Fonction Et Dysfonction Dans La Maladie De Parkinson

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Fonction Et Dysfonction Dans La Maladie De Parkinson THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE École doctorale n°158 Cerveau, Cognition, et Comportement Présentée et soutenue par Evinaa SELLAIAH pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE Spécialité : Neurosciences Le noyau subthalamique et le contrôle moteur : Fonction et dysfonction dans la maladie de Parkinson soutenue le 24 novembre 2017 Jury : Président : M. Bernard PIDOUX - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Rapporteur : Mme. Patricia LIMOUSIN - University College London, Londres, Royaume-Uni Rapporteur : M. Paul SAULEAU - Institut des Neurosciences Cliniques de Rennes, France Examinateur : M. Stéphane DERREY - Département de Neurochirurgie, CHU de Rouen, France Examinateur : M. Laurent VENANCE - Collège de France, Paris, France Directrice de thèse : Mme Carine KARACHI - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France Remerciements *** Je ne pourrai commencer cette thèse sans une page dédiée aux remerciements, ce sera certainement la page la plus lue de tout mon manuscrit! Je remercie tout particulièrement Monsieur Dufloux, de m’avoir permis de réaliser ce travail de recherche. Merci à Carine Karachi pour m’avoir encadrée, conseillée, soutenue, supportée tout au long de ce travail, et pour tes multiples relectures de ce manuscrit. Merci à Brian Lau pour m’avoir accueillie dans l’équipe, encadrée, et aidée pour les analyses électrophysiologiques et statistiques. Je remercie chaleureusement les membres du jury pour l’honneur qu’ils me font de consacrer une partie de leur temps pour juger ce travail. Je remercie Nathalie Georges pour les multiples relectures de ce manuscrit et l’aide ap- portée dans les analyses. Un grand merci à Marie-Laure Welter, qui m’a fait découvrir la recherche clinique et la maladie de Parkinson d’un point de vue clinique. Je remercie éga- lement Sara Fernandez-Vidal, et Eric Bardinet pour les images magnifiques qui ont illustré mon travail ces cinq dernières années. Je remercie Angèle Van Hamme pour son aide sur les analyses du mouvement. Merci au Centre d’investigation clinique, Arlette Welaratne, Virgi- nie Czernecki, le service de neurochirurgie et de neurologie, pour leurs aides dans ce projet. Merci à toute l’équipe «Neurochirurgie expérimentale» pour ces bons moments passés ensemble : Angèle Van Hamme, Véronique Marchal, Hayat Belaid, Fernando Pérez-García, Antoine Collomb-Clerc, Matthieu Faillot, Sophie Sébille, Marion Albares, Jean-Eudes le Dou- get, Xavier Drevelle, Adèle Demain, Alister Rogers, Pauline Laviron, Sophien Mehdi ... et bien d’autres encore. Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement Anne-Sophie Rolland et Laurent Goetz pour vos relectures de dernières minutes, votre disponibilité pour la préparation de l’oral et vos mul- tiples conseils. Je tiens à remercier toute ma famille et amis aux quatre coins du monde pour leur sou- tien au cours de ces années. Tout particulièrement, ma maman, mon papa, et Vallan qui ont entendu parler de mon projet de thèse des milliers de fois sans jamais se lasser. Merci à ma maman, qui est devenue au cours de ces années une experte de la maladie de Parkinson, de toujours m’encourager dans mes projets. Merci à Eric de me soutenir au quotidien (que ce soit dans les moments de doutes : astro- naute ou chercheur? ou lors de la relecture de mon introduction à 2H du mat’), et pour ton amour inconditionnel. Enfin, je remercie chaleuresement les patients qui, malgré la maladie, le handicap et la fatigue, ont participé aux études cliniques dans le seul but de faire progresser la recherche. ii Abreviations *** CA Comissure Antérieure CP Commissure postérieure CuN Noyau cunéiforme EEG Electroencéphalographie EMG Electromyographie GB Ganglions de la base GPe Globus pallidus externe GPi Globus pallidus interne ICD Impulse Control Disorder IRM Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique LFP Local Field Potential MEG Magnétoencéphalographie MP Maladie de Parkinson NST Noyau subthalamique OMS Organisation mondiale de la santé PPN Noyau pédonculo-pontin SCP Stimulation cérébrale profonde SN Substance noire TOC Troubles obsessionnel compulsif Table des matières *** I Introduction1 1 Introduction générale3 2 La maladie de Parkinson et les traitements7 A. Symptômes.......................................7 B. Le traitement dopaminergique et complications.................9 C. La stimulation cérébrale profonde.......................... 11 a. La sélection des patients parkinsoniens.................. 12 b. Les résultats de la stimulation du noyau subthalamique......... 12 3 Les ganglions de la base : anatomie, fonctions et dysfonctionnement à l’état Par- kinsonien 15 A. Anatomie et fonctions des ganglions de la base.................. 16 B. Fonctionnement des ganglions de la base lors de la réalisation de mouvements 21 C. Le dysfonctionnement des ganglions de la base dans la maladie de Parkinson 22 4 A la recherche d’un physiomarqueur de la maladie de Parkinson 25 A. Les changements oscillatoires au repos....................... 26 a. Description des activités observées dans le noyau subthalamique... 26 b. Corrélations avec les paramètres cliniques de la maladie de Parkinson 29 B. Les changements oscillatoires lors de processus moteurs............ 37 a. Description des activités observées dans le noyau subthalamique... 38 TABLE DES MATIÈRES b. Corrélations avec les paramètres comportementaux, et cinématiques. 42 c. Corrélations avec les paramètres cliniques................. 43 d. La place du NST dans les ganglions de la base............... 45 C. Les changements oscillatoires lors de processus exécutifs............ 46 a. Activités électrophysiologiques pendant l’inhibition motrice...... 47 b. Activités électrophysiologiques lors des situations de conflits...... 49 5 La stimulation cérébrale profonde adaptative : une seconde révolution 51 A. La stimulation cérébrale profonde.......................... 52 B. Les premiers essais de la stimulation cérébrale adaptative............ 55 6 Hypothèses et objectifs 59 II Patients et Méthodes 61 7 Patients 63 A. Critères de sélection.................................. 64 a. Critères d’inclusion.............................. 64 b. Critères d’exclusion.............................. 64 B. Caractéristiques des patients ayant participé à l’étude.............. 65 8 Chirurgie d’implantation des électrodes de stimulation cérébrale profonde 67 A. Le ciblage anatomique................................. 68 B. Le ciblage physiologique................................ 70 C. Le ciblage clinique................................... 73 D. Localisation des contacts des électrodes de stimulation cérébrale profonde. 74 9 Méthodologie physiologique 77 A. Techniques d’enregistrements............................ 78 a. Potentiels de champs locaux (PCL ou LFP)................. 78 b. La cinématique du mouvement....................... 78 c. Protocoles expérimentaux........................... 82 vi TABLE DES MATIÈRES 10 Analyse des données 85 A. Au repos......................................... 86 a. Analyse du contenu spectral des potentiels de champs locaux..... 86 b. Analyses statistiques.............................. 87 B. Paradigme Go/Nogo.................................. 88 a. Analyse comportementale et cinématique................. 88 b. Analyse du contenu spectral des potentiels de champs locaux..... 90 c. Analyses statistiques.............................. 91 III Résultats 95 11 Résultats cliniques 97 A. Résultats cliniques pré-opératoires......................... 98 B. Résultats cliniques post-opératoires......................... 99 12 Résultats anatomiques 103 A. Position des dipôles.................................. 104 B. Position des contacts de stimulation......................... 107 13 Résultats électrophysiologique au repos 111 A. Description des activités électrophysiologiques dans le NST.......... 112 B. Analyse statistique des liens entre activités électrophysiologiques normalisées, résultats clinique, et résultats anatomiques..................... 122 C. Synthèse......................................... 161 14 Résultats pendant le paradigme Go/Nogo 163 A. Données comportementales.............................. 163 a. Temps de réaction et temps de mouvement................. 163 B. Cinématique du mouvement.............................. 166 a. Description des trajectoires du doigt..................... 166 b. Vitesse....................................... 167 c. Accélération.................................... 170 C. Données électrophysiologiques........................... 172 vii TABLE DES MATIÈRES a. Essais Go..................................... 172 b. Essais Nogo................................... 173 D. Analyse des activités électrophysiologiques en fonction des mesures compor- tementales, cinétiques; cliniques et de la localisation des dipôles....... 175 a. Essais go..................................... 176 b. Essais go-go versus essais go-nogo...................... 185 c. Essais nogo................................... 185 d. Essais go versus nogo............................. 189 E. Synthèse des résultats................................. 191 IV Discussions 193 15 Au repos 195 A. Variabilité individuelle................................. 197 B. La dopa-sensibilité.................................... 200 C. Localisation des dipôles d’enregistrement au sein du noyau subthalamique et de sa région....................................... 203 D. Localisation de l’activité bêta peropératoire.................... 208 E. Considérations méthodologiques.......................... 209 a. Reproduction des corrélations
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