Summer and Akkad Geographical Context the Fertile Crescent Ubaid Culture

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Summer and Akkad Geographical Context The Fertile Crescent Ubaid Culture • Roughly 6000 – 3500 BC. • First pottery • First settled ‘towns’ • “The creators of the Ubaid… were heirs to cumulative developments in the long history of agricultural village life in the Near East” (Hout 1992, 188). Sumerians Arrived from Asia ca 3900 – 3500 Unique language that resembles Turkic and Hungarian • Brought (?) Copper tech. • Applied to irrigation • Kish or Uruk earliest city • Competing city states • Legend of the Flood • Legends of divine parentage Sumer Kuhrt • Kuhrt, Amelie. 1995. The Ancient Near East. • Cultural parallelism • Semitic words in Sumerian texts • Diversity of land ownership • Monarchy more than theocracy • Contra Edgar et al. City Rivalries • Eannatum, king of Lagash • Ca. 2450 BC • Conquered the cities of Sumer • Vulture Stele commemorates victory over Enakalle of Umma The Vulture Stele The Vulture Stele • Winter, Irene. 1985. After the Battle is Over: The “Stele of the Vultures” and the Beninning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East. Studies in the History of Art 16, Symposium Papers IV: Pictoral Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: 11 – 32. Sargon of Akkad (Agade) • Lugalzagesi • Ruler of Uruk • Hegemon of Sumerian empire • Sargon • Ruler of Akkad (2296 - 2240) • Semitic • Begins a literary tradition of pasts remembered (recreated). The Dynasty of Sargon • Sargon (2296 -2240) • Rimush (2239 – 2230) • Manishtushu (2229 – 2214) • Naram Sin (2213 – 2176) • Sharkalisharri (2175 – 2150) • …but these dates are disputed Ur – The Sumerian Renaissence • Utuhegal (2119 – 2113) • Ur-Nammu (2112 – 2095) • Shulgi (2094 – 2047) • Amar –Sin (2046 – 2038) • Shu-Sin (2037 – 2027) • Ibbi-Sin (2026 – 2004) Material Record Cylinder Seals Cuneiform Bronze • Ca. 3000 BC • Mix of copper and tin • Lagash: • the soldiers of Eanatum (2455-2425 BC.) wear metal helmets and are arranged in columns. By the time of Sargon of Akkad "bronze had become the weapon of conquerors" (Keegan 1993: 134)..

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The Akkadian Empire
RESTRICTED https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/the-akkadian-empire/ The Akkadian Empire LEARNING OBJECTIVE • Describe the key political characteristics of the Akkadian Empire KEY POINTS • The Akkadian Empire was an ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in ancient Mesopotamia, which united all the indigenous Akkadian speaking Semites and the Sumerian speakers under one rule within a multilingual empire. • King Sargon, the founder of the empire, conquered several regions in Mesopotamia and consolidated his power by instating Akaddian officials in new territories. He extended trade across Mesopotamia and strengthened the economy through rain-fed agriculture in northern Mesopotamia. • The Akkadian Empire experienced a period of successful conquest under Naram-Sin due to benign climatic conditions, huge agricultural surpluses, and the confiscation of wealth. • The empire collapsed after the invasion of the Gutians. Changing climatic conditions also contributed to internal rivalries and fragmentation, and the empire eventually split into the Assyrian Empire in the north and the Babylonian empire in the south. TERMS Gutians A group of barbarians from the Zagros Mountains who invaded the Akkadian Empire and contributed to its collapse. Sargon The first king of the Akkadians. He conquered many of the surrounding regions to establish the massive multilingual empire. Akkadian Empire An ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform One of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, and made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. Semites RESTRICTED Today, the word “Semite” may be used to refer to any member of any of a number of peoples of ancient Southwest Asian descent, including the Akkadians, Phoenicians, Hebrews (Jews), Arabs, and their descendants.
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SUMERIAN LITERATURE and SUMERIAN IDENTITY My Title Puts
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