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Universidade De São Paulo UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL XIMENA ISABEL LEÓN CONTRERA Um Filme Falado: A História e o Mediterrâneo na Obra de Manoel de Oliveira Versão corrigida (o exemplar original se encontra disponível no CAPH da FFLCH) SÃO PAULO 2012 XIMENA ISABEL LEÓN CONTRERA Um Filme Falado: A História e o Mediterrâneo na Obra de Manoel de Oliveira Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia Letras, Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ana Paula Torres Megiani Versão corrigida (o exemplar original se encontra disponível no CAPH da FFLCH) SÃO PAULO 2012 2 Agradecimentos Esta pesquisa contou com o apoio de uma bolsa de estudos concedida pela Cátedra Jaime Cortesão da FFLCH-USP para realização de pesquisa em Portugal entre o final de janeiro e o início do mês de fevereiro de 2012. Agradecimentos especiais à Profa. Dra. Vera Lúcia Amaral Ferlini pela concessão dessa bolsa que viabilizou atividades como levantamento de bibliografia e fontes que propiciaram sobremaneira o enriquecimento da dissertação, com a descoberta de indícios e fontes (documentais e iconográficas) para a análise do objeto fílmico e pela experiência de pesquisa em arquivos (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, Fundação Gulbenkian, Cinemateca Portuguesa Museu do Cinema, entre outros), além da visitação de monumentos portugueses (parte integrante da pesquisa para esta dissertação), indispensáveis na formação como historiadora. Agradeço a minha orientadora Profa. Dra. Ana Paula Torres Megiani, primeiro pela oportunidade de ser sua orientanda e fazer parte do Grupo de Estudos de História Ibérica Moderna, o que muito contribuiu tanto para a pesquisa como para o amadurecimento da reflexão sobre a história e os problemas historiográficos enfrentados pelo pesquisador da área. Segundo por poder acompanhar a sua forma de tratar a pesquisa do historiador e o ensino de história, com desafios e questionamentos constantes quanto ao método de pesquisa e, por fim, pela chance de convivência com uma pessoa, professora, pesquisadora e orientadora engajada com os problemas do presente, além de incansável, rigorosa, competente e generosa com alunos e colegas. Outro agradecimento especial vai para a Profa. Dra. Arlene Clemesha pela convivência acadêmica que propiciou o enriquecimento e sistematização de pesquisa e de leituras, sobretudo, quanto à crítica do Orientalismo e pela oportunidade de participar de diversas atividades do Centro de Estudos Árabes, do Departamento de Letras Orientais-Árabe da FFLCH-USP. 3 Agradeço imensamente ao Prof. Dr. Marcos Napolitano pelas suas indicações de pesquisa que determinaram a indispensável correção de rumo das pesquisas e abordagens para esta dissertação, sobretudo, quanto à análise fílmica e ainda sobre a referência aos manuais e cartilhas escolares de história, que encontram eco e mesmo suporte na narrativa de Um Filme Falado e de Non, ou a vã glória de mandar. Agradeço também à professora doutora, da Universidade Aberta de Lisboa, Maria do Rosário Leitão Lupi Bello pelas valiosas informações e referências, que contribuíram para a realização das pesquisas naquela cidade e por uma indicação muito especial. Ao Prof. Dr. Oldimar Pontes Cardoso, quem ministrou a disciplina História em Diversas Instituições: Usos, Funções e Sentidos da História, onde abordou inúmeras questões relativas a Teoria da História, propiciando discussões e referências incorporadas neste trabalho. Agradeço ainda ao Prof. Dr. Lincoln Secco pela indicação inicial de fontes de leitura e outras referências, em especial quanto à obrigatoriedade do Mediterrâneo e o Mundo Mediterrânico, de Fernand Braudel e aos demais docentes do Mestrado em História Social que tive a oportunidade e sorte de conhecer. Aos colegas da Universidade de São Paulo que integram o Grupo de Estudos Edward Said e Crítica ao Orientalismo, coordenado por Arlene Clemesha. Um grupo coeso de pesquisadores generosos e apaixonados pelos temas relacionados à cultura árabe e islâmica e pela busca em comum e sem concessões por tolerância, esclarecimento e verdade intelectual, em especial: Marina Juliana de Oliveira Soares, Nathalia Novaes Alves, Sylvia Carolina Cruxen de Matos (inclusive por envio de texto importante incorporado nesta dissertação) e Thais de Godoy Morais. Destaco aqui a ajuda generosa da companheira do grupo Thais Rocha da Silva pelas inúmeras referências sobre egiptologia, bem como pelos constantes questionamentos sobre a historiografia/egiptologia ligada aos temas bíblicos, além das indicações de 4 referências que resultaram na localização de fontes de pesquisa e também à grande companheira apaixonada estudiosa do tema, Isabelle Somma também parte do grupo, por seu espírito crítico e generosidade acadêmica e pessoal. Agradeço à jovem e inspirada pesquisadora e professora, Viviane Kawata também pela generosidade e atenção na localização de bibliografia e indicações de leitura, e aos demais colegas do Grupo de Estudos de História Ibérica Moderna do Departamento de História da USP, coordenado por Ana Paula Megiani, incluo aqui o colega do PAE, Prof. Dr. Marcos Veiga, que com suas instigantes reflexões, sugestões e indicações me ajudou a pensar melhor alguns pontos do trabalho. Também estendo meus agradecimentos aos docentes da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, no início da caminhada pela História: Profa. Dra. Yone de Carvalho, minha orientadora do curso de Especialização em História, Sociedade e Cultura e Prof. Dr. Fernando Torres Londoño, responsável pela disciplina de metodologia de pesquisa desse curso. Ao meu irmão caçula Felipe León Contrera por ser quem é e um exemplo de pesquisador dedicado e trabalhador que me inspirou a voltar aos estudos em provecta idade. Aos meus pais pelo exemplo de trabalho constante e duro e, muitas vezes, sem muita recompensa, em especial minha mãe Julia, exemplo de humildade, tolerância e respeito a todos os seres humanos. 5 yo... que en la piel tengo el sabor amargo del llanto eterno que han vertido en ti cien pueblos de Algeciras a Estambul, para que pintes de azul sus largas noches de invierno. A fuerza de desventuras Tu alma es profunda y oscura. Joan Manuel Serrat, Mediterraneo, 1971 6 SUMÁRIO Resumo / Abstract 8 Introdução 10 Capítulo 1 Porto de Partida: Manoel de Oliveira, o que não é filme em Um Filme Falado e Conexões Sebásticas 36 1.1 – Porto de partida aspectos da biografia de Manoel de Oliveira 37 1.2 – Da vida de Manoel de Oliveira à vida de Um Filme Falado 51 1.3 – Conexões Sebásticas 59 1.3.1 – Aspectos de Non, ou a vã glória de mandar 63 1.3.2 – Um breve debate historiográfico 75 1.3.3 – Como entender Non, ou a vã glória de mandar 78 Capítulo 2 Um Filme Falado: um percurso pela história do Mediterrâneo – monumentos 87 2.1.1 – A Jornada 92 2.1.2 – As protagonistas 93 2.1.3 – Dom Sebastião, o oculto 98 2.1.4 – Marselha, Farruscas e o petróleo 104 2.1.5 – Embarque das mulheres deusas 112 2.1.6 – Em Nápoles 114 2.1.7 – À caminho e em Pompéia 117 2.1.8 – Acrópole e teatro em Atenas 121 2.1.9 – Santa Sofia, o medo e a Idade Média 125 2.1.10 – O eterno Egito Antigo 136 Capítulo 3 Um Filme Falado: conversas europeias à mesa e o fim da fala 149 4.1 – A primeira conversa à mesa 149 4.2 – Guerras no Mar Vermelho e compras em Áden 175 4.3 – O isolamento luso 180 4.4 – Uma jornada inconclusa 184 4.5 – A face do homem 186 4.6 – Dois mundos separados 189 4.7 – Uma viagem e uma historiografia incompletas 191 Considerações Finais 201 Concepções de história 206 A história dos manuais 211 Bibliografia 213 Anexos 226 7 Resumo CONTRERA, Ximena I. León. Um Filme Falado: A História e o Mediterrâneo na Obra de Manoel de Oliveira. 2012. 254 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2012. A partir da análise de Um Filme Falado (2003), de Manoel de Oliveira, são discutidas questões relacionadas à historiografia, à narrativa histórica por meio do cinema, bem como à crítica do orientalismo, eurocentrismo, relacionado-as à historiografia lusa e à do Mediterrâneo. São levados em conta aspectos de outras obras do realizador português, em especial Non, ou a vã glória de mandar (1990). Para a interpretação da película são consideradas obras da historiografia e de análise fílmica, bem como da crítica ao orientalismo, promovendo um diálogo com a historiografia em especial aquela que aborda o Mediterrâneo, Portugal, observando aspectos da história ibérica moderna, as relações do Ocidente com o Oriente árabe islâmico, além de levar em conta aspectos historiográficos como os lugares de memória. Palavras chave: Mediterrâneo, orientalismo, eurocentrismo, cinema, Portugal. 8 Abstract CONTRERA, Ximena I. León. A Talking Movie: The History and the Mediterranean on Manoel de Oliveira’s work. 2012. 254 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2012. Beginning with the film analysis of A Talking Picture (2003), by Manoel de Oliveira, here are discussed several questions regarding historiography, historical narrative through cinema, as well as the critics of Orientalism, Eurocentrism, connecting them with Portuguese and Mediterranean historiographies. I take in consideration aspects of other works by the Portuguese director, especially No or the vain glory of command (1990). To proceed about the film interpretation are considered works from historiography and film analysis, as well as from the critic of Orientalism, promoting a dialogue with historiography especially the one that approaches the Mediterranean Sea, Portugal, observing aspects from Iberian history, the relations of West and Islamic East, and also considering historiographical aspects as places of memory. Key words: Mediterranean, Orientalism, Eurocentrism, cinema, Portugal. 9 1 - Introdução ... a história é a matéria-prima para as ideologias nacionalistas ou étnicas ou fundamentalistas, tal como as papoulas são a matéria-prima para o vício da heroína.
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