Postcolonial Biopolitics in the Empire of Capital: Lines of Foucauldian Inquiry in Educational Studies

Postcolonial biopolitics in the empire of capital: Lines of Foucauldian inquiry in educational studies

Biopolítica pós-colonial no império do capital: linhas Foucaultianas de investigação nos estudos educacionais

Abstract: This paper provides a reading of the trope “after Foucault” to indicate three lines of inquiry in Foucauldian studies with particular application to education: the postcolonial, following Edward Said; the biopolitical, following Giorgio Agamben; and the empire of capital, following Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. This is a synoptic paper that engages with the question of how to read Foucault after thirty years of theorising, following the advice of Foucault himself, and in each case of the postcolonial, the biopolitical and the empire of capital there are hermeneutical gains and losses. And in each case the field of educational opens itself to new vistas, new problems, and new orientations and approaches.

Keywords: Biopolitics, foucauldian studies, post-colonial, empire of capital.

Resumo: Este artigo oferece uma leitura do tropo “pós Foucault” para indicar três linhas de pesquisa em estudos Foucaultianos, com particular aplicação à educação: o pós-colonial, seguindo Edward Said; a biopolítica, na sequência de Giorgio Agamben; e o império do capital, seguindo Michael Hardt e Antonio Negri. Este é um artigo sinóptico, que abrange a questão de como ler Foucault, depois de trinta anos de teorização, seguindo as recomendações do próprio ﬁ lósofo. Discute-se que, em cada caso do pós-colonial, da biopolítica e do império do capital, há ganhos e perdas hermenêuticas. E, em cada caso, o campo educacional se abre para novas perspectivas, novos problemas e novas orientações e abordagens.

Palavras-chave: Biopolítica, Estudos foucaultianos, pós-colonial, império do capital.

Foucault shows how the struggle (moral and intellectual) are invol- In Foucault’s thought, Marxism is for domination can be quiet, syste- ved (Said, 1976, p. 36). completely dismantled at the level matic, hidden, all because discour- of analysis of power relations and se (which is always a symbol of I sought to apply the same genea- historical teleology, of the refusal of victory in language) appears to be logical and paradigmatic method historicism or of a certain positivism; inevitable and systematic… There practiced by Foucault. On the other but at the same time, Marxism is also is an unceasing and meaningful in- hand, Foucault worked in many reinvented and remodelled on the teraction between forces… seeking areas, but the two that he left out perspective of the movements and to dominate and displace each were precisely the law and theology. struggles, i.e. actually on the reality other; now what makes the struggle It seemed natural for me to address of the subjects of these movements something more than a random my two latest studies in this direction and struggles: because to know is to tooth-and-claw battle is that values (Sacco, 2004). produce subjectivity (Negri, 2004). Postcolonial biopolitics in the empire of capital: Lines of Foucauldian inquiry in educational studies

Introduction: Reading tler society of three main islands ber of related essays such as “The and Writing “after and four million people, located in Orders of Discourse” (Foucault, Foucault”? the south-western Pacific Ocean, 1971, 1981).3 originally settled by Maori as the In “What is an Author” Foucault It is a great privilege to be in- indigenous people. My father was (1977a), guided by Beckett’s state- vited to the Universidad de San a first generation Italian of Italian ment “what matter who’s speaking” Buenaventura, Bogotá, Columbia, parents; my mother was English (p. 115), responds to Barthes’ rejec- to the Second International Confer- with Irish influence. I was fortu- tion of author as the creator and ence on Foucault and Education.1 nate to grow up in New Zealand’s proprietor of his work to emphasise Let me immediately express my welfare state during the 1950s and “the author-function” as a “legal thanks to Professor Carlos Ernesto 1960s. Academically, my interests codification”, part of “social order of Noguera Ramírez, the Univer- have always been in critical areas property which governs our culture” sidad Pedagógica Nacional (UPN), of scholarship – first in literature, (p. 125) that is neither universal nor Grupo de Historia de la Práctica followed by geography, pedagogy, constant and varies with the kind Pedagógica (GHPP) and Grupo de philosophy of science and philoso- of discourse, including the histori- estudos e pesquisas em Currículo phy of language, culminating in a cal anonymity of some texts (e.g., e Pós-modernidade (GEPCPós), PhD on Wittgenstein and the prob- the epics and tragedies). Modern as well as the Organising Commit- lem of rationality, focusing on the literary and philosophical criticism tee, the Academic Committee, and Philosophical Investigations (Peters, falls under the spell of German and Academic Support and Logistics. I 1984). I first read Lyotard’s (1984) English Romanticism that demands would like to take this opportunity The Postmodern Condition before I an original and creative author as the also to acknowledge colleagues from began reading Foucault in the mid master of the text, whose intentions Brazil and from Columbia who are 1980s. And I taught a Master’s paper can be read as the meaning of the participating in this conference. I on Nietzsche’s The Genealogy of text. The author thus signifies “the am aware that the first conference Morals for a few years, as a prepa- principle of unity” in the process and organised by a group of Columbian ration for understanding Foucault. evolution of writing that “neutralize researchers was held in 2004 to I left Auckland, first for the Uni- the contradictions” found in the text commemorate the death of Michel versity of Glasgow, where I stayed (p. 128). The advent of the author is Foucault and that this conference five years, and then the University part of the moment leading to the has been organised to commemorate of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign), “individualization in the history of the thirtieth anniversary of his death where I taught an advanced seminar ideas, knowledge, and literature, and also, as the conference website on Foucault for several years and a or in the history of philosophy puts it, to analyse what new research course at the University of Oslo. I and science” (p. 115) based on an approaches have occurred in the accepted a post back in New Zealand intentionalist argument about the field of education and pedagogy in at the University of Waikato, where sovereignty of the author-subject, an era that many have begun to call I have been for three years. writing at a particular time, as the the learning or pedagogy society I mention these brief biographical creator of meaning. (or more generally the knowledge remarks because I believe in the con- We might in similar terms that society or economy) as a way of cept of “situated reading”. The ways emphasise the author-function and acknowledging the growing and we receive texts are determined by the historicity of the author in rela- central significance of education in questions of geography, history and tions to the text, also understand and the process of global modernity and culture, as well as personal agency, analyse “the reader” as a historical development. and the text and the intertext. Read- construct: the development of “read- I should preface my comments ing and receiving Foucault, or the ing publics”, the relations between by saying that I am a Pākehā2 from texts of any thinker, is a complex materiality and meaning, the pro- Aotearoa-New Zealand, a small educational problem that Foucault duction of the cheap quartro, the ex-British colony and white set- himself addressed through a num- changing practice of the consump-

1 This paper was an invited keynote to the Seminario internacional pensar de otro modo resonancais de Foucault educacion, Bogota, October 1-3, 2014. 2 ‘Pākehā’ is a Māori word for a New Zealander of European descent. The etymology of the word is unclear and some suggest it has unpleasant 89 conotations. On its origin and a distinctive culture see Michael King’s Being Pākehā (1985) and Being Pākehā Now (1999). 3 This is not a work of exegesis but rather a productive and dialogical reading of Foucault. For my main works on Foucault, see Peters and Besley (2006), Besley and Peters (2008), Peters et al. (2009a, 2014). See also O’Farrell (2014) for “Bibliography on Foucault and Education”.

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tion of books and texts, the chang- author we would need to mention the passage, all the familiar land- ing practices of print, politics and the journal culture of the Tel Quel marks of my thought—our thought patronage, the rise of constructivist group, the significance of reading that bears the stamp of our age and and subjectivist theories of reading Nietzsche and Heidegger, and, of our geography—breaking up all the where meaning is said to reside in course, a collection of French phi- ordered surfaces and all the planes the dynamic interplay of reader and losophers (Althusser, Cangilhem, with which we are accustomed to text, or is seen to be a result entirely Bataille, Sartre) and contemporary tame the wild profusion of existing of the reader’s active interpretation. colleagues (Lyotard, Derrida, De- things, and continuing long after- Reading aloud, passive reading, and leuze), not to mention his students wards to disturb and threaten with the pedagogization of the reading who later made available transcripts collapse our age-old distinction be- experience all signal the changing of his courses. More broadly we tween the Same and the Other. This practice of reading. Today reading might also acknowledge the intel- passage quotes a ‘certain Chinese is often viewed as a sociocultural, lectually dense environment of encyclopaedia’ in which it is writ- cognitive and linguistic process in Paris in the post-war period and the ten that ‘animals are divided into: which readers use various systems economy of power relations that (a) belonging to the Emperor, (b) of knowledge (of spoken and written helped to constitute the institutions embalmed, (c) tame, (d) suckling language, of the subject matter of and practices that buttressed aca- pigs, (e) sirens, (f) fabulous, (g) the text, and of culture) to construct demic practices. stray dogs, (h) included in the pres- meaning with text, rather than read- Foucault himself spoke of a dif- ent classification, (i) frenzied, (j) ing it off the page. The development ferent kind of criticism or reading innumerable, (k) drawn with a very and application of Foucauldian criti- that John Muckelbauer (2000, p. 73- fine camelhair brush, (l) et cetera, cal methodologies to the analysis 74) calls the “productive reading” (m) having just broken the water of reading or of the production of a rather than a “programatic reading”: pitcher, (n) that from a long way philosophical reading also requires off look like flies’. In the wonder- some thought as a prevalent and In several interviews, Foucault ment of this taxonomy, the thing dominant academic practice (Fou- spoke longing of a “different” type we apprehend in one great leap, the cault’s reading of Nietzsche; reading of criticism (see Politics, 324) a thing that, by means of the fable, is Foucault through, against, another criticism that, rather than judging demonstrated as the exotic charm his concepts or texts, forces them to author or text, or indeed, the more of another system of thought, is “land in unexpected places and form common Foucauldian reading of…). shapes that [he] had never thought the limitation of our own, the stark In terms of this analysis we may of” (324) This style of engagement, impossibility of thinking that4 (Fou- read Foucault as or against a certain instead of reading in an attempt to cault, 1970, p. xv). field of conceptual or theoretical discover what is lacking in a text or We may also analyse the recep- coherence. Given the historicity theory, instead of reading program- tion of him as a philosopher and of Foucault as author, influenced matically, reads in order to produce author in different cultural and by the problematique de la sujet different ideas, to develop possible historical periods and in different solutions of contemporary problems, going back to Kant, we may read disciplines. I am intrigued by the or as importantly, to move through him against the background of a contemporary problems in an attempt notion of Latin American readings European formalism in linguistics to develop new questions… of Foucault. Benigno Trigo (2002) and poetics developed by Saussure, the editor of Foucault and Latin Jacobson and Bakhtin, and the rejec- Latinamericanism America, writing for the APA News- tion of a structuralist epistemology letter on Hispanic/Latino Issues epitomised by Claude Levi-Strauss This book first arose out of a pas- in Philosophy under the heading and many other structuralist think- sage in [Jorge Luis] Borges, out of “Latinamerican Genealogies: Ap- ers. In this history of Foucault as the laughter that shattered, as I read propriating Foucault”.

4 See the discussion on Foucault’s reference to Borges, e.g., Topinka’s (2010) “Foucault, Borges, Heterotopia: Producing Knowledge in Other Spaces”. Borges’ essay to which Foucault refers is “The Analytical Language of John Wilkins” (n.d.), fi rst published in 1942 in which he refers to Wilkins who was a 17th century English philosopher and fi rst secretary of the Royal Society who proposed a universal language based on a classifi cation system that would encode a description of the thing a word describes into the word itself. In response to this proposal and in order to illustrate the 90 arbitrariness and cultural specifi city of any attempt to categorize the world, Borges describes this example of an alternate taxonomy, taken from an ancient Chinese encyclopædia entitled Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge. Borges writes: “it is clear that there is no classifi cation of the Universe not being arbitrary and full of conjectures. The reason for this is very simple: we do not know what thing the universe is” whereupon he quotes David Hume, see Borges (n.d.).

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Since the mid-eighties, Michel than those of either Europe or the and architecture. This is also surely Foucault’s work has informed much United States”. Trigo (2002) in his an important aspect of curriculum of the critical thought about Latin piece (based on his Introduction to theory, of constructing the canon in America’s cultural, literary, histori- the edited volume) calls on Román these areas and of tracing the rela- cal, and political events. Influential de la Campa’s Latin American to tions between different intellectual works written in the United States argue that after the poststructuralist movements? I make the conjecture such as The Lettered City (1996) turn the postmodern and postcolo- that the question of Latin American by Angel Rama, Myth and Ar- nial represent two possible direc- philosophy cannot be separated from chive (1990), by Roberto González tions. The former –‘the postmodern Latin American literature, and post- Echevarría, Foundational Fictions episthetic’—is now exhausted, and modern philosophy and literature in (1991), by Doris Sommer, and At he recommends a revisitation of the Latin America cannot be separated Face Value (1991), by Sylvia Mol- latter that provides the platform for a from the postcolonial (Mendieta, loy, draw from Foucault’s The Order critical engagement with the rhetoric 2003; Dussel, 2003). Might I also of Things (1970), The Archaeology of globalization.5 The original Latin suggest that both literature and of Knowledge (1972), Discipline American vanguardismo provides a philosophy in Latin America needs and Punish (1977b), The History of postcolonial poetics for rejecting the to take into account the question Sexuality (1978) and Technologies past while finding some inspiration of pedagogy—the archaeology of of the Self (Foucault et al., 1988) in contemporary European avant- pedagogical practices, its institu- to develop concepts like the con- garde movements, such as Cubism, tional forms and the genealogy of sciousness of an intellectual elite Dadasim, Surrealism, Futurism and canons, courses, and reading lists. (or letrados), the archive novel, the Expressionism for indigenous works Campa’s identitification of pro- foundational fiction, and self-writing concerned with the new like Vicente gressive and degenerating directions all of which are now the common Huidobro’s (the Chilean poet) Cre- seems to be somewhat ideologi- currency of critical analysis in and ationism.6 As John Beverley, Mi- cal in that he does not refer to the about Latin America. Thus, it is not chael Aronna, José Oviedo (1995, p. problem of destabilization of genres surprising that a new generation of 2), editors of the collection Postmod- (philosophy and literature) nor to critics in universities in the United ernism in Latin America note “post- the fact that the term was first used States continues this trend and turns modernismo designates, in Spanish by Frederico de Onis in 1934 in his to Foucault in an effort to develop American literary history, a short- anthology Antologia de la poesía its own insights into Latin Ameri- lived and transitional movement in espaňola e hispanoamericana where can culture, politics, history, and poetry around 1910 in reaction to he used the term postmodernism literature. the hegemony of modernista aes- to refer to a new tendency in Latin Eduardo Mendieta (2002, p. 79) theticism”. The terms more recently American Hispanic literature at comments in his editorial that the have come to approximate the mean- the beginning of the 20th century. Latin American creative appro- ing in the English-speaking world. Alfonso De Toro (2003) suggests priation by younger philosophers Campa’s judgement here seems “a difference should be established “illustrate how young philosophers premature especially if the question between the current categories and may begin their own path of creative is broadened from philosophical Ibero-American postmodernism as readings of classical figures in the issues concerning discourse, forms defined by Federico de Onís in the Western philosophical canon by of textuality and genres of writing thirties” (p. 90). It is ironic then to translocating them, by testing them, to encompass what falls under the think that the global-English terms by immersing them in other contexts category of postmodernism in art of ‘postmodernism’ and ‘postmo-

5 In this respect, see García Canclini’s La Modernidad después de la postmodernidad (1990) and Zizek’s ‘Postmodernity as Modernity’s Myth’ (2001). See also my ‘(Posts-) Modernism and Structuralism: Afﬁ nities and Theoretical Innovations’ (Peters, 1999) and “Postmodernism/Post-structuralism” (Peters and Wain, 2002). 6 See, for example, Ortega (1995) ‘Avant Garde Poetry in Latin America and Spain: Aspects and Historical Background’. Unruh (1994, p. 3) provides a useful description: ‘Between the late teens and the mid-1930s, vanguardist activity emerged throughout Latin America. This activity included several possible forms: the emergence of small groups of writers committed to innovation; the afﬁ rmation by groups or individuals of aesthetic or cultural positions often designated by a particular “ism” or more broadly as arte nuevo (new art) or vanguardismo; the dissemination of these positions through written manifestos or public manifestations; engagement by some groups in debates and polemics with others; experimentation in multiple 91 literary and artistic genres and across generic boundaries; the publication of often ephemeral little magazines as outlets for both artistic experiments and cultural debates; the organization of study groups or seminars; and serious investigations by these study groups or by individual writers into language, folklore, and cultural history.’

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dernity’ that began by ignoring literature shared many features dominant tendencies of thought in its original use in Latin American essential to understanding their the twenty-first century. poetics only became established complex relations including the In this context, I want to men- as a global discourse, growing out destabilization of the reader, inter- tion also Arturo Escobar on post- of predominantly Western sources, textuality, parody, metafiction, self- developmentalism because as a Co- much later in the 1980s and 1990s. reflexiveness, multiplicity, the era- lumbian thinker he has successfully In this respect I find De Toro’s sure of boundaries, and postcolonial drawn on Foucault and Said to ques- (2003, p. 117) analysis of “Borges discourse. This trend of postmodern tion the very concept of development and Postmodernity” salutary. He experimentation in the 1990s can that offered a sustained critique of shows “Borges is not only a pre- be seen in the works of Piglia, Eltit, Western developmental economics decessor of postmodernity, but Moreno-Durán, Balza, Sánchez, and as an ideological construct and act also… a postmodern author in the Pacheco. Some critics argue that the of deliberate cultural imperialism most genuine sense of the term”. In fiction of Piglia is one of the most that buttressed the Bretton Woods Postmodernidad y Latinoamérica as aesthetically innovative and politi- settlement after WWII. His Encoun- early as 1990 he identified the char- cally significant since the writings of tering Development (Escobar, 1995) acteristics of Borgesian discourse Cortázar and his fictional works are was a deft and sophisticated crafting in terms of the relationship between often explained as an outgrowth of of Foucault and Said to challenge object-language and metalanguage, Borges’ work involving a rewriting not only the tradition of western and a new form of aesthetics that of Argentine history and literature developmentalism in economics but develops its own “defictionaliza- in a fictional world of provisional also the neoliberal appropriation of tion” based on the pluricodification, truths (Shaw, 2007). the development agenda in terms “a multiplication of codes organized The destabilization of the blurred of structural adjustment loans and according to the principles of the genres of literature and philosophy coercive privatization agenda forced rhizome” (De Toro, 2003, p. 93). As has interesting effects. One conse- on governments throughout Latin he puts it: “Borges’s postmodernity quence is to refer us simultaneously America from the brutal unseating of is based on his narrative techniques to the materiality of discourse and Allende’s social democracy in Chile, understood as a discursive plurality” poetics of style especially of aca- assisted by the CIA, too. One might (De Toro, 2003, p. 93) and he asserts demic writing that can lift and refit argue that western developmental- that postmodernity is characterized the traditional genre of the academic ism was a common-sense amalgam by: “deconstruction,” “rhizome,” article, to invest it with some vital- of western modernity, modernism the “metadiscursive game,” “inter- ity after the punishing effects of an and modernization that applied the culturality,” “historicity,” “cogni- industrial and increasingly big data standard industrial model and then tive reception,” “ludic experience,” publishing systems that always the so-called Washington consensus “heterogeneity,” “subjectivity,” “re- want to standardise formats, writing as one universal global market solu- creativity,” “radical particularity,” styles, and results. tion to the problems of education, “diversity,” and, in sum, “universal- Against the view that wants to health, and democracy. One of the ity.” One could add other features, cordon-off intellectual movements reasons I mention Escobar in this such as minimalism, irony, humor, and to make sweeping condemna- context is that his work helps to integrational fragmentation, collage, tions of a host of experimental remind us of the Foucaultian cri- and dissolution of the separation be- work I am inclined to remain very tique of developmentalism per se, tween fiction and criticism, between sceptical, even if those views that its genealogy in Hegel’s lectures on art and non-art, between reality and theoretically want to decontami- “world history”, and its dominance fiction and, virtually, between the nate the local, the indigenous, the in educational theories of cognitive author and the reader (De Toro, postcolonial from alleged global and moral development. We cur- 2003, p. 93). western forms. While we can dis- rently face an inadequacy of our The Boom in Spanish American cern differences, this “disinfecting” ability to invent a new discourse literature it has been suggested reading tactic seems to underplay in education that goes beyond the peaked in 1967 with Gabriel Gar- interculturalism, intertextuality, limits of the localism of post-devel- cia Marquez’s One Hundred Years internationalism, intersubjectiv- opmentalism and the abstract stage 92 of Solitude and since evolved into ity, interaction and all the hybrid of post-formalism. different postmodern directions. forms of reception, resistance, and I am also surprised by the lack of Magical realism and postmodern reworking that characterize the disciplinary acknowledgement in

Educação Unisinos Postcolonial biopolitics in the empire of capital: Lines of Foucauldian inquiry in educational studies

philosophical accounts of Foucault. studies of neoliberal economic ra- question of how to read Foucault af- The paradigm of transdisciplinary tionality framed by a different form ter thirty years of theorising, follow- exists only as a regulative ideal. of governmentality, novel forms ing the advice of Foucault himself. Here I speak of my own ignorance of analysis of life and biopolitics, In each case of the postcolonial, the of the work that has been completed the emergence of global forms of biopolitical and the empire of capital by participants at this conference surveillance and the development there are hermeneutical gains and and, in particular, by members of of postcolonial discourses preserves losses; in each case the field of edu- Grupo de Historia de la Práctica and expands Foucault’s theoretical cational opens itself to new vistas, Pedagógica (GHPP) and Grupo de legacy. A ‘dialogical reading’ of Fou- new problems, and new orientations estudos e pesquisas em Currículo e cault might be said to use Foucault’s and approaches. Pós-modernidade (GEPCPós). At concepts to overcome the limitations I explore these as generative the risk of exclusion based on my and lacunae in his work. If one holds themes in a productive and dialogi- lack of knowledge of the reception that Foucault is a European thinker cal reading of Foucault that verges of Foucault by these groups let me bound by the constraints of his age on creative appropriation. In each simply acknowledge the work of and the parameters of intellectual case I based my contribution on Alfredo Jose de Velga-Neto and history up to the time of his death— works that I have written on these Silvio Donzietti Gallo de Oliveira on before the advent of the Internet, the themes: the biopolitical in “Giorgio Alfredo Jose in philosophy of educa- rapid growth of finance capitalism, Agamben’s Homo Sacer Project” tion on spiritual exercises and art of and the increasing globalization (Peters, 2014a) and Citizenship, Hu- existence; Carlos Ernesto Noguera- of academic exchange—it can be man Rights and Identity: Prospects Ramírez’s (2011) work on pedagogy argued that despite his European of a Liberal Cosmopolitan Order and governmentality, or modernity orientation and Eurocentrism, his (Peters, 2013); the postcolonial in a as an educational society with the work has continued significance. On range of essays and conversations, emergence of the utopian figure of this interpretation Foucault is an ex- including “Eurocentrism and the Homo Educabilis; the intellectual la- ample of what he called “founders of Critique of ‘Universal World Histo- bors of Maura Lopez Corcini, Laura discursivity” as he says of Neitzsche, ry’: The Eastern Origins of Western Corcini Lopes, Kamila Lockmann Marx and Freud. It is both a novel Civilization” (Peters, 2014d), “Con- and Morgana Domenica Hattge on and useful problematique of the texts, Contextualism and Contextu- inclusion as a strategy of biopoliti- author and authorship. As Foucault alizing Educational Research (An cal management of social risks; and argues founders of discursivity are antidote to a Eurocentric universalist Julio Roberto Aquino Groppa’s sys- “unique in that they are not just the social science)” (Peters, 2014c), tematic charting of the appropriation authors of their own works. They “Education and Scenarios for a Post- of Foucault’s thinking in the Brazil- have produced something else: the Occidental World” (Peters, 2012), ian educational research from 1990 possibilities and the rules for the and “Understanding the Sources to the present day to mention only formation of other texts”. They cre- of Anti-Westernism: a dialogue a few contributions that spill over ate “signs, figures, relationships, between Jan Nederveen Pieterse from the Latin American context to and structures that could be reused and Michael A. Peters” (Pieterse reach the global mix on the discourse by others”. and Peters, 2012); the empire of of Foucault and Education. capital, in Governmentality Studies Taking a steer from this dis- Postcolonial Biopolitics in in Education (Peters et al., 2009a) cussion my essay, then, is both a the Empire of Capital and Cognitive Capitalism, Educa- synoptic and ‘productive’ reading tion, and Digital Labor (Peters after Foucault. One might even In this section I provide a post- and Bulut, 2011) as well as a series argue here for a ‘dialogical read- critical reading of the trope “after of papers designed to develop the ing’. Binkley and Capetillo (2009) Foucault” to indicate three lines of concept of “creative labour” (e.g., in their collection Governmentality, inquiry in Foucauldian studies with Peters, 2014c). Biopolitics and Discipline in the particular application to education: My approach is to develop a New Millennium argue that while the the biopolitical, following Giorgio dialogical reading among the three conditions of global modernity seem Agamben; the postcolonial, follow- strands of inquiry I dub the biopoliti- far removed from Foucault’s study ing Edward Said; and the empire of cal, the postcolonial and the Empire 93 of ‘disciplinary societies’ Foucault’s capital, following Michael Hardt and of capital. A dialogical reading is not thought is not exhausted. New Antonio Negri. I engage with the to gloss over differences but to elicit

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major themes that flow from the of postcolonial thinkers to saturate studies focus on Foucault’s concept work of Foucault in its application the humanities and postcolonial of discourse and is content to map to understanding the relationship studies. As Robert Young (2001, the contours of a discursive reality between Europe and the rest of the p. 395) remarks while ‘Foucault’s to deconstruct Western systems of world and particularly as an outcome work displays a virtual absence of representation. of four hundred years of colonialism explicit discussions of colonialism Ann Stoler’s (1995) work Race and several phases of decolonisation or race’ it has come to dominate and the Education of Desire is exem- struggles that documents the world the field. Thijs Willaert (2012) plary here and indicative of what is process of European political domi- in his Postcolonial Studies After possible. She challenges Foucault’s nation based on territorial acquisi- Foucault: Discourse, Discipline, marginalization of colonialism and tions of colonies. While Foucault is Biopower, and Governmentality as empire to explore questions of the often criticized for his Eurocentrism Travelling Concepts asserts there is relations between biopower, sexual- and his lack of reference to colonial- no such thing as an unproblematic ity and the colonial treatment of sex- ism as the dominant world historical Foucault effect in postcolonial stud- uality in “racisms of the state”. The process leading to the formation of ies. Because of the discontinuities regime of biopolitics that consists in the modern world, the Foucauldian in Foucault’s work, the diversity in the management of bodies includes line of inquiry adopted, developed the porous entity called postcolonial technologies that (re)produce life and modified by Edward Said studies, and the inevitable processes under the administrative control of and by postcolonial theorists such of transformation involved in the the colony. Her Carnal Knowledge as Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, recontextualization of concepts, and Imperial Power (Stoler, 2002) demonstrates the significance of there is no theoretical, methodologi- illustrates the complexity of colo- Foucault’s concepts and approaches. cal, or conceptual unity within the nial culture and interracial politics Postcolonialism as an academic dis- segment of postcolonial studies that that explores relations of sexuality, course and framework for analysing has drawn on the work of Foucault. gender, and race, including misce- literature finds its origins well before Rather, what we find is a tightly- genation, European womanhood, Foucault in thinkers like Fanon knit intertextual web in which a child rearing and abandonment, and Cesaire who worked through Foucauldian critique competes with rape, and eugenics. Stoler (2011) in a poetics of resistance that drew other approaches and concepts, and developing the political lexicon of on Hegel and through the matrix struggles to establish itself as the the concept of the “colony” argues: of phenomenology, existentialism dominant theoretical framework. and humanist Marxism. Foucault’s A conceptual architecture Edward Security may have become, as Agam- imprint on postcolonial studies in Said developed in Orientalism of- ben insists, “a veritable paradigm of the 1970s and 1980s, after Said’s ten continues to absorb and reroute government” today, but it has been Orientalism (1978), becomes both a Foucauldian concepts, even in the paradigmatic and elemental for the practices of imperial governance productive and indelible watermark work of those postcolonial scholars far longer than his assertion sug- that serves as basis for Subaltern who ostensibly write against Said’s gests. It raises an issue that eluded studies and subjectivity studies of framework. The result is a crucial both Foucault’s treatment of “the colonial power and the decoloniza- tension between Foucault’s concep- carceral archipelago” (from which tion movements and struggles. A tualization of power as an ensemble he excluded the penal colony as too dialogical reading of Foucault and of technologies and strategies, and a early and the camp as too extreme), postcolonial theory recognizes Fou- Saidian focus on power understood as well as Agamben’s own treatment cault’s Eurocentrism and the lacunae as authority (Willaert, 2012, p. 12). of the (refugee) camp as the first in a and limitations in his work yet also This intertextuality of Foucaul- series of exceptions that has become at once “the nomos of the modern” sees the extraordinary productive dian-inspired postcolonial studies and the norm: the colony and camp analyses of imperial power in works I see as a kind of Wittgensteinian are both containments, enclosures, inspired by Foucault’s oeuvre. One “family resemblance” reading that and unsettled encampments that are has to understand the paradox of speaks to itself and to multiple more closely allied than we may have Foucault’s own Eurocentrism tran- threads that recuperates early influ- imagined. One might describe them scending or overcoming itself in ences but does not capture by itself as distinct but dependent and not 94 much the same way that Marx and all forms of territoriality or European apart. Or perhaps more aptly, they Hegel serve as a single analytical colonial power. To a large extent share a “family resemblance” (in Wittgenstein’s sense), not any one framework for the first generation this is because most postcolonial

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on the education of poor children: essential core feature so much as an biopolitics marks the threshold of “overlapping,” crisscrossing” set in The agricultural colonies” of which modernity since it places life at “a complicated network of simila- the French agricultural colony of the center of political order. In this rities.” Colony and camp make up Mettray was hailed as a template for theoretical perspective, there is an a conjoined conceptual matrix, twin the sixty that were created in the fol- intimate link between the constitu- formations and formulations of how lowing decade.” And she makes the tion of a capitalist society and the imperial rather than national logics link to children in the colonies and to birth of biopolitics: “Society’s control of security operate. They borrow their colonial education, to forms of over individuals was accomplished and blend features of their protective not only through consciousness or colonial citizenship, to punishment architecture and anticipatory fear. ideology but also in the body and They are in a deadly embrace from and to a set of power relations that with the body. For capitalist society, the start (Stoler, 2011). disciplined the colonial body. it was biopolitics, the biological, the If these children’s agricultural corporal, that mattered more than Stoler’s (2011) focus on the par- colonies designed as “seedbeds” anything else” (Foucault, 2000 in ticular and on the archival web that to raise honest citizens with lim- Lemke, 2009, p. 1). describes different kinds of colony, ited aspirations had iconic status in as she says: the nineteenth century, Foucault’s Foucault’s concept of biopoli- Discipline and Punish was to en- tics functions as a critique of the agricultural colonies for delinquent dow the exemplary one of Mettray “juridico-discursive” model of youth established throughout France with more. For Foucault, Mettray’s power (Foucault, 1977) of political and the Netherlands in the 1840s and opening in 1840 marked at once liberalism where power is exercised 1850s, the pioneer colonies on the “the completion of the carceral within framework of law that rest of Russian steppe, the penal colonies archipelago,” the dawn of “a new the problematic of sovereignty that of the French Antilles and British has the ultimate say over the “right Guiana plotted across the Caribbean, era” in the “art of power relations.” always proximate to the white settler It was here that he located “the art to death”. He detects two different sugar colonies that could be seen of punishing that is still more or less contemporary uses of Foucault’s from their shores; the leper colonies our own.” notion of biopolitics that issue in a of Trinidad, Tobago and Hawaii, If the Foucault effect in postcolo- critique of Foucault: the Algerian prison colonies where nial studies is uneven and Foucault’s French dissidents were deposited concepts have been used to over- In contrast to Foucault, Agamben after the 1848 revolution, the agri- come his own limitations, the em- holds that modern biopolitics rests on cultural colonies in the same Algerian phasis on biopolitics as a new kind the solid basis of pre-modern sove- countryside designed to remove from reign power, while Hardt and Negri of “technology of power”, different Europe and resettle its increasing on the contrary claim that Foucault numbers caught in the intemperate from disciplinary power, marks a did not sufficiently pay attention to economic zones assigned to the urban theoretical departure that has rein- the transformation of a modern to poor… The prison penal colonies vigorated postcolonial studies and a postmodern biopolitics (Lemke, within settler colonies (as Mauritius given it a new direction. Derived 2009, p. 3). served for the British in Bengal in the from his earlier notion of biopower 1820s) as well as enclave colonies of first explored in the 1975-1976 Agamben’s Homo Sacer project7 containment like those planned for poor Indo-European mixed-bloods course of lectures entitled Society that began with his analysis of sover- in the highlands of the Netherlands Must Be Defended, biopolitics is eign power as power over ‘life’ drew Indies… (Stoler, 2011). used to analyze the state’s power and heavily on Foucault’s concept of control apparatus over the physical biopolitics citing Foucault’s obser- She suggests a focus on the “doc- and political body of the population vation “For millennia man remained umentary trace” that makes these as a whole, with the possibility of what he was for Aristotle: a living connections by emphasizing “an special reference to the imperial animal with the additional capac- essay of five hundred pages, in four state’s control over colonial bodies ity for political existence; modern volumes, written by a certain Count and populations. man is an animal whose politics de Tourdonnet in Paris, published Thomas Lemke (2009) notes that calls his existence as a living being in 1863 under the title: “An essay for Foucault: into question” (Agamben, 1998, p. 95

7 These comments draws on my introductory essay on Agamben “Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer Project” (Peters, 2014a).

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10). Tracking the discussion first to transition between these two mod- (iii) Today it is not the city but Aristotle’s decisive definition and els (Educational Philosophy and rather the camp that is the fundamen- Foucault’s observation, Agamben Theory, 2014). tal biopolitical paradigm of the West settles on Hannah Arendt’s (1973) Homo Sacer (Agamben, 1998) (Agamben, 1998, p. 102). analysis of the process by which is hugely significant because it is biological life occupies ‘the very in this work that he first examines The problem with both Agamben center of the political scene of mo- the logic of sovereignty, introduces and Foucault (to a lesser extent) is dernity’. Foucault was prevented by Homo Sacer and famously posits the that the analysis is unrelentingly the his early death from exploring the camp as biopolitical paradigm of the dark side that connects the logic of way in which ‘the entry of zoe ̄ into modern. Agamben infers that while the biopolitical to a state where the the sphere of the polis’ signaled a Foucault began with the prison and elimination of an ethnic minority in transformation of classical thought forms of spatial internment (grande the name of national unity bypasses and became the threshold concept of enfermement) his biopolitical stud- constitutional questions and sover- political modernity. Biopolitics as a ies never led him to the analysis of eignty to lead us to a one-way his- philosophical category had arrived the concentration camp. For this torical street. For Agamben is there and Foucault’s enduring contribu- missing analysis he turns to Hannah a way out of the hidden matrix and tion was his decisive abandonment Arendt and her studies of totalitarian nomos of the political architecture of the traditional approach to the regimes as forms of total domination in which we still live? What does it problem of power, which is based but he maintains both miss the link mean to say as Agamben’s does in on juridico-institutional models (the between their ideas and the camp the conclusion of Homo Sacer that definition of sovereignty, the theory in its ‘intimate symbiosis with bare of the State), in favor of an unpreju- life’ in a fundamental shift from only a politics that will have learned diced analysis of the concrete ways ‘the juridico-political foundation to take the fundamental biopolitical in which power penetrates subjects’ of classical politics’ (Agamben, fracture of the West into account will very bodies and forms of life (Agam- 1998, p. 71). He traces bare life as be able to stop this oscillation and to ben, 1998, p. 10). the new political subject as implicit put an end to the civil war that divides Agamben identifies how the two in the 1679 writ of habeas corpus the peoples and the cities of the earth? elements in Foucault’s work—po- and highlights the new centrality of (Agamben, 1998, p. 180) litical techniques of the State and the ‘body’ in the politico-juridical technologies of the self—we might model: in Descartes and Newton, Agamben since 1995 has tied say ‘subjection’ and ‘subjectifica- and in Hobbs’ Leviathan but also in himself to Foucault and yet his use tion’, enters into a double structure the ‘thanatopolitics’ and eugenics of of Foucault is open to question. of modern power whose locus alleg- the Nazis death camp that places it When he states in Homo Sacer that edly remains unclear or unsettled in outside ‘the normal juridical order’ the Foucault’s thesis will have to be Foucault’s work.8 Agamben locates (Agamben, 1998, p. 97) and linked completed it is not clear how and in himself and his project at this sig- to the concept of state of exception. what forms he remains faithful to nificant nexus: ‘The present inquiry He concludes with three theses: Foucault’s approach. concerns precisely this hidden point (i) The original political relation By contrast, Hardt and Negri of intersection between the juridico- is the ban (the state of exception appropriation of Foucault’s work institutional and the biopolitical as zone of indistinction between locates biopolitics in postmodern models of power’ (Agamben, 1998, outside and inside, exclusion and capitalism giving it a positive mean- p. 11). If Agamben’s work has any inclusion). ing to claim that biopolitics, as relevance at all to the broad topic of (ii) The fundamental activity of Lemke notes, signals a new era of modern education it is as a theory sovereign power is the production capitalist production where life is of biopolitical power and as provid- of bare life as originary political no longer limited to the domain of ing the broad historical background element and as threshold of articula- reproduction or subordinated to the against which educational theorists tion between nature and culture, zoe working process: “The subjectiv- can understand the difference and ̄ and bios. ity of living labour reveals, simply 96 8 This crucial starting point is well recorded in two of Agamben’s 2009 videos—‘Forms of Power’ and ‘the Problem of Subjectivity’— available from his faculty proﬁ le at the European Graduate School. See http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/biography/. This site also carries full text articles and interviews (some in English) as well as lectures and links.

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and directly in the struggle over the By marrying Foucault’s biopoli- the notion of bio-informational senses of language and technology, tics to the Italian autonomist tradi- capitalism in order to articulate an that when one speaks of a collective tion that takes its inspiration from emergent form of capitalism that means of the constitution of a new Marx, Negri and Hardt “link the is self-renewing in the sense that it world, one is speaking of the connec- creative revision of Marxism… to can change and renew the material tion between the power of life and its revolutionary notions of biopolitics basis for life and capital as well as political organisation. The political, and of the production of subjectivity program itself. Bio-informational the social, the economic, and the elaborated by Foucault.” capitalism applies and develops vital here all dwell together” (Hardt I have strong sympathies with this aspects of the new biology to infor- and Negri 2000, p. 405-406, p. 22- reading because it tries to embrace matics to create new organic forms 41). In Hardt and Negri’s account global capitalism in the analysis al- of computing and self-reproducing the constitution of political relations though it creates problems in forcing memory that in turn has become now encompasses the entire life a Marxist reading of Foucault. This the basis of bioinformatics (Peters, of the individual, which prepares reading takes elements of Foucault 2012d). The biopolitics of bioinfor- the ground for a new revolution- to provide an analysis of what I mational capitalism is the ultimate ary subject: the multitude (Lemke, call the “epoch of digital reason” control over life for at the level of 2009, p. 4). with the ascendancy of “forms of code (genetic and informational) it Negri (2004) argues “Foucault cybernetic capitalism” (Peters et creates new life, albeit elementary has; I believe, the extraordinary al., 2009b; Peters, 2014b). To read self-replicating DNA within a host intuition of defining the shift from Foucault against a postmodern Marx bacterium. modern politics to post-modern is certainly a useful and provocative Bio-informational capitalism is biopolitics” but he “did not manage way of using Foucault to go beyond an outgrowth, emergent form and to comprehend ‘the real dynamics of Foucault in order to understand new consequence of cybernetic capital- production in biopolitical society’. configurations of biopolitics in an ism that includes new forms of For Negri and Hardt, in Empire and era dominated by neoliberalism, cognitive and finance capitalism other works the biopolitical meta- human capital and informational (each dependent on the Internet) to morphosis which Foucault identi- capitalism, with some resistance and reconfigure education at all levels fied, leads to Communism. Negri redemptive possibilities inherent in as emergent forms of an integrated (2004) remarks: the creation of new public spaces world capitalism that also create that enhance the virtues of openness novel forms of educational capi- the Foucauldian analyses of the rever- (Peters and Roberts, 2012). talism (Peters, 2009, see Table 5). sal of biopowers into biopolitics have While I differ in certain respects This is in part the culmination of influenced our analyses of the genesis from Hardt and Negri especially in forty years of neoliberal capitalism of empire: this is to say, how new forms of labour and struggle, produ- respect of formulations of openness and the neoliberal privatisation of ced by the transformation of material and the commons, in terms of his- education reflected in the global edu- labour into immaterial labour, present torical necessity of resistance and cational reform movement (Peters, themselves as producing subjectivity in relation to the constellations of 2010). Whether this characteriza- (Negri, 2004). “cybernetic capitalism”—my ge- tion of bio-informational capitalism nealogies and projections are quite fits easily within the biopolitical And he goes on to argue: different—I recognise that this rich model of postmodernity remains vein of subjectivity studies based to be fully tested yet it is clearly the new imperial condition under on conceptions of human capital a form of power-knowledge, built which we live (and socio-political and digital (or ‘immaterial’) labour around the administration of bod- conditions in which we build our seems to me to speak directly to ies and the management of life as work, our languages and thus our- selves) places at the center of the problems of educational postmo- a kind of code that distinguishes biopolitical context what we call dernity and globalisation that define it from an older form of sovereign the common: neither the private the new world interconnectedness power. In this present-future the nor public, nor the individual or the of cognitive capitalism (Peters and ancient right to take life or let live social, but what, all together, we Bulut, 2011; Peters, 2012a, 2012b, has been replaced not by a power to construct to grant man the possibility 2012c). I develop the series of foster life or disallow it to the point 97 of producing and reproducing himself concepts of biopower, biopolitics, of death, as Foucault argues, but (Negri, 2004). biotechnologies, to incorporate rather by a power that creates and

volume 19, número 1, janeiro • abril 2015 Michael Peters

owns new life as the material basis ARENDT, H. 1973. Origins of Totalitarian- case that commons-based production ism. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanov- for the development of the system is managed through new modes of as a whole. In this context the rela- ich, 527 p. peer governance rather than traditio- BAUMAN, Z.; AGAMBEN, G. 2005. Archi- tionship between bioinformational nal organizational hierarchies, and pelago of Exception – Zygmunt Bauman biopolitics and postcoloniality is that it is an innovative application of and Giorgio Agamben in conversation. not entirely clear except to say that copyright that creates an information Available at: http://post.thing.net/v2v/ commons, it is still not clear to me the era that produced colonial mis- download/magnet/M7XI2SI4RIYYP- that it transcends the limitations at- cegenation, racialised populations, SU6J5J2M7J6YJYPN6AL. Accessed on: tached to both the private (for-profit) 28/04/2015. exotic forms of sexuality, and the and public (state-based) property nation as a biopolitical category BESLEY, T.A.C.; PETERS, M.A. 2008. Sub- forms (Peters, 2009, p. 55). jectivity and Truth: Foucault, Education now seems more oriented toward and the Culture of the Self. New York, cybernetic posthuman hybrids, new In terms of the encounter of Peter Lang, 213 p. ‘social machines’, ‘extended minds’, postcolonialism with bioinforma- BEVERLEY, J.; ARONNA, M.; OVIE- collective intelligences, even the so- tional capitalism, it is important DO, J. 1995. The postmodernism de- called ‘global brain’ where questions to recognize that the world has bate in Latin America. Durham, Duke of scalability, surveillance, ‘big data’ passed from a system of colonial University Press, 322 p. http://dx.doi. org/10.1215/9780822382683 and metadata increasingly dominate law where “the colony represents BINKLEY, S.; CAPETILLO, J. 2009. A the educational ‘control society’ the site where sovereignty consists Foucault for the 21st Century: Govern- (Deleuze, 1992). fundamentally in the exercise of mentality, Biopolitics and Discipline in the The strongest and most promising power outside the law” (Mbembe, New Millennium. Cambridge, Cambridge forms of resistance to this form of 2003) constructed through legal Scholars Publishing, 377 p. educational globalisation which is justifications which legitimized the BORGES, J.L. [n.d.]. The Analytical Lan- increasingly built on the universal acquisition of territories based on guage of John Wilkins. Available at: http://www.alamut.com/subj/artiface/ applications of learning analytics and occupation through a succession of language/johnWilkins.html. Accessed big data systems are what I call ‘open decolonising struggles defining the on: 14/04/2015. knowledge production’ and ‘open modern system of states to witness DE TORO, A. 2003. Borges and Postmo- learning’ systems which are based on the emergence of a new juridical dernity. In: E. MENDIETA (ed.), Latin incremental, local, postcolonial and regime as colonial rule dissolved American Philosophy: Currents, Issues, decentralized collaborative develop- and national sovereignty rights Debates. Bloomington, Indiana Univer- ment processes. Whether these open were transferred to new independent sity Press, p. 89-123. DELEUZE, G. 1992. Postscript on Society of systems will transcend the traditional states. Today under bioinformational Control. October, 59:3-7. capitalism we might argue that at proprietary market model, is yet to be DUSSEL, E. 2003. Philosophy in Latin determined. precisely the point where territorial America in the Twentieth Century: As I have argued elsewhere: sovereignty has been gain by former Problems and Currents. In: E. MEND- colonies, the concept of territoriality IETA (ed.), Latin American Philosophy: While it may be true that commons- and sovereignty based upon it are Currents, Issues, Debates. Bloomington, -based peer production is based threatened through extraterritorial Indiana University Press. http://dx.doi. on free cooperation and not on the systems of power9 that resides in org/10.1007/978-94-017-3651-0_2 selling of one’s labour in exchange no particular place but in speed and EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THE- ORY. 2014b. Special Issue on Agamben for a wage; and that it is not moti- mobility where politics are territo- and Education. Vol. 46, n. 4. vated primarily by profit or for the rial but capitalism is extraterritorial exchange value of the resulting pro- ESCOBAR, A. 1995. Encountering Devel- (Bauman and Agamben, 2005). duct; still, it is not yet clear whether opment: The Making and Unmaking of this constitutes an entirely new mode the Third World. Princeton University of social production, or the extent References Press, 290 p. to which it exists independently or FOUCAULT, M. 1970. The Order of Things: parasitically on existing capitalist AGAMBEN, G. 1998. Homo Sacer: Sov- An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. ereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford, London/New York, Tavistock/Random modes of production. While it is the Stanford University Press, 199 p. House, 387 p.

98 9 Weizman (2005) writes: “In international law, the term “extraterritoriality” refers to those instances where a state extends its jurisdiction or effective control over zones, individuals or activities beyond its borders. The concept may apply to military movements on foreign soil as well as to embassies or diplomats in the form of diplomatic immunity. Extraterritoriality is therefore rooted in the concept of sovereignty, although it is usually considered as the violation thereof”.

Educação Unisinos Postcolonial biopolitics in the empire of capital: Lines of Foucauldian inquiry in educational studies

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Education, Social Policy and the pfi e.2012.10.1.1 Accessed on: 28/04/2015. Crisis of Capitalism. New York, Peter PETERS, M.A.; BESLEY, T. 2006. (eds.). HARDT, M.; NEGRI, A. 2000. Empire. Cam- Lang, 222 p. Why Foucault? New Directions in Edu- bridge, Harvard University Press, 478 p. PETERS, M.A. 2012a. Cybernetics. In: H.K. cational Research. New York, Peter MBEMBE, A. 2003. Necropolitics. Pub- ANHEIER; M. JUERGENSMEYER Lang, 243 p. lic Culture, 15(1):11-40. http://dx.doi. (eds.), Encyclopedia of global stud- PETERS, M.A.; BESLEY, T.; OLSSEN, M.; org/10.1215/08992363-15-1-11 ies. Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publica- MAURER, S.; WEBER, S. (eds.). 2009a. MENDIETA, E. 2002. Editorial. APA Newlet- tions, Inc., p. 348-353. http://dx.doi. Governmentality, Studies in Education. ters, Newsletter on Hispanic/Latino Issues org/10.4135/9781452218557.n117 Rotterdam, Sense Publishers, 555 p. in Philosophy, 1(2):79. PETERS, M.A. 2012b. Postmodern Educa- PETERS, M.A.; BRITEZ, R.; BULUT, E. MENDIETA, E. (ed.). 2003. Latin American tional Capitalism, Global Information 2009b. Cybernetic Capitalism, Informa- 99 Philosophy: Currents, Issues, Debates. Systems and New Media Networks. Policy tionalism and Cognitive Labor. Geopoli- Bloomington, Indiana University Press, Futures in Education, 10(1):23-29. http:// tics, History, and International Relations, 218 p. dx.doi.org/10.2304/pfi e.2012.10.1.23 1(2):11-40.

volume 19, número 1, janeiro • abril 2015 Michael Peters

PETERS, M.A.; BULUT, E. 2011. (eds.). econômica. Rivista. Available at: http:// UNRUH, V. 1994. Latin American Van- Cognitive Capitalism, Education and the rivista.ssef.it/site.php?page=2004030818 guards: The Art of Contentious Encoun- Question of Digital Labor. New York, 4630627&edition=2005-05-01. Accessed ters. Berkeley, University of California Peter Lang, 341 p. on: 28/04/2015. Press, 264 p. Available at: http://publish- PETERS, M.A.; ROBERTS, P. 2012. The SAID, E. 1978. Orientalism. New York, ing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docI Virtues of Openness: Education and Pantheon, 368 p. d=ft638nb3gc;brand=ucpress. Accessed Scholarship in a Digital World. Boulder, SAID, E. 1976. Interview. Diacritics, 6(3):30- on: 28/04/2015. Paradigm, 171 p. 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/464828 WEIZMAN, E. 2005. On extraterritoriality. PETERS, M.A.; TESAR, M.; LOCKE, K. SHAW, D.L. 2007. More about Modernism Available at: http://www.publicspace.org/ 2014. Michel Foucault, Oxford Bibliog- in Spanish America. A Contra Corrienta, en/text-library/eng/b011-on-extraterritori- raphies. Available at: http://www.oxford- 4(2):143-152. Available at: www.ncsu. ality. Accessed on: 24/04/2015. bibliographies.com/view/document/obo- edu/project/acontracorriente. Accessed WILLAERT, T. 2012. Postcolonial studies 9780195396577/obo-9780195396577- on: 28/04/2015. after Foucault: Discourse, discipline, 0128.xml. Accessed on: 28/04/2015. SOMMER, D. 1991. Foundational ﬁ ctions biopower, and governmentality as travel- PETERS, M.A.; WAIN, K. 2002. Post- the national romances of Latin America. ling concepts. Justus-Liebig-Universitä t modernism/Post-structuralism. In: N. Berkeley, University of California Press, Gießen. Available at: http://geb.uni- BLAKE; P. SMEYTERS; R. SMITH; 418 p.Parte inferior do formulário giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2013/9180/. P. STANDISH, The Blackwell Guide to STOLER, A. 1995. Race and the Education Accessed on: 24/04/2015. the Philosophy of Education. Oxford, of Desire. Durham, Duke University YOUNG, R. 2001. Postcolonialism: An Blackwell. Press, 237 p. Historical Introduction. Oxford, Wiley- PIETERSE, J.N.; PETERS, M.A. 2012. Un- STOLER, A. 2002. Carnal Knowledge and Blackwell, 498 p. derstanding the Sources of Anti-Western- Imperial Power, Race and the Intimate ŽIŽEK, S. 2001. Postmodernity as moder- ism: A Dialogue between Jan Nederveen in Colonial Rule. Berkeley, University of nity’s myth. Polygraph, 13:39-57. Pieterse and Michael A. Peters. Policy California Press, 335 p. Futures in Education, 10:59-69. http:// STOLER, A.L. 2011. Colony. Available at: dx.doi.org/10.2304/pﬁ e.2012.10.1.59 http://www.politicalconcepts.org/issue1/ RAMA, A. 1996. The lettered city. Durham, colony/. Accessed on: 14/04/2015. Duke University Press, 141 p. TOPINKA, R. 2010. Foucault, Borges, Het- SACCO, G. 2004. Intervista a Giorgio Agam- erotopia: Producing Knowledge in Other Submetido: 26/10/2014 ben: dalla teologia politica alla teologia Spaces. Foucault Studies, 9:54-70. Aceito: 23/12/2014

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