Correspondence of Sir Edward Nicholas
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Six Unpublished Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria
SIX UNPUBLISHED LETTERS OF dUEEN HENRIETTA MARIA R. A. BEDDARD IN the morass of papers left by that diligent servant of the House of Stuart, Sir Edward Nicholas, Secretary of State to Charles I and Charles II, is a small cache of six letters written by, or at the command of, Queen Henrietta Maria.^ Five of them are addressed to Nicholas in his official capacity as Secretary.^ Three of them are informal, being little more than hastily penned notes in the Queen's own hand. These are undated by her, but two of them have been endorsed by Nicholas with the date on which he received them: 5 September and i October 1641. His endorsement locates them in the difficult period of Charles Ts residence in Edinburgh, when his master was seeking to build a party among the Scottish nobles. The third most probably belongs to the same year. All three show that the King was during his absence from England regularly employing his wife in the routine business of despatching, and, on occasion, restraining the time of delivery of his correspondence.^ The other two letters addressed to Secretary Nicholas are of greater historical moment. Not only are they more ample in content, they are also more formal in nature. They belong to a much later period in the Queen's life, when she had taken up residence in her native France following her successful flight from Exeter in July 1644.^ The two communications are cast in the form of royal warrants, drafted by the clerk attending the Queen at the palace of St Germain-en-Laye, outside Paris, where for a time she occupied grace and favour lodgings given to her by her sister-in-law, Anne of Austria, Queen Regent of France and the widow of Louis XIII.^ As such, they are signed by Henrietta Maria at the beginning in the customary fashion, and are dated coram regina 9 and 22 June 1648 respectively, according to the New Style of the Gregorian calendar in use in Catholic France: that is, 30 May and 12 June, according to the Old Style of the Julian computation still in use in Protestant England. -
1 the NAVY in the ENGLISH CIVIL WAR Submitted by Michael James
1 THE NAVY IN THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR Submitted by Michael James Lea-O’Mahoney, to the University of Exeter, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in September 2011. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned chiefly with the military role of sea power during the English Civil War. Parliament’s seizure of the Royal Navy in 1642 is examined in detail, with a discussion of the factors which led to the King’s loss of the fleet and the consequences thereafter. It is concluded that Charles I was outmanoeuvred politically, whilst Parliament’s choice to command the fleet, the Earl of Warwick, far surpassed him in popularity with the common seamen. The thesis then considers the advantages which control of the Navy provided for Parliament throughout the war, determining that the fleet’s protection of London, its ability to supply besieged outposts and its logistical support to Parliamentarian land forces was instrumental in preventing a Royalist victory. Furthermore, it is concluded that Warwick’s astute leadership went some way towards offsetting Parliament’s sporadic neglect of the Navy. The thesis demonstrates, however, that Parliament failed to establish the unchallenged command of the seas around the British Isles. -
The Return of the King (1658±1660)
1 The Return of the King (1658±1660) 1 The Fall of the Protectorate (September 1658±April 1659)1 `All Men wondred to see all so quiet, in so dangerous a time' wrote the Puritan minister Richard Baxter of the autumn of 1658.The death of Oliver Cromwell on 3 September signalled no discernible quickening of either royalist or repub- lican pulses.There was no sudden or general upsurge of public opinion either against the Protectorate or for a return to monarchy: `Contrary to all expec- tation both at home and abroad, this earthquake was attended with no signal alteration', recalled Charles II's Chancellor, Edward Hyde, afterwards Earl of Clarendon.2 Nor, though `all the commonwealth party' may have `cried out upon [Richard's] assuming the protectorship, as a high usurpation', was there any concerted attempt by republicans to undo what they saw as the perversion of the Good Old Cause into the tyranny of rule by a single person: `There is not a dogge that waggs his tongue, soe great a calm are wee in', observed John Thurloe, Oliver's, and now Richard's, Secretary of State.3 The Humble Petition and Advice, the Protectorate's constitution since 1657, empowered Cromwell to name his successor, but this was managed `so sleightly, as some doubt whether he did it at all' reported John Barwick, future Dean of St Paul's, in a letter to Charles II.Nevertheless, despite the want of any formal or written nomination, Richard Cromwell's succession was generally accepted not only without opposition but with signs of positive relief.The proclamation of his -
'My Friend the Gazetier': Diplomacy and News in Seventeenth-Century
chapter 18 ‘My Friend the Gazetier’: Diplomacy and News in Seventeenth-Century Europe Jason Peacey In February 1681, the English government was hunting for information about European newspapers. Its new envoy at The Hague, Thomas Plott, duly obliged by writing that “The printed paper of Leyden … I have never seen”, although he had heard that “such a paper had appeared”, and that “it had been suppressed”. That he knew this much reflected the fact that he had already made a point of getting to know “the French gazetier, who is my friend”, and who had previ- ously been a “pensionary” of the English ambassador, Henry Sidney. Indeed, Plott also added that “what news he has he always communicates to me in a manuscript, but when there is nothing worth writing he only supplies me with his gazettes, so that what intelligence he had, I can always furnish you with”. Plott concluded by adding that I have likewise another intelligencer here who is paid for it, that gives me twice a week what comes to his hands, whose original papers and likewise those of the French gazetier I shall hereafter send you, and when I return for England I shall settle a correspondence between you and them, that you may have a continuance of their news.1 That Plott’s first tasks upon reaching The Hague had included familiarising himself with European print culture, its gazetteers and its intelligencers is highly revealing, and the aim of this piece is explore the significance of this letter, and of the practices to which it alludes. -
'The Political Career of Edward Sackville, Fourth Earl of Dorset (1590-1652)'
'THE POLITICAL CAREER OF EDWARD SACKVILLE, FOURTH EARL OF DORSET (1590-1652)' BY DAVID LAWRENCE SMITH SELWYN COLLEGE A Dissertation submitted in the Faculty of History for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Michae1mas Term 1989 ABSTRACT Title: 'The Poli tical Career of Edward Sackvi1le, fourth Earl of Dorset (1590-1652)' Author: David Lawrence Smith, Selwyn College This dissertation seeks to illuminate early Stuart political history by a study of one important public figure. The fourth Earl of Dorset was a member of Charles I's Privy Council, Lord Chamberlain to Queen Henrietta Maria, and Lord Lieutenant of Sussex and Middlesex. He attended all the Parliaments of the 1620's, and sat in the Short and Long Parliaments. He was active in Court and Council throughout the 1630's, and sided with the King in the Civil War. He consistently advocated harmony and reconciliation in a period of growing polarisation. This study investigates Dorset's perception of early seventeenth century political developments, his response to them, and the reasons why he and other moderates failed to prevent civil war. It thus contributes to current debates both on the early modern peerage, and on the origins and nature of the English Civil War. The first chapter looks at Dorset's life and career up to the age of thirty. In Chapter Two a discussion of his rapid rise to political prominence during the 1620's explores the reasons for his success and the nature of his motivation. Chapter Three investigates Dorset's activities as a Privy Councillor and as the Queen's Lord Chamberlain in the 1630's. -
John Godwin, 'The Restoration and Its Impact on Bristol' (University of Bristol, Draft Phd Chapter, 2017)1 Bristol Suffered
John Godwin, UoB The Restoration and its Impact on Bristol September 2017 John Godwin, ‘The Restoration and its impact on Bristol’ (University of Bristol, draft PhD chapter, 2017)1 Bristol suffered considerably during the Civil War, enduring two sieges followed by two occupations, first by the crown forces, then the parliamentary army, which in September 1645 marched into a city suffering from a lack of food and with the plague raging. During the 1650s Bristol was a city under military occupation. Although most of the citizens were Anglican, there was a large dissenting population, including Presbyterians, Baptists, Anabaptists, Fifth Monarchists and Quakers. By the 1650s some of these had been absorbed into the leadership of the city, particularly the Presbyterians and Anabaptists who became influential members of the city council. The council itself was run by a small group of oligarchs, mostly merchants, who were self-appointing and, once appointed, normally served for life. Change was therefore slow except when particular groups came to dominate. As will be seen, that did not happen often. Indeed, major changes only occurred when two circumstances coincided; pressure from the king or parliament was needed and this had to occur at a point when a dominant local figure was willing to provide a lead. That happened less often than might be expected. Despite their wealth, civic leaders still largely lived cheek by jowl with the ordinary citizens. They plied their politics alongside the guilds and parishes and the numerous citizens involved with them. There was considerable pressure to move forwards by consensus. Oliver Cromwell died on 3 September 1658. -
The Montagus and the Great West Doors of Bath Abbey” Online
The Manor of Lackham Vol 3 : The Montagu family The Manor of Lackham – Volume 3 The Montagus of Lackham and their historical connections by Tony Pratt and Karen Repko Last update : March 23, 2019 Wiltshire College Lackham 2010 1 The Manor of Lackham Vol 3 : The Montagu family This investigation of the history of the manor of Lackham, close to Chippenham and next to Lacock in Wiltshire, started with the current author’s “The Bluets ; a baronial family and their historical connections 1066- 1400 1” and was continued in “The Baynards : a county family and their historical connections 1360 – 1650 2.” This work takes the story through the period of the Civil War and the Enlightenment to Canal Mania and on into the early part of the nineteenth century. For biographies of the authors see the Introduction to Vol. 1 “The Bluets”. Both of the previous volumes in this history, and others, are held by Wiltshire Libraries, the Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre in Chippenham and online at http://www.lackham.co.uk/history/documents.asp As always we owe enormous debts of gratitude to the people who helped by their willingness to give freely of their time, expertise and knowledge, and without whom this volume would not have been possible. Individual credits and thanks are given in the footnotes. Not credited specifically are the archivists and staff at all the record offices and libraries consulted and who were unfailingly helpful above and beyond that which might be expected. We are very lucky to have such dedicated and knowledgeable people around and we would express our very sincere gratitude to everyone who helped. -
University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton
University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk i ii UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Doctor of Philosophy MILITARY INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS IN THE FIRST ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 1642 – 1646 By John Edward Kirkham Ellis This thesis sets out to correct the current widely held perception that military intelligence operations played a minor part in determining the outcome of the English Civil War. In spite of the warnings of Sir Charles Firth and, more recently, Ronald Hutton, many historical assessments of the role played by intelligence-gathering continue to rely upon the pronouncements made by the great Royalist historian Sir Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, in his History of the Rebellion. Yet the overwhelming evidence of the contemporary sources shows clearly that intelligence information did, in fact, play a major part in deciding the outcome of the key battles that determined the outcome of the Civil War itself. -
Bibliography Manuscript Sources Aberdeen University Library MS
Bibliography Manuscript Sources Aberdeen University Library MS 2538 James Fraser travel diary All Souls, Oxford MS 167 Parliamentary and state papers MS 181 Parliamentary and state papers Alnwick Letters and Papers 18 Northumberland Papers, 1657-63 MS 548-52 John Fitzjames letterbooks O.I.2f Hugh Potter letterbook, 1644-6 U.I.6 Northumberland Accounts, 1641-9 Anthony House Carew-Pole papers Buller papers Arundel Castle, Sussex Howard papers Badminton Sir Thomas Roe library list Bedfordshire Record Office St John of Bletso papers Trevor-Wingfield papers Bagshaw collection Orlebar papers Beinecke Library, Yale University, New Haven Osborn papers Boswell papers Edward S. Harkness pamphlet collection Belvoir Castle Tollemache papers Berkshire Record office Lenthall papers Reading borough corporation Berwick Record Office Berwick borough corporation Bethlem Royal Hospital Court Books Birmingham City Archives Knight papers Fetherston correspondence Bodleian Library MS Add.C.132 Parliamentary proceedings MS Bankes Sir John Bankes papers MS Carte Carte papers MS Clarendon Clarendon papers MS Eng.Lett.b.1 Symon Archer papers MS Eng.Lett.c.210 John Palmer correspondence MS Eng.Hist.e.184 Gerbier papers MS Eng.Hist.e.308 Roger Whitley papers MS Eng.Misc.c.338 William Freke accounts MS Eng.Misc.e.6 John Smyth of Nibley accounts MS Eng.Misc.e.118 George Starkey diary MS Eng.Misc.e.479 Henry Townshend papers MS Locke b.2 John Locke papers MS Nalson Lenthall papers MS North.c.4 Lord North papers, 1602-77 MS Rawl.A Thurloe papers MS Rawl.D.141 England’s Memorable Accidents, 1636-44 MS Selden Supra 108 John Selden papers MS Tanner Tanner papers MS Top.Essex.f.1 Personal account book MS Top.Oxon.c.154 Oxford stationers MS Top.Oxon.c.378 Thomas Wyatt of Ducklington diary MS Walker.c.4 Royalist ministers MS Wood 423 Anthony Wood papers Bristol Record Office Bristol borough corporation British Library Add. -
'He Would Not Meddle Against Newark…' Cromwell's Strategic Vision 1643-1644
CROMWELL’S STRATEGIC VISION 1643-1644 ‘He would not meddle against Newark…’ Cromwell’s strategic vision 1643-1644 MARTYN BENNETT* Nottingham Trent University, UK, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Cromwell with some justification is identified with East Anglia and this is often true of his early military career. However, his earliest campaigns were often focused on the area west of the Eastern Association counties and in particular they centred on the royalist garrison at Newark. This heavily defended town dominated several important communications arteries which Cromwell saw capturing the town as crucial to winning the war, at least in the region. Cromwell’s ruthless pursuit of his goal led him to criticize and even attack his superiors who did not see things his way. This article explores Cromwell’s developing strategic sense in the initial two years of the first civil war. Introduction The royalist garrison at Newark was not only one of the most substantial and successful garrisons in England during the civil wars: its steadfast loyalty had a devastating effect on the military careers of several parliamentarian generals and colonels. Between 1643 and 1645 Newark was responsible for, or played a role in, the severe mauling and even the termination of the careers of no less than five parliamentarian generals. The careers of two major generals in command of local forces, Sir Thomas Ballard and Sir John Meldrum, and three regional commanders, Thomas, Lord Grey of Groby, commander of the Midlands Association, Francis, Lord Willoughby of Parham, Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire and Edward Montague, Earl of Manchester, commander of the Eastern Association, all suffered because of it. -
The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire Author(S): David Armitage Source: the Historical Journal, Vol
The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire Author(s): David Armitage Source: The Historical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sep., 1992), pp. 531-555 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639629 . Accessed: 19/05/2011 06:53 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Historical Journal. http://www.jstor.org The Historical Journal, 35, 3 (I992), pp. 53I-555 Printed in Great Britain THE CROMWELLIAN PROTECTORATE AND THE LANGUAGES OF EMPIRE* DAVID ARMITAGE Emmanuel College, Cambridge A B ST R A CT. -
Ellis Wasson the British and Irish Ruling Class 1660-1945 Volume 2
Ellis Wasson The British and Irish Ruling Class 1660-1945 Volume 2 Ellis Wasson The British and Irish Ruling Class 1660-1945 Volume 2 Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak Associate Editor: Łukasz Połczyński ISBN 978-3-11-056238-5 e-ISBN 978-3-11-056239-2 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. © 2017 Ellis Wasson Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak Associate Editor: Łukasz Połczyński www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: © Thinkstock/bwzenith Contents The Entries VII Abbreviations IX List of Parliamentary Families 1 Bibliography 619 Appendices Appendix I. Families not Included in the Main List 627 Appendix II. List of Parliamentary Families Organized by Country 648 Indexes Index I. Index of Titles and Family Names 711 Index II. Seats of Parliamentary Families Organized by Country 769 Index III. Seats of Parliamentary Families Organized by County 839 The Entries “ORIGINS”: Where reliable information is available about the first entry of the family into the gentry, the date of the purchase of land or holding of office is provided. When possible, the source of the wealth that enabled the family’s election to Parliament for the first time is identified. Inheritance of property that supported participation in Parliament is delineated.