and healthy both parents health for my children, my husband and me health; joy from life and family for health and peace well, we would need more things, but first of all that we are healthy; if I can dream, then a bathroom, too health; my own social flat mainly health; better housing for health – I a semi-invalid pensioner; I want health most of all for my family; but obviously we would want for money – we could use more money health; love; a larger house or a two-room heated flat (they have 1 room) only that the children are healthy; our own brick house; and more money health; and to get the bathroom in order health; a better house, to have light and heat that my children are health and our financial resources increase; to repair the roof mainly health for my family; satisfaction with living in the family; to renovate the bathroom To improve the level of living for more money more finance; a new bathroom more financial resources; to add on one more room (they live in a house with 2 rooms and all the furnishings); to reconstruct the bathroom I desire more money; and we would like to have a larger house that we have plenty of money (I no longer believe in changes; how long am I here and has it changed?!) I would be glad if this was ours (they live in an illegally occupied portable hut) and I could pay (rent), with ...even for 50 euro to live and to have the basic things necessary for life that living conditions would improve; that we begin to live the way we should live for a family house; and to have money for a better life that we have what others have; to have our own house (they live in a wooden house without a bathroom which they got from the municipality) the normal life of a family – food, water, a bathroom, electricity, a television, a washing machine; to not owe anyone money; and mainly health the payment of all of our debts (for electricity and water) and health for my wife and for me Others that we have a healthy baby born; that we complete the repair of our home for another child; I want a boy (they have two girls, age 6 and 8); one more room (four live in a two-room house with a bathroom) I’m divorced and live alone; I would need a partner, but I don’t want to marry anymore that we were not home alone (an older married couple – septuagenarians) that my husband get a driver’s license to have my own house; and a car 184 for a large house, so that everyone had their own bed; our own electricity, but mainly health, and that my husband return from prison Appendix 2 to Chapter 6: Requested improvements in the municipality

No reply, don’t know 15%

Nothing is needed; we have everything here 6%

we are on the whole satisfied; we have what we need here they are satisfied; they have what they need here we have everything we need in the village otherwise, nothing is missing in the village we are satisfied with the village I have no idea what; indeed, we have everything here we have everything here in the village; nothing is lacking; it’s enough that we are healthy because medicines are expensive Work, job opportunities work more opportunities for employment for the residents that there would be the opportunity to work here more work for those who don’t have it more work opportunities, because 95% of residents here are unemployed there is no work opportunity here; it’s necessary to travel a long way from home for work that there was some work, because they don’t even want us in the fields anymore the creation of work opportunities – we used to work at the cooperative farm here all of us in the village would desire to open the plant and employ us to renew production in XY (a former plant in the village); this is mainly about employment to renew the glass works production, which was still working five years ago job opportunities on regular employment relations there are no job opportunities here; people don’t have any place to be employed; I always find something – I’m a mason, but no one wants to give me a contract, so I work odd jobs (officially unemployed) if there was more work here, at least in the district town a new factory could start up; my husband is a mason; he earns on odd jobs, but no one wants to give him a work contract (now in the summer he works enough and our son-in-law helps him; they have enough work) work for others, especially for the men work at least for the men; a water main, gas a job; affordable prices for daily foodstuffs peace and quiet; that people not live rough, but at least live modestly and not from social benefits work for other Roma; a football pitch for the children work for the Roma; and that the village put in roads and pavements that children not live in poverty and want, that they have social and legal security; this means that they live like they used to and there was no unemployed, that they work for their daily bread; that they can get an education without fees and support from the state for safe movement of the family in public; that usurer’s didn’t exist or even benefits in material need – only work and pay (compulsory) mainly the construction of social flats and more job opportunities Roads, pavements and transport a road, roads better roads 185 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

asphalt roads pavements – we walk up to our knees in mud pavements, because everywhere there is a great deal of mud; a water main and to have our own electricity to repair the pavements when it rains, there is a lot of mud here; we would need a road there is a lot missing from our village, most a road to the cemetery would be necessary to build pavements; repair of the basement in the housing block – the wall gets damp repair the roads so that there is no mud when it rains; public lighting asphalt roads, the lighting of the settlement an asphalt road, a water main, a food shop that they repair the road already; a bus to town (2.5 km distant from the settlement) a bus to school, an asphalt road that the children have a school bus (2.5 km from village) more connections to the village; those who have a car don’t need this Infrastructure in the settlement – lighting, sewerage, water main, gas, transport lighting repair of the lighting, because in the evening it’s a catastrophe streetlamps in the settlement the bringing in of electricity (they don’t have electricity at all) sewerage, sewerage (many times) sewerage everywhere everyone wants what we don’t have – that we could have sewerage a water connection a water main and gas a water main and a gas line a water main and pavements around the shack sewerage, gas, heating improving of hygiene (they live in a settlement without water and sewerage – perhaps 1.5 km from the village) Facilities for children playgrounds for children (many times) a playground for children in the village that a playground for children be put here climbing frames (many times) more climbing frames for children slides slides for the children; what can I want here, just what we have more attractions for children more space and places where children could play in peace Playing field, warm food in school for children playing fields, balls 186 playing fields for children and benches so, for our Roma children a playing field; and repaired roads where the Roma live Flats – social, for Roma, for young families new flats rental flats rental flats for Roma families more new flats for young families construction of flats for our adult children (we are three families with children living in a two-room flat – a total of 15 people) that the municipality begin to build rental flats for Roma, that our children could live decently; my son-in-law is employed, but he doesn’t have a place to live; he lives in a self-built dwelling, and he can’t properly rest there – he is a boiler man and he has to get up at 3 to 4 in the morning that the municipality begin to build rental flats of lower standard, so that our children have somewhere to live when they begin to start their own families that the municipality also build flats for those Roma who live in shacks; the settlement will look better construction of new rental flats for our adult children, so that they don’t have to live with us or in shacks when they are used to better; cleaner corridors in the housing block to build social flats with a bathroom and more rooms housing blocks, a water main repair the roads, flats for young couples, pavements and sewerage housing blocks; public lighting; a playground for children Cultural spaces and events a place where Roma could meet, something like a cultural salon a room where young people can gather more green; a leisure-time centre for children and adults a playground for children; spaces where children could spend free time during bad weather more cultural events for the Roma Shop (affordable food), kindergartens, schools, healthcare centre a shop with food a shop with food (it is in the village 3.5 km distant) a shop near the settlement (they have one now in the village – perhaps 1 km away) they have good cohabitation, they would only wish for a shop with food near the settlement – this is the worst in winter (they live on a hill) in the village they have everything; they don’t have to travel to see a doctor – they have one in the village; but the food in the shops are pretty expensive, so we go to Tesco or Kaufland in the district capital to do the shopping (20 km) better cohabitation; affordable food, and for the family with a very low income – mainly basic foodstuffs (bread, flour, sugar); e.g. and an accessible price for getting rid of waste wood – cleaning the forest after operations or extraction to not wait for benefits in material need, but for a pay check; a shop with food for poorer people Services – others a kindergarten a kindergarten, because they wouldn’t have to take the child to the village a kindergarten for Roma children the establishing of a Roma kindergarten that we had in the village a school for grades 1-9 a doctor in the village (they currently have to walk 7 km) that we didn’t have to walk to town with the children, that they build here a hospital (healthcare centre) 187 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

we would like to have a doctor and a hospital closer to repair the roads; a local doctor a doctor in the place of habitation (they currently travel 14 km); a school (the children travel 8 km to school) a paediatrician, a post office, a school that there was a paediatrician here, a post office, a kindergarten and school an asphalt road, a doctor, a school a community centre I’m happy with the village, but I would like it if we had a community centre here a hygiene centre with showers, a water main and hot water Environment – neighbourhood, cleanliness, order, safety normal people – cohabitants better neighbours the mentality of people – that they were not bad to others new, better and more understanding neighbours; that they begin building rental flats for our adult children in the village a cleaner environment, waste removal, more cultured neighbours peace, quiet, not hardships; and cleanliness that drugs stop being sold here, that children stop fighting, adults stop arguing, that things stop being destroyed, that the thievery stop fewer bad people; a larger flat (five live in a two-room flat in a housing block) that people not argue; sewerage for greater cleanliness greater cleanliness in the settlement cleanliness on the street improving our surroundings that the public source of water which is near our home be removed or redone; everyone who doesn’t have water in their home or shack goes there to wash, and a lot of waste stays behind; filth and standing water are left there, it doesn’t flow away and it gives off a smell that those who dirty the flats went elsewhere to live, because they give us a bad name order, a vegetable patch to tidy up the surroundings, insulate the flat; a caretaker to improve the block of flats, the entrance; to paint it this is tough to do; they would like to live like people in the village – in nice houses, pavements Relations with the majority population good relations with the “whites” a better approach to the Roma that in the village they don’t judge people when they don’t know what kind of live they have at home that we get along with our neighbours in the nearby vicinity as Roma Others anything can be bought, but we don’t have any money peace for the family, health; another life than now – social security meters for the radiators because we have large arrears payments for heating a functioning broadcast system – nearby 188 7. PRINICPLE FINDINGS

According to the professional literature, social stomach ache, vomiting and diarrhoea, are also exclusion is “a process which limits the individual, among the common illnesses in Roma children. families and groups or entire local societies in their Preventive check-ups and vaccinations in excluded access to resources that are necessary for settlements are almost solely a matter for children; participation in the social, economic and political life adults predominately go for control only upon the of a society... In association with this process access finding of more serious illnesses. to institutions and services, social networks and The compiled cases of the last time seeing a doctor opportunities for development which are commonly also indicated several barriers in access to medical accessible to the majority society is then forbidden to care in a significant portion of marginalised Roma people for a significant period” (Pierson, 2002, communities. Spatial exclusion itself immediately pg. 7). Social exclusion is expressed in different areas establishes problems with access to medical care. of life; the cited author, for example, differentiates: The majority of recorded cases had standard medical poverty and low income; limited access to the labour services relatively distant, whether this is a market; thin or non-existing social networks; housing paediatrician or a family doctor for adults; with the and life in the context of locality; exclusion from accessibility of an emergency room or hospital services (Pierson, 2002, pg. 7-8). treatment or hospitalisation the distance of The research probe into households from excluded healthcare deepened still further. settlements recorded all types of exclusion: limited For overcoming the distance to medical care families access to healthcare, low quality of housing, self-help from excluded settlements must expend special efforts. and mutual help with a family and locality when In the conditions of poor financial situation of many solving common life situations, the indebtedness of excluded Roma households going to see a doctor on foot households and limited access to the labour market. is not uncommon; in several cases they overcome a On the basis of the research findings, it is possible to journey of some kilometres even with an ill child or with state that members of many surveyed households their own illness. Only a few from excluded households from a spatially excluded environment do not share in have their own vehicle available, and a relatively equal measure the material and non-material sources frequent strategy is using a passenger car of someone of society and in their distribution and redistribution; from the neighbourhood. Such a journey to see a doctor this often leads to their “striking separation from the is either an accompanying activity of the vehicle owner usual life style of the common population” to a distant location, or the household renting the car (Mareš, 2000, pg. 285-286). for the purpose of an urgent journey to see the doctor. Then to pay the costs they mainly borrow, and even Seeing a doctor and the accessibility cases of usury or working off of debts accrued for of healthcare transport were found. Public transport is also a problem for households from excluded settlements when going In Roma communities medical care for children is to see a doctor, because for some settlements, it is not given priority over adults. Adult members of a accessible at all or excluded households cannot afford it household see a doctor usually only with more serious for financial reasons. illnesses, and they do not consult a physician with common illnesses such as colds or stomach problems. But problems of marginalised communities do not end Aside from colds and respiratory illnesses, problems with spatial limitations in the accessibility of medical with the digestive system, such as, for example, care. The poor economic situation complicates the 189 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

accessibility and quality of care for many of these type and the residents of such dwellings themselves households. Not only are financial resources not don’t see their living conditions in a positive light. The available to a large portion of excluded Roma linking of these aspects indicates that the building of households for transport to see a doctor, but also for a non-standard dwelling in segregated environments fees and prescribed medicines, which forces families is for its residents a starting point for poverty; this is to borrow or leads to giving up and a limitation of for many poor households from excluded needed treatment. environments the only way they are able in the given financial and social situation to provide a “roof over The quality of housing and modifications the head” and to fulfil one of the most basic conditions for life. to a dwelling The methods of acquiring a dwelling in an excluded As was shown, with households from excluded settlement determined on the basis of the research communities, aside from the consequences of spatial probe are relatively different and they are different segregation of the place of habitation itself, which are according to the type of settlement and to the type of in several cases fatal, there are many others and they dwelling. This could indicate that the processes have a negative impact on the possibilities of leading to segregation or separation of housing are in integration into the individual area of the public sphere reality varied. It occurs by buying a dwelling in – housing in poor quality dwellings, which often excluded environments, further by building a dwelling complicates the hygienic situation of households, is in such settlements or by inheriting a house from added to the image of their living conditions. parents, by occupying an abandoned dwelling, but This qualitative research probe confirmed the findings also by allocation of housing from a municipality. from quantitative surveys – a much higher Households which got their current dwelling from the concentration of non-standard dwellings (not brick municipality occurred in all three types of excluded houses and flats in housing blocks) in segregated settlements, with the highest share in the scope of environments. According to a subjective evaluation separated settlements on the edge of a municipality. brick family houses and housing blocks in excluded The findings indicate that municipal flats for the settlements are of varying quality – from excellent to socially weak are not infrequently located outside of very poor for life, and non-standard dwellings are a municipality – predominately on its edges. almost exclusively connected with disadvantageous The situation from the viewpoint of the type of conditions. The monitoring of the official status of dwelling, methods of acquiring it and the ownership a dwelling also indicated that the deeper the spatial relation regarding a dwelling seem to be very disparate exclusion of the place of residence, the higher the in excluded settlements. With many of the surveyed occurrence of unofficial buildings. At the same time, households the formal status of the lived-in flat or unofficial (so-called “black”) buildings significantly dwelling was not clear, which in and of itself does not more often take the form of dwellings of non- create a good starting point for housing stability and standard building materials, and in the case of brick the quality of life for a household and its members. The houses they are less frequent in excluded settlements. subjective evaluation of living conditions, which were Critical opinions evaluating the living conditions from the most unfavourable for segregated settlements and the side of residents of such dwellings themselves is non-standard dwellings, confirmed this. strongly linked with illegal buildings, which take the form most often of non-standard dwellings in The research probe repeatedly and in detail showed segregated or separated settlements. Unofficial that Roma households from excluded settlements buildings arise more easily in segregated settlements; often inhabit non-quality dwellings, and the situation 190 at the same time these are not homes of the standard is the worst for segregated settlements. Not only are non-standard dwellings or shacks concentrated in Questions relating to social housing or integration segregated settlements, but they often remain play a key role in the social policy of the EU. without the most basic facilities. But problems with The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European dwellings were found in all three types of excluded Union in Chapter IV article 34 states: “In order to environments; in each of them households were found combat social exclusion and poverty, the Union living in dwellings not corresponding with the criteria recognises and respects the right to social and of quality, whether the size of the home or flat was housing assistance so as to ensure a decent existence involved or its over-crowdedness or deficiencies in for all those who lack sufficient resources, in basic technical furnishings. Cases were not unusual in accordance with the rules laid down by Community law which individual deficiencies were combined together and national laws and practices” (Charter..., 2007).. – over-crowdedness with poor technical furnishings, In association with housing the central governments etc. The quality of housing of many households from of states, which develop their own housing policies, excluded settlements showed marked deficits and are primarily responsible. Slovakia faces many lagged significantly behind the common standards of challenges in this regard, for example, how to renew housing in Slovakia. the housing fund, how to plan and resolve the expansion of towns and villages, how to support The majority of EU countries have accepted some type sustainable development, but also how to help the of housing policy which should support the young and disadvantaged groups. Households from development of housing, its accessibility and ensure excluded settlements decidedly belong to a a minimum quality of housing defined through disadvantaged group, as indicated by all of the minimal standards. Many of the conditions of housing monitored parameters of housing quality. The found in excluded Roma settlements decidedly do not findings cry out for principle measures in the interest satisfy standards. The unavailability of water in of correcting the existing status, especially in dwellings and the absence of sewerage, problems with association with the demographic development of this energy and methods of heating lag far behind any part of the population and with the growing need for standard – even minimal standards. Over-crowded flats for the growing trend in the number of newly housing and limited space for its residents reduces established families and their slender chances of chances at any development. The widespread obtaining housing themselves. occurrence of a situation when each member of a household not only does not have his or her own One of the most important factors influencing room but not even his or her own bed is alarming. methods of housing in the Roma population in general is their territorial distribution, or the measure of their The recorded stories of the last modification to a concentration in individual regions. But an dwelling pointed to three basic associations: inseparable part of their housing is also the character maintenance of a dwelling predominates over more of the settlement – whether of the settlement or principle improvements in the quality of dwelling; for urban type. many households even basic maintenance of a flat or house is financially inaccessible; an absolute majority The characteristics of housing for the Roma, according of housing modifications are done by the households to P. Navrátil on the basis of an analysis of the themselves, or with the help of relatives and friends, situation in Czech Republic, are as follows: the while paid services are used only exceptionally. Even concentration of Roma residents in the objectionable, the latest modifications carried out in the current old housing fund in the ownership of the state; dwelling did not indicate a stronger trend toward segregation practices of municipalities, impossibility improving the existing quality of the housing in of renting a flat in another location due to racial excluded settlements. prejudices of the owners; the origin of ghettoes; 191 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

illegal occupancy of flats, housing in flats without extent calorific and meat dishes which are added to a rental contract (Navrátil, 2003, pg. 124). It can be the meal plan; healthy foods were rarer. Before stated that in Slovakia these not only apply in full benefits poor quality, monotonous meals without measure, but ultimately there are a great many more nutritional value and after benefits heavy and segregation practices. calorific meals – such could be evaluated the eating habits of a large portion of Roma households from Eating habits in Roma communities excluded communities. Many of the meal plans recorded in the research probe According to the warning doctors, the consumption of showed that poverty and material deprivation in this foods with a high content of animal fats leads to environment is a widespread phenomenon. The daily increased occurrence of overweight and obesity, fare does not conform to the nutritional value needed which have as a consequence health problems, for healthy development. The deprivation of many of the primarily of the circulatory system.61 If smoking and surveyed households is connected with their exclusion the giving up of going to see a doctor, which was not from consumption, even from the consumption of food. at all unusual (primarily for adults) among residents This means that not infrequently there is a dramatic of excluded Roma settlements, are then factored in,62 lowering of their level of living in regard to the social this can have an effect in earlier and higher mortality. consequences of long-term unemployment. Minimally in According to some meal plans differences in eating a certain period of the month before benefits come the habits were expressed between children and adults, as characteristics of absolute poverty were indicated, when well as school-attending children and those remaining deprivation comes near to a certain “physiological at home. In adults a tendency was expressed toward threshold”, beneath which the most basic need, such as giving preference to children, to whom they give food food, is not satisfied. Several of the meal plans were more often and of a different type. As was shown, for very poor and monotonous. example, dairy products and fruits were not added On the basis of the examples of the menus, it is even after benefits in all excluded households with possible to summarise that food consumption of Roma children. The second dimension represents the households from excluded settlements does not recorded difference in the diets of children attending appear overall to be of particularly high quality. school and other household members. In some A relatively large proportion of the meal plans households the difference recorded in the eating of contained before benefits a small number of meals per school-attending children in comparison with those at day, little variety, monotonous foods more focused on home received (especially before benefits – they flour-based and potatoes-based dishes than on fruits lacked a mid-morning snack, the meals were less and vegetables or dairy products. Households were healthy), the programme of school dining appears as also found which minimally in the period before a step in a good direction. benefits suffer a lack of food. Sometimes the meal An overall view on both menus at the same time shows plan took the real form of one hot meal per day. that after benefits no great “feasting” took place. For Before benefits, a certain portion of excluded the most part, at least after benefits the meal plan of households had an exceptionally monotonous diet. many households became only standard: a mid- After benefits the variety of meals in the majority of morning or afternoon snack was added, they allow the surveyed households grew, but these are to a large children to have biscuits, yoghurt or fruit; some

61 As Chapter 2 describes, it is this very type of illness that is most widespread in the surveyed environments. 192 62 See also more in Chapter 2 of this study. households permitted a favourite meal, they indulged households without a working member were there in a favourite meat – in short they eat a bellyful. was at least one young child, and in multi- Although modes of eating discovered during the member households. monitoring of this aspect varied from permanently deficit to permanently standard, a relatively large From a comparison of total incomes and expenditures group combine in the month a longer period of deficit of excluded Roma households which managed to get eating with “normal” eating even after receipt of recorded during one month, it followed than on incomes – especially with households reliant average they are more or less equal. The remainder exclusively on social benefits. from the entire sum of incomes after subtracting total expenditures came out low (44.61 euro per Even the view through the monitoring of favourite and household), and if a sum borrowed during the course most commonly eaten meals identified the of the month is not included in the total incomes the orientation to more heavy cooking and non-quality remainder is even much smaller (10.32 euro per meals in excluded Roma settlements. The research households and not even 2 euro per one member). If probe thus confirmed and in the examples of households were not indebted and didn’t have to make individual meals showed the dining habits in this loan repayments, the remainder of incomes would be environment. 60 euro higher, or excluded Roma households could increase their other expenditures by this sum. The tendency predominated in the eating habits of households that the more demanding favourite meals The amount of income influences the principle way of were – mainly if they are meat-based meals – then managing households and the “width” of the period of households can only afford them occasionally in the the month through which they have financial resources course of the month, and commonly cannot afford available in a certain volume. The low overall income at them at all. Generally, they prepare a favourite meal the same time means surviving most of the month with only one time each month and do so after arrival of very small sums of disposable financial resources. With incomes into the family. The main meal on the meal households with the lowest incomes this means more plan in the period after benefits and the favourite than half a month with a sum lower than 10 euro per meal were in the majority of cases identical. Through one member. With such financial resources decisions on most of the month they experience a limitation in household consumption are markedly limited, and food consumption which also takes the form of clear- covering basic needs and unexpected basic cut deprivation in nutrition expenditures can also be endangered – households go into debt in an attempt to provide them.

Indebtedness of households The research probe into excluded settlement indicated from excluded settlements that households from excluded Roma settlements are indebted to a high degree. Their debts originate Empirical data from different empirical sources differently; often the way is unpaid rent for housing confirmed in terms of averages the stressed or deficit or for services or energy associated with housing. But financial budget of excluded Roma households. The they also borrow for the securing of necessary small incomes to these households allow only a low healthcare, for making modifications to a dwelling or level of expenditures and do so even with for the purchase of food. Typically, debts for these expenditures covering the most basic needs, such as household arise due to satisfying basic needs or at food and housing. A large portion of households have least minimal consumption. problems paying for basic needs for its members and some of them are unable to do this despite frequently At the same time, it was shown that a large portion of borrowing money. The worst balance was recorded in these households has a payment calendar worked up 193 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

for the liquidation of their debts. But as research desires were very often linked with this particular area assistants in the field pointed out, in several of life. This means that deprivation in housing in the respondent households having a payment calendar, surveyed environments is exceptionally strong. many families are unable to observe it. The research A general desire for health of family members and an probe also recorded a certain group of families which improvement of the financial situation and the living had a special recipient for a portion of their social level were also found to be frequent personal family benefits. In some households an executory desires. The absolute predominance of stated desires proceeding was imposed upon their inability to pay had the character of common, basic items necessary debts; in the end this occurred in several households. for life; certain above-standard desires were really The chances of some families getting out from under only exceptional (a car, a PC for the children). their debts in some realistic time period was practically negligible. Desires aimed at improving life in the settlement of habitation were relatively varied; however, the Desires for the family and requested specific things lacking in the settlement changes in the settlement predominated among them. Great emphasis was placed on job opportunities in the surroundings and According to the empirical findings, work was found flats for young families; they wanted a more peaceful among the desires for the family in the responses of and cleaner environment within the settlements, and Roma households not only the most often but was they desired the completion of its technological approached from different sides. Once the content infrastructure – primarily roads and sidewalks, but and character of the work was emphasised, its spatial also sewerage, water mains and the like. accessibility or a formal work contract; other times A considerable group of desires associated with the result of work – a work income. A large portion of children: they felt the need for leisure-time facilities Roma households perceived a work income as the only or furnishings for children, like playgrounds and other way to better living conditions and to a minimal life equipment for games; nursery schools in the security. Many of the families also specified the use of settlements were often requested. In addition, potential work incomes – they would like to invest a variety of requests were recorded for services – into improving their housing conditions and according those missing in the settlement. Roma strengthening their life security, families with residents from excluded settlements were also lacking children to their education and the future. in cultural events, and they expressed through desires an interest in improving relations with the majority The “work” desires to a larger or smaller measure population. confirmed all of the existing knowledge regarding the work activities in excluded communities. We recall the Many desires of Roma households implicitly gave huge unemployment, the instability of jobs which are testimony about the poor conditions of housing and available to them, the absence of job opportunities in their ties to the labour market. Exclusion from the the nearby surroundings, the inaccessibility of labour market at the same time means exclusion from permanent places for the unqualified labour force and the possibilities to improve housing. As section the like. The desire to find a job is in the surveyed 3.3 showed, many surveyed households live in very environments strong with the parental generation, disadvantageous conditions and there are too few and also has an important place in the dreams of the solutions to their housing situation. They do not have future for children. the financial resources for the purchase of a flat or house – exclusion from the labour market closes off Excluded Roma households devoted a great deal of such a possibility. At the same time exclusion from the 194 attention to different aspects of housing – their labour market for them means exclusion from loans and mortgages; several respondents emphasised that priorities. Despite the situation with long-term without work – stable work – they can’t get loans. unemployment, the desire to live otherwise and the desire to work is also still present. For many from the households the vicious circle closed: exclusion from the labour market and the The relatively great desire, differently motivated, of absence of normal work opportunities; even simple excluded Roma households for economic integration physical survival on social benefits – securing food – and stable jobs in the areas around their habitations is problematic. Exclusion from the labour market (not inspires the question: why is there such desperately infrequently despite a skill or completed education) high unemployment in excluded environments? Aside at the same time squanders the possibilities of adult from the lack of work opportunities in the regions with children to become independent and establish their excluded settlements there are also the individual and own household. This subsequently expands the social impacts of long-term unemployment. Since the parental family and leads to further overcrowding in world of modern society is organised on the principle already overcrowded dwellings. The capability of adult of paid work, from which the standing and importance children to become independent is in excluded of an individual and the living level of his family environments slim. What must happen in the next derives, the situation of long-term unemployment of generation, when the housing space will still further members of a households leads to several narrow, is a difficult to predict. If we look at the consequences which the professional literature has literature, the huge deprivation brings unrest and described rather well. In the mentioned perspective of reduces social conciliation. the “key position of paid work” in society long-term unemployment has the following possible effects: it Although families cumulate resources and make up destroys the work ethic and contributes to insufficient resources with self-help and mutual relief, demotivation of the unemployed to seek a place on these are not enough for overcoming the deficit. the labour market, which in the end leads to his Despite the willingness and skilfulness regarding self- definitive exclusion from this market; it devastates help solutions, the deep deficit of work incomes also human capital of the unemployed, because the closes off this possibility. Therefore, it is not unemployed persons not only cannot maintain it, but surprising that housing was found to be the second they cannot even innovate their own work capabilities most common area of wishes for one’s family and the and qualifications; at the same time, long-term desire for housing for children in the settlement of unemployment stigmatizes the unemployed residence also ended up relatively strong. and evokes in him distrust of potential employers, Many excluded settlements lack standard who can instinctively explain the fact that certain technological infrastructure, and this begins with individuals are long without work as a personal defect roads and pavements. The lack of roads and transport (they have unusable qualifications, a lack of work make spatial exclusion still deeper. On one hand the habits, are unreliable, querulous, lazy or have other request for improved hygienic relations in excluded problematic characteristics); long-term settlements is talked about, but the existing unemployment represents in a work organized on the technological infrastructure often doesn’t create even principle of paid work an identity crisis for a person the basic foundations for change. When searching for (Mareš, 2002, pg. 75). The consequences are huge solutions it is important to remember the variety – and many in discussions about the situation of Roma each environment is different and requires different households often disrespect or ignore them.

195 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

APPENDIX: ACCESSIBILITY OF BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES FOR RESIDENTS OF MARGINALISED ROMA COMMUNITIES

The questionnaire for the research probe with the Roma settlements; the research activity had the form working name of “situational accounts” contained of a research probe into Roma settlements accessible a battery of questions which related to different to the selected collaborators. characteristics of specific settlement habitation sites, thus the specific space for the life of marginalised Roma communities (MRC). The distance from the Structure of the sample of surveyed home municipality and from the district centres was settlements by territory and type monitored, along with basic infrastructure within the of spatial exclusion municipality and in the marginalised settlements, the Overall, field collaborators (researchers) managed to accessibility of basic facilities and services, the record the situation in 151 spatially excluded possibilities of transport and community work in the settlements (a list of their names is in the settlement. appendix). Together they visited 125 towns and The assigning of such indicators to the survey had villages in Slovakia from six regions and 25 districts. several objectives. Aside from zooming in on the Within some villages or towns several Roma specific condition in settlements and on an outline of settlements are found,63 therefore, the number of the intervals in which the facilities the settlements Roma settlements is higher than the number of lived in by Roma communities move, this was the need municipalities visited. The distribution of the for some attributes in statistical classifications during surveyed Roma settlements in terms of covering the the analysis of incomes and expenditure territory of Slovakia is detailed in Table 1. The Košice strategies and behaviour, as well as an attempt to Region was represented by the most settlements (58), verify some indicators and their comprehensibility for followed by the Prešov Region with 45 settlements researchers before the repeated monitoring of Roma and the Banská Bystrica Region with 42 settlements. settlements with the name “Atlas of Roma The territory of western Slovakia was represented by Communities”. There was decidedly no ambition to six marginalised Roma settlements out of the total carry out a representative survey of marginalised number of 151.

Table I Surveyed Roma settlements by regions and districts

Number of districts Number of MRC Trnava Region 1 2 Nitra Region 2 4 Banská Bystrica Region 9 42 Prešov Region 5 45 Košice Region 8 58 Total 25 151

63 Near some villages even three segregated Roma settlements arose; on the territory of some towns are several concentrated Roma settlements or a combination of 196 settlements on land affiliated with one village – they have a segregated settlement outside the village or on its edge and a concentrated community within the village. Table II Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from the home municipality (in % and km)

Settlements with zero Settlements spatially Interval of distances Average distance distance from home distant from home (in km) (in km) municipality (in %) municipality (in %) Total 40 60 0.2 – 5.0 1.33 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 100 0.2 – 5.0 1.61 separated on the edge of a municipality 23 77 0.2 – 2.0 1.05 concentrated within a municipality 94 6 0.5 – 1.0 0.83

The captured sample of marginalised Roma remaining 60% was more or less distant from the settlements was differentiated according to type of home municipality. The interval of the distances spatial exclusion. Researchers labelled approximately between the settlements and the home municipality 30% of them as being a segregated settlement, while was relatively broad: from 200 metres to 5 kilometres. another 38% of the surveyed settlements qualified as As Table II shows, all settlements designated by separated on the edge of a municipality and the researchers as segregated settlements were at remaining 32% was made up of marginalised a certain distance from the home municipality, and communities concentrated within a village or town. this distance was the same as that for the sample of The relatively balanced resulting representation of the surveyed settlements as a whole (from 0.2 to 5 km); individual types of spatial exclusion created the the average distance was more than 1.6 km. Among possibility for mutual comparison of the individual Roma settlements separated on the edge of a types of housing from the viewpoint of equipping with municipality 23% were given zero distance from the basic infrastructure and the accessibility of basic civic municipality, and for 77% of them a certain spatial facilities. distance was declared; this was from 0.2 to 2 km, and the average stated distance was just over 1 kilometre. Distance of surveyed settlements Among Roma settlements declared by researchers as from the home municipalities settlements concentrated within a municipality again, and centres for a small group a certain distance do the municipality was listed. Researchers considered 6% of The research probe again confirmed that the situation settlements as concentrated within a municipality but of marginalised Roma settlements in Slovakia is listed for them a distance from the municipality from markedly varied in terms of the distance from the half to one kilometre (average 0.8 km). Specifically home municipality. On one hand such settlements are these were cases of settlements which belonged to a component of the interior geographical space of municipalities in a much “expanded” a village or town, but they also arise outside municipal geographic space.64 residential areas and do so at different distances from the municipality. On the basis of the classification of From the viewpoint of the third objective of this researchers, a total of approximately 40% of research activity, i.e. the verification of indicators to settlements of the surveyed sample resided in the repeated mapping of Roma communities, it is “interior” territory of a municipality, and the necessary to point out the importance of a very exact

64 It was probably difficult for them to determine which of the spatially expanded parts still consists of territory in the municipality. Specifically in this research probe, these were the municipalities of Vyšné Slovinky, Kokava nad Rimavicou and Gelnica. 197 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table III Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from the district town (in % and km)

Settlements with zero Settlements spatially Interval of distances Average distance distance from the distant from district (in km) (in km) district town (in %) town (in %) Total 15 85 1.2 – 54.0 18.27 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 10 90 1.2 – 47.0 19.93 separated on the edge of a municipality 19 81 2.0 – 54.0 15.95 concentrated within a municipality 16 84 3.0 – 45.0 19.22

and detailed defining of the individual types of Roma edge were according to the research probe on average settlements, as well as a detailed definition of what is nearest to district towns (not quite 16 km), and for considered to be the residential areas of segregated settlements or those concentrated within a municipality and when a settlement is outside of a home municipality the average distance for the them. In this regard it will be necessary to give district town was near to 20 km. researchers very exact instructions, possibly also with Although the research probe carried out was unable to specific examples and in written form.65 paint an overall picture regarding the distribution of According to the estimated distances from the district Roma settlements from administrative district town the surveyed sample of Roma settlements were centres, the data indicated that they more often divided into a ratio of 15% to 85%. Thus, 15% of the originate at more distant spaces, and that one-tenth surveyed settlements were linked directly to the to one-fifth of them is directly near district towns. The district town and the remaining 85% were majority of residents of excluded settlements are geographically distant from the district town. spatially distant from a district town, some even by Naturally, the distance from this well-known tens of kilometres. administrative junction, where the more demanding Table IV indicates that in approximately one-fifth of healthcare and social services or unemployment the surveyed Roma settlements researchers identified services are usually located, was very diverse. The some physical (natural or man-made) barrier between interval of the distances had a span exceeding 50 the Roma settlement and the home municipality; the kilometres (from 1.2 to 54 km). On average for the remaining 81% was listed without a barrier. Different entire sample of surveyed Roma settlements the types of barriers occurred in the responses and not distance from the district town represented more than infrequently they were combined. Overall the probe 18 kilometres. recorded 10 types of barriers, or combinations of Segregated settlements were least often linked them. Most are related to segregated Roma directly to the district town (10% of them belonged settlements (10 types of barriers recorded), and then administratively to the district seat), and in the case settlements separated on the edge of a municipality of separated and concentrated settlements this was (5 types found with them). For Roma communities 6% and 9% more. Roma settlements separated on the concentrated within a municipality which were

65 In the scope of this research probe, detailed training of researchers took place, but they did not receive instructions in written form. Also, in the scope of the training what constituted municipal residential area or outside of municipal area was not defined, which with some types of “arrangement” of villages or towns in space could lead to an unclear interpretation and the subsequent designation. But as was mentioned above, the probe did not have the ambition to replace mapping, but more to help identify weak indicators for repeating the “Atlas of Roma Communities” monitoring. For further processing of data, the characteristics of settlements were not 198 modified; the designation of type as was identified by the researchers remained in place. Table IV Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated barrier between the settlement and the home municipality (in % and numbers)

Settlements Settlements Number of types Most frequent without barriers stated with a stated barrier of barriers barrier (in %) (in %) (number) (frequency) 1. stream or river (12-x); Total 81 19 10 2. railway line (6-x); 3. road (6-x) - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 53 47 10 separated on the edge of a municipality 86 14 5 concentrated within a municipality 100 0 0 included in the research probe the field assistants did settlements with technological networks which are not list any physical barriers.66 ranked among the basic civic furnishings of a place of habitation. The research logbook contained a total of Watercourses were most often listed as a barrier: eight items of technological furnishings, three related a stream or river (sometimes together with a bridge) to the road network (pavements, roads within the place occurred in tens of settlements, and in another two a of habitation and between the settlement and the watercourse was recorded together with a main road home municipality); the others consisted of: sewerage, or a railway line. The second most commonly listed an electric main, public lighting, a gas main and a water barrier was a railway line; one was listed main. As Table V shows, no technological infrastructure independently in the case of five surveyed Roma had one-hundred percent coverage recorded; with each settlements, and with one settlement together with a type a group of settlements was found which do not watercourse. Roads were also ranked among the most have the given infrastructure available. An electricity frequent barriers (a regular road or a high-speed one) main and a paved road between the settlement and the with a total of 6 settlements, 4 of which were listed home municipality were recorded in the most independently and 2 in combination with another settlements: 96% of the surveyed settlements had an barrier – a stream or a forest. The following were also electricity main and 93% had a paved road leading to listed as a natural or manmade barrier between the settlement. Approximately three-quarters of the a Roma settlement and the home municipality within surveyed settlements had paved roads within the place the research probe: a meadow, a field, a forest alone of housing (77%), a water distribution network (75%) or a forest with a railway tunnel, or more distance. and public lighting within the settlement (73%).Other technological infrastructure occurred in the surveyed Surveyed Roma settlements by settlements a great deal less: paved sidewalks within furnishing with basic infrastructure the place of housing was recorded in just over half of them (54%), sewerage in less than half (48%) and Another area which was the focus of attention within settlements equipped with a gas networks were the the research probe was the covering of the surveyed least (only 38%).

66 Here it is necessary to mention that during the training of researchers for data collection no special attention was paid to specifying or deřning spatial barriers or obstacles; the logbook only presented in the form of examples in parentheses a wall, a stream and a railway line. The researchers, however, were invited to record anything that to them that appeared to them as a barrier. Such an approach was deliberate; it aspired at obtaining the broadest scale of possibilities for further more detailed research, so that barriers already know could possibly be supplemented. 199 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table V Surveyed Roma settlements by type and furnishing of basic infrastructure (in %)

from this settlements labelled as: Infrastructure in the place of housing Total separated on the edge concentrated within segregated of a municipality a municipality Paved sidewalks in the place of housing 54 31 46 86 Paved roads in the place of housing 77 69 65 98 Paved road between settlement and municipality 93 91 91 96 Sewerage 48 42 51 51 Electricity main 96 93 95 100 Public lighting 73 60 65 96 Gas main 38 22 28 65 Water main 75 62 70 92

Note: The table presents the percentage share of settlements for which the researchers recorded the presence of the given furnishings.

The situation differs significantly according to the type have sewerage, while in separated and concentrated of settlement involved in terms of spatial exclusion. settlements this was not quite half; 38% of the The worst infrastructure was confirmed to be in surveyed segregated settlements did not have a water segregated settlements, and this applies for all eight main, while among separated settlements this was 30% types of infrastructure monitored. While all of the and in concentrated within a municipality only 8%; settlements concentrated with a municipality were up to 40% of segregated and 35% of separated covered by electricity mains, 5% from separated on the settlements did not have public lighting, while from edge of a municipality and 7% of segregated those concentrated within a municipality this was only settlements from the surveyed sample did not have 4%; and 78% of segregated and 72% separated electricity. Although on average 93% of the surveyed settlements were without a gas line, while among settlements had a paved road connecting the concentrated within a municipality this was 35%. settlement to the home municipality, in the case of concentrated this was 96% and in segregated and The type of spatial exclusion is decidedly defined on separated 91% (thus 9% of settlements did not have the basic of the equipping of settlements with a paved road connecting it to the home municipality). technological networks and infrastructure. Roma A great difference was manifested also with the communities are often settled in places without basic coverage by other road networks. A total of 98% of technological support for quality housing, or concentrated settlements had paved roads within the technical infrastructure is brought into these place of habitation, but only 65% and 69% of separated settlements in a smaller range or not at all. The fact and segregated settlements had them. The difference that some settlements, even those concentrated was even greater for paved sidewalks within the place within a municipality, are without basic civic facilities of habitation: 86% of concentrated settlements had can indicate on one hand that Roma settlements are them in comparison with 46% and 31% for the created right in those regions and municipalities remaining two types of settlements. Thus, nearly 70% where the overall infrastructure is weaker or of the surveyed segregated settlements did not have marginalised, or they do not have the financial or paved sidewalks within their place of habitation. other prerequisites for full technological A similar proportion to the disadvantage of segregated infrastructure. Cases are also known of disconnecting settlements was also confirmed with other types of of some concentrated settlements from some 200 infrastructure: 58% of segregated settlements did not infrastructure networks – for different reasons. Table VI Surveyed Roma settlements by type and furnishings with basic infrastructure versus connected households (in %)

- from this settlements labelled as: Total separated on the edge concentrated within segregated of a municipality a municipality main in the settlement (n=151) 75 62 70 92 Households connected to the public water main – 55 47 54 63 total (n=151) Households living in a settlement with a water 70 75 73 64 main that were connected to it (n=113) Sewerage in the settlement (n=151) 48 42 51 51 Households connected to sewerage – total 36 29 44 35 (n=151) Households living in a settlement with sewerage 75 68 86 68 that were connected to it (n=73) Gas main in the settlement (n=151) 38 22 28 65

Households connected to gas – total (n=151) 19 9 11 37

Households living in a settlement with a gas main 43 40 31 50 that were connected to it (n=58) Electricity main in the settlement (n=151) 96 93 95 100 Households connected to electricity – total 80 67 81 92 (n=151) Households living in a settlement with an 83 71 83 92 electricity main that were connected to it (n=145)

Note: In each settlement the situation was recorded for only one household typical for the given settlement.

However, even the equipping of a settlement with households utilise this type of infrastructure, technological networks does not mean that these are although it is present in the settlement. Similarly, equally accessible for all households who live in the from households which inhabited settlements with settlement. This is indicated by a comparison of the a water network, 70% were actually connected to it. In equipping of households in the given settlement. The other words, this means that in approximately 30% of connection of households67 to technological networks the surveyed settlements which researchers listed as came out from the measurement of the research probe being equipped with a water main, a typical Roma to be lower than the accessibility of the given type of household is not connected to it. With a harder and infrastructure in the specific place of habitation. more minimalist condition it is possible to state the While from 151 surveyed settlements researchers following: in 30% of the surveyed settlements which listed a water main with 75% of them, from an equal researchers listed as being equipped with a water number of 151 Roma households, each of which main, there is at least one Roma household which is represented a settlement (one typical household for not connected to the water main. And as Table 6 each settlement), only 55% had a connection to presents, a similar principle also applies for other the water main. This means that not all of the types of infrastructure: on average 25% of the

67 In each settlement the situation was recorded for only one household typical for the given settlement. 201 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

surveyed Roma settlements with sewerage installed Roma settlements were represented by those which had at least one household which was not connected lacked only a gas main (nearly one-fifth), and in it; in 57% of the surveyed settlements with a gas line, second place were settlements which lacked only at least one family lives without being connected to sewerage (20 settlements; more than 13% of the total the gas network; and finally in 17% of the surveyed number). Gas and sewerage together were lacking settlements with electricity installed at least one from 15 settlements, while 14 settlements were household lives without an electricity connection. without gas and public lighting. According to the total number, settlements which at the same time did not Both indicators used also suggest that the have a water main, a gas main and sewerage followed phenomenon of not connecting or not utilising (13 settlements), and then settlements only with an infrastructure, despite its being available in the electricity main – water, gas, public lighting and settlement, is overall more frequent in segregated sewerage were all lacking (12 settlements). Other settlements. But it was recorded even in Roma combinations of deficiencies in settlements were settlements concentrated within a municipality; in the represented less often. Four settlements from the case of non-connection to the water network it was in total sample of Roma settlements did not have even the end highest for concentrated settlements one of the monitored five technological (36% of concentrated settlements within a distribution mains. municipality with water mains had at least one household without a connection to the public water In summary, aside from the sample of 28 surveyed source versus 25% for segregated settlements) and settlements with complete infrastructure (none were with connection to sewerage the same as for lacking) and the 4 settlements which were lacking all segregated settlements (32% of settlements with five technological networks, the distribution by the sewerage, but with at least one family without a number of deficient furnishings was as shown in Table connection). This may be a consequence of problems 7. Approximately one-third of the surveyed during the assigning of concentrated parts of smaller settlements were lacking one type of technological villages according to technological furnishings: infrastructure, while one-quarter were lacking two a village has the given infrastructure network, but in types, 13% three types and nearly 9% of them had the excluded part of the village it is not accessible a deficit of 4 types. (it is not installed at the site of residence of Roma The research probe confirmed that the equipping of households; they did not build a connection point or Roma settlements with technological infrastructure is they are for various reasons disconnected from overall relatively low, and this is not a very good drawing on the given commodity – from the supply of foundation for achieving a standard quality of life for water or electricity or the like). the households living in such settlements. At the same time the great diversity of marginalised Roma Individual deficits in technological infrastructure for settlements in relation to the furnishings of the surveyed settlements were combined differently. technological infrastructure was confirmed. With the parallel monitoring of five basic technological networks (without sidewalks and For settlements lacking a public water main, the roads), 17 combinations of individual deficits can be source they used for obtaining drinking water was formed. A total of 28 settlements in the sample were specially surveyed. According to the responses of fully equipped with all five surveyed technological researchers the replacement source for drinking water networks, which was less than one-fifth (18.5%); in was most often public or a community well; this was the remaining more than 80% of settlements some listed in 19 settlements. Wells were tracked without items or several items from basic infrastructure was specification or without spatial or ownership 202 lacking. The most numerous in the surveyed sample of determination (for example, in one’s own yard, one’s Table VII Surveyed Roma settlements by cumulated deficit in the furnishing of basic infrastructure (numbers and in %)

Combination of missing furnishings for 5 items (number of missing items – sewerage, electricity main, Number Share in % public lighting, gas main, water main) 0 – has all five technological networks 28 18.5 1 – lacks only a gas main 28 18.5 1 – lack only sewerage 20 13.2 2 – lacks a gas main and sewerage 15 9.9 2 – lacks a gas main and public lighting 14 9.3 3 – lacks a water main, gas main and sewerage 13 8.6 4 – lacks a water main, gas main, public lighting and sewerage 12 7.9 2 – lacks a water main and sewerage 5 3.3 3 – lacks gas, public lighting and sewerage 4 2.6 5 – lacks all five networks 4 2.6 2 – lacks sewerage and public lighting 2 1.4 1 – lacks only public lighting 1 0.7 2 – lacks a water main and gas 1 0.7 3 – lacks a water main, gas and public lighting 1 0.7 3 – lacks a water main, sewerage and an electricity main 1 0.7 3 – lacks a water main, public lighting and sewerage 1 0.7 4 – lacks gas, public lighting, sewerage and an electricity main 1 0.7 Total 151 100.0 Number of lacking types of infrastructure in summary: no items lacking 28 18.5 1 item lacking 49 32.5 2 items lacking 37 24.6 3 items lacking 20 13.2 4 items lacking 13 8.6 all 5 items lacking 4 2.6 own well, etc.) which researchers declared with 14 of the yard; well near the house; they have a well and the surveyed settlements. With five settlements a water main there; a public source of water; up to a community water main with one tap or hydrant or now village wells – a non-running water main; a outlet was listed, and in the case of four settlements spring – underground; a spring for underground a spring or stream was recorded. Specific expressions water; a forest spring; a stream; a well and a river; or of the source of drinking water contained the again a public well and packaged mineral water.68 following statements: public well in the settlement; public common well; one water tap for the entire The research probe confirmed that the accessibility of settlement; one connection in the settlement – drinking water in several Roma settlements is everyone draws on it; in the settlement is one outlet; a problematic affair. Not all residents of Slovakia have a common hydrant in the settlement; own well; well in the right to access safe drinking water without problems.

68 In the report we present speciřc statements about sources of drinking water with the hope that they can help with the surveying and specifying of logbooks and questionnaires for preparing the MRC monitoring. 203 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table VIII Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a kindergarten (in % and km)

In the home Interval of Average In the settlement Further municipality distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 6 86 8 0.2 – 15.0 1.89 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 4 87 9 0.2 – 5.0 2.06 separated on the edge of a municipality 7 88 5 0.2 – 3.0 1.09 concentrated within a municipality 6 84 10 0.5 – 15.0 3.86

For future measurement of the technical equipping of communication with basic offices, postal and cultural spatially excluded Roma settlements it is possible on services were integrated into the research. For each the basis of the research probe to recommend a more individual service or facility whether they were detailed identification of the individual facilities accessible directly in the settlement, in the home forming the basic technological infrastructure of municipality or in a more distant municipality was settlements in relation to the “seat”. First of all, it will recorded; the distance to the service from the place of be necessary to strictly differentiate and track habitation was also presented – in kilometres. separately the equipping of the home municipality and Only 6% of the surveyed Roma settlements had the equipping of the specific Roma settlement, which a kindergarten directly in the settlement, while 86% is necessary to define exactly whether this is for of them stated the home municipality as the site of the example one street in the village or one housing block. kindergarten facility and with 8% still another, more Second of all, it is equally essential to use a much more distant municipality (Table VIII). The average distance detailed scale for mapping the equipping with between the settlement and the place of the nearest technological infrastructure rather than only stating functioning kindergarten achieved not quite 2 km, the presence or absence of the given equipment in while the interval of given distances was relatively a settlement. The scale should be more detailed, for wide – from 200 metres to 15 kilometres. The very example, with an estimated connection of households small share of kindergartens directly in the settlement of Roma settlements to a specific network, or the were typical for all three types of settlements – this monitoring should be supplemented by a real survey of applied the same for segregated and separated as well the status of all households living in a settlement. as for concentrated Roma settlements within a municipality. The higher average distance to this Surveyed Roma settlements by spatial educational service and the significantly broader accessibility of basic services range of the interval of the distance to a kindergarten for settlements concentrated within a municipality The research probe into spatially excluded Roma may indicate that many Roma settlements settlements attempted to capture their heterogeneity concentrated within a municipality originate in very also by the accessibility, more exactly the spatial small villages without basic facilities with services accessibility of basic services. To do so, the which are spatially distant from a village or town with monitoring of 13 types of public services which functioning facilities for the given service.69 The related to the fields of education, different types of highest average distance for concentrated settlements healthcare services, the possibilities for buying is repeated with the majority of the monitored services 204 groceries and other goods, the possibilities of of civic facilities. Table IX Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from an elementary school, grades 1-4 (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval Average Further settlement municipality of distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 7 82 11 0.2 – 15.0 2.25 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 7 82 11 0.2 – 8.0 2.33 separated on the edge of a municipality 7 86 7 0.2 – 4.0 1.31 concentrated within a municipality 6 78 16 0.3 – 15.0 4.38

As Table IX shows, a primary school for the first a municipality (more than 4 km); the average through fourth years directly in the excluded distance for segregated settlements achieved settlement belonged to the minority of the sample: 2.3 km and for separated on the edge of only 7% of the surveyed settlements had one. The a municipality 1.3 km. majority of them had the closest primary school for the first through fourth years in the home Primary schools of the second degree are, according municipality; approximately one-tenth had one to the research probe, still more distant from the elsewhere. The average distance of these perspective of marginalised Roma communities. educational facilities expressed in kilometres was On average up to 40% of the surveyed settlements more than 2 km; the smallest given distance was had a school for older school-attending children 200 metres and the largest up to 15 km. Even outside of the home municipality. A well-known education of the first degree of primary school practice was confirmed: when the first years of ended up in the scope of the surveyed sample the primary education are still accessible to smaller most distant to settlements concentrated within villages, they do not have the capacity for fulfilling

Table X Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from an elementary school, grades 5-9 (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval of Average Further settlement municipality distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 4 56 40 0.2 – 16.0 4.11 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 71 29 0.2 – 15.0 3.54 separated on the edge of a municipality 5 49 46 0.2 – 10.0 3.38 concentrated within a municipality 6 51 43 0.3 – 16.0 6.20

69 At least such types of settlements – Roma settlements concentrated within a municipality which lacks facilities with services in general and are spatially distant from an “equipped” village or town – managed to get captured in the scope of this research sample. On the other hand, in segregated settlements another circumstance can have an inŖuence: if they are spatially distant from a home municipality without facilities for a service, and roads lie in the direction to a village equipped with that service, their distance from the home municipality to the service can paradoxically draw near. 205 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table XI Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a shop with food (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval of Average Further settlement municipality distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 18 81 1 0.1 – 5.0 1.20 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 20 80 0 0.1 – 5.0 1.60 separated on the edge of a municipality 19 81 0 0.2 – 3.0 0.93 concentrated within a municipality 14 84 2 0.1 – 1.0 0.58

and operation of all nine years.70 At the same time the accessible one overall. The average distance to a food average distance from the settlement to the primary shop was 1.2 km, and with the measure of exclusion school of second degree ranged from 100 metres up to to segregated environment this distance was 16 kilometres, and on average this was 4.1 km. moderately extended (to 1.6 km for segregated municipalities). For the possibility of shopping for residents of marginalised Roma settlements attention was devoted For shops with other goods a rather significantly to two types of shops – with food and with other different situation was shown – in this case in up to goods. In relation to spatial accessibility of a food one-quarter of the surveyed settlements the residents shop (Table XI), 18% of the surveyed sample of had to travel outside the home municipality to do the marginalised settlements had one directly in the shopping. The average distance for all settlements settlement; the remainder had a food shop available was approximately 4 kilometres, and the largest in the home municipality. In the context of all measured distance to a shop with different goods was thirteen monitored services this was the most 24 kilometres (Table XII).

Table XII Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a shop with various goods (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval of Further Average distance settlement municipality distances (in %) (in km) (in %) (in %) (in km) Total 4 71 25 0.1 – 25.0 3.89 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 87 13 0.1 – 25.0 2.85 separated on the edge of a municipality 7 68 25 0.2 – 15.0 2.56 concentrated within a municipality 4 61 35 0.5 – 24.0 8.22

70 Since the research probe into the equipping of excluded Roma settlements formed only a supplement to the two main research activities, attention was not devoted in it to the question of assigning children to special education schools or the placement of Roma children and children of the majority population to different educational facilities. Despite the fact that simple spatial accessibility of compulsory education was followed, certain signals managed to be captured in this regarding a more complicated situation with education in excluded settlements. Some of the řeld assistants pointed out that: “in villages are special primary schools for years 1-9; common primary schools only for years 1-4.” For preparing the monitoring of MRC this means to survey facilities of settlements and accessibility of education in more detailed divisions, i.e. for each degree of primary school education to monitor common and special school separately, as well as the existence of special classes at common primary schools and the like. With a combination of schools the level of their attendance by individual groups of children (Roma and the 206 majority population) should be captured. Table XIII Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a local doctor (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval Average Further settlement municipality of distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 3 55 42 0.2 – 19.0 4.88 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 69 31 0.5 – 17.0 4.22 separated on the edge of a municipality 4 47 49 0.2 – 15.0 3.87 concentrated within a municipality 4 53 43 0.5 – 19.0 7.71

Three types of healthcare services were covered in the than half of the surveyed Roma settlements had this survey: the distances to a local doctor, a paediatrician service further than in the home municipality; they and to a dentist were surveyed. The situation in their had to travel a distance of 6 km on average for a spatial accessibility was relatively balanced; however, dentist. In the case of all three healthcare services excluded settlements had a local doctor nearby (Table segregated Roma settlements were without any XIII). Approximately three-fifths had a local doctor in representation of such services directly in the the home municipality (only 3% directly in the settlement, though more often than the other two settlement); the residents of the two-fifths of groups they had the given service in the home settlements behind it had to travel outside the home municipality; however, to reach a service they had on municipality. The average distance for the entire average to overcome approximately the same surveyed sample came out to be nearly 5 km; however, distance. In each of the surveyed types of MRC a group settlements were recorded from which it was with problematic access to basic healthcare services necessary to travel 19 km to see a local doctor. The was recorded.71 same highest distance was also found with a Among the very distant services for residents of paediatrician (Table XIV), but the average distance marginalised Roma settlements was the possibility of was a kilometre longer. withdrawing money from a cash point machine. Only Dental services came out from the survey of spatial a small group of the surveyed sample of Roma accessibility of healthcare as the most distant. More settlements had a cash point machine directly in the

Table XIV Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a paediatrician (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval Average Further settlement municipality of distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 1 49 50 0.2 – 19.0 5.57 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 58 42 0.5 – 17.0 5.06 separated on the edge of a municipality 2 44 54 0.2 – 18.0 5.67 concentrated within a municipality 2 47 51 0.5 – 19.0 7.52

71 For more details on the strategy of overcoming problems with the distance of healthcare services, see Section 3 of this research report. 207 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table XV Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a dentist (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval Average Further settlement municipality of distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 3 44 53 0.2 – 25.0 6.11 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 56 44 0.5 – 25.0 5.59 separated on the edge of a municipality 5 39 56 0.2 – 22.0 5.67 concentrated within a municipality 4 39 57 0.5 – 19.0 7.39

settlement (this was usually in a town environment); of clients, for many residents of excluded on the other hand for 60% a cash point machine were communities they still remain spatially distant. The further away then the home municipality. The average average distance was found to be on the level of distance to such a facility exceeded 8 km, and the 12 km, and the highest recorded distance was 39 km. longest recorded distance was 27 km. Together three-quarters of the surveyed Roma settlements had services provided by the offices of According to the results, postal services were also labour, social affairs and family other than in the among the sporadic services located directly in the place home municipality. These are services to which of habitation; the majority had it accessible in the home marginalised Roma communities are exceptionally municipality (more than 70% of settlements), while connected, about which the high measure of residents of one-quarter of the surveyed Roma unemployment and the high measure of social settlements had to travel outside the home municipality reliance found for excluded Roma settlements are for postal services. On average a post office was more both telling (UNDP, 2012). With some settlements the than 3 km distant from the settlements, though in some distance differed: social services were, thanks to the settlements this was as much as 24 km. establishing of branch worksites spatially more accessible, while employment services, which Primacy in the distance of marginalised Roma remained in the district seats, also remained settlements from the basic 13 compared services exceptionally distant spatially. clearly belonged to the office of labour, social affairs and family. Although the individual district offices Two areas of culture were also included in the list of created branch workplaces bringing social services or surveyed services – these were facilities for possible employment services closer to the place of habitation cultural and religious experiences. It was show that

Table XVI Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a cash point machine (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval Further Average distance settlement municipality of distances (in %) (in km) (in %) (in %) (in km) Total 3 37 60 0.2 – 27.0 8.03 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 53 47 0.5 – 27.0 6.18 separated on the edge of a municipality 7 30 63 0.2 – 27.0 7.67 208 concentrated within a municipality 2 29 69 0.5 – 25.0 10.62 Table XVII Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a post office (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval Average Further settlement municipality of distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 2 72 26 0.2 – 24.0 3.29 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 76 24 0.5 – 13.0 3.19 separated on the edge of a municipality 2 67 31 0.2 – 15.0 2.52 concentrated within a municipality 4 76 20 0.5 – 24.0 5.78 marginalised Roma settlements only occasionally have these aspects of cultural exclusion/separation could a cultural centre within their space (none from be monitored in a more detailed design. segregated settlements). A cultural centre was predominately located in the home municipality (we In relation to church, this belonged on the basis of the recall – for many segregated settlements still survey results as among the most accessible facilities, relatively distant spatially); one-tenth of the sample and with an average distance of 1.6 km, it ranked right of settlements even had the nearest cultural centre in behind a food shop and was more accessible than another village. The average distance to such a kindergarten (Table XX). Overall as much as 96% of a cultural facility was approximately 3 kilometres, the surveyed Roma settlements had a church in the with the largest recorded distance of 24 km (Table home municipality, and a small group had one directly XIX). But in the scope of the research other forms of in the settlement. The potential possibility for access to cultural facilities for residents of MRC were practicing religious faith according to the data found not monitored (the potential carrying out of their own seems to relatively broad for excluded communities; cultural activities, possible participation in organised however the membership of a church to a specific activities, ultimately even the actual functioning of church organisation, or even the predominating such facilities), nor the actual use of these facilities religious faith in the surveyed settlements was not on their part. In the scope of the mapping of MRC, monitored in the research probe.72

Table XVIII Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from an office of the Slovak Office for Work, Social Affairs and Family (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval of Average Further settlement municipality distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 3 22 75 0.1 – 39.0 11.91 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 27 73 1.0 – 36.0 11.89 separated on the edge of a municipality 5 21 74 0.1 – 36.0 11.11 concentrated within a municipality 2 20 78 0.5 – 39.0 12.94

72 Therefore, the diffusion of such needs among residents of marginalised Roma communities is not known, similarly as the equivalence of religious membership of a church in the settlement with the religious faith predominating among its residents. 209 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Table XIX Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a cultural centre (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval Average Further settlement municipality of distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 2 88 10 0.2 – 24.0 2.93 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 0 91 9 0.5 – 13.0 2.60 separated on the edge of a municipality 2 86 12 0.2 – 20.0 2.81 concentrated within a municipality 4 88 8 0.5 – 24.0 4.70

According to the data gathered, the offices of labour, a municipality with the nearest service used; social affairs and family are the most distant in the a specification and detailed instructions are also overall summary to residents of spatially excluded necessary to direct at an ambiguous or multivalent Roma settlements, and behind them was the situation, e.g. if a special primary school is in the possibility of taking money from a cash point home municipality but a regular primary school is in machine. On the other hand, in terms of averages they the neighbouring one, or a situation differentiates for had a shop with food and a church closest to them. In the first and second levels of education. In the case of general, from a comparison of individual regions, the settlements with such a structure of schools, it will be largest distance from public services occurred in the necessary to specify the approach to resolving the Nitra Region and the Banská Bystrica Region. situation – whether to leave for recording several possibilities or to lean to the larger occurrence. Recommendations in connection with the mapping of marginalised Roma communities in this area could Surveyed Roma settlements focus on the following aspects: when monitoring the by possibilities of transport spatial accessibility of basic services it will be advantageous to instruct researchers in regard to The preceding section presented several facts determining distance – for example, through the exemplifying the spatial distance of many services kilometres presented in the travel timetables for necessary for daily life in marginalised Roma a direct connection from the place of habitation to settlements,73 which brings up the question of

Table XX Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated distance from a church (in % and km)

In the In the home Interval Average Further settlement municipality of distances distance (in %) (in %) (in %) (in km) (in km) Total 3 96 1 0.2 – 7.0 1.64 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 9 91 0 0.2 – 5.0 1.88 separated on the edge of a municipality 0 98 2 0.2 – 4.0 1.22 concentrated within a municipality 2 96 2 0.5 – 7.0 2.50

73 Nearly every survey focused on this environment has also pointed out the separation or distance of excluded Roma settlements from basic services – educational, 210 healthcare, cultural, social and the like (UNDP, 2005, 2011,2012; World Bank 2012; CVEK 2011). accessibility to transport. Settlements isolated and use of city mass transit (settlements on the edge distant from services are in general with the securing or within a larger town). of the needs of a family reliant to a high measure on transport connections, or on personal transport. In However, even the declared accessibility of public regard to the second possibility, the low level of transport in a settlement did not automatically mean incomes found (see part 3 of the final report), as well sufficient coverage by transport resources. Aside from as the worse economic situation in households living the fact that using public transport represents an in marginalised Roma settlements (UNDP, 2012) additional burden for the financial budget of warrant the assumption of households from these households, mainly those with more members, the settlements being less equipped in terms of their own number of transport connections in some settlements transport resources. All of these contexts led to the was markedly limited. The given range of connections questions regarding the accessibility of public in the course of the day with individual settlements transport to be included in the research probe that was from 2 to 18 for segregated settlements, from 3 to was carried out. 20 for settlements separated on the edge of a municipality and from 2 to 30 for settlements As Table 21 presents, from the total sample of concentrated within a municipality. The smaller marginalised Roma settlements included in the survey number of transport connections was significantly with 73% had confirmed regular transport from the more frequent in segregated settlements, and settlement, and 27% did not give any such possibility. a higher number of connections per day were linked Accessibility of public transport directly in with settlements concentrated within a municipality. a settlement varied significantly by the type of The overall accessibility of public transport and its settlement: the settlements most cut off from frequency during the day was in segregated transport possibilities were connected with separated settlements smaller, which contributes to the Roma communities on the edge of municipalities and deepening of their spatial exclusion. with segregated settlements (40% and 34%), while from settlements concentrated within municipalities Only a minimum of settlements (6%) listed special bus this was only 8%. According to the type of transport connections for transport of children to school. Such bus transport was the most accessible in marginalised a service occurred moderately more frequently (8%) settlements (52%), and was followed by for children from settlements concentrated within a combination of bus and railway transport (10% of a municipality and from segregated settlements (7%), settlements). Exceptionally, a train was the only type while children from settlements separated on the of transport recorded; 10% of settlements declared edge of a municipality knew it the least.

Table XXI Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated possibilities for transport (in % and km)

There is regular Number of Transport Interval of Average transport connections children to distances to distance to stop (in %) (range; %*) school (in %) stop (in km) (in km) Total 73 2-30; 16% 6 0.1 – 3.0 0.4 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 67 2-18; 9% 7 0.2 – 3.0 0.6 separated on the edge of a municipality 60 3-20; 9% 4 0.1 – 1.0 0.5 concentrated within a municipality 90 2-30; 31% 8 0.1 – 1.5 0.3

Note: *After the semicolon is the percentage share of municipalities which gave in response to the question on the number of connections per day a non-specific reply of the type “a lot”, “regular transport”, etc. 211 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

Another problem, even with the existence of transport The expansion of activities for children from connections, which speaks about the overall marginalised Roma communities moved in accessibility of public transport, may be the distance approximately equal proportions as with the to the nearest stop. On average for the entire sample, preceding two aid subjects – two-fifths of settlements this represented 0.4 km, and for segregated confirmed work with Roma children and in three- settlements came out the highest (0.6 km). The fifths the occurrence of such activities was missing. interval of recorded distances to the nearest stop for The finding indicates that subjects working in specific public transport was broadest for segregated settlements are active in the framework of a broader settlements (from 200 metres to 3 kilometres), and spectrum of activities; if some aid or support subject is for separated and concentrated settlements the found in settlements and is developing its activities, maximum distance from a stop ranged on the one- they are devoted not only to helping adults but third to one-half level. gradually specialise also in working with children.

All of the indicators used pointed to the lowest With activities intended for children the submitted accessibility of public transport in those marginalised form requested specification of the subject which is Roma settlements, which had limited spatial working in this field. The majority of responses gave accessibility to public services. Such findings indicate general activities of different clubs with schools, the multiple marginalisation of some settlements, leisure-time centres, youth clubs, extracurricular club primarily segregated settlements. activities or community centres (low-threshold and without specifications) and churches. From the more Community work in a settlement concrete names of organisations working with The last circle of indicators attempted to capture the children of MRC, the following list was generated from volume of community work in the scope of the the respondent households and collaborators: surveyed settlements. For this purpose the presence Quo Vadis, the Roma association „Odényi“, the civic of community centres in the surveyed settlements was association (OZ) OZ Nová cesta, ETP Slovensko, Navo monitored, along with the working of non-profit Nagle, OZ Romix, OZ Venézia, KZRS, the Roma OZ organisations in their space, with special attention „Vo farebnom svete“, OZ Regionálny rozvoj rómskej devoted to work with Roma children. kultúry, the Christian Centre, Church of the Brethren, the Salesians, the Evangelical Church has among According to the empirical findings a total of 43% of Roma children the club “Besiedka”, the surveyed settlements had some experience the Archdiocese charity. with community centres, and in the majority of them there was a community centre functioning at the time A positive report from the research probe into of the survey; only 7% declared a non-functioning marginalised Roma settlements is the presence of direct facility. The differences according to type of field work in these communities. A look at Table 22, settlement were not great; the activities of community however, indicates that despite the assumption of centres were only moderately higher in segregated moderate over-evaluation of the share of settlements settlements (46% versus 40% for separated and with helping subjects, settlements in which no help was concentrated settlements). Helping non- recorded still form a majority. The sad story is the governmental organisations (NGO) developed their finding of non-functional community centres, which activities in not quite 40% of the surveyed could be a result of the existing setup of support and settlements, and 60% of the sample were ranked as functioning of field social work on one hand, or the settlements without such aid. Among the three types misuse of resources or improper choice of implementing of settlements segregated settlements recorded the organisation on the other. In relation to work with Roma 212 least experience with the work of NGOs. children, there are in Slovakia settlements with several Table XXII Surveyed Roma settlements by type and stated opportunities for transport (in % and km)

Community centre in the settlement Aid NGO Activities for children Functional Non-functional No Yes No Yes No Total 36 7 56 37 63 40 60 - from this settlements labelled as: segregated 42 4 54 31 69 37 67 separated on the edge of a municipality 33 7 60 39 61 46 54 concentrated within a municipality 33 8 59 41 59 45 55 Note: The presented data on the working of community centres and NGOs in marginalised Roma settlements may be moderately over- evaluated in comparison with reality, because collaborators recruited for data collection were in fact from the circle of the aid professions. It can therefore be assumed that they visited preferentially the places of their own operations. possibilities,74 but also those where activities of this Summary type are not organised. And according to the empirical The research probe into 151 marginalised Roma findings, these made up the majority. settlements confirmed the significant diversity of Excluded Roma communities essentially need direct these settlements in Slovakia and pointed to possible work in the field to overcome the vicious circle of problematic aspects of mapping them. poverty and social exclusion. All surveys repeatedly Roma settlements in Slovakia are differentiated by the carried out in these environments come to such distance from the home municipality and the type of a conclusion. Responsible institutions and the spatial exclusion. They have very different equipping decision-making sphere in Slovakia should finally of basic technological infrastructure, and found resolve the permanent sustainability of community among them are settlements without any work in marginalised Roma communities (mainly infrastructure, others lacking several technological financial) and set selection criteria for projects of networks and still others only one network, while field workers not according to the secondary a portion of the settlements are fully equipped with characteristics (connections, lobbying), but according infrastructure. Great heterogeneity was recorded also to the positive results in the field. according to the accessibility of basic civic and In relation to the prepared mapping of MRC, it would cultural services. For many marginalised settlements be worth considering supplementing the surveying in kindergartens and primary schools for the first degree communities by the specific names of successful non- of education are spatially distant, and for the second profit organisations and community centres directly degree of education children from these settlements in the field and from different stakeholders, which must overcome a still greater distance. Residents of could help identify organisations and subjects many excluded settlements must resolve the great suitable for support. With unsuccessful projects, such spatial distance with healthcare services or with as, for example, non-functioning community centres, necessary shopping for the household. On average recording the “story” of the facility and why the offices of labour, social affairs and family, where they activity ended unsuccessfully could be of help. are often clients as a consequence of high

74 At the same time with some of the surveyed settlements the activities of several subjects were found: club activities on the premises of a school combined with a working leisure-time centre, community centres, social workers, church or Roma and non-Roma non-profit organisations. From specific club activities, the following were recorded: singing, music or dance clubs (traditional Roma dance, hip-hop, etc.), computer and Internet clubs, sports activities of different focus (football club, etc.), cooking and sewing courses for young people, artistic workshops and the like. 213 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

unemployment and social dependency, are the most also clearly defined in the logbooks and distant for them. Even the shifting of some offices questionnaires prepared for mapping. from a district town deeper into the region of the • The carrying out of the probe into groups of Roma district was unable to eliminate the spatial distance. settlements also ran into problems in the They must also overcome large distances for the exactness of measuring of the technological possibility of withdrawing money from a cash point equipping of settlements; a clearer and more machine, and postal services and transport services detailed identification of facilities of are also problematic for some settlements. Although infrastructure in relation to the “settlement” were in many settlements community centres began to shown to be necessary. Specifically, this means operate or non-profit organisations began to develop exact differentiation of the equipping of the home their activities in them, a large portion of settlements municipality and that of the Roma settlements still do not have such opportunities. which belong to it; at the same time it is necessary The prepared mapping (ATLAS of Roma communities to use a detailed and exact scale for measuring 2013), which is able to capture the situation facilities; this should be based either on qualified of marginalised Roma communities in an exhausting estimates of the share of connected households in way, should in the interest of better and more quality a settlement to the individual networks or the results devote attention to the following areas mapping of settlements should be supplemented and problems: by a survey of the actual state of connection directly in the households (at least randomly • The type of spatial exclusion is in some selected within the settlements). settlements difficult to clearly determine; therefore it will be necessary to define exactly the • The research probe did not devote special attention individual types of Roma settlements; at the same to the known problem of assigning children to time to define in detail the residential areas of special education schools or segregation in schools, a municipality – when a settlement is within but only to the spatial accessibility of compulsory a municipality or on its edge and when it is outside education; several signals managed to be captured a municipality. In the course of training, in this regard about the complicated situation with researchers must receive exact instructions the education of children in excluded settlements; with specific examples given and this must be on the basis of them, it is possible to recommend for in written form. monitoring the furnishing of settlements and the accessibility of education using a scale in the most • The research probe recorded different types of detailed segmentations. To track both degrees of objects presented as barriers between a settlement primary education separately for common and and the home municipality, which in some special education schools, to supplement the settlements were combined; before the mapping surveying with special classes at schools, to record possible types of barriers require detailed with a combination of different types of schools in specification; this should not be left to the a settlement also the composition of the children at arbitrary decision of researchers. Their training the individual schools. should devote attention to a segment with the defining of obstacles and barriers. • Pilot measuring of the spatial accessibility of basic civic services also pointed to some problem areas; • It was found that field collaborators described in for examining it seems advantageous to different ways the source of drinking water in recommend the teaching of researchers regarding settlements without a (functioning) water main; the determining of distances, for example, 214 replacement sources of drinking water should be through kilometres listed in travel timetables for direct connections from settlements to thorough consideration of the impacts of municipalities with the nearest useful service, or cancelling connections on additional equip them with an aid for estimating the marginalisation of regions, this empirical finding distance. In reality multivalent situations could also inspires towards methodological also occur (for example, some service is in the recommendations; the mapping of MRC should home municipality and also in another, but which strengthen the segment regarding transport could be closer to the settlement, etc.); for these opportunities for settlements. cases it is necessary to specify the process of • The lingering low coverage of marginalised resolving the situation (to employ several settlements by community work directly in the possibilities or a majority occurrence). With some field is a challenge for solving its long-term services this would require supplementing sustainability and expanding it to a wider circle of accessibility to the given facility with the settlements; the prepared mapping of MRC could possibilities of its use (for example, a cultural contribute to fulfilling this aim by identification of centre, a church and the like.). organisations and subjects suitable for support of • The lower accessibility of public transport for direct working in settlements (to supplement the residents of marginalised Roma settlements can surveying with the names of non-profit lead to a deepening of exclusion and the multiple organisations and community centres by good marginalisation of some settlements; aside from results from practice, or by reasons for the challenge for the decision-making sphere for unsuccessful projects).

215 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

MRC SETTLEMENTS – LIST (name of village or town – district)

1. Zvolen – Zvolen 2. Detva I (family houses) – Detva 3. Detva II (housing blocks) – Detva 4. Vrbnica I – Michalovce 5. Michalovce: Mlyn(ská) I (housing blocks) – Michalovce 6. Hnojné – Michalovce 7. Závadka I – Gelnica 8. Roškovce – Levoča 9. Sveržov – Bardejov 10. Petrovany – Prešov 11. Rudňany I – Spišská N. V. 12. Markušovce I – Spišská N. V. 13. Jarovnice – Sabinov 14. Medzany – Prešov 15. Turňa nad Bodvou – Košice okolie (surroundings) 16. Hrušov – Veľký Krtíš 17. Moldava nad Bodvou I – Košice okolie 18. Moldava nad Bodvou II – Košice okolie 19. Šaca – Košice 2 20. Trnava I – Trnava 21. Trnava II – Trnava 22. Banská Štiavnica – B. Štiavnica 23. Kokava nad Rimavicou – Poltár 24. Zlatno – Poltár 25. Klenovec – Rimavská Sobota 26. Hnúšťa – Rimavská Sobota 27. Čeľovce – Trebišov 28. Slovenské Nové Mesto – Trebišov 29. Čerhov – Trebišov 30. Michaľany – Trebišov 31. Bíňa – Nitra 32. Čata – Levice 33. Rimavská Sobota – R. Sobota 34. Bystrany – Spišská N. V. 35. Spišské Podhradie: Rybníček – Levoča 36. Žehra – Spišská N. V. 37. Pôtor – Veľký Krtíš 38. Dačov Lom – Veľký Krtíš 39. Bušince – Veľký Krtíš 40. Modrý Kameň – Veľký Krtíš 41. Sklabiná – Veľký Krtíš 42. Veľký Krtíš – V. Krtíš 43. Ostrovany – Sabinov 44. Richnava – Gelnica 45. Veľký Blh – Rimavská Sobota 46. Ražňany – Sabinov 47. Sabinov I – Sabinov 48. Kecerovce I – Košice okolie 49. Šarišské Michaľany – Sabinov 216 50. Kružľov: Gerlachov – Bardejov 51. Lukov I – Bardejov 52. Lenartov I – Bardejov 53. Gerlachov – Bardejov 54. Rožkovany – Sabinov 55. Družstevná pri Hornáde – Košice okolie 56. Milpoš – Sabinov 57. Hraň – Trebišov 58. Hrčeľ I – Trebišov 59. Kuzmice – Trebišov 60. Vojčice – Trebišov 61. Prešov: Solivar (Pod Hrádkom) – Prešov 62. Prešov: Stará tehelňa – Prešov 63. Prešov: Tarasa Ševčenka – Prešov 64. Stará Ľubovňa I – S. Ľubovňa 65. Stará Ľubovňa: Podsadek – S. Ľubovňa 66. Gelnica – Gelnica 67. Vyšné: Slovinky – Spišská N. V. 68. Veľký Šariš – Prešov 69. Ruská Nová Ves – Prešov 70. Fiľakovo: mesto – Lučenec 71. Nitra nad Ipľom – Lučenec 72. Fiľakovské Kováče – Lučenec 73. Rimavská Baňa – R. Sobota 74. Rimavská Píla – R. Sobota 75. Čelovce I: osada – Veľký Krtíš 76. Cerovo – Krupina 77. Krupina – Krupina 78. Čelovce II: obec – Veľký Krtíš 79. Lúčky – Michalovce 80. Iňačovce – Michalovce 81. Slavkovce – Michalovce 82. Malčice – Michalovce 83. Žbince – Michalovce 84. Michalovce – Michalovce 85. Sobrance – Sobrance 86. Rankovce – Košice okolie 87. Jasov – Košice okolie 88. Torysa I – Sabinov 89. Drienovec – Košice okolie 90. Lastovce – Trebišov 91. Nižný Žipov – Trebišov 92. Trebišov – Trebišov 93. Kamenín – N. Zámky 94. Pohronský Ruskov – Levice 95. Bátka – R. Sobota 96. Včelince – R. Sobota 97. Abovce – R. Sobota 98. Radnovce – R. Sobota 99. Kráľ – R. Sobota 100. Hostišovce – R. Sobota 101. Doľany: Rožkovce – Levoča 217 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

102. Spišský Hrhov – Levoča 103. Žakarovce – Gelnica 104. Jaklovce – Gelnica 105. Margecany – Gelnica 106. Mária Huta – Gelnica 107. Rimavská Seč – R. Sobota 108. Jesenské – R. Sobota 109. Krivany – Sabinov 110. Pečovská Nová Ves I – Sabinov 111. Malcov – Bardejov 112. Snakov – Bardejov 113. Hrabské – Bardejov 114. Kurov – Bardejov 115. Uzovské Pekľany – Sabinov 116. Lipany – Sabinov 117. Olejníkov – Sabinov 118. Slovinky: Nižné – Spišská N. Ves 119. Gelnica: Háj – Gelnica 120. Mirkovce – Prešov 121. Žehňa – Prešov 122. Tuhrina – Prešov 123. Gemerská Hôrka – Rožňava 124. Hucín – Revúca 125. Jelšava I – Revúca 126. Plešivec: osada I – Rožňava 127. Plešivec: osada II – Rožňava 128. Čoltovo – Rožňava 129. Pašková – Rožňava 130. Detva III (housing blocks) – Detva 131. Zvolen II (separated) – Zvolen 132. Detva IV (houses – separated) – Detva 133. Detva V (family houses – separated) – Detva 134. Detva VI (housing blocks – separated) – Detva 135. Vrbnica II – Michalovce 136. Michalovce: Mlyn(ská) II (shack) – Michalovce 137. Závadka II (concentrated) – Gelnica 138. Rudňany II – Spišská N. Ves 139. Rudňany III – Spišská N. Ves 140. Markušovce II – Spišská N. Ves 141. Moldava nad Bodvou III – Košice okolie 142. Sabinov II (settlement) – Sabinov 143. Kecerovce II – Košice okolie 144. Šarišské Michaľany II – Sabinov 145. Lukov II – Bardejov 146. Lenartov II – Bardejov 147. Hrčeľ II – Trebišov 148. Stará Ľubovňa II – S. Ľubovňa 149. Torysa II – Sabinov 150. Pečovská Nová Ves II – Sabinov 151. Jelšava II – Rožňava 218 LITERATURE

Andal o dživipen. Košice: ETP Slovensko – Centrum pre MUŠINKA, A., – BENČ, V., (eds.), 2011: Pokrízová udržateľný rozvoj 2009. obnova SR: Zvyšovanie zamestnanosti a inklúzia Rómov. Prešov: Slovenská spoločnosť pre zahraničnú politiku, Atlas rómskych komunít na Slovensku 2004. Bratislava: Prešovská univerzita a Úrad vlády Slovenskej S.P.A.C.E., IVO a KCpRO. republiky.

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EU SILC, 2011: Zisťovania o príjmoch a životných Národná správa o stratégiách sociálnej ochrany a podmienkach. Bratislava, Štatistický úrad SR 2011. sociálnej inklúzie pre roky 2006 – 2008, Bratislava: FILIPOVÁ, J. – VALNÁ, S., 1995: Prístupy k definovaniu MPSVR SR 2008. a meraniu chudoby. Ekonomický časopis, 43, 118-129. Národná správa o stratégiách sociálnej ochrany a FRA – UNDP, 2012: The situation of Roma in 11 EU sociálnej inklúzie na roky 2008 – 2010, Bratislava: Member States – Survey results at a glance. MPSVR SR 2010. Oznámenie Komisie Európskemu parlamentu, Rade, Hodnotiaca správa o výsledkoch 1. etapy Programu Európskemu hospodárskemu a sociálnemu výboru a podpory zdravia znevýhodnenej rómskej komunity za Výboru regiónov zo dňa 5.4. 2011. Rámec EÚ pre roky 2007 – 2008. Bratislava: Úrad verejného vnútroštátne stratégie integrácie Rómov do roku 2020. zdravotníctva SR 2008. KOM(2011) 173 v konečnom znení. Charta základných práv Európskej únie Charta Obraz rómskej ženy. Zvolen: Quo Vadis, 2012. základných práv Európskej únie. Wien: FRA. PIERSON, J., 2002: Tackling Social Exclusion. London: Chudoba Rómov a sociálna starostlivosť o nich Routledge. v Slovenskej republike. 2002, Bratislava: Svetová banka, S.P.A.C.E, INEKO a OSI. Program podpory zdravia znevýhodnených komunít na Slovensku na roky 2009 – 2015. Bratislava: Úrad IVANOV, A., 2012: Making Inclusive Truly Inclusive. In: verejného zdravotníctva SR 2009. Development and Transition. Opportunities for Roma Inclusion. Issue 19. June, 2012. Bratislava: UNDP. SCHEFFEL, D., 2009: Svinia v čiernobielom. Slovenskí Rómovia a ich susedia. Prešov: Centrum KUSÁ, Z., 2011: Bytová politika a dostupnosť bývania antropologických výskumov. na Slovensku. In: Gerbery, D., (ed.) Potrebujeme sociálny štát? Niektoré úvahy (nielen) o verejnej Stratégia SR pre integráciu Rómov do roku 2020, politike. Bratislava: FES. Bratislava: Úrad vlády SR.

MAREŠ, P., 2002. Nezaměstnanost jako sociální STRIEŽENEC, Š., 1996: Slovník sociálneho pracovníka. problém. Praha: SLON. Trnava: AD.

MUŠINKA, A., ed., 2012; Podarilo sa: Príklady ŠKOBLA, D. – LEONČIKAS, T. – ŠTĚPÁNKOVÁ, M., 2008: úspešných aktivít na úrovni samospráv smerujúcich k Etnicita ako štatistický ukazovateľ pri monitorovaní zlepšeniu situácie Rómov. Prešov: Prešovská univerzita životných podmienok a diskriminácie. Bratislava: v Prešove, Ústav rómskych štúdií. UNDP/FES. 219 A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MARGINALIZED ROMA SETTLEMENTS

UNDP, 2002: The Roma in Central and v rámci OP ZaSI v programovom období 2007-2013. Eastern Europe: Avoiding the Dependency Trap. Bratislava: UNDP. Regional Human Development Report. UNDP, 2013: The Housing Situation of Roma Bratislava: UNDP. Communities. Analysis of the UNDP/WB/EC Regional UNDP, 2006: Správa o životných podmienkach rómskych Roma Survey Data. (Tatjana Peric) Bratislava: UNDP. domácností na Slovensku. (J. Filadelfiová – D. Gerbery VAŠEČKA, M. – REPOVÁ, I., 2000: Inštitucionálna báza – D. Škobla) Bratislava: UNDP/FES. riešenia rómskej problematiky na Slovensku UNDP, 2012: Správa o životných podmienkach v súčasnosti. Bratislava: International Organization rómskych domácností na Slovensku 2010. for Migration. Bratislava: UNDP. WORLD BANK, 2011: Protecting the Poor and UNDP, 2012b: Nejasný výsledok: Pomohli projekty ESF Promoting Employability. An assessment of the social Rómom na Slovensku? Zistenia z analýzy projektov assistance system in the Slovak Republic.

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