DOCSLIB.ORG

The Problems of a Contemporary Hajj Moosa a L I Abstract the Following Is an Anecdotal Monograph, Based Upon Hajj 2009, Recou

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Problems of a Contemporary Hajj Moosa a L I Abstract the Following Is an Anecdotal Monograph, Based Upon Hajj 2009, Recou The Problems of a Contemporary Hajj 1 The Problems of a Contemporary Hajj Moosa A L I Abstract The following is an anecdotal monograph, based upon Hajj 2009, recounting predominantly the problematic aspects of a contemporary pilgrimage to the two Holy Sanctuaries in Makkah and Medina. During Pilgrimage one will experience the very heights of spirituality; alongside this, sadly, one may well also encounter the very depths of profanity. This piece recounts the spiritual highs and lows before offering, by way of conclusion, some suggestions that, though controversial, may prove invaluable in helping to bring back a more profound element of spirituality to a modern Hajj. Contents Page Introduction 2 The Highs 3 The Lows 5 a) Masjid Haram 6 b) Swelling, Uncontrollable numbers 7 c) Disrespect for the Sacred Land: Pollution & Behaviours 10 d) Pilgrims & their hosts: Exploitation & Corruption 13 e) Historical Sites & Relics 15 f) The Saudi Vision: Permanently Altering the Sacred Landscape 16 Conclusion 19 Bibliography 24 The Problems of a Contemporary Hajj 2 Photograph 1 – Mina, Makkah, Saudi Arabia Introduction It was said to Ibrahim: “And proclaim to mankind the Hajj. They will come to you on foot and on every lean camel, they will come from every deep and distant mountain highway (to perform Hajj)” [Q 22 Hajj: 27] This verse above is brought to life by a plethora of accounts 1 spanning one and a half millennia. It seems particularly salient given that right up until the first third of the twentieth century, people of all colours, languages and lands were travelling (at least in the last leg of their journeys) on ‘camel’ and on ‘foot’ to the holy sanctuary. Around 4,000 years ago Ibrahim ibn Aazar, thought to be from the ancient Mesopotamian city of Ur (in modern day southern Iraq), embarked on a magnificent journey and struggle as a Messenger of Allah. Towards the end of his life his journey took him to ‘Bakkah’2 where the first mosque on earth was built 3 and a series of pilgrimage (Hajj) rites were revealed by Allah. Today this ancient city is Makkah, lying in a harsh, rocky and mountainous desert landscape where, in antiquity, no crops seem to have grown and a climate of ‘suffocating heat, deadly winds, and clouds of flies ’4 prevailed. For reasons known only to Allah, this land is the most beloved on earth to Him. It is far removed from the lush comforts and adornments of this world in greener, leafier and more fertile parts; it is a place that none would think to visit but those devoted to worshipping Allah, compelled by His instruction: “Pilgrimage to the House (Ka’ba) is a duty mankind owes to Allah, those who are able to undertake it.. ” [Q3:97] Hajj is a unique act of worship such that it is tied not only to a specific time, set and sequence of rituals but also a specific physical geography – the sacred valley of Ibrahim. When the Prophet performed hajj there were approximately 40,000 5 - 90,000 6 people present, a figure utterly 1 See Bibliography 2 Q 3 Ali-Imran: 96 3 According to Mubarakpuri, it was first built by the Angels, and its foundations or building structure subsequently renovated by Adam, then by the Quraysh just before Muhammad became the Messenger of Allah, & finally by Ibn Az-Zubayr [see Mubarakpuri, History of Makkah, p.30]. 4 Maqdisi’s description (ca.966CE) as cited by Wolfe p. XV; Michael Wolfe is a Muslim convert who collected a literary anthology on the Hajj inspired by his own pilgrimage. 5 Two major hadith scholars, Ibn Kathir & Ibn al-Salah, concur that 40,000 people were present at the Farewell Hajj with the Prophet; see Ibn Kathir, ‘The Life of the Prophet Muhammad’; Garnet 2000, volume 4, pages 193 & 20. & Ibn al-Salah al- Shahrazuri, ‘An Introduction to the Science of Hadith’, Garnet (2006), Category 39, page. 214 The Problems of a Contemporary Hajj 3 dwarfed by the current numbers that annually inundate the ancient valley on top of its resident population of 1.2 million 7. To witness a contemporary Hajj is, in many respects, to witness a microcosm of the global Muslim Ummah; and for this reason a contemporary pilgrim (hajji) will witness and experience not only the very heights of spirituality but also the depths of profanity. I say this because there is no better place to witness the oft-mentioned distinction between the lofty Islamic faith on the one hand, and its very human Muslim practitioners on the other, than the two holy sanctuaries of Makkah and Medina during the month of Dhul-Hijjah. This account is a critical reflection on the contemporary realities of pilgrimage, as gleaned from my experience in 2009, and supplemented by Hajj reports from well known historical accounts. The aim here is to highlight those social and organisational aspects of the ‘experience’ which can be improved as opposed to a critique of the institution of hajj and its rites which, as far as I am concerned, are sacred and therefore beyond reproach. I dwell also on the mismatch in sentiments and priorities between the authorities that run the pilgrimage and the pilgrims themselves, many cognisant of the fact that it will be their one and only visit to this Sacred Land, and who therefore come to engage specifically in the rites of worship. In the minds of non-Khaliji 8 Muslims at least, the Arabian Peninsula is an enchanting place, home to the story of the Messenger of Allah . Here he was born, experienced revelation and persecution, migrated to Medina, and established the Islamic faith. These Muslims, therefore, place the Peninsula – because of the Prophet – on a pedestal and harbour certain expectations from the Sacred Mosques, the ancient relics, monuments, and sites of Islamic history therein. Unfortunately these expectations are not always met. Moreover, whilst the importance of the internal, or esoteric, component of worship is commonly stressed - there is an external aesthetic component to worship which, though often overlooked, is clearly present in the Islamic texts. To demonstrate briefly, consider the ritual prayer in which clean white clothing, kohl, use of miswak, perfume, and beautiful recitation is recommended. It follows then that the external components of sight, sound, smell and so on and so forth are also very much part of the experience of worship; and the Hajj ritual as a whole is of course no less an act of worship than prayer or dhikr. In describing the experience of Hajj, therefore, I pay particular attention to these neglected elements. I will proceed to describe briefly, since there are many accounts of this nature, the highs of a contemporary Hajj before steering the theme of the account towards what could be improved, and the importance of speaking about it. Finally, I will conclude with recommendations to improve the pilgrim’s experience. The Highs The first vision of the Ka’bah and the Sacred Mosque is an unforgettable moment. The Ka’bah is a magnificent structure; it stands serene and immovable as thousands circumambulate it on three levels and playful birds chirp as they manoeuvre with wondrous swiftness above, occasionally mirroring the clockwise motion of the pilgrims below them. Its sight is compelling, gripping the eyes of hundreds who stand on the roof of the mosque staring at its mysterious beauty for hours at a time, impervious to fatigue. As Haddad observed: 6 Wolfe p.xvii 7 Wolfe p.xviii; bear in mind this figure is from around 1997 8 By this I mean those not resident in the Arabian peninsula or those Muslims who are not Gulf Arabs The Problems of a Contemporary Hajj 4 “Everybody performs the tawaf, moving in one circular motion around one pivotal point, synonymous with the regulation and orderliness of the universe. The celestial zones rotate, as does the electron in an atom. We are a part of this creation, we travel with it and it travels with us; our Lord and object of worship is One ”9 This is the centre of the world of worship, the most important physical space on earth for Muslims, the oldest place of prayer to the God of Mankind. Prophetic narrations affirm that directly above the Ka’ba is al-Bayt al-Ma’mur, its celestial equivalent – an unfathomably more ancient place of worship – where the Angels have circumambulated beneath the Majestic Throne from time immemorial, praising and glorifying His Majesty in such throngs that, it is narrated, the heavens creak with their sheer numbers. Standing now as a pristine cube, many have conjectured over the significance of the Ka’ba’s shape. But it was not always a cube, for once it stood in the shape of an arched doorway, and Allah alone knows the significance of these shapes and any symbology therein. It is said that Angels laid the foundations for the Ka’ba which were eventually obscured under a mound of red rubble by the time Hagar of Egypt was left there by her husband Ibrahim with their son Ishmael. As is well known, the Well of Zam Zam gushed forth, the tribe of Jurhum arrived and a community began to thrive there. Some 3,000 years later Abdul-Muttalib would sleep by the Ka’ba with his grandson Muhammad. Here the Messenger of Allah had animal entrails thrown on his head, the companions were persecuted, Abu Bakr beaten almost to death. In the grounds of the sacred mosque would have been the homes of numerous Prophetic companions, as well as ardent adversaries of Islam and its Muslim adherents.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Destruction of Religious and Cultural Sites I. Introduction The
    Mapping the Saudi State, Chapter 7: The Destruction of Religious and Cultural Sites I. Introduction The Ministry for Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Da’wah, and Guidance, commonly abbreviated to the Ministry of Islamic Affairs (MOIA), supervises and regulates religious activity in Saudi Arabia. Whereas the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (CPVPV) directly enforces religious law, as seen in Mapping the Saudi State, Chapter 1,1 the MOIA is responsible for the administration of broader religious services. According to the MOIA, its primary duties include overseeing the coordination of Islamic societies and organizations, the appointment of clergy, and the maintenance and construction of mosques.2 Yet, despite its official mission to “preserve Islamic values” and protect mosques “in a manner that fits their sacred status,”3 the MOIA is complicit in a longstanding government campaign against the peninsula’s traditional heritage – Islamic or otherwise. Since 1925, the Al Saud family has overseen the destruction of tombs, mosques, and historical artifacts in Jeddah, Medina, Mecca, al-Khobar, Awamiyah, and Jabal al-Uhud. According to the Islamic Heritage Research Foundation, between just 1985 and 2014 – through the MOIA’s founding in 1993 –the government demolished 98% of the religious and historical sites located in Saudi Arabia.4 The MOIA’s seemingly contradictory role in the destruction of Islamic holy places, commentators suggest, is actually the byproduct of an equally incongruous alliance between the forces of Wahhabism and commercialism.5 Compelled to acknowledge larger demographic and economic trends in Saudi Arabia – rapid population growth, increased urbanization, and declining oil revenues chief among them6 – the government has increasingly worked to satisfy both the Wahhabi religious establishment and the kingdom’s financial elite.
    [Show full text]
  • ONE ^ ALTY O'hara WOMAN HEU) in DEATH Reslom HERE Torn Yoht Clock Abead an Hour Tonight RAKESCUT
    y r ’j-r- NET PRESS RUE inia WEATHER. AVERAGE DAILV CIRCULATIOE OF THE EVENING HFRALD Unsettled, prohabljr showers for the month of March, 1926, and warmer tonli^t. Sonda^ fafr and cooler. 4 , 7 3 6 MANCHESTER, CONN., SATURDAY, APRIL 24,1926. .(TWELVE PAGES) PRICE THREE CENTS VOL. X U V ., NO. 175. Classlfled Advertising on Page 0 GBllMAN, RUSSIA SIGN WILL CELEBRATE 108TH NON-ATTACK COMPACT BIRTHDAY OP ‘♦DAUGHTER’’ O’HARA WOMAN WETS TO MAKE MARNE BATHE Berlin, April 24— ^The Russo- Putnam, April 24.— Plans Torn Yoht Clock Abead German treaty was signed to­ are being made by Elizabeth day. The treaty, which is a Porter Putnam Chapter, D. A. HEU) IN DEATH RAKESCUTRATE mutual agreement of non-at­ BIG DRIVE ON REFODGHT HERE; R., to celebrate the 108th birth­ An Hour Tonight tack, is described by German day of the oldest living Daugh­ statesmen as extending the Lo­ ter, Mrs. Sarah Bosworth BEAUT^ARLOR carno a^eements to the Rus­ A R E ^E N D U M ONE ^ A L T Y Bradbury, which occurs next RESlOm HERE Manchester and most of the cities in the state, Massa­ sian frontiers. Friday. A delegation from the chusetts and Rhode Island, will go back again to a Day- .The text of the treaty is ex­ local chapter intends to motor pected to be published early to Mrs. Bradbury’s home at ‘light Saving schedule tonight at'midnight. Do not for­ Chicago Price War Brings 92 next week. That Will Be Chief Goal ‘ ^Johwiy, the Baker” Starts Eastford in order to call on her Rockville Girl, Accused as get to set your clock ahead one hour.
    [Show full text]
  • Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage As a Violation of Human Rights in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia
    Intentional destruction of cultural heritage as a violation of human rights in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia 1. Bahrain The Government of Bahrain’s destruction of cultural heritage sites disproportionately affects its Shia population, leading to violations of human rights and cultural rights. The Bahraini authorities’ destruction of cultural heritage sites manifests itself in the demolition of the Pearl Roundabout and Shia mosques. The destruction of the Pearl Roundabout and harassment and imprisonment of individuals displaying images of the Roundabout prevent Bahrainis from engaging with their cultural heritage. These practices also violate their right to be free of arbitrary detention, the right to association, assembly, and expression. The destruction of Shia mosques and harassment of worshippers violates Shia’s right to freedom of religion, association, and expression. It also prevents them from practicing their beliefs and taking part in cultural life. Moreover, the targeted nature of the Bahraini Government’s actions single out Shia and violates their rights to non-discrimination and equality under the law. A. Pearl Roundabout Before February 2011, the Pearl Roundabout stood as a symbol of Bahrain and its membership in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Bahrain erected the monument in 1982 in tribute to the GCC summit held in Bahrain that year. The monument was composed of six swords, representing the six states of the GCC, supporting a pearl, representing Bahrain’s pearling past. 1 During the 2011 demonstrations, the Pearl Roundabout’s significance shifted as it became a symbol of the national protests calling for freedom and democracy. As a result, the government demolished the monument in March 2011 and took measures to erase all imagery of the Roundabout from public view.
    [Show full text]
  • Himalayatraooroer ALTAI -HIMALAYA
    10 JO 40 jo 04 - 00 - 345-5 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from This project is made possible by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services as administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Education through the Office of Commonwealth Libraries https://archive.org/details/altaihimalayatraOOroer ALTAI -HIMALAYA ALTAI- HIMALAYA A Travel Diary By NICHOLAS ROERICH WITH TWENTY REPRODUCTIONS FROM PAINTINGS FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY NEW YORK MCMXXIX Copyright, 1929, by CORONA MUNDI, INTERNATIONAL ART CENTER, INC. All Rights Reserved PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA —— PUBLISHER’S NOTE Zuloaga, visiting the Roerich Museum in New York, in an interview for the press, said: “In the creative art of Roerich, I see that which I have always felt. Here is evidence that from Russia some force is coming to the world—I cannot measure, I cannot impart what it is—but I realize its approach: Roerich great artist, great worker; his creation expresses proud and lofty sentiments.” Boris Grigorief has said: “His name is on the lips of the entire world. Before me is the magazine, Studio, dedicated to our great artist, and I am proud when I think that Roerich is so able to arouse the human soul.” In the Foreword (1925), Serge Whitman, valuing the inter- national significance of the last work of Roerich, wrote: “We who search the paths of international understanding and the structure of universal peace, must look upon Roerich as the apostle and forerunner of this new world of all nations.” Ivan Narodny, in a recent article, “Prophet of Universal Beauty,” said: “Leonardo da Vinci was at the same time a painter, an architect and an engineer.
    [Show full text]
  • |||GET||| the Diaries of Adam & Eve 1St Edition
    THE DIARIES OF ADAM & EVE 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Mark Twain | 9781573928274 | | | | | [PDF] The Diary of Adam and Eve Book by Mark Twain Free Download (95 pages) Other Editions This book is a tiny gem, and well worth a trip to the library or bookstore. Eve, by contrast, is the talkative, ever-curious experimenter whose inquisitive nature prompts her to name all the animals in the garden and leads her to the discovery of fire, among other things. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion's newspaper. View all 8 comments. Original Title. Our BookSleuth is specially designed for you. Search Within These Results:. I went home and ate some shiitake and chicken and had a bath. The premise is good - diaries from Adam and Eve - and the first story is good, but the rest of it feels like filler. That sorrow will come—I know it. They marry and forever after she subsumes her individuali The first half of this short book was absolutely excellent. Twain captured Eve's voice perfectly The Diaries of Adam & Eve 1st edition that of the quintessential female. Just what I needed right now, a humorous book about the world's oldest couple. The Diaries of Adam and Eve is priceless. Mar "Good deal of fog this morning. You must read the book to find out. I so desperately want his attention. It was in places, but too much was just too absurd. Published by Dover Publications, Incorporated After Eve's death, Adam sees her as the source of his happiness Lists with This Book.
    [Show full text]
  • The Redwood, V.18 1918-1919 Santa Clara University
    Santa Clara University Scholar Commons The Redwood SCU Publications 1-1-1919 The Redwood, v.18 1918-1919 Santa Clara University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/redwood Part of the Education Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Santa Clara University, "The Redwood, v.18 1918-1919" (1919). The Redwood. Book 18. http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/redwood/18 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the SCU Publications at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Redwood by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 111 HiHip HI:' mmIP il immilllil Hlii Ml 1B8IIP liiPi Bill illillllil 1 mmm PliSHl1 m VTffiF 1 #111 I.'- ifl Hin ' IillII ,l| i 111 111! Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/redwoodunse_16 CONTENTS TO A REDWOOD (Verse) - B. J. Baratono 1 THE AWAKENING - - Henry Veit 2 IN MEMORIAM, JOHN REGAN (Verse) W. Kevin Casey 12 Catholic education and the world War John J. Barrett 13 Voices (Verse) - James Enright 21 THE MULETEER - W. Kevin Casey 22 LOVE (Verse) - Harry A. Wadsworth 35 COMMUNICATIONS - - - 35 IN BELGIUM (Verse) - W. Kevin Casey 42 EDITORIAL - - - - 4.? UNIVERSITY NOTES - 46 ALUMNI - - - - - - - 51 EXCHANGES - 56 ATHLETICS - - - -60 REV. TIMOTHY L. MURPHY. S. J. THE NEW PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTA CLARA ! —;! ; Entered Dec. 18. 1902, at Santa Clara, Cal., as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879 VOL. XVIII SANTA CLARA,
    [Show full text]
  • BLACK WAVE: Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Forty-Year Rivalry That Unraveled Culture, Religion, and Collective Memory in the Middle East
    ALSO BY KIM GHATTAS The Secretary: A Journey with Hillary Clinton from Beirut to the Heart of American Power Begin Reading Table of Contents About the Author Copyright Page Thank you for buying this Henry Holt and Company ebook. To receive special offers, bonus content, and info on new releases and other great reads, sign up for our newsletters. Or visit us online at us.macmillan.com/newslettersignup For email updates on the author, click here. The author and publisher have provided this e-book to you for your personal use only. You may not make this e-book publicly available in any way. Copyright infringement is against the law. If you believe the copy of this e-book you are reading infringes on the author’s copyright, please notify the publisher at: us.macmillanusa.com/piracy. In memory of my father, who told me so many stories about before. Where they make a wasteland, they call it peace. —Agricola, Tacitus (Roman senator, d. AD 120) NOTE ON NAMES AND SPELLINGS I have used the most common spellings for well-known names and terms in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. In other cases, I have used my own transliterations. Translations of Arabic newspaper headlines and text as well as of some of the poetry are my own. Wherever similar concepts exist across the three cultures I cover, I have indicated their equivalent in Arabic. For the concept of the Guardianship of the Jurist introduced by Khomeini, which is mentioned repeatedly, I have used the Arabic transliteration wilayat al-faqih (rather than the Persian velayat-e faqih) throughout the book to avoid confusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Daughter of Eden PDF Book
    DAUGHTER OF EDEN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Chris Beckett | 400 pages | 06 Oct 2016 | ATLANTIC BOOKS | 9781782392385 | English | London, United Kingdom Daughter of Eden PDF Book Cannae wait…. Some Christians claim monogamy is implied in the story of Adam and Eve as one woman is created for one man. Enjoyed this I guess it can only hit you as many times how effed up it is. The initial idea was really good and intriguing but this final book was just a massive repeat of the other 2. They later wrote an accompanying book called Rose's Story. For the Christian doctrines, see Fall of man and Original sin. Jul 06, Shayshkers rated it really liked it Shelves: sci-fi , adventure , buddy-books. As the people of New Earth declare war on the people of Mainground, a dangerous era has dawned for Eden. Quick read, nicely done. As the story progressed, I became detached and found myself losing interest and not following the story. Almost as annoying as the "explosive opening with sequels that peter out" model is the "opening just good enough to force you to read the sequels to see what happens" type. Eden is set in a place I know better than anyone else, but America City is set somewhere that many millions of people, including you, know much better than I do! At Circle Valley she and her people have a surprise encounter with Earth that forces them to question everything they think they know about Gela. Trivia About Daughters of Eden. Good old Angie: she's not much to look at, but she works hard and she has a kind heart.
    [Show full text]
  • Narratives of Kingship in Eurasian Empires, 1300-1800 Van Leeuwen, R
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Narratives of kingship in Eurasian empires, 1300-1800 van Leeuwen, R. DOI 10.1163/9789004340541 Publication date 2017 Document Version Final published version License CC BY-NC-ND Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Leeuwen, R. (2017). Narratives of kingship in Eurasian empires, 1300-1800. (Rulers & Elites; Vol. 11). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004340541 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:02 Oct 2021 Narratives of Kingship in Eurasian Empires, 1300–1800 Richard van Leeuwen - 978-90-04-34054-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/22/2019 10:15:22AM via UvA Universiteitsbibliotheek Rulers & Elites Series
    [Show full text]
  • “Noli Me Tangere” and “Incredulity of Thomas” in Word and Image from Early Christianity to the Ottonian Period
    To Touch or Not to Touch The “Noli me tangere” and “Incredulity of Thomas” in Word and Image from Early Christianity to the Ottonian Period Lisa Marie Rafanelli Introduction The goal of this paper is to begin an inquiry into the relationship in both word and image between the Noli me tangere and what I consider to be one of its natural foils, the Incredulity of Thomas.1 This “pair” has been largely overlooked by scholars, probably because the events are not system- atically linked in either the visual or verbal cultures. Nevertheless, there is much to be gained from examining instances when they are paired, since both events are recorded only in the Gospel of John, and both present eyewitness testimony of Christ’s Resurrection that hinges on touch, or at least, proffered touch. When treated as pendants, the events highlight important questions about the probative value of the human senses in matters of faith, the relationship between gender and the senses, gender reversal, and apostolic primacy. This paper attempts to locate the earliest examples of the pairing in both word and image. As shown in Part I, the issues raised by the comparison of the expe- riences of Saints Mary Magdalene and Thomas are engaged, directly and indirectly, by Early Christian writers, beginning in the 4th century. Nevertheless, there appears to have been a divergence between the ver- bal and visual cultures in Early Christianity: the Incredulity of Thomas can be found in early Christological cycles by the fourth to fifth centu- ries, while the Noli me tangere is not found until the ninth.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Religious Movements and Their Implications in African History and Heritage
    European Scientific Journal January 2016 edition vol.12, No.2 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Emerging Religious Movements And Their Implications In African History And Heritage Emmanuel Osewe Akubor, PhD Department of History, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife doi: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n2p365 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n2p365 Abstract Africa has often been referred to as the Home of Civilization. This reference is based on the fact that most of the continent evidences how man has, over time, interacted meaningful with his environment to produce all that he needs to make history. Archaeological remains in Egypt have shed light on this development as far as Africa is concern. Other remains found particularly in central Eastern Africa have been widely recognized such that the area is now widely accepted as the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes). This is evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago. These later ones include Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis, and H. ergaster, with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia dating far back to circa 200,000 years ago. Now, this rich historical heritage is being threatened by the emergence of some religious movements in Africa. The reason for this is that these religions see the preservation of these relics as idolatry and unacceptable. Data obtained from primary and secondary sources were deployed to carry out the study, and the study was carried out with an analytical and narrative historical method.
    [Show full text]
  • HIMSS Powerpoint Presentation
    Smart Tech to Smart Care: Impacting Satisfaction and Communication while Improving Outcomes Session # 137, Wednesday, August 11th Fahad Bin Dayel, RN DISCLAIMER: The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are solely those of the author/presenter and do not necessarily represent any policy or position of HIMSS. 1 SMART TECHNOLOGY TO SMART CARE HIMSS 2021 Fahad Bin Dayel, RN Salam Everyone, I am King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center Bachelor of Science in Nursing Master in Health Information System Management George Mason University King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center 2018 – Present Director Application & Health Informatics 2008 – 2018 Head of Health Informatics Conflict of Interest Fahad Bin Dayel, RN Has no real or apparent conflicts of interest to report. #HIMSS21 4 Learning Objectives • Describe how to positively impact outcomes and satisfaction through the integrated deployment of smart room technologies • Identify how KFSH&RC drove the IHI’s Quadruple Aim of improving the patient and care giver experience • Discuss the importance of brick and mortar design when building a new facility to support integrated technologies #HIMSS21 5 ABOUT SAUDI ARABIA Population 29.897 Million Literacy 81% Language Ara bic King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud MADINAH RIYADH CAP ITAL DID YOU KNOW - Saudi Arabia is the 13th largest country in the JEDDAH MAKKAH world - Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the world without a river - Riyadh’s camel market is one of the largest in the world and sells about 100 camels per
    [Show full text]