A Inserção Internacional Das Pequenas Potências

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A Inserção Internacional Das Pequenas Potências ATENA 40 Bruno Cardoso Reis Cardoso Bruno Duarte António Paulo Pires Ana Paula COMISSÃO CIENTÍFICA Ana Paula Pires António Paulo Duarte Bruno Cardoso Reis AUTORES Abel Cabral Couto Ana Paula Pires Adriano Moreira A abordagem à Primeira Guerra Mundial a partir do papel das pequenas potências António Paulo Duarte Carlos Gaspar pode gerar leituras da realidade significativamente originais e preencher um vazio im- Bruno Cardoso Reis Maria Carrilho portante na literatura académica sobre este conflito e em geral sobre o papel dos beli- Manuel Braga da Cruz gerantes menores no quadro daquilo a que se pode denominar sistema internacional. A Inserção Internacional Nuno Severiano Teixeira Pedro Pezarat Correia Os estudos respeitantes às pequenas potências na Primeira Guerra Mundial inserem- -se mais no quadro das narrativas históricas e focam-se mais em estudar o papel des- das Pequenas Potências: ses Estados na contenda e na sua relação com as grandes potências, muito raramente saindo da historiografia para abraçar dimensões teóricas e comparativas. A literatura Primeira Guerra Mundial comparativa sobre o papel das pequenas potências na Primeira Guerra Mundial é, Potências: das Pequenas Internacional A Inserção por isso, muito rara, na verdade, resultando quase sempre mais de coletâneas de textos em que cada pequeno poder surge individualizado. Nesse sentido, esta obra procura desbravar um trilho ainda hoje pouco explorado. Esta obra resulta do Projeto de Investigação do Instituto da Defesa Nacional “Pensar Mundial Guerra Primeira Estrategicamente Portugal: A Inserção Internacional das Pequenas e Médias Potên- cias e a Primeira Guerra Mundial”, desenvolvido em parceria com o Instituto de História Contemporânea da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Nova de Lisboa e com o Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, tendo sido apoiado pela Comissão Coordenadora das Evocações do Centenário da Primeira Guerra Mundial. INSTITUTO DA DEFESA NACIONAL 2 | A Inserção Internacional das Pequenas Potências: Primeira Guerra Mundial A Inserção Internacional das Pequenas Potências: Primeira Guerra Mundial Ana Paula Pires António Paulo Duarte Bruno Cardoso Reis Instituto da Defesa Nacional Lisboa – 2019 4 | A Inserção Internacional das Pequenas Potências: Primeira Guerra Mundial TÍTULO A Inserção Internacional das Pequenas Potências: Primeira Guerra Mundial © Instituto da Defesa Nacional, 2019 Proibida a reprodução, no todo ou em parte, por qualquer meio, sem autorização do Editor FOTO DA capa: Europeana Collections [website] | Archives départementales du Haut-Rhin, 1 | L’Allemagne et ses alliés | Carte postale d’Auguste à sa femme | Front PagiNAÇÃO E IMPRESSÃO: Pentaedro, Lda. ISBN: 978-972-9393-43-3 Depósito legal: 452542/19 ÍNDICE Agradecimentos .......................................................................................... 7 Introdução .................................................................................................. 9 Ana Paula Pires, António Paulo Duarte, Bruno Cardoso Reis Pequenas Potências e Grandes Guerras na História e Segurança Internacional ........................................................................... 19 Bruno Cardoso Reis Exercício Comparativo: os Pequenos Beligerantes na Primeira Guerra Mundial ............................ 39 António Paulo Duarte A África Oriental e a Grande Guerra: Encontros Culturais Civis e Militares Moçambique (1914-1918) ........................................... 133 Ana Paula Pires Conclusão ............................................................................................... 177 Ana Paula Pires, António Paulo Duarte, Bruno Cardoso Reis Notas biográficas .................................................................................... 185 6 | A Inserção Internacional das Pequenas Potências: Primeira Guerra Mundial Agradecimentos Para a consecução desta obra foi muito relevante o apoio dado à pesquisa bibliográfica por parte de alguns dos estagiários do Instituto da Defesa Nacio- nal, pelo que, e procurando não esquecer algum, se deixa aqui o agradeci- mento a todos os que com o seu trabalho, para esta contribuíram, referindo-se os seus nomes: Madalena Guerra, João Luce, Frederico Benvinda, Sofia Macedo, Miguel Pinto, Mónica de Oliveira, Pedro Pires, Catarina Mendes, José Matos Soares e Raquel Pinto. 8 | A Inserção Internacional das Pequenas Potências: Primeira Guerra Mundial Introdução Ana Paula Pires António Paulo Duarte Bruno Cardoso Reis O projeto de investigação “Pensar Estrategicamente Portugal: a Inserção Inter- nacional das Pequenas e Médias Potências e a Primeira Guerra Mundial” visa estudar o protagonismo das pequenas potências, como Portugal, na guerra de 1914-1918. Este projeto foi promovido pelo Instituto da Defesa Nacional, em parceria com o Instituto de História Contemporânea da Faculdade de Ciên- cias Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa e o Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa e contou com o apoio da Comis- são Coordenadora das Evocações do Centenário da Primeira Guerra Mundial do Ministério da Defesa Nacional, procurando oferecer um novo ângulo de análise quer relativamente ao estudo geral da Primeira Guerra Mundial, quer da participação de Portugal. Com efeito, o tiro inicial de tão imensa conflagração é produzido por um modesto agente ligado a um pequeno Estado: falamos de Gravilo Prinzip, o atirador de Sarajevo, que ao assassinar o Arquiduque Francisco Ferdinando e sua esposa, desencadeou a crise que levou à eclosão da Primeira Guerra Mun- dial. Outra pequena potência, a Bélgica, é também fundamental para a mun- dialização do conflito, oferecendo à Grã-Bretanha o argumento decisivo para a sua entrada na contenda ao recusar o ultimato do II Reich e ao assumir uma postura beligerante, fazendo com que Berlim quebrasse o vínculo que a obri- gava a respeitar a neutralidade belga, acabaria por legitimar a intervenção bri- tânica, dando-lhe igualmente um argumento moral inexcusável. O projeto de investigação, na origem da presente obra, relaciona dois ângulos de análise: (1) O papel de Portugal como pequena potência na Primeira Guerra Mundial e, como essa experiência pode servir de contributo para a reflexão e a ação dos decisores nacionais hoje em dia; (2) A experiência belige- rante das pequenas potências, numa leitura comparada, de forma a realçar elementos que melhor permitam compreender o papel destes atores no sis- tema internacional. As duas dimensões interagem, permitindo aprofundar as interpretações que poderiam ser extraídas da investigação e as conclusões que desta se poderiam inferir. No quadro deste projeto havia ainda objetivos secundários a alcançar, nomeadamente: (1) o estudo dos processos de moder- nização militar das pequenas potências no quadro da sua inserção no sistema 10 | A Inserção Internacional das Pequenas Potências: Primeira Guerra Mundial internacional e no contexto de crises e conflitos internacionais, de forma a aprofundar a questão da participação portuguesa na Grande Guerra e os mecanismos pelos quais pode Portugal enviar forças expedicionárias modernas para teatros de guerra sofisticados e profundamente exigentes em termos béli- cos, contribuindo adicionalmente para a formulação de hipóteses teóricas que explanem de forma mais ampla e abrangente o uso das Forças Armadas, nestas conjunturas, pelos países de pequena e média dimensão; (2) este estudo visa também contribuir para aprofundar o conhecimento que campos como as Relações Internacionais, os Estudos de Segurança, a Estratégia e a História Internacional têm do papel dos pequenos Estados na vida internacional, e que possam servir para um mais lato conhecimento, não só dos mecanismos de inserção destas entidades na vida internacional mas também para uma mais profunda compreensão da História de Portugal neste período. O projeto de investigação teve a duração de cinco anos, de 1 de janeiro de 2014 a 31 de dezembro de 2018, acompanhando a evocação do centenário da Primeira Guerra Mundial, e para além da investigação desenvolvida pelos investigadores associados ao projeto, permitiu levar a cabo encontros com outros investigadores para debate e troca de ideias. Contemplou vários seminários, ciclos de conferências e workshops, assim como a publicação de obras temáticas coletivas. Ao longo destes cinco anos foram assim desenvolvi- das diversas atividades. No que respeita a seminários foram realizados os seguintes: 1) Seminário Internacional “O Fim da 1ª Guerra Mundial: Consequên- cias para a Política Externa e a Política de Defesa de Portugal”, reali- zado no Instituto da Defesa Nacional, a 27 de fevereiro de 2018. 2) Seminário Internacional “1917: o ano decisivo na Primeira Guerra Mundial?”, realizado no Instituto da Defesa Nacional, a 5 de dezem- bro de 2017. 3) Seminário Internacional “Entering the First World War”, realizado no Instituto da Defesa Nacional, a 30 de março de 2016. 4) Seminário Internacional “Small Power is a Power? The Role and Resi- lience of Small and Medium Powers During the Great War, 1914- -1918”, realizado no Instituto da Defesa Nacional, nos dias 30 de setembro e 1 de outubro de 2014. Os seminários tiveram dois focos, aqueles já expressos como relativos ao pró- prio projeto, como atrás já foi referido. Uns debatiam o problema de Portugal na Primeira Guerra Mundial, causas, desenvolvimentos coevos e consequên- cias. Outros tinham um foco comparativo e enquadravam a experiência nacio- nal no contexto de outras experiências de pequenos beligerantes. Os títulos são por si elucidativos.
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