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Texto Parcial (439.2Kb) INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA Análises morfológicas e moleculares dos gêneros Galium L. e Relbunium (Endl.) Hook. f. (Rubieae – Rubiaceae) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil Karen Lúcia Gama De Toni Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jorge Ernesto de Araujo Mariath Co-orientadora: Profa. Dra. Tatiana Teixeira de Souza Chies Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências – Ênfase Botânica. Porto Alegre 2005 Aos meus pais Kátia e Amélio, pelo amor, carinho incondicional e incentivo em todos os momentos da minha vida. II AGRADECIMENTOS Durante o período de desenvolvimento desta Tese, tive oportunidade de expandir meus conhecimentos em Botânica e aprender novas técnicas, e na busca dessas novas informações conheci pessoas que foram importantes para que eu conseguisse alcançar meus objetivos. Expresso aqui meus agradecimentos para todas as pessoas e Instituições que, direta ou indiretamente, contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho. Ao Prof. Dr. Jorge E. A. Mariath pela orientação, dedicação, amizade e confiança durante a execução desse trabalho; juntos compartilhamos o mesmo carinho por Relbunium. À Profa. Dra. Tatiana Teixeira de Souza Chies, pela co-orientação, ensinamentos valiosos, amizade, dedicação, otimismo e esforço incansável na busca do DNA. Ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica / UFRGS pela atenção. Ao Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro pela acolhida e incentivo, em especial à Coordenação do Programa Diversidade Taxonômica, pelo apoio financeiro e compreensão durante a execução desse trabalho. Aos colegas Anatomistas do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ), Dra. Cláudia Franca Barros, Dra. Maria da Conceição Valente, Msc. Osnir Marquete, que me receberam com muita amizade e confiança, e sempre apoiaram o meu trabalho. E em especial à Dra. Cecília Gonçalves Costa, pelo carinho, atenção e valiosas sugestões. Aos meus novos amigos e colegas, Msc. Neusa Tamaio, Dr. André Mantovani, e Msc. Claudine M. Mynssen, que compartilharam comigo momentos bons e ruins nessa fase de adaptação a uma nova vida no Rio de Janeiro. Além das importantes sugestões para este trabalho. Aos técnicos e demais colegas do Laboratório de Botânica Estrutural / JBRJ, em especial à Biól. Elaine Zózimo de Souza, Biól. Andréa Penha, e Biól. Rogério da Costa III Figueiredo, pela amizade e dedicação durante a execução desse trabalho. E aos alunos Simone Petrucci Conceição, Priscilla Coutinho e Msc. Gabriel Araújo, pela compreensão e apoio. À Sra. Ligioneide Marinho da Silva pela atenção e carinho. Aos amigos e eternos colegas do Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Depto. Botânica / UFRGS, em especial à Dra. Alexandra Mastroberti, Dra. Ana Cristina Mazzocato, Msc. Bibiana Cassol, Msc. Jaqueline Sarzi Sartori, Dr. João Marcelo dos Santos de Oliveira e Dra. Maria Cecília de Chiara Moço. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Depto. Genética / UFRGS, em especial à Dra. Alessandra S. Schnadelbach e Msc. Liliana Essi, pelos ensinamentos, paciência e dedicação na área de Biologia Molecular. À Luciana Franco Scholte, responsável pelo Laboratório de Biologia Molecular / JBRJ e aos demais colegas do laboratório, pelo apoio na execução dos protocolos de extração do DNA das espécies consideradas problemáticas. Ao Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica / UFRGS, ao Dr. Gilberto Menezes Amado Filho (JBRJ), ao Dr. Leonardo Andrade (UFRJ) e em especial à Dra. Maura Cunha (UENF) pelo auxilio na preparação e observação das amostras em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Ao Dr. Bruno Irgang, Dr. Carlos Frederico Widholzer, Dra. Maria Luiza Porto e Dr. Nelson Matzembacher pelo auxílio na realização das coletas. À todos os curadores que concederam empréstimos de material vegetal e à Curadora do Herbário do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (RB), Dra. Lúcia D’Ávila F. de Carvalho pela atenção. Ao meu pai, Amélio Antonio De Toni, pelo apoio e companheirismo nas buscas por Relbunium. À minha mãe, Kátia Gama De Toni, pelo apoio, sugestões e palavras de otimismo e coragem nos momentos mais difíceis, e ao meu irmão, Cezar A. Gama De Toni. Ao meu marido, Massimo G. Bovini, pela imensa atenção, paciência, dedicação, amor e apoio, além das sugestões botânicas e auxílio nas coletas. Aos meus sogros Gina e Antonio Bovini, pelo carinho, compreensão e apoio. Enfim a todos os meus familiares e amigos, pela compreensão de minhas longas ausências. IV ANÁLISES MORFOLÓGICAS E MOLECULARES DOS GÊNEROS GALIUM L. E RELBUNIUM (ENDL.) HOOK. F. (RUBIEAE – RUBIACEAE) NO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL - BRASIL Karen Lúcia Gama De Toni Orientador: Dr. Jorge Ernesto de Araujo Mariath Co-orientador: Dra. Tatiana Teixeira de Souza Chies Resumo da Tese de Doutorado submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências – Ênfase Botânica. Desde o início da história taxonômica de Relbunium, muitos foram os trabalhos que enfatizaram sua autonomia e posição taxonômica. Atualmente, alguns estudos sugerem que as espécies pertencentes a Relbunium devam ser incluídas em uma seção do gênero Galium. Porém, recentes estudos moleculares na tribo Rubieae, destacam Galium como um grupo parafilético, e Relbunium como um gênero independente e monofilético. O problema taxonômico referente a Galium e Relbunium é de difícil solução, devido à ausência de estudos que integrem caracteres morfológicos, ecológicos e moleculares. No presente trabalho objetivou-se adicionar informações para o conhecimento básico das espécies de Relbunium e Galium para o sul do Brasil, a partir de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares, buscando responder a seguinte questão: “Relbunium pode ser considerado um gênero ou apenas uma seção dentro de Galium?”. Para atingir os objetivos, foi analisada a morfologia das espécies, com ênfase nas folhas, flores e frutos para duas espécies de Galium e treze de Relbunium: G. latoramosum, G. uruguayense, R. equisetoides, R. gracillimum, R. hirtum, R. humile, R. humilioides, R. hypocarpium, R. longipedunculatum, R. mazocarpum, R. megapotamicum, R. nigro-ramosum, R. ostenianum, R. richardianum e R. valantioides. Chaves de identificação foram geradas a partir dos resultados das análises morfológicas. As folhas foram analisadas quanto à forma, ápice, padrão de venação, tricomas, estômatos, distribuição de idioblastos secretores e vascularização do hidatódio. Esses caracteres não evidenciaram a separação entre os gêneros, auxiliando apenas na individualização das espécies. A morfologia das flores e frutos auxiliou na diferenciação dos gêneros e espécies estudadas. As flores são comumente bispóricas, a exceção de G. latoramosum. Brácteas involucrais, ausentes em Galium, estão presentes nas espécies de Relbunium, de duas a quatro; nesse gênero há presença de antopódio, ausente em Galium. A corola possui tricomas glandulares unicelulares na face adaxial, e na face abaxial os tricomas, quando presentes, são simples e idioblastos secretores estão presentes apenas em R. gracillimum. O androceu tem quatro estames alternipétalos e exsertos, com anteras dorsifixas e tetrasporangiadas, de deiscência longitudinal. O ovário é ínfero, bicarpelar, bilocular, com um rudimento seminal anátropo e unitegumentado por lóculo. O desenvolvimento dos frutos, a estrutura do pericarpo e da testa foram descritos. Os frutos são do tipo baga, em R. gracillimum e R. hypocarpium, ou esquizocarpo, nas demais espécies. A consistência do pericarpo pode variar de carnosa, nos frutos do tipo baga, a levemente seca, nos frutos esquizocarpos. Entre as espécies, observou-se uma variação com relação ao exocarpo, que pode ser liso, piloso ou com idioblastos secretores. A testa é constituída por apenas uma camada de células, que em R. hypocarpium mostra-se descontínua. Além das descrições morfológicas, foram realizados estudos moleculares das espécies, através do seqüenciamento de fragmentos do DNA nuclear (ITS) e plastidial (trnL-F). A partir dos resultados obtidos formam elaborados cladogramas com base nos dados morfológicos e moleculares. O cladograma construído a partir dos dados morfológicos (vegetativos e reprodutivos) evidenciou a distinção dos dois gêneros, ou seja, sustenta Relbunium como táxon independente. Nesse cladograma observa-se que a V presença ou ausência de brácteas foi determinante, e proporcionou a separação dos gêneros. A uniformidade dos caracteres morfológicos vegetativos entre as espécies auxiliou apenas na distinção das espécies de Relbunium. Com relação aos dados moleculares, os fragmentos de DNA utilizados mostraram-se pouco informativos. A análise do fragmento ITS, em especial, contribuiu para confirmação da relação entre algumas espécies (R. hirtum e R. ostenianum, e R. humile e R. mazocarpum). A análise combinada dos dados morfológicos e moleculares não caracterizou Relbunium como um clado monofilético, sendo sua manutenção não sustentada, isso, principalmente, devido à falta de diferenças moleculares entre as espécies. Conclui-se que para o grupo em questão as análises morfológicas, das folhas, flores e frutos, foram suficientes para destacar Relbunium como um gênero autônomo e monofilético na tribo Rubieae. VI MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF GENUS GALIUM L. AND RELBUNIUM (ENDL.) HOOK. F. (RUBIEAE – RUBIACEAE) IN RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE - BRAZIL Karen Lúcia Gama De Toni Orientador: Jorge
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